About entomophilic nematodes

1. NEM 892- DOCTORAL SEMINAR-II
ENTOMOPHILIC NEMATODES
NAME : MOUNIGA.R
ID NO: 2018801401
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2. ADVISORY COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON
Dr. B. Anita
Professor (Nematology)
Directorate of ODL
TNAU-CBE.
MEMBERS
Dr. K. Poornima
Professor and Head
Dept. of Nematology
TNAU-CBE.
Dr. G. Karthikeyan
Professor and Head
Dept. of Plant Pathology
TNAU- CBE.
Dr. A. Lakshmanan
Professor and Head
Departmnet of Nano Science and Technology,
TNAU, CBE.
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3. CONTENT
 Introduction
 Nematodes of insects
-Mosquitoes
-Grasshoppers and locust
-Plant hopper
-Thrips
-Bumble bee
-Ants
 Significant findings
 Disadvantages
 Conclusions
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4. INTRODUCTION
Entomophilic nematodes:
 Entomophilic (entos = insect, philos = like) nematodes
 Association- insects serve as intermediate or definitive hosts
(Welch,1965)
 Nematodes were found in about 27 families of 8 orders
Rhabditida, Tylenchida, Aphelenchida, Strongylida, Oxyurida,
Ascaridida, Spirurida and Mermithida.
( Khuong Ba Nguyen, 1981)
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5. ENTOMOPHILIC NEMATODES VS
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
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6. • Dead grasshoppers with worms emerging
from their bodies
• Coined the term“Vermes”
Aldrovandus
(1623)
• 350 species belonging to 11 genera in his
works Entozoorum Synopsis.
• “Father of Helminthology”.
Rudolphi
(1891)
• "Plant and Insect Parasitic Nematode”
• “Father of Insect Nematology”Filipjev
HISTORY OF ENTOMOPHILIC NEMATODES
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7. Insect nematode associations
 Phoretic relationship (insect associated)- Rhabditids
 Facultative parasitism- Some Rhabditids, Diplogasterids and
Aphelenchids
 Obligate parasitism- Mermithids, Tetradonematids,
Allontonematids, Sphaerulariids and Rhabditids
(Poinar, 1975)
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8. Factors Contributing to the Host Specificity of
Entomophilic Nematodes
• 3. Host suitability1.Host habitat finding
• 4.Entering the host
2. Host finding
(Stoffolano, 1973)
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9. Taxonomical characters of important Entomophilic
nematodes
Rhabditida:
 Body cylindrical, tapering towards both ends.
 Stoma rhabditoid, lacking glottoid apparatus.
 Cheilostome with weak refractive walls
 Isthmus long, basal bulb ovoid to pyriform.
 Reproductive system didelphic amphidelphic.
 Tail conical-elongate
Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae, Rhabditidae and
Diploscapteridae
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10. Aphelenchida:
 Stylet wihout knobs
 DOG- Opens in median bulb
 Bursa – with ribs or absent
 Spicules- Rose thorn shaped
Aphelenchidae
Tylenchida:
 Cuticle- annulated
 DOG- opens at Stylet knobs
 Post vulval sac not well developed
 Males- bursa
Allantonematidae, Sphaerulariidae, Tylenchidae, Itonchidae,
Parasitylenchidae and Fergusobidae 10

11. Diplogastrida:
 Stoma- slender with teeth
 Corpus-Muscular
 Males- 7 or 12 genital papillae
Diplogastridae
Mermithida:
 Cuticle- smooth or criss cross fibres
 Amphids – pouch like
 Oesophagus- stichosomes
 Vagina – S shaped
Mermithidae, Tetradonematidae
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12. NEMATODE ASSOCIATION IN INSECTS
 Mosquitoes
 Grasshoppers and locust
 Plant hopper
 Thrips
 Bumble bee
 Ants
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13. NEMATODES PARASITES OF MOSQUITOES
Life cycle of Romanomermis culicivorax :
(Gatingley, 1984)
Host infection - direct
penetration
integument
haemocoel.
One Life cycle – 4 weeks
Aquatic mermithids
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14. Contd.,
How Mermis survived in Non- parasitic period?
 Absorb nutrients across their body wall
 Parasitic stages of R. culicivorax could take up ferritin
particles through pores in their body wall membranes
 Stored in the trophosome, chiefly in the form of lipids
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15. Life cycle of Mermis nigrescens
2.lay eggs
during
periods of
high moisture
3. Pre-
parasites
penetrate
through the gut
5.preparasites
penetrate through
the gut wall into
the haemocoel
4.Eggs are later
eaten by
grasshoppers
and hatch in
the gut,
1.Females of
Mermis
nigrescens
migrate from
the soil to
vegetation
(Peterson et al., 1984)15

