Higher History exam - 2021

*X8377611*
©
National
Qualications
H
Total marks — 44
SECTION 1 — BRITISH — 22 marks
Attempt ONE question from the part you have chosen.
SECTION 2 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD — 22 marks
Write your answers clearly in the answer booklet provided. In the answer booklet you must
clearly identify the question number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator; if you
do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
X837/76/11 History
British, European and World History
Duration — 1 hour 30 minutes

[BLANK PAGE]
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

SECTION 1 — BRITISH
PARTS
A. Church, state and feudal society, 1066–1406 page 04
B. The century of revolutions, 1603–1702 page 04
C. The Atlantic slave trade page 05
D. Britain, 1851–1951 page 05
E. Britain and Ireland, 1900–1985 page 06
SECTION 2 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD
PARTS
A. The crusades, 1071–1204 page 07
B. The American Revolution, 1763–1787 page 07
C. The French Revolution, to 1799 page 08
D. Germany, 1815–1939 page 08
E. Italy, 1815–1939 page 09
F. Russia, 1881–1921 page 09
G. USA, 1918–1968 page 10
H. Appeasement and the road to war, to 1939 page 10
I. The Cold War, 1945–1989 page 11
[Turn over

MARKS
SECTION 1 — BRITISH — 22 marks
Attempt ONE question from the part you have chosen
PART A — Church, state and feudal society, 1066−1406
1. The main role of the church in medieval society was economic.
How valid is this view?
2. How important was law and order as a reason for the increase of central royal power
in the reign of Henry II in England?
3. To what extent was King John successful in his attempts to increase royal authority in
England?
4. How important were changing social attitudes as a reason for the decline of feudal
society?
PART B — The century of revolutions, 1603−1702
5. Charles I’s policies in Scotland were successful.
6. How important was the role of Parliament as a reason for the failure to find an
alternative form of government, 1649−58?
7. How important were religious issues as a reason for the Revolution Settlement of
1688−1689?
8. To what extent did the Revolution Settlement bring about significant change,
1688−1702?
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SECTION 1 — BRITISH (continued)
PART C — The Atlantic slave trade
9. How important was the slave trade to the British economy?
10. To what extent did the slave trade have negative implications for African societies?
11. To what extent were the attitudes of British governments the main obstacle to the
abolition of the slave trade?
12. The effects of slave resistance were the main reason for the success of the abolitionist
campaign in 1807.
PART D — Britain, 1851−1951
13. Britain was still far from being a democratic country by 1914.
14. How important were the social surveys of Booth and Rowntree as a reason why the
Liberals introduced social welfare reforms, 1906-1914?
15. To what extent were the Liberal social welfare reforms effective in meeting the
needs of the British people?
16. The Labour reforms, 1945−1951, dealt effectively with the social problems of Britain.
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SECTION 1 — BRITISH (continued)
PART E — Britain and Ireland, 1900−1985
17. World War I changed the political situation in Ireland.
18. To what extent was the role of Collins the main reason for the outbreak of the Irish
Civil War?
19. To what extent were economic issues the main reason for the developing crisis in
Northern Ireland by 1968?
20. How important were British government policies as an obstacle to peace in Ireland,
1968−1985?
[Now go to SECTION 2 starting on page 07]
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MARKS
SECTION 2 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD — 22 marks
Attempt ONE question from the part you have chosen
PART A — The crusades, 1071−1204
21. To what extent were overpopulation and famine the main motive for Christians of
different classes taking the cross?
22. To what extent was the Christian defeat at Hattin the main reason for the fall of
Jerusalem in 1187?
23. How important was Saladin’s use of diplomacy as a reason for the resolution of the
Third Crusade?
