How Humans Have Affedted The Antartic Food Web

How Humans Have Affedted the Antartic Food Web
Case–In–Point Analysis
Bernetta Moss
Environmental Issues and Ethics/SCI362
February 24, 2012
Instructor: Brandy Schroeder
Case–In–Point Analysis Antarctica is certainly the most pristine environment left on the earth.
Unfortunately this is no longer the case because of multiple human activities that have led to
environmental issues and concerns such as pollution, ozone layer thinning, global warming etc.
Human impact is a serious threat to ecosystem and food chain of Antarctica. In the last few decades,
various marine species of Antarctic ecosystem have been brought close to extinction because of
human activities in various forms such as pollution from sewage and other contaminants,
overfishing and other mixed activities and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would have changed the situation by minimizing the adverse effects of pollution, ozone layer
thinning by making humankind more aware about the issues. There are various ways by which we
can protect and save the ecosystem and food chain of Antarctica:
1. Killing of Antarctic bird or mammal should be completely stopped. In some cases such as for
scientific reasons it should be allowed through permit only.
2. Harmful interference with wildlife of Antarctica should be minimized. For example visitors
should not be allowed to take anything in or out from Antarctica.
3. Killing of whales and seals should be totally prohibited
4. Commercial activities like fisheries should be controlled.
5. The discharge of all toxic chemicals, other wastes like sewage from ships, oily wastes, plastics
and other forms of non–biodegradable rubbish should be strictly regulated and prohibited.
6. Researches have shown that Antarctica conserves valuable resources; mining should be strictly
prohibited in Antarctica.
7. Environmental audits should be regularly conducted.
8. Limitation to annual tourists to Antarctica region.
9. Awareness programs should be conducted.
10. Laws on air pollution, chemical pollution should be strictly enforced to protect the environment.
Above discussed are the ways by which we can save and protect ecosystem of Antarctica. Pollution
is not only affecting the Antarctica but it's affecting the humankind too and causing severe damage
to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Antarctica Is The Third Largest Continent On The World Map
Antarctica is the fifth largest Continent on the world map which covers close to 14.2 million square
kilometres of land space that includes the ice sheets which unfolds onto the sea (Martin, 2013).
Antarctica once used to be part of Gondwana supercontinent until it fragmented itself 70 million
years ago and moved to the South Pole making it isolated from other land areas (Martin, 2013).
Antarctica was once ice free, had temperatures well above freezing point and was also filled with
greeneries forty million years ago during the early Oligocene period (Florindo & Siegert, 2008). In
the latter half of the Oligocene towards the Miocene period, temperature in Antarctica started to
descend. Factors such as the height of Antarctica, which is 2800 metres above sea level, the
Atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere being much thinner with minimal cloud cover that leads to
high albedo and the ocean currant movement around Antarctica has made Antarctica as cold as
minus sixty Degrees Celsius for humans to inhibit living here (Harwood et al., 2006). Scientists
have been able to track back on the climate conditions in Antarctica over the past thirteen million
years with the aid of collecting rocks, soil, animal and plant fossils buried deep down into the
ground beyond the thick ice formation that covers the Antarctic region currently. Scientists
concluded that in order to get the geological evidence, land had to be excavated vertically down
towards the earth core (Naish, Powell, & Levy,

Human Geography: How Human Influence On Antarctica
What makes Antarctica unique regarding human geography, is how humans influenced the
continent. physical geography is far more significant than human appearance. Antarctica is a cold,
frozen, and mostly empty land found at the South Pole of the earth.
Antarctica is a cold, frozen, and mostly empty land found at the South Pole of the earth. Humans go
there mostly for research and occasional tourism, though it's incredibly inhospitable, especially in
the colder months. Due to the harsh environment, it remains the last true wilderness on earth and is
protected by an international agreement called the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. In this Treaty, world
leaders agreed that everywhere south of 60° south latitude would remain unclaimable by any
country. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The country has over 5,000 Russian Orthodox churches. Many are built anew or under repair on
parish and local budgets money. Russia religion varies significantly Rather it be a question of as
easy opposed to west; Catholicism and Protestantism to Eastern Order; Islam as opposed to
Christianity; many were to blame identifying cultural faults across the continent. Russia has been a
innovator for many cultural traditions and events, such as humanism which have consequently been
spread across internationally. This classical concept influenced the creation of art and literature
beyond the continent.
What makes Antarctica unique regarding human geography, is how humans influenced the
continent. physical geography is far more significant than human appearance. Antarctica is a cold,
frozen, and mostly empty land found at the South Pole of the earth.
Antarctica is a cold, frozen, and mostly empty land found at the South Pole of the earth. Humans go
there mostly for research and occasional tourism, though it's incredibly inhospitable, especially in
the colder months. Due to the harsh environment, it remains the last true wilderness on earth and is
protected by an international agreement called the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. In this Treaty, world
leaders agreed that everywhere south of 60° south latitude would remain unclaimable by any
country. The treaty says that it cannot be used in military reasons, or to dispose of radioactive waste
– only peaceful

Douglas Mawson : The Top Of The Pack
With regards to toughness, Douglas Mawson was at the top of the pack. He was tall, lean, and
muscular. Strong–minded and keen for a challenge, Mawson landed in Antarctica to take on the
toughest conditions the world had to offer. From his landing in 1907, Mawson had accomplished
several historic feats. He joined a team and traveled to the South Magnetic Pole, and had been the
first to climb Mount Erebus. In his mind, he was untouchable. In his mind, Antarctica was defeated;
another notch on his belt. Searching for a new challenge, he set out to map the untouched Antarctic
coastlines. He would return, but not without scars reminding him that Antarctica is not to be taken
lightly.
Douglas Mawson was born in England but lived in Australia for most of his life. One particular
detail to note is that he turned down an offer from Robert Scott to join his expedition, instead opting
to lead the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Mawson and his men arrived at Commonwealth Bay
in January 1912, setting up base and wintering over in Antarctica. When spring arrived, Mawson set
out to accomplish the purpose of his expedition. To do this, Mawson split his men into four teams,
three to go out and explore and one to stay at the base. Mawson's team was assigned to explore the
Far Eastern Shore, which was several hundred miles from the base. The area was known to be a
minefield of crevasses, a fact which Mawson certainly knew. The journey was doomed to failure
from the start.