16. Cont.,
Other Terrestrial mermithids
 Filipjevimermis leipsandra- Coleoptera
 Hexamermis arvalis
 Agamermis decaudata
 Agamermis unca
 Pheromermis pachysoma- Parasites of yellow jacket
Wasps.
 Amphimermis-Naiads of damseflies
 Gastromermis- Black fly
 Heliodomermis- Gall midges
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17. Mass multiplication Romanomermis culicivorax
In- vivo methods:
4. Post-parasitic nematodes were then washed and 10-15 g placed in
paraffin-coated aluminum pans
5. After 3 weeks the free water was
removed and the cultures were
stored
6. total yield-1.91 million -5.32
million
2. Hosts were then fed a
regimented diet for 7 days
3. Separating of uninfected
mosquitoes and the infected
mosquitoes
1. Exposure of 20,000 first-instar Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae
in 136 x 52 x 5 cm galvanized trays
cont.,
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18. Other media for mass multiplication …….
 Grace’s medium containing 10% fetal calf serum at 26°Cand
pH 6.4-6.5.
 Slow growth of the nematodes occurred
 Storage material in the trophosome was lacking
(Finney ,1981)
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19. LIMITATIONS
Physical factors
Chemical factors
Biological factors
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20. NEMATODES PARASITES OF COCKROACHES
 Hammerschmidtiella diesingi
 Leidynema appendiculata
 Thelastoma Indiana
(Basir, 1940)
 Desmicola lamdongensis- wood-burrowing cockroaches
(Skolova, 2019)
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21. Life cycle of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and
Leidynema appendiculata
Embyronated
eggs- infective
Life cycle: 12 days
Hatching – mid
gut of cockroach
2 molts ocurs
(Dobeovolny , 1934)21

22. COCKROACH GUT MICROBIOME
Hindgut resident bacteria:
 Clostridia
 Bacterioida
 Desulfovibrio- Nitrogen supply
 Proteobacteria- Diet
Alteration of microbial community in the presence of nematodes
(Vincete et al., 2016).
Excretion
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23. NEMATODES PARASITES OF BUMBLE BEE
Nematode- Sphareularia bombi
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Symptoms:
Abnormal behaviour
Infected queens flew- ground
Crawl under fallen leaves
(Poinar and lann, 1972)

24. 24
(Plischuk and Lange, 2012)

25. NEMATODES PARASITES OF THRIPS
(Slims et al., 2012)
Life cycle of Thripinema fuscum
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26. SYMPTOMS
 Adults stop laying eggs within 2–3 days
 Displacement of alimentary tract
 Atrophy of ovaries
 Induction of sterility
 Reduces transmission of Tospo Virus
(Slims et al., 2012)
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27. NEMATODES PARASITES OF SIREX WOOD WASP
HISTORY OF SIREX WOOD WASP
 Sirex woodwasp was accidentally introduced into Australia
in the 1950s.
 80%- trees infected
 Robin bedding- use a nematodes as a biological control
agents
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Source: CSIROPEDIA

28. NEMATODE - Beddinga siricidicola
(Ward, 2014)
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29. Cont.,
 B. siricidicola - sterilizes females by suppressing egg
development.
 The sirex female can still lay these eggs and in doing so
spreads the nematodes to new trees.
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30. NEMATODES PARASITES OF FACE FLY
(Stoffolano, 1973).
Nematode: Heterotylenchus sp.
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31. NEMATODES PARASITES OF ANTS
 Mermithidae
 Tetradonematidae-Tetradonema solenopsis,
Myrmeconema neotropicum
 Allantonematidae- Formicitylenchus oregonensis
 Seuratidae- Rabbium paradoxus
(Poinar, 2012)
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32. Contd.,
SYMPTOMS OF MERMITHIDS
 Mermithogynes
 Mermithergates or macroergates
 Mermithostratiotes
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33. Allantonematidae
Mermithidae
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34. PINE WOOD NEMATODE
 Causal agents: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is transmitted
by vector pine sawyer beetles in the genus Monochamus.
 Pine mortality in Japan was first reported Munemoto Yano
in Nagasaki prefecture in 1900.
 2.4 million of annual loss in 1979.
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35. (Vicente et al., 2012)
Monoterpenes-
α pinene,β- pinene, β-Myrcene,3- Carene and
l- Limonene
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36. PINE WILT DISEASE
SYMPTOMS:
(Donald et al., 2016)
Needle discoloration
“Tracheid cavitation".
Oleorosin flows stops
Parenchyma cells die
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37. PUTATIVE PARASITISM GENES
 Cellulases
 Endo-beta-1,3- glucanase
 Pectate lyase
 Expansins
 Calreticulin
(Vicente et al., 2012)
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38. RED RING DISEASE
Causal agents: Bursaphelenchus cocophilus is transmitted by
vector Red palm weevil
SYMPTOMS:
 Leaves -short and deformed, turn yellow-bronze, then deep
reddish-brown.
 trunk of an infected palm -circular, colored band
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39. 39