24. The crusading ideal had declined by the time of the Fourth Crusade.
PART B — The American Revolution, 1763−1787
25. How important was the rejection of the Olive Branch Petition as a reason for the
colonists’ moves towards independence?
26. To what extent was the American War of Independence a conflict which was global in
nature?
27. To what extent was the role of George Washington the most important reason for the
colonists’ victory?
28. The American Revolution had an important political impact.
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SECTION 2 — EUROPEAN AND WORLD (continued)
PART C — The French Revolution, to 1799
29. How important were the effects of the American Revolution as a reason for the
French Revolution in 1789?
30. How important was the role of Robespierre as a reason for the Terror, 1792−95?
31. Political instability was the main reason for the establishment of the Consulate.
32. To what extent did the nobility gain the most from the French Revolution?
PART D — Germany, 1815−1939
33. To what extent was there a growth of nationalism in Germany, up to 1850?
34. How important was Prussian military strength as a reason why unification was
achieved in Germany, by 1871?
35. How important were economic difficulties as a reason why the Nazis achieved power
in 1933?
36. Fear and state terrorism was the main reason why the Nazis were able to stay in
power, 1933−1939.
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PART E — Italy, 1815−1939
37. To what extent was there a growth of nationalism in Italy, up to 1850?
38. To what extent was the rise of Piedmont the main reason why unification was
achieved in Italy, by 1870?
39. How important were the weaknesses of Italian governments as a reason why the
Fascists achieved power in Italy, 1919−1925?
40. Fear and intimidation was the main reason why the Fascists were able to stay in
power, 1922−1939.
PART F — Russia, 1881−1921
41. How important was military defeat in the war against Japan as a cause of the 1905
Revolution?
42. How important was discontent among the working class as a reason for the February
Revolution, 1917?
43. The decision to continue the war was the main reason for the success of the October
Revolution, 1917.
44. To what extent were the effects of foreign intervention the main reason for the
victory of the Reds in the Civil War?
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PART G — USA, 1918−1968
45. To what extent were legal impediments the most important obstacle to the
achievement of civil rights for black people, up to 1941?
46. The New Deal was effective in solving America’s problems in the 1930s.
47. How important was the experience of black servicemen in the Second World War as a
reason for the development of the Civil Rights campaign, after 1945?
48. The Civil Rights movement was effective in meeting the needs of black Americans, up
to 1968.
PART H — Appeasement and the road to war, to 1939
49. How important was diplomacy as a method used by Germany and Italy to pursue
their foreign policies from 1933?
50. British foreign policy was unsuccessful in containing Fascist aggression, 1935 to March
1938.
51. To what extent was the Munich Agreement a successful settlement?
52. The Nazi-Soviet Pact was the main reason for the outbreak of war in 1939.
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MARKS
PART I — The Cold War, 1945−1989
53. To what extent were Soviet policies effective in controlling Eastern Europe, up to
1961?
54. The Americans lost the war in Vietnam due to the difficulties faced by the US military.
55. The economic cost of the arms race was the main reason why the superpowers
attempted to manage the Cold War, 1962−1979.
56. How important was the role of Mikhail Gorbachev as a reason for the end of the Cold
War?
[END OF QUESTION PAPER]
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*X8377612*
©
National
Qualications
H
SCOTTISH HISTORY — 36 marks
Attempt ONE part.
Write your answers clearly in the answer booklet provided. In the answer booklet you must
clearly identify the question number you are attempting.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your answer booklet to the Invigilator; if you
do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.
X837/76/12 History
Scottish History
Duration — 1 hour 30 minutes