Frostbite In Antarctica
In antarctica it's the coldest and windiest continent on Earth making it extremely easy to get
frostbite a horrible and painful condition. Frostnip is the first step of frostbite where the tissues
begin to cool without any cellular destruction. The area affected may change color usually a pasty
white. Once the wind chill makes the temperature feel like –24 or colder, skin exposed can freeze in
less than 30 minutes. To avoid frostbite don't have any skin exposed or wet clothing on, it will just
make the tissues in your body freeze faster . The expedition Shackleton and his crew took on when
their ship sank they were outside,under a boat or in a tent . They didn't have enough blankets or dry
clothing for everyone making the risk of frostbite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since they were out in ice and snow there clothing became very damp making most of Shackleton's
crew suffer from frostbite. The best and most important treatment for frostbite is to get out of the
cold, which is very hard to do in the middle of Antarctica. If the tissue is becoming colder to the
point of freezing the frostbite is now at the second stage called superficial frostbite. Since ice
crystals have began to form underneath the skin's surface area tissue damage occurs. Blisters may
even appear hard and blackened. Skin may be permanently insensitive to heat or cold. Another
treatment you should do is immerse the affected area in warm water, "NOT HOT". Having it
immersed in the hot water will cause extreme burns and even more tissue damage. To tell if the
water is hot is extremely hard as your skin is insensitive to temperatures making it easy to burn your
skin. If skin hardens and begins to freeze you may enter the most severe stage of frostbite the final
stage! Area freezes even deeper into the skin causing more damage not just to tissues but to muscles,
tendons, blood vessels and all nerves freeze! Blisters will turn black filled with

Ernest Shackleton Expedition To Antarctica
This video was about Ernest Shackleton expedition to Antarctica in 1914. This expedition was
supposed to be first to cross continent with their Trans continent boat Endurance. Shackleton chose
27 men to serve a variety of positions, such as running and navigating the ship, cooks, scientists,
surgeons and photographer. His expedition failed to cross the continent, because his boat got trapped
in thick pack ice, and man were forced to abandon ship and continue expedition on foot and smaller
boat to the first land island. Even dough this expedition was failure, it is great survivor story of 27
man who survived almost 2 years on the continent in cold and harsh conditions. They survived
because they believed in their leader and his plan for their

Research Paper On Emperor Penguin
In Antarctica, the weather conditions are extremely unfavorable to most organisms. The organisms
that live there have adapted not only to survive the subzero temperatures, but have also adapted to
successfully reproduce and have healthy offspring. Two fascinating Antarctic species are the
emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and the adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). These two
species, although almost neighbors, have developed different mating rituals and methods of egg
care.
The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is one of the largest and heaviest penguins in
Antarctica. On average, these penguins are 4 feet in height and weigh in at about 80 pounds (Owen,
2014). Apart from being one of the tallest penguin species in the world, these ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These penguins reach their mating sites around October to November (Robinsson et.al, 2010). Their
mating sites can not be on ice, instead they locate areas on the antarctic edge where there is fast
melting ice. If not then they try their best to locate solid land. Once they reach the breeding grounds
the males begin to court the adelie females. The primary way for the male adelie penguins to court
female penguins is to make a nest. Unlike other birds, these nests are not made out of sticks and
twigs, instead the adelie penguins make their nests out of stones and pebbles. The male adelie
penguin that manages to gather the most stones and ultimately build the largest nest will be seen as
the most desirable mate for that season (Robinsson et.al, 2010). Due to the fact that the mating
season for the adelie penguins lasts such a short time, the younger penguins often commit sexual
deviancy in the breeding grounds due to their sexual inexperience. Often times, the young adelie
penguin does not know how to behave when breeding, frequently misinterpreting signs and signals
that signify as a consent to mate. Examples of sexual deviancy that is found amongst the young
adelie penguins include but is not limited to: necromantic sex, homosexual sex, and rape of other
female penguins (McKie,

Is Global Warming a Threat to Polar and Glacier Ice? Essay
Is global warming a threat to polar and glacier ice?
Global warming is a phenomenon whereby the earth's average temperature increases. Global
warming has a devastating effect on the Earth's climate. Scientists are still studying global warming
effects, and have not reached a consensus about what will happen in the future. The melting of the
polar ice caps and global warming are getting more and more attention lately. If melting glaciers
caused by global warming, or it is a natural process – at this moment opinion of scientists and
experts is diverge. There are many causes of the melting of the polar ice caps and global warming,
some of which are natural. However, the activities of man are responsible for much of the rapid
change that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Philipp Stott in his article "Gold Comfort for Global warming" considers that the temperature
change as a perfectly natural event. He argues that climate change is part of Earth's cycle, and that it
right on schedule. He believes that people do not have much control over nature. He talks about the
collapse of Larsen B ice shelf in Antarctica, the largest single event in a series of retreats by ice
shelves in the Antarctica over the last 30 years. He considers this crash "perfect natural disaster" for
journalists who are of the view that global warming is a result of greenhouse gas emissions and
human activity in the modern world. According to P. Stott, the collapse of ice is a natural process of
nature, and icebreakers are falling after a hot summer and high winds. He finds it impossible the
North Pole is disappearing and neither is the South Pole. He writes about studies, which have shown
that West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be getting thicker, not thinner. He describes the Antarctica as
unusual continent with many "climates", and many geomorphological and glaciological regimes.
Researchers of University of Illinois have reported that the temperature in Antarctica have been
falling in the last decade. And it is not surprising, according to him, when parts of the continent are
cooling to see some of the ice melts such as Larsen B. And at the time as people

Essay about Humans Must Adapt to Global Warming
No one in the scientific community would argue with the premise that the earth's climate has
changed over the eons of its existence or that it will continue to change. The arguments now revolve
around if mankind's use of the environment has specifically altered our climate.
Scientists have described our world as a clump of matter that spun out of the sun to join its journey
hurling though cold and empty space. Our spaceship earth would match the moon and have no
climate had not molten core continued to pierce its cold crust, spewing forth chemicals that would
eventually form our atmosphere, our seas and life itself ("Mcphee").
The geological record shows a tumultuous earth, but because the events occur slowly over millions
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an online edition of the Journal Science, one team suggests that glaciers flowing into the
Amundsen Sea are melting twice as fast near the coast than they has ten years age. These glaciers
help drain the West Antarctic Sea, and area that consists of enough ice to raise the sea level twenty
or so feet ("Revkin"). As the receding glaciers and polar ice caps part of the natural gerological
process, or is the human's comsumption of fossil fuels to blame? Do we as humans face a dilemma
of rising seas of our own making or is the earth following it own path and we can only be observers
of events that our beyond our control? The earths history is recorded in rocks, tree ring, ice cores,
and mud. We must assume that the climates were warmer or colder based on the type of fossiled
fauna left in the geological record. No actual evidence is left in rock formations that shows the
chemical make up of historic atmospheres. Scientists have recently by passed this dilemma by
coring glaciers, allowing them to look into past atmospheres as old as 750,000 years.
Glaciers are made by compaction of snow on land. As the snow compacts and gets deeper it "is
subject to alteration and movement owing to its own weight and pressure" (Curry 292). Snow
deposits transform into a glaciers at an average depth of about 10 meters. The deeper the firn snow
us the stronger the bonds between snow flakes become through a process called sublimation, thus

