This document provides an overview of electrical control systems and their basic components. It discusses the history of control systems from early electromechanical relays to modern programmable logic controllers. It also describes the main elements of electrical control, including open and closed loop control systems, common control system applications in industrial processes and motion, and basic components like sensors, switches, relays, contactors and timers. The document aims to cover the essential basics needed to understand electrical control in industrial and manufacturing settings.

1. ELETRICAL CONTROL
(BASICS)

2. Contents
 Part One :
HISTORY OF CONTROL SYSTEM
 Part Two :
INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS
 Part Three :
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CONTROL

3. Before Modern control

4. Without PLC / Classic control

5. History of control system
1968 PLC development began in 1968 by car manufacturer (GE).
1969 The first PLCs were installed in industry
1973 Communications abilities began to appear in approximately.
80’s standardize communications with manufacturing automation
protocol (MAP),
90’s Introduction of new protocols, and the modernization of the physical
layers of some of the more popular protocols that survived the 1980’s.
IEC 1131-3 The latest standard “IEC 1131-3” has tried to merge PLC.
programming languages under one international standard. We now have
PLCs that are programmable in function block diagrams, instruction lists,
C and structured text all at the same time.
Detailed history
PART
THREE:

6. Modern control

7. INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL
SYSTEMS
PART TWO:

8. 1. Introduction and Background
2. Open Loop and ClosedLoop
3. Control SystemsClassifications
4. Basics ElectricalRelations
Main Headlines
8

9. 1. Introduction and Background
2. Open Loop and ClosedLoop
3. Control SystemsClassifications
4. Basics ElectricalRelations
Main Headlines

10. Introduction and Background
10
• Electrical control systems are a product of the twenty century.
• A control system is a collection of components working
together under the direction of some system intelligence.
• A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the
behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.
• In most cases, electronic circuits provide the intelligence, and
electromechanical components such as sensors and motors
provide the interface to the physical world.

11. Introduction and Background
11
Working without
Control System

12. Applications
• Home (Smart Home).
• Vehicles.
• Industry.
• Electrical Power System
Introduction and Background
12

13. Introduction and Background
13
remote control of motors and devices.
• Control systems are the “automatic” in such things because
the machine itself is making the routine decisions, the
operator is freed to do other things.
• In many cases, machine intelligence is better than direct
human control because it can react faster, respond more
precisely, and maintain an accurate log of the system’s
performance.
Stage #1
• Electromechanical relays were developed and used for
Stage #2

14. 1. Introduction and Background
2. Open Loop and ClosedLoop
3. Control SystemsClassifications
4. Basics ElectricalRelations
Main Headlines
14

15. Open Loop and Closed Loop
15
More
Examples !!
I- Open Loop Control System
• Control action from the controller is independent of the process
variable (No Feedback).
• This system absolutely depends on the controller knowing the
operating characteristics of the system
• An example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a
timer (switching on/off regardless boiler temperature).

16. Open Loop and Closed Loop
16
II- Closed Loop Control System
• Control action from the controller is dependent on the desired and
actual process variable (Feedback).
• Feedback loop will ensure the controller provides a control action to
control a process variable at the same value as the set-point

17. Block diagrams of control systems:
a. open-loop system; b. closed-loop system

18. Open Loop and Closed Loop
18
• For this reason, closed-loop controllers are also called feedback
controllers.
• Feedback systems, a control loop including sensors, control
algorithms, and actuators is arranged in an attempt to regulate a
variable at a set-point
• Boiler example too, utilizing a thermostat to monitor the
temperature, and feed back a signal to ensure the controller output
maintains the temperature close to that set on the thermostat.
II- Closed Loop Control System
More
Examples !!

19. Closed-loop control with sensor feedback
Closed loop
EEL 3657: Linear Control Systems.
Controller Plant
Measurement and signal
transmission system
r(t) +
_
u(t) y(t)
e(t)

20. Feedback
A feedback system is one in which the output signal is sampled and then
fed back to the input to form an error signal that drives the system
EEL 3657: Linear Control Systems.
Controller Plant
Measurement and signal
transmission system
r(t) +
_
u(t) y(t)
e(t)

21. Response

22. 1. Introduction and Background
2. Open Loop and ClosedLoop
3. Control SystemsClassifications
4. Basics ElectricalRelations
Main Headlines
22

23. Control Systems Classifications
Loop (Open / Closed)
Digital / Analog
Application
Control Systems Classifications
23
Industrial
Applications

24. Control Systems Classifications
28
Control Systems Applications
Process
Control
Sequential
Control
Motion
Control

25. Control Systems Classifications
29
1- Process Control
• Process control refers to a control system that oversees some
industrial process so that a uniform, correct output is maintained.
• It does this by monitoring and adjusting the control parameters
(such as temperature or flow rate) to ensure that the output
product remains as it should.