SCOTTISH HISTORY
Attempt ONE part
PARTS
A. The Wars of Independence, 1249–1328 page 04
B. The age of the Reformation, 1542–1603 page 06
C. The Treaty of Union, 1689–1740 page 08
D. Migration and empire, 1830–1939 page 10
E. The impact of the Great War, 1914–1928 page 12
[Turn over

PART A — The Wars of Independence, 1249−1328
Study the sources below and attempt the following four questions.
Source A from a letter by King John resigning his kingdom to Edward I, at Kincardine,
2 July 1296.
John, by the grace of God king of Scotland, gives greeting to all those who shall see or
hear this letter. We have by evil and false counsel, offended and angered our lord
Edward, by the grace of God king of England. We made an alliance against lord
Edward, with the king of France, who then was, and still is, his enemy, to harass our
lord Edward, and hold the king of France, with all our power, in war and by other
means but now we have been made to renounce this alliance. We defied our lord the
king of England, and withdrew ourselves from his homage and fealty but now we must
apologise for renouncing that homage. We have fortified against Edward the land of
Scotland, by putting and maintaining armed men in the towns and castles to defend
the lands against him. For all these reasons we accept that due to our rebellion, our
lord the king of England entered the realm of Scotland by force.
Source B from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, 1214−1371 (2004).
William Wallace ended talks with the English by saying ‘we are not here for the good
of peace, but are ready to fight to defend ourselves and free our kingdom’. Seeing
their enemies divided by the river, Wallace and Andrew Murray led the attack on the
English at Stirling Bridge, killing the English treasurer, Cressingham, in a savage fight,
while Warenne and the rest of his army fled. The Scottish magnates, Steward and his
neighbour, the earl of Lennox, who had been in the English force, changed sides late
in the battle and led the pursuit. If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its
political consequences were less certain. The kingdom had been recovered from the
English by an army of lesser men acting without the leadership of the great Scottish
magnates. Wallace certainly had the support of some nobles, from the Steward,
Lennox and Strathearn amongst others, but it was not universal, clearly there was
some reluctance to accept his leadership.
Source C from James Mackay, William Wallace: Brave Heart (1995).
The Scots victory at Stirling Bridge was decisive and the Scottish losses were negligible
except in one important respect: Andrew Murray received a severe wound from which
he died several weeks later. But Stirling Bridge was by no stretch of the imagination a
decisive victory in the same sense as Bannockburn, fought seventeen years later a mile
or two downstream. Wallace’s defeat of Earl Warenne did not put an end to English
designs on Scotland — far from it — the humiliation of the English was something that
King Edward now addressed himself towards avenging. For the time being, however,
Wallace’s star was in the ascendant. If his role in securing the Scottish victory has been
debated, there is no doubt that the leader who had so dramatically been catapulted
into the role of Guardian was very much the man of the hour. Now Wallace’s
considerable intellect, charisma, personal magnetism, call it what you will, were
pressed into service.

MARKS
SCOTTISH HISTORY — PART A (continued)
Source D from Michael Penman, Robert the Bruce: King of the Scots (2014).
Robert Bruce started his campaign in the summer of 1307. Over the next 12 months,
Robert’s success against his Scottish opponents testified to his inspiring physical
courage. Bruce marched north through the Great Glen, a remarkable succession of
royal and pro-Comyn castles would be taken and razed by spring 1308 — Inverlochy,
Urquhart, Inverness and Nairn. In a letter sent to Edward II’s administration by his
Scots sheriff in Banff, Duncan de Freandraught reported this run of military victories
had surely caused the Bruce ranks to swell. A sustained guerrilla campaign of rapid
movement in all weathers, living off northern lands while harrying nonetheless
numerous foes, reaped its rewards as well as its costs in what was another severe
Scottish winter. A number of Scottish sources reported that King Robert’s
outnumbered forces were starving and that the king was gravely ill.
Attempt ALL of the following questions.
1. Explain the reasons why there was a succession problem 1286−1292.
2. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the subjugation of Scotland in
1296.
In reaching a conclusion you should refer to
• the origin and possible purpose of the source
• the content of the source
• recalled knowledge.
3. How much do Sources B and C reveal about differing interpretations of victory at
Stirling Bridge in 1297 and its effects on Scotland?
Use the sources and recalled knowledge.
4. How fully does Source D explain the rise and triumph of Robert Bruce?
Use the source and recalled knowledge.
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PART B — The age of the Reformation, 1542–1603
Source A from a Royal Proclamation Against Any Changes to the State of Religion in
Scotland, 25 August 1561.
Her Majesty understands the great trouble and division at present in this her realm,
caused by differences in matters of religion. She is most keen to see peace and good
order in her realm on this matter. Her Majesty therefore orders, by open proclamation
in Edinburgh and other places, that neither Lords nor anyone else, either privately or
publicly, should, for the moment, attempt to bring in any new or sudden changes to
the religious settlement [of 1560] publicly and universally standing at Her Majesty’s
arrival in Scotland. Her Majesty further wishes it to be known that anyone who seeks
to upset the existing religious settlement shall be viewed as a rebellious subject and a
troublemaker, and shall be punished accordingly. Her Majesty, following the advice of
her Privy Council, also commands that all of her Lords refrain from troubling any
members of her domestic household brought from France, on religious or any other
matters whatsoever.
Source B from Gordon Donaldson, Scottish Kings (1967).
The peace-loving king who now sat on the throne was just as determined as his
ancestors had been to establish the rule of law and he came nearer to success than
any of them had done. James’s practical measures to consolidate his kingdom and
subject everyone in it to his own rule were supported by his belief in the Divine Right
of Kings. James believed in ‘one kingdom’ that included both the Church and the State
with Christ as its Head but with Christ’s rule carried out through the king and bishops
chosen by the king. In practical terms this meant a contest between the General
Assembly on one side and the King on the other. James’s view of his direct
responsibility to God, because he had been appointed by God, meant that as far as he
was concerned he was answerable to God alone not to any of his subjects.
Source C from Finlay Macdonald, From Reform to Renewal (2017).
Andrew Melville was not prepared to take a moderate approach to the issue of bishops
in the Kirk. His opposition rested on the grounds that a system of bishops effectively
meant that the Kirk was ruled by the King because bishops were appointed by the
Crown. Melville was not interested in whether bishops might be ‘good’ or ‘bad’. His
objection was to the idea of bishops. For him all ministers were equal and answerable
to the Church through the church courts, with the General Assembly as the highest
and supreme governing body of the Kirk, not the king. Melville was equally clear about
the distinction between the Church and the State, the Kingdom of God and the
kingdom ruled over by an earthly king. Famously, Melville informed James VI that
there were two kingdoms in Scotland. In one of which, the Kirk, Christ Jesus was King.
In that kingdom, James VI was a member not a lord and not its head either.