Virus In Antarctica
January 21, 2055. A group of researchers posted in the McCrudo research facility out in the
Antarctic, get ready to go home for the winter break. However, all celebrations grind to a halt when
the crew receive news of a deadly virus ravaging earth, shutting down all services. Which includes
their only ticket off the Antarctic: the supply cargo ship, leaving them stranded on what seems to be
an uninhabited vast glacial desert. Ricky, the lead scientist of the expedition steps up to the plate as
the leader believing that it's his responsibility and his responsibility alone to keep his men, and
women, alive. Their survival is threatened by a number of Antarctica's harsh elements, including
hypothermia, frost bit, and some unfriendly crew members of other Antarctic research facilities that
threaten to kill them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their ultimate goal becomes apparent when an encrypted message from mission control reveals that
the source of the virus has been traced to one of the research bases in Antarctica, if they find the
base they find the cure. After months of barely surviving everything that the Antarctic can through
at them and even more, the crew finally stumble by luck onto the base responsible for the virus out
break. As for the cure, nothing can be done until they reach a far more sophisticated lab, which is
located back on the main land. They find an icebreaker ship that was brought in from sea during a
massive storm trapped in ice just off the

Arctic Vs. Antarctica
Have you ever misapprehended the Arctic and Antarctica for the same thing? If you have, the
mistake is reasonable. They both have extremely cold temperatures and are just on opposite sides of
the globe. They have snow all year, and fantasies are made about igloos and eskimos. Although
there are similarities, there are two sides to the same coin.
Antarctica is a continent that is used for more of scientific study and holds 90% of earth's ice.
Antarctica is one big continent, meaning there are no other parts to Antarctica. Antarctica has even
reached the nice and breezy –128.6 degrees F. Henceforth, there are not many animals in Antarctica.
Both continents have extremely cold temperatures, and have two seasons instead of four. They have
a "summer"

Antarctica Research Paper
Millions of miles of ice and an unfriendly environment make Antarctica an exciting place to study.
It is very unique, and doesn't have the same properties as the other continents do. It is much colder
than the rest of the world. For example, the average temperature in Antarctica during the summer
months is about 32 degrees fahrenheit! The coldest temperature ever recorded anywhere was in
Antarctica, at the Russian Vostok station. It was –129.3 degrees fahrenheit!! In addition, the
continent contains 90% of the world's ice, and it is bigger than the United States. "It is the coldest,
windiest, and driest continent in the world". (Redd) In fact, the average precipitation there is only 2
inches every year. Believe it or not, Antarctica is classified as a desert, because it is so dry, and has
such a minimal amount of moisture. "More rain falls in the Sahara Desert". (Redd) Even though
there is very little snow, Antarctica still has massive blizzards. The heavy winds pick up snow from
the ground and blow it around. Winds in Antarctica have been known to reach 200 miles ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It actually grows in size in the winter because as it gets colder, more water freezes around it. The
Antarctic Ice Sheet is "the largest single mass of ice on Earth". (Pegg) There are no trees or bushes.
There is no agricultural land. "The ice in the Eastern part of the continent averages 1.2 miles thick".
(Redd) The eastern part of the continent is colder than the western part, because the elevation is
higher on the the eastern side. Even though it's a cold place, there are still volcanoes in Antarctica.
Out of the many volcanoes there, Mount Erebus is the tallest and most active. It's last eruption was
in 2011. (Redd) Another active volcano is the Deception Island volcano, which is off the Antarctic
Peninsula. Deception Island is a common tourist attraction, because people can bathe in the water
warmed by the volcano while being surrounded by

A Dangerous Threat To Antarctica Essay example
Global warming is one of the most tumultuous topics in today's society. Some believe it is
happening as we speak, while others question its very existence, So, is it real, or is merely a hoax?
There is no one answer, but evidence does overwhelmingly support the former. Surely we have all
heard this word at one time or another, but few individuals actually know its true definition.
Justifiably, however, global warming is not that simply explained. In layman's terms, it is the
dramatic increase in the Earth's average air and ocean temperature since the 20th century. This
increase is primarily attributed to two main culprits: the greenhouse effect and human activity, such
as fossil fuel burning. In both cases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, it is no surprise scientists have estimated that in the last two hundred years the global
temperature has risen by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Maybe that does not sound like much, but consider
this: it only took four degrees to bring us out of the last Ice Age. Experts agree that global warming
is one of the greatest–if not the greatest–challenge facing all of humanity. The environment around
us carries the scar caused by global warming. Precipitation has increased across the globe, which
has consequently caused more frequent floods, an increase in sea levels, and a higher frequency of
strong storms. Lakes are drying up, islands are virtually dropping into the ocean, and the polar ice
caps are disappearing. The planet is truly in peril. This paper will focus on three regions of the Earth
in particular: Antarctica, the Amazon Rainforest, and the Great Barrier Reef. More specifically, it
will examine the extent of the impact that global warming has had on each region.. Antarctica is the
coldest, driest, and most inhospitable continent on Earth. Yet it is yields some 90 percent of the
Earth most precious natural resource: water. But behind this pristine exterior, Antarctica is fighting a
losing battle. New data suggests that the continent as a whole is warming at an alarming rate.
According to recent studies gathered from Nature Magazine, the western half of the continent is
warming five times faster than any other place

Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Sir Ernest Shackleton was a courageous and bold man; here are a few things about him. He knew all
about the weather in Antarctica. Also, he was the first one ever to come into a 100–mile radius of
Antarctica. He was as famous as famous could be, and was a hero to thousands who read his book
"Furthest South" expedition. He was also the leader of the Imperial Trans–Antarctic Expedition, and
before he set out on the Endurance he had already been to the Antarctic twice. There was a race to
the South Pole and Shackleton just had to win it. But, Shackleton's attempt abruptly came to a stop
because he was thrown back by terrible weather conditions, weather conditions 20 times worse than
Michigan's winter. The prize went to Amundsen on December 14,