26. Control Systems Classifications
30
1- Process Control
Types of Process
Control
Continuous
Process
Batch
Process

27. Control Systems Classifications
31
2- Sequential Control
• A sequentially controlled system controls a process that is defined as a
series of tasks to be performed in order.
• Each operation in the sequence is performed either for a certain amount of
time, in which case it is time-driven, or until the task is finished (as
indicated by, say, a limit switch), in which case it is event-driven.

28. Control Systems Classifications
2- Sequential Control
32

29. Control Systems Classifications
33
3- Motion Control
• This system typically includes a motor, mechanical parts that move, and
(in many cases) feedback sensor(s).
• Automatic assembling machines, industrial robots, and numerical
control machines are examples

30. Control Systems Classifications
3- Motion Control
34

31. ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL
CONTROL
PART THREE:

32. ‫ال‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫فى‬ ‫اساسيات‬classic control
‫فى‬ ‫نتناول‬ ‫فسوف‬ ‫مؤسسة‬ ‫او‬ ‫مصنع‬ ‫منها‬ ‫يخلو‬ ‫اليكاد‬ ‫والتى‬ ‫التشغيل‬ ‫ولوحات‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫دوائر‬ ‫الهمية‬ ‫نظرا‬
‫هذا‬‫الموضوع‬‫التحكم‬ ‫دائرة‬ ‫مكونات‬
• ‫التالمس‬ ‫نقاط‬ ‫انواع‬contact types
• ‫التالمس‬ ‫مفتاح‬ contactor
• ‫الحرارى‬ ‫القاطع‬overloads
• ‫العدادات‬timers
• ‫الشوط‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫مفاتيح‬ limit switches
• ‫الضغط‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫مفاتيح‬pressure switches
• ‫السوائل‬ ‫مراقبة‬ ‫مفاتيح‬ level Switches
• ‫والتشغيل‬ ‫االيقاف‬ ‫مفاتيح‬start stop switches

33. Control Cable
43

34. Shield twisted pair
 Twisted pair cabling consists of two conductors of a single circuit twisted
together to help reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) or “noise”.
 commonly caused by nearby motors, generators, air conditioners, and even
office mainstays such as fluorescent lights and printers

35. 1. Control Switches
• Toggle switch
• Push Button switch (momentary or not )
• Single way switches
Control Switches
45

36. 1. Control Switches
• Double way switch (till 4 ways and more)
• Dip switch
• Selector switch
• Key switch
Control Switches
Eng. AHMED M. HEGAB Oct. 2019 46

37. 2. Control Relays
Auxiliary Lockout
/latch
Supervision
Control Relays
47

38. 2. Control Relays
Control Relays
48

39. 2. Control Relays
Control Relays
49

40. 3. Timer Relays
Types of Timer
On delay Off delay
Timers Relays
50

41. • ON Delay
• OFF Delay
Timers Relays
51

42. 3. Timer Relays (Characteristics)
Timers Relays
52
T-OFF
T-ON

43. 4. Contactor
A Contactor is a control device that uses a small control
current to energize or de-energize the load connected to it.
Contactor
53

44. 4. Contactor
54
Contactor

45. 4. Contactor
• A contactor has a frame,
plunger, and a solenoid coil.
• The action of the plunger is
used to close (or open) sets of
contacts.
• A contactor does not include
overload protection.
• The closing of the contacts
allows electrical devices to be
controlled from remote
locations.
Contactor
55

46. Sensors
56
Sensors Applications
Position
Sensor
Velocity
Sensor
Temperature
Sensor
Level Sensor
Flow Sensor Load Sensor Proximity
Sensor
Pressure
Sensor
8. Sensors
• The devices that inform the control system about what is actually occurring
are called sensors (also known as signal transducers)

47. The End