MARKS
SCOTTISH HISTORY — PART B (continued)
Source D from Ian B Cowan, The Scottish Reformation (1982).
The Protestants had argued that if the distance between people and church of
pre-Reformation times was to be met and overturned then it was only by drawing the
people into church attendance, and into a sympathetic and supportive attachment to
their ministers that this could be achieved. The reformers had complained about the
Church’s failure to instruct the people in the fundamentals of the faith so the new Kirk
made strenuous efforts to ensure that the fundamentals were taught to all children in
Sunday afternoon classes. Moreover, the Kirk’s emphasis was on positive teaching of
the Bible in Scots so everyone could understand. Before 1560 devotion was often
encouraged by means of plays, but the new Kirk put a stop to that. And the insides of
churches were cleared of statues of saints and images of Mary and other decoration
that was deemed to be a distraction from the teaching of the Bible.
5. Explain the reasons why there was a Reformation in Scotland, 1560.
6. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of Mary’s religious policy as a reason
for her difficulties in ruling Scotland, 1561–1567.
7. How much do Sources B and C reveal about differing interpretations of the struggle
for control of the Kirk?
8. How fully does Source D explain the impact of the Reformation on Scotland, to 1603?
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PART C — The Treaty of Union, 1689−1740
Source A from a speech by Lord Belhaven in parliament, November 1706.
I wish to contribute my thoughts on the two kingdoms of Scotland and England being
forever united into one Kingdom by the name of Great Britain. Shall we, in just a
single half hour of debate, surrender and give up what our ancestors won and
defended with their lives for centuries? In this case, I can see Scotland — our own
ancient mother Caledonia — watching us inflict a fatal wound upon her, causing her to
take her last breath. Does this not bring to mind the murder of Julius Caesar by his
own Senate? It seems to me that this treaty will mean that we are forced to pay long-
standing English debts, through increased taxes and customs duties. All this, while the
English constitution remains firm and suffers no annihilation.
Source B from Paul Henderson Scott, The Union of 1707: Why and How (2006).
The Scottish Parliament which met on 3 October 1706 to discuss the Treaty drawn up
in London had the same membership as the one elected in 1703, except for those who
had died in the meantime. The Treaty contained last minute guarantees to several
groups. Scottish lawyers were promised that the Scottish legal system would continue,
with Scots Law to remain intact. There was also the guarantee of free trade with the
colony plantations in America and the Caribbean, which English parliaments had
always refused in the past. These changes did not have as much influence over as
many ordinary people in the country as they did over MPs. Members from the burghs,
however, were persuaded by the fact that royal burgh rights would not be affected by
union. The English government was determined to secure the Treaty.
Source C from Gordon Menzies, The Scottish Nation (1972).
The English government was convinced that a runaway Scotland would make common
cause with France. Union now became England’s first priority. The Duke of Argyll was
bribed to vote for union by the promise of military promotion and a position in the
House of Lords. He was not the only noble to benefit from such corruption. The earl of
Glasgow was given £20,000 from English funds to be divided amongst those who would
support union. It was also necessary for England to recognise the future needs of those
who were opposed to the Treaty. MPs in this group were ‘bought off’ by the guarantee
of an Equivalent fund which remarkably matched the amount of money lost in the
Darien Scheme. This was to boost Scottish development after union and ensure that
the new burden of taxation would not bear down too heavily on the country.