Shackleton's Trans-Antarctic Challenges
Challenges faced by Shackleton's team compared to Worsley.
There is just one continent that supports no permanent inhabitants: Antarctica. There is minimal
vegetation or animal matter for food, and with temperatures regularly down to −70°C accompanied
by strong katabatic (downslope) winds, the interior of the Antarctic is as inhospitable to human
living as are the heights of Everest (Halsey, Stroud 2012) Henry Worsley failed his attempt at a solo
trans–Antarctic crossing commemorating 100 years since the Imperial Trans–Antarctic Expedition,
where Ernest Shackleton also failed his attempt. The challenges faced by Shackleton's team and
Worsley to survive in Antarctica are very similar to one another. Antarctica has not changed
significantly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technology that they had 100 years ago does not come close to being as advanced as it was
when Worsley attempted the Solo Transantarctic. Technology has progressed so significantly that
Shackleton would have faced more challenges than Worsley did. Shackleton used ships to get to
Antarctica using navigation skills, maps and compasses. They are of an age of masted wooden ships
sailing to vast unknown coasts on uncharted seas (McConville 2008). ...before flying on to his
(Worsley) start point at Berkner Island, close to Shackleton's intended start point on the Weddell Sea
one hundred years ago. (Worsley 2015). In contrast, Worsley flew straight to the starting location of
his expedition. This is a major difference, as Shackleton and his men would already be under stress
from the long period of time spent on the ship. He and his crew would be fatigued before even
starting the actual walking on the continent. Worsley had access to clothing that is more suited for
the conditions of Antarctica. He even had information from weather stations, GPS, a radio that he
could use to communicate, and even batteries for all the technology to ensure he would be able to
access all the tools that he had. (Worsley 2015). Here, we present a range of prediction equations for
estimating metabolic rate from heart

Antarctica Ice Essay
For a long time satellites have been observing earth's greatest ice shields on Greenland and in the
Antarctic, utilizing diverse advancements from radar to gravity estimations. Previously, the clumsy
distribution of individual coincidental estimations prompted disarray, particularly with respect to the
condition of the Antarctic ice. Another investigation, bolstered by NASA and European Space
Agency ESA joins the information from various satellite missions. "It's the first run through every
one of the general population who have assessed changes in the extent of the Antarctic and
Greenland ice sheets utilizing satellites in the course of recent years have together to deliver a
solitary outcome," Andrew Shepherd from the University of Leeds ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Notwithstanding the relative extents of ice that have been lost in the northern and southern halves of
the globe, we can likewise observe there's been an authoritative increasing speed of ice misfortune
in most recent 20 years. So together Antarctica and Greenland are presently contributing three fold
the amount of ice to ocean levels as they were 20 years prior," says the Professor of Earth
Observation. As indicated by the examination, dissolving ice from the two shafts has been in charge
of a fifth of the worldwide ascent in ocean levels since 1992, 11 millimeters taking all things
together. The rest was caused by the warm extension of the warming sea, the liquefying of mountain
ice sheets, little Arctic ice tops and groundwater mining. The offer of the polar ice liquefy,
nonetheless, is rising. Greenland is liquefying speediest .The pattern of change is different
considerably between the Arctic and the Antarctic. Most of the ice loss is happening in Greenland.
"The rate of ice loss from Greenland has increased almost five times since the mid–1990s", says
Erik Ivins, who coordinated the project for

Antarctica Secrets Summary
After watching the NOVA documentary about Antarctica Secrets, one is amazed at the work done by
Scientists, Geologist and Engineers applying innovative drilling technology to study ice sheets and
ocean core sediments that can reveal the climate history of Antarctica.
Andrill team of multi–national scientists funded by their respective government are focused on
drilling the Antarctica using innovative drilling technology to decode the climate history of
Antarctica to predict the effect of global warming due to rise in temperature by 2 to 3 degrees by the
end of the 21st century.
Currently Antarctica is completely covered with ice, containing about 90% of total ice found in our
planet. Antarctic is geographically divided into Western Ice Sheet

Ernest Shackleton Quotes
Polar Perseverance By Felix Rowe Sir Winston Churchill once said, "If you're going through hell,
keep going." Through near impossible circumstances, Shackleton pushed his limits and managed to
bring himself and all of his 28 men through hell. English explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton – or as his
crew called him, The Boss – always had a calling from Antarctica. On his first expedition, Ernest
and the crew came closer to the South Pole than anyone in history before. With all his gained
knowledge from the previous expedition, he set off with his crew in order to be the first person to
reach the South Pole. He didn't succeed. Shackleton had come 180.6km from reaching his goal,
however due to the health of his crew he had to retreat back to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He would always take the most strategic route in accomplishing his goal. Shackleton was a very
intellectual man. This was crucial for the survival of his men, because they needed a figurehead to
rely on, someone they knew was going to get them out of there alive. For my first point, Shackleton
was very intellectual in the way that he had held his men's personal belongings. Shackleton knew
that if they were to go on the on land expedition, his men couldn't bring all of their belongings, so
he set a 2lb weight limit on all of his staff. Ernest also knew that the only chance they had of making
it out alive was to launch the three boats and try to make way for Elephant Island. He also knew that
the boats weighed 700lbs each, and that all their personal belongings would be going in those. For
the men to carry the boats plus all the personal belongings of his men, it would have been
unbearable. Shackleton also knew that belongings would have no use to he, or his men for the trip.
Gold coins would be useless if he was to get out of the Antarctic alive. Even items of sentimental
value would be thrown away, but it was the only way for the men to get out alive. Secondly,
Shackleton ordered the banjo be brought along the on land trip. At first this may have seemed like a
stupid idea, it would just be more weight to carry along. The two pound rule was created for a
reason. However, Shackleton knew that the men would need something

