2. •Military involvement in national
disasters takes place only at the
request, and under the control, of
civilian authorities.
•The military is not in charge.
3. • The Armed Forces is a supporting agency in the
interagency response to domestic emergencies. For
example, the Home Ministry is the statutory agent
responsible for countering domestic terrorism.
• They are the lead agency for crisis management activities--
those measures required to anticipate, prevent, and/or
resolve a hostile situation. Similarly, the Home Ministry is
lead agency for consequence management activities--those
services and activities designed to mitigate damage, loss,
hardship, or suffering resulting from man-made or natural
catastrophe.
4. • What makes the military particularly well suited to
disaster response is:
– Speed: Capability for rapid mobilization
– Structure: Hierarchical command and discipline
– Training: Continual training and preparation
– Logistics: Material sufficient to fight two
simultaneous wars!
5. • Disaster response provides opportunities both for training
and for serving the public, which can improve unit morale
and public respect for the military.
• The public often judges its government based on how
quickly and effectively it responds to various disasters,
deployment of the military can provide political benefits.
• However, for various reasons military intervention should
be temporary and local civilian responders should take
over as quickly as possible.
6. Emerging Issues
• The role of the military is changing in response to changes
in our society, in the perceived role of the military, and
because of the evolving nature of the threats that the
military is expected to address.
• The downsizing of military, constrains the resources
available to take on secondary missions such as disaster
response.
• On the other hand, the emergence of new military threats,
particularly weapons of mass destruction (chemical,
nuclear and biological weapons) in the hands of terrorists,
has forced the military to focus on Civil Defense in
addition to ships and tanks.
8. • The main contribution the military
personnel are likely to be called upon to
make is to provide manpower, vehicles,
equipment and radio communications, as
well as military aircraft.
• In case the military intervention is needed,
it is necessary that the plans will be
adjusted to include disaster management
based on and in accordance with the
National Disaster Management Plan.
9. Examples of military-civilian cooperation to disaster relief
include:
(1) Protecting emergency food aid registration teams,
(2) Protecting and helping with logistics: transportation. storage and
distribution of emergency food aid, delivery of emergency water
supplies, traffic control, communications.
(3) Enforcing government's water usage restrictions.
(4) Undertaking search-rescue work.
(5) Providing temporary shelter and heating for disaster-stricken
people, and carrying out immediate repairs to make damaged facilities
safe, until civilian services arrive and
(6) Taking charge at the scene of an extreme hazard by organizing,
providing immediate relief assistance and helping local government
restore normal life.
10. • At the national level, the most effective way for an
efficient military - civilian cooperation is to
integrate the capabilities of country's military
forces with the civil authority's, together with the
supporting public services, at all stages and all
levels of disaster planning and preparedness.
• The potential of the armed forces to provide well
organized, trained and equipped support to the
civil authorities and emergency services is great
and should become an element of all disaster
management plans.
11. • The military institutions are known for their rapid
deployment, organization, ethos, skills, communications
logistics and coherence, which give them important
advantages in disaster relief operations.
• They also present more advantages as readiness (training,
equipment), availability (frequency, numbers, variety,
resources), integration (coalition, military-civilian
organization, mil-gov-ngo), flexibility (duration, reaction,
ethos, interchange low intensity for high intensity
operations), skills (variety, training, endurance), law
(civil / military, international, national), culture (social
responsibility, political support, history).
14. Support Operations
• Provide essential supplies and services to assist designated
groups.
• It relieves suffering and helps civil authorities respond to
crises.
• In most cases, Armed forces achieve success by
overcoming conditions created by man-made or natural
disasters.
• The ultimate goal of support is to meet the immediate
needs of designated groups and to transfer responsibility
quickly and efficiently to appropriate civilian authorities.
• The purpose of support activities, which consist of
humanitarian assistance and environmental assistance, are
to save lives; reduce suffering; recover essential
infrastructure; improve quality of life; and, restore
situations to normal.
15. Support Operations
• Disaster relief, humanitarian assistance, and aid to civil
authority represent practical uses of military resources in
peacetime.
• The leadership, organization, training, and equipment that
the military has developed for war give it great capability
to aid people in need, either at home or abroad.
• Rapid response in times of crisis is an Army tradition as
long as its history.
16. Nation assistance
• Employs the capabilities of the Indian Army in political, social, and
economic development as part of a broad foreign policy program.
• The resources of the military and its foreign counterparts have great
utility in the development of a country's political, social, and economic
infrastructure.
• Nation assistance is directed at improving the capabilities of the
civilian sector of a foreign country. Development is a sufficient end in
itself, but it also serves to prevent internal and external conflicts by
alleviating some of their causes.
• It also influences the participation of foreign armies in the
development of their own countries by enhancing their capabilities and
encouraging their sense of public service.
• This is a military program in support of the recipient nation conducted
under the leadership of other agencies of the Indian government. It is
important and useful, but it is not a total solution to another country's
problems.
17. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
• Programs relieve or reduce the results of natural or man-
made disasters or other conditions such as human pain,
disease, hunger, or deprivation that might present a serious
threat to life or result in great property damage or loss.