MARKS
SCOTTISH HISTORY — PART C (continued)
Source D from Allan MacInnes, Union and Empire (2007).
Initially many people in Scotland were not favourable towards the effects of union
across the country. In the years after 1707, Scottish MPs objected to increased duties,
particularly the attempt to impose new taxes which caused attacks on customs agents
and an upsurge in smuggling. This led to some Scots in parliament proposing a reversal
of union in 1713, although their efforts were in vain. Partnership did not necessarily
mean an equal division of wealth and resources. However, colonies in the West Indies
became a new market for Scottish merchants in the early 1700s. Therefore, union led
to a change in the Scottish balance of trade, with an increase in profits entering into
the country via ships arriving in Glasgow from the Caribbean. The creation of a United
Kingdom was significant for the whole of the British Empire.
9. Explain the reasons why Scottish relations with England worsened, from 1689.
10. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of contrasting attitudes in Scotland
towards Union.
11. How much do Sources B and C reveal about differing interpretations of the passing of
the Union by the Scottish Parliament?
12. How fully does Source D explain the effects of the Union, to 1740?
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PART D — Migration and empire, 1830–1939
Source A from Joe Smith (Cesaikas), a memoir of a first-generation Scot born to an
immigrant family, written in 1933.
I was born in 1903 in Glengarnock to Lithuanian parents, but of course, we were all
called Poles back then. I think my worst time was at the school, before my father
changed our name when I was bullied and asked, time after time, ‘What’s your name?
Tell us your name. Go home to your own country.’ If I had a sandwich made with rye
bread and Lithuanian sausage they would say, ‘What is that you are eating? Your bread
is dirty. Did you drop it in the mud?’ We lived in the Long Row where housing
conditions were poor. I was lucky as there were lots of Lithuanian children in the Row
that I could play with without being called a Pole. It was also good for my parents as
they had a close-knit Lithuanian community who kept to their own traditions in food,
religion and music away from any discrimination.
Source B from Alexander MacArthur, a memoir written in 1886.
In 1861 I left Nairn and my job in the local law office to emigrate to Canada which was
a most daunting task. I first of all took employment with the Bank of Toronto as Scots
were very prominent in this field of business and I had family connections who had
vouched for my suitability. Soon my sense of adventure took over and in 1864, I moved
to join fellow Scots at the Hudson Bay Company in Montreal as a second officer and
accountant. By 1869, I felt the need to move again. This time I moved to the Red River
settlement where my brother Peter was living. We set up a successful and profitable
lumber business and had a much greater quality of life than had we stayed in Nairn.
Source C from Marjory Harper, Crossing borders: Scottish emigration to Canada (2006).
Hebridean Scots struggled in areas of Canada where their forefathers were not
present. The Gaelic language isolated Hebridean emigrants from their more
experienced Scots neighbours who did not speak the language resulting in them being
offered less employment in a foreign land than English-speaking Scots. Distinctiveness
was certainly interpreted negatively by earlier Scots immigrants. In a stinging verbal
attack against the Hebridean Scots of Nova Scotia, fellow Scots immigrants depicted
them as an ‘oat-eating, money-griping tribe of second-hand Scots, not even fit for
domestic servants.’ Further west, in Killarney, the observation of Sunday as a day of
worship and rest by the Hebridean emigrants irritated their less religious Scottish
neighbours who believed in ‘working, when work needed done’ leading to further
tensions and less opportunities than Scots from other parts of Scotland.