A Summary On Animal Adaptions In The Antarctic Environment
This report outlines the evaluation of a Year Six science lesson on animal adaptions in the Antarctic
environment. This lesson was taught for three students who were aged seven, nine and eleven, with
the eldest being the focus and targeted audience of the lesson. This report will discuss the
experience of a pre–service teacher engaging with these students and what they learnt about the
students' current thinking. This discussion with include the alternative conceptions that were
identified. Lastly this report will discuss how and why changes to this lesson will be made if this
lesson were to be taught again.
Whitton et al., (2016) define engagement as the "visible manifestation of [motivation] displayed
through individual's exertion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, as described below, changes will be made, so that the student can gain a better
understanding.
Prior to the lesson occurring, the student had no prior knowledge about adaptation in Antarctica (see
Appendix A). However through the Australian Curriculum: Humanities and Social Sciences
(ACARA, 2016b, p. 78, ACHASSI078; p. 104, ACHASSK113), the topic of Antarctica has been
explored. So the student has some knowledge about the conditions faced in Antarctica. By the end
of the lesson, the student was able to connect what was happening with what she was learning in her
classroom. As they mentioned that they were doing the Primary Connections module on Dessert
Survivors, which looks at adaption in the Desert. Furthermore, by the end of the lesson, the student
had gained a better understanding of how adaption worked and was able to answer the question that
was posed at the beginning of the lesson in more detail (see Appendix A.).
The pre–service teacher was able to identify alternative conceptions which were held by the targeted
student. Alternative conceptions are, according to Skamp, ideas or conceptions held by students
"that were not in accord with the way scientists currently understand our world" (2015b, p. 7).
Furthermore, these conceptions are "experience–based explanations" that have been constructed by
the students "to make a range of natural phenomena and objects

Ernest Shackleton Research Paper
Sir Ernest Shackleton "Sir Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo–Irish Antarctic explorer, who made
three expeditions to the continent, most famously in 1914 on the Endurance" (Sir Ernest
Shackleton). The 'founder' of the Shackleton family was Abraham Shackleton. Abraham was a
profound Quaker born in Kildare County, Ireland. The Shackleton family originated in the English
country of the Yorkshire and consisted of pure Anglo–Irish blood.
On February 15, 1874 Ernest Henry Shackleton was born in Kilkea House, Kildare County, Ireland.
He was the second oldest of ten children and the oldest of two boys. When Shackleton was six years
old, the family moved to London, where the children were raised.
It was obvious at a very young age that Shackleton was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Four months into the journey, Shackleton died from a heart attack. Sir Ernest Shackleton was a
brave man known for his determination and his love for the Antarctic. His passion for the Polar
Regions could be separated by only one thing– death. Ernest Shackleton died doing what he loved
to do best, during his last trip through the ice filled waters (Alexander 98). The expedition was
called the Shackleton–Rowlett Expedition and took place from 1921–1922, ending shortly after
Shackleton died (Alexander 114). At the shy age of 47, Shackleton died of a heart attack. He took
his last breath at 2:30 in the morning of January 5, 1922. Only minutes before he died, he looked up
at his friend and said, "You're always wanting me to give up something. What do you want me to
give up now?" (Alexander 184). However, he gave up his life only short minutes after that.
The doctors were puzzled that Shackleton died at such a young age. They performed various
autopsies and came to the conclusion that he suffered from an atrial septal defect, commonly known
as a hole in the heart (Alexander 241). Shackleton had refused to seek medical attention, fearing it
would hinder his

The Discovery Of Antarctica 's Subglacial Lakes
Antarctica is one of the coldest and darkest environments on Earth. Below these Antarctic ice sheets
lay some of the largest subglacial lakes and it is within these lakes that scientists believe contain
some of the most unique microbial ecosystems on earth. Antarctica's subglacial lakes are some of
the most oligotrophic, or nutrient deficient places on the planet (Karl et al, (1999). It is this scarce
landscape that inherently affects the organisms that are present. Significant research has been
undertaken by scientists to better understand the physical processes of how these subglacial lakes
are created, and how this then affects the hydrology of these lakes. The amount and type of life that
is said to live in these lakes is determined by the hydrology that occurs as a result of the various
physical processes. Both biodiversity and biomass with respect to the types and amounts of
organisms present is restricted due to the amount of ice depth and the lack of nutrients for these
organisms like archaea, bacteria and viruses. Subglacial lakes are formed and maintained through a
number of physical processes that affect the biota assumed to be present in these lakes. One process
that maintains these lakes is geothermal heating (Siegert et al, (2003), this is when the Earth's heat
melts the basal ice sheet and thus creates a lake basin where organisms can possibly exist. This heat
is beneficial for some organisms as it actually releases chemicals such as iron and methane for

Pine Island Glacier is the Largest Sheet of Ice on Earch
Pine island Glacier is an enormous stream of ice flowing west–northwest along the south of Hudson
mountains into the Amundsen Sea in Antarctica. This ice sheet is the largest chunk of ice on planet
Earth having a volume of a water equivalent to 57m of the global sea level. Hence, this basin has the
largest net contribution of ice to the sea in the world. In the past few decades, the pine island glacier
has been melting at an irreversible rate. Studies show that the ground line of the glacier has retreated
10 kilometres and is in the process of touching a 40 kilometre retreat. The glacier has been losing
approximately 20 billion tons of ice each year for the past quarter of the century and is estimated to
lose four times the ice in the coming quarter.
As said by a glaciologist with France's Grenoble Alps University, Gael Durand, "the glacier has
started a phase of self sustained retreat and will continue its decline."The loss of ice from the glacier
at this rate would cause disasters and hence is the latest issue of climatic concern.
It has played a significant role in the rise of the global sea level. It is predicted that at this rate, the
glacier will alone increase the sea level by another centimetre in the next 20 years. The thinning of
the ice in West Antarctica contributes to 10% of the rise in the sea level today. The most recent
acceleration has been monotonic. The warm water flows above the marine ridge which results in
melting of the thick ice which comes out of

Unthinkable Challenges In Swimming To Antarctica By Lynne Cox
In December of 2002, Lynne Cox completed an unthinkable challenge. The challenge itself was
only 1.06 miles and lasted twenty–five minutes, which doesn't seem like a long time but for her it
lasted a decade. Cox wrote an autobiography about her journey titled Swimming to Antarctica.
Within Cox's book she relives the phenomenon at which she faced the frigid unknown. That one day
Cox would put everything she had into a dream only she could possibly achieve due to her physical
and mental stability. Lynne Cox was an overall great swimmer and could conquer just about
anything she put her mind to. This made her mentality very strong, however could she overcome her
natural signals in thirty–two degree water? This pushed even her limits to the absolute max. Cox did
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the early light of the conquest, her mind was racing. Knowing that she could swim in thirty–three
degree water as a test made her more anxious and "afraid" (Cox 130). Cox could not retrogress and
go back home, she had to encounter the face–numbing water and defeat the treacherous mile. She
fought against the problems she may face and readied herself for the awesome outcome that would
be after the pain. There is always a rainbow after rain right? Once she got ready and hopped in her
mind went from zero to one hundred real quick. The signals inside Cox's brain were sending off
shocks telling her that there was not enough air entering the lungs and nothing could be done to
calm it. In the predicament she was in it is normal to think it out but when your body feels "like I
had a corset tightening around my chest" it is hard to chill out (Cox 133). Her mind was firing
signals telling her to jump out but she was determined to finish what she had came so far to do.
Cox's mind was nostalgic most of the swim, but once she made the body and the mind come
together and work as one she made the mile plus