40. EUCALYPTUS, GALL FLIES AND FERGUSOBIA
INTERACTIONS
Two types of life cycle- Insect-parasitic cycle and Plant-
parasitic cycle
(Martin, 2015)
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41. FIG WASP
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(Davis et al., 2003)
Fig nematode- Schistonchus caprifici

42. RIVER BLINDNESS
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18 - 37 million people are
infected, with up to 1-2
million people who are
visually impaired and
270,000 people who are
rendered completely
blind.
Causal organism -Onchocerca volvulus and Black fly

43. SYMPTOMS
43

44. SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
44

45. 1.Title- The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), a
new pest of maize in Africa: biology and first native natural
enemies detected
Journal- International Journal of Biological Sciences
Results:
Organisms Number Life span of
adults
Parasitism ( %
)
Ichneumonidae
Campoletis sp.
3 7 ± 2 days 1.2
Braconidae
Chelonus sp.
28 8 ± 1 day 10.9
Nematode
Hexamermis sp.
35 120 ± 5 days 13.7
Total parasitism 25.8
(Tendeng et al., 2019) 45

46. cont.,
46

47. 2.Title- The role of bacteria in pine wilt disease: insights
from microbiome analysis
Journal-FEMS Microbiology Ecology
Results:
(Alves et al., 2018)
47

48. 3.Title- Desmicola lamdongensis sp. n.
(Oxyuridomorpha: Thelastomatidae) from Vietnamese
wood-burrowing cockroaches (Panesthiinae)
Journal-Zootaxa
Characters
Males Females
Holotype Paratype, n=13 Paratype, n=7
L 1044 1077±83.5 (993–1287) 2138±222.1 (1779–2364)
Width 85 85±7.2 (70–95) 147±19.2 (113–165)
Pharynx length 340 321±8.2 (310–335) 352±27.3 (305–394)
Excretory pore 260 272±5.4 (263–278) 273±59.7 (217–377)
Vulva - - 993±169.5 (808–1228)
Tail length 163 152±9.8 (130–163) 904±89.2 (730–970)
a 12.3 12.8±1.6 (11.1–17.2) 14.7±1.7 (12.1–16.6)
B 3.1 3.4±0.3 (3.1–4.2) 6.1±0.5 (5.1–6.6)
C 6.4 7.3±1.1 (6.4–9.9) 2.4±0.2 (2.1–2.6)
V’, % - - 80±7.9 (67–89)
Spicule length 51 7.3±1.1 (6.4–9.9) -
(Sokolova , 2019)
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49. NATIONAL LEVEL
49

50. 1.Title- Studies on pests and diseases of bumble bee
(Bombus haemorrhoidalis smith) in india
Journal-Journal of Industrial Pollution Control
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
% infestation
Per cent infestation
Number of bumble bee
colonies infested
(Chauhan et al., 2014) 50

51. SUCCESS STORY
51

52. 1. MASS MULTIPLCAION OF BEDDINGA SIRCIDICOLA
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53. 53

54. CONTRIBUTION OF ROBIN BEDDING
 Robin Bedding- commercial industry for Australia.
 Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1997 and a
Fellow of the Society of Nematologists in 1998.
He was awarded a:
 Centenary Medal in 2001
 Sir Ian McLennan Achievement for Industry Award in 1997
 Clunies Ross National Science and Technology Award in
1995
54

55. 2. MASS MULTIPLICATION OF
ROMANOMERMIS CULICIVORAX
55

56. ERADICATION OF RIVER BLINDNESS
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57. LIMITATIONS
 Do not penetrate their host immediately
 Did not kill all the insects in the area
 Vulnerable to desiccation
 Sensitive to abiotic stress
 Short shelf life
57

58. CONCLUSION
 Future- formulated and commercialized
 Need more research
58

59. REFERENCES
 Tendeng, E., Labou, B., Diatte, M., Djiba, S., & Diarra, K. (2019). The
fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), a new pest of
maize in Africa: biology and first native natural enemies
detected. International Journal of Biological and Chemical
Sciences, 13(2), 1011-1026.
 Alves, M., Pereira, A., Vicente, C., Matos, P., Henriques, J., Lopes,
H., & Henriques, I. (2018). The role of bacteria in pine wilt disease:
insights from microbiome analysis. FEMS microbiology
ecology, 94(7), fiy077.
59

60.  Plischuk, S., & Lange, C. E. (2012). Sphaerularia bombi
(Nematoda: Sphaerulariidae) parasitizing Bombus atratus
(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in southern South
America. Parasitology research, 111(2), 947-950.
 Petersen, J. J. (1985). Nematodes as biological control agents:
Part I. Mermithidae. In Advances in Parasitology (Vol. 24, pp.
307-344). Academic Press.
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61. THANK U………
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