MARKS
SCOTTISH HISTORY — PART D (continued)
Source D from John Burrowes, Irish (2003).
The continued development of the canal system was one of the major projects which
required the tenacity and muscle power of the Glasgow Irish. Yet, the greatest and
most hazardous project on which the Glasgow Irish navvies worked was the Forth Rail
Bridge, one of the biggest construction projects ever carried out in Britain. There were
57 recorded navvies’ deaths, but because of poor record keeping, the eventual fate of
the 461 seriously injured was never recorded. Some projects were closer to home such
as the building of the quayside of Broomielaw on the Clyde, which improved access for
shipping right into the heart of Glasgow. The tunnelling skills were also essential in the
building of the new Glasgow subway system where there was an oozing flow of mud
above the navvies 60 feet thick, as like moles they shovelled their way under the river
Clyde.
13. Explain the reasons for the migration of Scots.
14. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the experience of Lithuanian
immigrants in Scotland.
15. How much do Sources B and C reveal about differing interpretations of the impact of
Scots emigrants on Canada?
16. How fully does Source D explain the effects of migration and empire on Scotland, to
1939?
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PART E — The impact of The Great War, 1914–1928
Source A from an article in The Glasgow Herald newspaper, 29 October 1915.
The first attempt to put into force the eviction warrants which have been issued
against Glasgow tenants who are participating in the ‘Rent Strike’ was made yesterday
afternoon in Merryland Street, Govan. The householder is a widow. As has been the
custom since the beginning of the movement against increased rents, a demonstration
of the ‘strikers’ was held at the time when the warrant became operative. While Mrs
Barbour, of the Glasgow Women’s Housing Association, was addressing those who had
assembled, two sheriff officers arrived and endeavoured to gain admission to the
house. As soon as it was known that it was proposed to eject the tenant the
demonstrators determined to resist. Most of them were women and they attacked the
officers and their assistants with flour and fish. A woman was arrested on a charge of
assaulting one of the officers, but later released from Govan police station with no
charge.
Source B from Ewen A Cameron, Impaled Upon a Thistle: Scotland since 1880 (2010).
The 1920s were the first decade since the availability of proper data to show a decline
in Scotland’s population. This was a national experience, felt in rural and urban areas,
in the highlands and the lowlands. A number of factors lie behind emigration in the
1920s: economic depression had a huge impact on struggling heavy industry leading to
rising levels of unemployment. This was compounded by low wages and an uncertain
farming sector, all of which made Scotland a less than attractive place to stay. These
points cannot, however, bear the entire burden of explanation because of the
different pattern in the depression of 1920–1922, when emigration was high and after
1929, when it was not. One other factor was Government assistance to help
ex‑soldiers migrate, in the form of the Empire Settlement Act of 1922, which
redirected the flow of emigrants from the United States to the dominions, especially
Canada.
Source C from an article in The Glasgow Herald newspaper, 14 April 1923.
This weekend is witnessing emigration from the Hebrides on a scale comparable only
to that experienced in the early 1880s. Thirty families, numbering some 400 souls, are
leaving Benbecula, South Uist and Barra for the distant land of Alberta, Canada. This
scheme was initiated by the Reverend Father McDonnell and is being carried out by
arrangement with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Their ship, the Marloch, will
sail early this afternoon from Greenock with about 700 Scottish emigrants, many of
them of the skilled tradesmen class who are in demand in Canada. Others who are
going out are to take up the opportunity offered to work on the land. Next weekend a
second party will sail from Stornoway with between 400 and 500 persons. They are
going out to Canada soon to be welcomed by the local people of Alberta.

MARKS
SCOTTISH HISTORY — PART E (continued)
Source D from I C G Hutchison, The Impact of the First World War on Scottish Politics
(1999).
Before 1914 the Liberals were the most popular political party in Scotland and the
Conservatives found it difficult to challenge them. For most of the Great War, opinion
in Scotland was strongly committed to victory which naturally boosted the Tories who
were wholeheartedly in favour of the war unlike the Liberals, or Labour. Many of the
Conservative party workers were known for encouraging recruitment — a factor which
strengthened their credibility after the war. In the 1918 election, a very large
difference between the Tories and the other two parties was that the Conservatives
put up many candidates with military titles, 46% had a military rank compared to none
for the Labour Party. In Fife East, the heroism of the Tory candidate in the war,
Colonel Sir Alexander Sprot, was one factor in unseating the ex-Liberal Prime Minister,
Henry Herbert Asquith.
17. Explain the reasons why the Scots played an important role on the Western Front.
18. Evaluate the usefulness of Source A as evidence of the changing role of women in
Scotland during the war.
19. How much do Sources B and C reveal about differing interpretations of the reasons
for post-war emigration from Scotland?
20. How fully does Source D explain the impact of the Great War on Scottish politics?
[END OF QUESTION PAPER]
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