The Book Endure: The Voyage of Shackleton and his Crew
Endurance is a novel that explains the giant failure of a trans–Antarctic expedition. The entire
operation was led by bold and brave man by the name of Sir Ernest Shackleton. The purpose of the
expedition was to attempt to cross the Antarctic continent in the year 1914. It was an outrageous and
at some points, a hopeless struggle for survival for Shackleton and his crew. He had a crew of
twenty–eight strong and noble men, which were resilient and determined on this journey, of about
two years. The book's title, Endurance, is also the ship Shackleton and his crew used on the
expedition. The ship was unfortunately crushed by the ice very early in the men's journey, leaving
them stranded on drifting ice, for about a year, but that was just the beginning.
The voyage of Shackleton and his crew was one of many obstacles and complications. Ice is one of
the many kinds of danger the Endurance crew came face to face with throughout their adventurous
journey. People who are uneducated about how ice can be dangerous won't understand the level of
danger these men were in on a daily basis. One cannot even begin to understand the threat they were
in; the stories don't even do justice to kinds of things these men encountered.
Antarctica has one of the only two polar ice caps on the planet Earth. It is called the Antarctic ice
sheet and it covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent. Wikipedia says this is the largest ice mass
on Earth; it covers about 5.4 million square miles, and is

Adelie Penguin Bird Research Paper
Today, I chose to write about the Adelie Penguin, and my knowledge of this bird consists of
penguins that (appear to) wear tuxedos, plus comparable to all penguins, Adele Penguins captivate
us with intense cuteness. One physical behavior they posses (which I desire) is the belly flop. As
they run along the snow and ice on their little legs and feet, they will undoubtedly fall, and this is
where the belly flop comes into play. They fall with such dignity and ease, and once on their bellies
they slide for a short distance in the ice, as if to say I meant to do that. I recently fell on my knee
which caused a great deal of damage and pain. How wonderful if I could have fallen on my stomach
and gracefully slid across the room, at which point I

The Biological Limits Of Survival Over Antarctica
Antarctica is an unrivalled continent and well known for the extreme environmental conditions, as
the temperature is lowest, high wind speeds, high UV–B radiations and isolated landmass on earth.
Growth conditions for the organisms are extreme and plants exists with the physiological limits of
survival over Antarctica. Antarctica having terrestrial biota comprising microorganisms, ichens,
fungi, algae, bryophytes and invertebrates. Cryptogams are the major components of the Antarctic
flora and their distribution in harsh environmental conditions is an interesting subject for the
Environmentalists and Ecologists. Antarctic flora is confined to ice free areas and constitutes ~0.5%
of the Antarctic surface area. Antarctic flora growth conditions

Antarctica is located in the southern hemisphere of the Antarctic region or the bottom of the earth.
The latitude and longitude of Antarctic is 90.0000° S, 0.0000° W. Antarctica is surrounded by the
southern ocean. Antarctic is also surround by parts of the Pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean and the
Indian ocean.
A characteristics a place needs to be a desert is. The main characteristics of a desert is that the space
of the place is a very large. Antarctica is the biggest and largest desert in the world and it is the
driest place in the world. Also that Antarctica has little no rainfall.
Antarctica can be used for so many different things like Astrophysics, Biology, Geology,
Meteorology, Glaciology and Oceanography. Or these method have been

Krill In Antarctica
Antarctic krill are usually less than 6 cm in length but their size belies the major role they play in
sustaining much of the life in the Southern Ocean. They are the primary food source for many
species of whales, seals, penguins and fish.
Studies have shown that stocks of krill in Antarctica have declined dramatically in recent years. The
reason for this is likely to be a fall in the amount of sea ice in the winter months in the Antarctic
Peninsula region.
Krill numbers in this region may have dropped by as much as 80% since the 1970's – so today's
stocks are a mere 1/5th of what they were only 30 years ago. The decline in krill may in turn
account for the decline in the numbers of some penguin species.
In the early life stages krill require

How Can Antarctica Be Left Alone In The Last Wilderness
Antarctica is land that is the least explored. It holds mysteries and is beautiful with all its unique
landscapes. the authors of "The Last Wilderness Preserve" and "A New Land of Opportunity" both
understand this, but both argue two different side on the topic of whether Antarctica should be kept
isolated from humans and left alone or be explored and plundered of its resources. Both passages
explain their sides of the argument and one passage is more efficiently supported than the other. In
the first passage, "The Last Wilderness Preserve", the author argues that Antarctica should be kept
away from humans, so the continent can preserve in its natural splendor. In the passage it states,
"Global warming, a gradual heating of the planet thought

Partition Of Antarctica
Committee on the Partition of Antarctica (CPA)
Partition of Antarctica
Australia
Antarctica, the southernmost continent and site of the South Pole, is a virtually uninhabited, ice–
covered land mass. Since first being sighted during a Russian voyage in 1820, Antarctica has
remained completely devoid of civilian settlements for over a century due to its unwelcoming and
virtually inhospitable climate. At the time of its discovery 98% of the continent was blanketed by
dense continental ice sheets. Little has changed as time has passed, and with temperatures recorded
as low as negative 130 degrees Fahrenheit, winds up to 200 miles an hour, and an average
precipitation of only 6.5 inches annually, Antarctica remains the harshest continent on Earth ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United Kingdom, New Zealand, France, and Norway recognize Australia's claim. Australia first
gained its claim as a part of the British Empire, and retained the claim when it gained independence
from the UK. Unfortunately, India and China have grown hungry for resources in the region,
especially in the Australian territory, the Australian government feels that the territory that it has
administered for over a century is being threatened. Following the disturbing drought Australia
faced between the years 2001 and 2012, Australia enjoyed nearly a decade of abundant
precipitation. A drought saw the end of the age of prosperity caused by this precipitation. The
drought, lasting until the late 2030's, crippled the Australian economy, sharply cutting off population
growth, and forced Australia to become a major food importer, as many of its crops failed. Though
precipitation levels have returned to normal for now, but Australia fears another drought is
inevitable, and looks to strengthen its ability to continue to import food. Water rationing, enforced
during the drought, is extremely unpopular, and faces strong public opposition. The lack of water
and the consequent food shortages have sparked small pockets of hunger, but aid from the UK and
US have managed to curb any widespread starvation for now. The Australian claim on Antarctica is
exactly what the nation needs to continue its ability to import food without unbalancing its export
and import levels. The possible economic resources lying dormant in Antarctica would be of great
benefit to Australia, since the development and export of these resources would ease the economic
burden posed by importing a greater portion of its food. Besides the resources hidden within the
land, the waters surrounding Antarctica are especially appealing to Australia, since the large schools
of fish that are available for harvest would be under Australian