• Humanitarian assistance provided by Indian Armed Forces
is limited in scope and duration. It is designed to
supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation
civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary
responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance.
• Most foreign humanitarian assistance is conducted as joint
or multinational operations. The most common operations
are disaster relief and refugee programs.
18. Security Assistance
• Has both peace and war-related
applications.
• This is a group of programs to improve the
capabilities of foreign military forces
through material transfer, funding, and
education and training.
• Security assistance can help the recipient
stabilize the peace, ameliorate conflict, and
prepare for war.
19. Domestic Support Operations
• To assist state and local law enforcement
agencies during civil disturbances.
• The active Army and Air Force and their
reserves are prohibited from law
enforcement duties except as authorized by
the Constitution.
20. Support to Civil Law Enforcement
• The military is extremely limited in the types
of missions and operations it can undertake,
barring a declaration of martial law.
• In its role as an institution of the
Government , the primary responsibility is for
providing military assistance to state and local
authorities.
• When permitted by law, Military operations
provide temporary support to domestic civil
authorities.
21. Noncombatant Evacuation Operations (NEO)
• Normally relocate threatened noncombatants from a foreign country.
Although principally conducted to evacuate Indian citizens, NEOs
may also include selective evacuation of citizens from the host nation
as well as citizens from other countries. NEO methods and timing are
significantly influenced by diplomatic considerations.
• Under ideal circumstances there may be little or no opposition;
however, opposition should be anticipated and operation planned like
any combat operation.
• NEOs are similar to a raid in that the operation involves swift insertion
of a force, temporary occupation of objectives, and ends with a
planned withdrawal. It differs from a raid in that force used is
normally limited to that required to protect the evacuees and the
evacuation force.
• Forces penetrating foreign territory to conduct a NEO should be kept
to the minimum consistent with mission accomplishment and the
security of the force and the extraction and protection of evacuees.
23. Stability Operations
• Apply military power to influence the political and civil
environment, to facilitate diplomacy, and to interrupt
specified illegal activities.
• Its purpose is to deter or thwart aggression; reassure allies,
friendly governments, and agencies; encourage a weak or
faltering government; stabilize a restless area; maintain or
restore order; and, enforce agreements and policies.
24. Stability Operations
• Peace operations intend to solve political problems without
resorting to war. They may take place when a breach of
peace is threatened or when political violence occurs.
• Peace operations are not primarily military operations.
They are political processes with military support.
• Military forces make important contributions to the
process, but military personnel should never forget the
essential political nature of these operations and the
subordinate, supporting role of the armed forces.
• Peace operations are known by many different names, but
they consist of five basic types.
25. Preventive Deployments
• Shows of force to demonstrate international
resolve to solve the conflict by military means.
• They may be small, symbolic demonstrations or
major deployments with significant combat
capabilities.
• In either case, the intent is that demonstration of
military power serve as an aid to diplomacy and
that the forces not engage in combat.
26. Peace Building
• Establishes and strengthens political and social institutions
for the peaceful resolution of disputes.
• Peace building may work before a conflict erupts into
violence or after a cease-fire.
• These operations also include political, economic, and
social infrastructure development in which the military
may engage under the title nation assistance.
• Humanitarian assistance to alleviate short-term hardships
may also aid in peace building.
27. Peacemaking
• It is the term the United Nations uses to describe
the political process to resolve disputes.
• It consists of diplomacy, mediation, arbitration,
judicial process, and good offices.
• The Indian military usually is not directly
involved, but supportive operations contribute to
the peacemaking process.
28. Peacekeeping
• Operations entail military forces and observers, used with the consent
of the belligerent parties, to maintain a negotiated truce and promote
conditions that support diplomatic efforts.
• These operations are sometimes described as "truce keeping."
• Peacekeeping forces and observers assure each party to a truce that the
other is not violating its terms in preparation for resuming hostilities.
• Peacekeeping operations cannot solve the political problem; they only
aid the diplomatic process.
• Consent of the belligerents is a necessary condition of peacekeeping.
Consent distinguishes peacekeeping from other types of peace
operations.
29. Peace Enforcement
• Goes beyond peacekeeping and combines coercive
measures with diplomacy to compel the
belligerents to stop fighting and initiate
negotiations.
• In peace enforcement, the force conducting the
operation does not have the consent of all the
belligerents and is seeking to make them do things
they do not want to do.
• This difference has important implications for the
way the force must operate to accomplish its
mission and provide for its own security.
31. • The National Disaster Management Plan should cooperate in the development
of plans and protocols to be used when military resources are needed in
disaster relief.
• One of the fundamental ideas is that such resources should only be called upon
when the normal response planned mechanisms is insufficient.
• Military resources do not, and should not replace the humanitarian activities
made by civilian bodies, but they should complement and help them.
• Military - civilian cooperation will be needed either because of the urgency or
the scale of the disaster, or because special tasks have to be performed.
• It should not be assumed that civilian organizations would always, as matters
of course, seek cooperation with military forces.
• While military can be justified in terms of its capability to access enormous
logistical capacity and to manage local security considerations, it should be
acknowledged that working with the military is an exception to normal
practice.