Global Warming Is The New Epidemic
Global Warming is the new epidemic that is facing the United States as well as the entire world.
Global Warming is the gradual increase of temperatures around the globe. The gradual rise of the
average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and also the oceans is believed to be permanently
changing the Earth's climate. There is a debate among an abundance of people that and sometimes
in the news, on whether global warming is real or not. However, scientists and climate experts all
agree that the planet is warming and that could lead to a world wide crisis. Global Warming is
caused by various things. However the main causes is by human activities such as burning of fossil
fuels, land clearing, agriculture, increased volumes of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases are
believed to be the primary sources of global warming in the past five decades. It has been recently
predicted by global warming scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate that the
average temperatures of the globe could possibly increase between 1.4℃ and 5.8℃ by the year
2100. This temperature rise can and will possibly affect planet Earth in many different ways. The
effects and changes of global warming are many. Changes include rising sea levels due to melting of
glaciers and at the Earth's polar ice caps. Ice is melting worldwide in mountain glaciers, ice sheets
covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic Sea ice. Therefore the sea level has been rising
faster of the last century. As a

The History Of Antarctica
Antarctica has no native population. Its residents are scientific and support staff who usually stay no
more than a year at a time. The first person born in Antarctica was Emilio Palma, on January 7,
1978, the son of the commander of Argentina's Esperanza Base.
Antarctica is more than 95% ice covered and contains about 90% of the world's fresh water.
Because of this thick ice cover, it is highest of all continents, with an average elevation of more than
1,600 m (about 5,250 ft.). The highest point on the continent is Vinson Massif (5,140 m/16,864 ft);
the lowest appears to be Bentley Subglacial Trench (2,499 m/ 8,200 ft below sea level) in West
Antarctica. This trench is covered with more than 3,000 m (more than 9,840 ft) of ice and snow.
Lower points may exit under the ice, but they have not yet been discovered. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the Antarctic Treaty of 1961, these claims have been held aside in the interests of international
cooperation in scientific research. Neither the U.S. nor the USSR made a claim to Antarctica, and
the claims to Antarctica made by Norway, France, Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Great Britain and
Argentina are not

To many Antarctica is a very cold, dangerous, isolated and uninhabited place with nothing to offer
the world but Antarctica is a remarkable and unique continent. Antarctica provides great insight into
how the world works, and the consequences of human activity. Antarctica belongs to no–one and
everyone, unlike most places no native people ever lived there due to the difficult environmental
conditions, so no one ever really settled in Antarctica therefore it is not a part of any one country.
Antarctica is essential for science because of its enormous effect on the Earth's climate and ocean
systems. The Antarctic is critical our understanding of global climate change. Preserved in its four
kilometre–thick ice sheet is a unique record of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Males stand and protect their eggs from the elements by balancing them on their feet and covering
them with feathered skin known as a brood pouch. During this two–month bout of babysitting the
males eat nothing.c
When female penguins return to the breeding site, they bring a belly full of food that they
regurgitate for the newly hatched chicks. While the male emperors go to the sea in search of food
for themselves.
Mothers care for their young chicks and protect them with the warmth of their own brood pouches.
Outside of this warm cocoon, a chick could die in just a few minutes. In December, Antarctic
summer, the pack ice begins to break up and open water appears near the breeding site, just as
young emperor penguins are ready to swim and fish on their own.
Antarctica does not only have amazing wildlife but also beautiful sceneries. For example the jagged
mountain peak. Some peaks like those of the Jagged Mountains in Queen Maud's Land sharply jut
upwards out of the surrounding polar ice cap for heights surpassing those of the world's tallest
buildings. Polar scientists call them nunataks. The most spectacular jagged peak is Rakekniven. Its
600 meter vertical rock

The Last Wilderness Preserve Pros And Cons
Many people have different views about preserving Antarctica. Some people may view Antarctica as
a scared environment and that it should not be destroyed by destructive human greed as the author
states in "The Last Wilderness Preserve." Others may view Antarctica as a wonderland that is the
key to all the questions many ask about this world. The author's claim in "A New Land of
Opportunity." However you feel about the topic it is clear that the author in"The Last Wilderness
Preserve" supports his argument better and has the stronger argument.
In "The Last Wilderness Preserve" the author claims that Antarctica should be preserved and should
be protected. The author of "The Last Wilderness" claims that finding huge mineral and oil deposits

Antarctica And Its Effects On Antarctica
Please note that you will have 4 minutes to recall the facts, and that you will be taking the test
immediately." The word Antarctica was shown in italics to make it clear that they were only to be
asked to recall information about Antarctica. Participants in the delayed condition were given the
same prompt except they were asked to predict their performance after a 30–min delay: "In thirty
minutes you will be asked to recall as many facts about Antarctica as you can. What percentage of
the facts about Antarctica do you think you will be able to recall? Please note that you will have 4
minutes to recall the facts, and that you will be taking the test in 30 minutes." Participants were
instructed to answer the prompt by telling the experimenter a number between 0 and 100.
Participants in the immediate condition were then given a blank sheet of paper and 4 minutes to
recall as many facts about Antarctica as possible. Participants in the 30–min delay condition were
given the same test after a 30–min interval, which was filled with a series of unrelated distractor
tasks (e.g., learning and retrieving category–exemplar pairs). It is worth noting that participants
were not informed of the nature of the distractor tasks before making their predictions, a factor
which may have influenced the accuracy of such predictions. Given the purpose of the study,
however, we felt it was more important to focus instructions on the particular passage that was to–
be–tested

The Impact Of Tourism On Antarctica During The 2015-16 Season
IAATO indicate that more than 100 different nationalities were represented by tourists who visited
the Antarctica during the 2015–16 season.
Four IAATO operators conducted commercial deep field tourism activities during the 2015–16
season, employed experienced guides; over 80% of which have worked previously in Antarctica.
Staff and guides assist in the preparation of policies and guidelines, and ensure their implementation
in the field.
Ship–based tourism is expected to again include the operation of small auxiliary boats, shore
landings, kayaking, mountain climbing, running events, SCUBA diving, snorkelling, skiing,
snowboarding, stand–up paddle boarding, camping (including short overnight stays), helicopter
operations, use of Unmanned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
L. Crossley. 1995. Cambridge University Press)
Another threat comes from smaller expeditions that are becoming increasingly common by
individuals and small parties. Antarctica requires careful planning and a series of fail–safe rescue
procedures if anyone gets into difficulty. These smaller expeditions sometimes fail to do this
adequately and resort to "humanitarian" requests for aid from shipping or nearby national bases
when they get into difficulty. In recent years for example a small helicopter (totally unsuitable for
the task) crashed into the sea off the Antarctica Peninsula requiring rescue.
There have so far been no major pollution incidents or losses of life in Antarctica as a result of
tourism, though there was a very close call in November 2007 with the holing and subsequent
sinking by an iceberg of the M/V Explorer in the Brans field Strait. Fortunately for the passengers
and crew of the Explorer the collision occurred in calm conditions, so everyone was able to get off
the ship safely and into lifeboats. (Ref: Crossley, Louise. Explore Antarctica. 1st ed. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pg5.)
Briefly pointing to some more recent incidents reported in Antarctica
On 15 November 2015, Ocean Endeavour struck ice causing some damage to the hull during the
night near the South Shetland Islands. The vessel did not require any assistance and with the
agreement of the both Flag State and Classification Society proceeded back to the port

PAGE 1
Most people know that Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth, but did you know it is also the
world's largest desert? Or that huge volcanoes can be found here? Or a lake equivalent to that of
Lake Ontario, the 14th largest lake in the world (1,639 km3), is locked beneath its ice? Come along
and discover what else you can find in Antarctica, from the unique diversity of species, to the
breathtaking scenery and the history behind it all, it's all waiting for you to further explore on this
site.
Geologic History
Antarctica was not always the frozen, dry continent we know it to be presently. Two hundred
million years ago, it was the center of a "supercontinent" called Gondwana that included parts of
South America, Africa, India, and Australia. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
East Antarctica is a platform about 488 meters (1,600 feet) above sea level, composed of rocks more
than 550 million years old. West Antarctica lies to the south of South America. The land in West
Antarctica is far lower than that in the east, and in some places, is well below sea level. The
continent's highest peak, Vinson Massif, is found in West Antarctica. It is located on the coast and is
4,876 meters (16,000 feet) tall. In comparison, the world renowned Mt Everest in the Himalayas is
an astounding 8,848 metres (29,029 ft.).
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1.9 kilometres in thickness, which
extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula. Under this thick surface
Mount Erebus, the second highest volcano in Antarctica (after Mt Sidley) and the southernmost
active volcano on earth, with a summit elevation of 3,794 metres (12,448 ft.), remains active and is
located in East Antarctica, on the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf–a place where ice extends far out over
the ocean. Its last eruption occurred in

Antarctica Fish Lab
When the freezing point for water is 32 degrees fahrenheit (0 degrees celsius) what happens to life
beneath the ocean when temperatures plummet in Antarctica? There has been recent discoveries of
antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish. Dr. Arthur DeVries was the first to discover such proteins, in
the 1960s, and describe how they bind in the blood of fish to ice crystals and prevent the fish from
being frozen. DeVries and his colleagues originally went to Antarctica to study respiratory
metabolism in fish but what he noticed was that when they caught the fish and put it in an aquarium
at freezing point seawater –1.09, the fish survived except for some of the deepwater fish. When
those fish touched the ice that formed on the cooling coils of the aquarium, they froze.
Now the question that arises is why were some fish more resistant to freezing and the other fish less
resistant? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They looked for any such thing in the sodium chloride level in the fish's blood, they looked for
amino acids, lipids and sugars but found nothing out of the ordinary. So, initially DeVries amongst
other scientist tried to separate any compound that decreased the freezing point. Then they tried to
break it down to a pure form and it turned out to be glycoprotein composed of the amino acids
alanine and threonine. Each of the threonine amino acids were attached to a disaccharide. This basic
repeating unit is called a glycotripeptide. It repeated itself and this is what made the antifreeze

Unit 2 P1 Unit 1
Unit 1 Argumentative Essay
Imagine that you were all alone in Antarctica. Your best friend, and at the time your only friend, just
died. You are 100 miles away from a boat taking you rescue coming to port in four days. This is the
story of Douglas Mawson, who faced adversity similar to Phineas Gage and Henrietta Lacks to
contribute to science. Phineas Gage had an inch hole in his brain due to an accident with dynamite
and a tamping iron on the railroad; he luckily survived but suffered infections, seizures and frontal
lobe disorder. Henrietta Lacks died from cervical cancer; Henrietta's cells are still rapidly dividing
without her permission. Douglas Mawson was exploring Antarctica when his team one by one was
dying to the point where he was alone and sick. He eventually returned to his home ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, Mawson faced emotional pain during his journey. Friends such as Nini and Mertz died
right before Mawson's eyes. Nini fell into a crevasse and with him went the food, sled and sled
dogs. After Nini died it was only Mawson and his good friend Mertz. Mertz was extremely ill and
for days Mawson cared for Mertz until Mertz died. In the text Into the Unknown it said "Mawson
buried his friend, still in the sleeping bag." It would be hard to imagine burying a friend but
Mawson also had to bury his only friend at the time. Also, now that the other members of the team
are dead Mawson is alone; hurting physically. "Mawson discovered to his horror that the soles of his
feet had completely detached from the skin beneath them, which spurted pus and blood. He taped
the dead soles to his feet (page 3)." Also the text, "The food was almost gone, and his own physical
state was deplorable, with open sores on his nose, lips...; his hair coming out in clumps; and skin
peeling off his legs. And he still had a hundred miles to go (page 3)." This shows that Mawson was
in pain physically and mentally unlike Henrietta

How Humans Have Affedted The Antartic Food Web

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