is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section of substation. It is used to separate faulty section for repair from a healthy section in order to avoid the occurrance of severe faults. It is also called disconnector or disconnecting switch.

1. Unit 4 DM

2. NATURAL DISASTER AND MIGRATION
• Migration, whether permanent or temporary, has always been a traditional
response or survival strategy of people confronting the prospect, impact or
aftermath of disasters
• Emerging evidence suggests that storms, droughts and floods adversely affect livelihoods
by destroying agricultural land or by damaging critical infrastructure, and can ultimately
lead to displacement and migration in several parts of the world
• Migration is a complex phenomenon associated with a variety of social, anthropological
and political philosophy.
• MIGRANTS are persons or groups of persons who, for reasons of sudden or progressive
changes in the environment that adversely affect their lives or living conditions, are
obliged to have to leave their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or
permanently, and who move either within their territory or abroad
• It can be forces or voluntary

3. Cont…
• Voluntary migration can occur where livelihoods are temporarily disrupted by
sudden-onset disasters (climate events) or are affected by long-term
deterioration of environmental conditions (climate processes) leading to gradual
poverty.
• In contrast, forced migration can occur where immediate disasters (events)
threaten the physical safety of populations, or where long-term environmental
changes (processes) lead to unfeasible livelihoods
• It is very difficult to quantify the no. of people migrated. Exact methodologies are
not available for calculation.
• Research indicates that approximately 42 million people were displaced by rapid-
onset climate-related disasters in 2010
• The Internal Displacement provides information on internal displacement,
including that caused as a result of environmental factors

4. Cont…

5. Cont…
• Different types of disasters can cause different types of migration.
• Floods have only marginal effects on migration, on the other hand,
crop failures highly influence migration.
• Drought causes temporary and permanent migration to rural areas
that have higher levels of rainfall
• Earthquakes decrease migration prospects by limiting access to
savings and credits
• The negative effect of disasters on migration is also due to the fact
that public investment in affected areas can dampen the effect of
self-protection mechanisms such as migration

6. PROS AND CONS OF MIGRATION

7. MIGRATION AS AN ADAPTATION FOR RISK
REDUCTION
• Where recurrent climate-related hazards affect income stability,
migration can be a risk management technique
• Further, disaster shocks can stimulate people to migrate in
anticipation or in response to the negative effects of disasters
• While it is often the wealthy members of a community who can
migrate to safer areas, some migrants may depend on social networks
and relatives living elsewhere for temporary resettlement.
• For example, the 2010 Pakistan floods affected over 20 million people
and displaced at least 2 million people from their homes.

8. MIGRATION AND REMITTANCE
• Migration can reduce the adverse effects of environmental disasters,
particularly through remittances
• Remittances help dampen environmental disasters’ negative effects.
• Remittances also positively benefit households in responding to
adverse environmental shocks.
• Migrants clearly show selfless behavior when their left-behind
relatives have to deal with adverse negative shocks.
• At the same time, they show that remittances tend be substitutable
to other inflows such as foreign aid

9. ISDR SYSTEM
• The ISDR system is composed of national authorities and platforms,
regional, international, intergovernmental and non-governmental
organizations, the United Nations system, international financial
institutions, and scientific and technical bodies and various
specialized networks.
• ISDR system partners face a common set of major challenges to scale
up action to implement the Hyogo Framework.
• Meeting those challenges requires coordinated and complementary
action at community, provincial, national and international levels.

10. Cont…
• Their activities include issue formulation, advocacy, networking,
coordination, information exchange, good practice guidance, capacity
development, and joint programme work.
• They have been an important source of expert guidance and conduit
for providing information on initiatives and roles in disaster risk
reduction.
• "Thematic platforms" exist within the ISDR system for disaster risk
reduction topics such as early warning, disaster recovery, climate
change and education

11. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER
REDUCTION
• The UN General Assembly adopted the International Strategy for
disaster reduction
• The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) is
a global framework established within the United Nations for promoting action
to decrease social vulnerability and natural hazards risks and related
technological and environmental disasters.
• It builds upon the experience gained during 1990 – 1999 which had been
designated as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

12. UNDRR MANDATE
• “To serve as the focal point for the coordination of disaster reduction and to
ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations
system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and
humanitarian fields”.

13. UNDRR Activities
• The UNDRR works via a network of international organisations, experts and
scientific institutions, private sector, civil society and government officials in
order to raise public awareness about disaster reduction.
• It also works to motivate commitment from authorities and encourage
interdisciplinary and intersectoral partnerships, which will ultimately enhance
the existing knowledge on natural hazards and the reasons why disasters
occur.
• It is tasked with the implementation, follow-up, support and review of
the Sendai Framework.

14. UNDRR & INDIA
• In the 20 year period of 1998 to 2017, India suffered massive economic losses
of up to $80 billion to disasters, said a UNISDR Report. India also ranks in the
top 5 countries that face absolute economic losses to disasters.
• In March 2019, the Government of India launched an UN-backed initiative that
will harness the power of the Private Sector in order to reduce the country’s
exposure to disaster and the huge economic losses that follow

15. HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION 2005-2015
• Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters, was
adopted by the World Conference for Disaster Reduction in Kobe Japan in
January 2005
• Actions Include
• Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong
institutional basis for implementation.
• Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning.
• Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at
all levels.
• Reduce the underlying risk factors.
• Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.

16. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR DISASTER
REDUCTION
• IAEM – Internatinal Association of Emergency Managers – Goals of
saving lives and property
• IRP – International Recovery platform - Implementation of Hyogo
framework for action
• RED Cross Societies – Response to emergencies, IFRC development
• UNITED NATIONS – Emergency response rests with resident co
coordinator within the affected community
• WORLD BANK – approved more than 500 operator’s
• EU – Adopted community mechanism for civilmprotection in 2001

17. Cont…
• Yokohama Strategy & Plan of Action – Focuses on prevention,
preparedness and mitigation
• ISDR – International Strategy for disaster reduction – Community
Development
• IATF Inter Agency Task Force – Comprises of 16 agencies and task force
• HFA ( Hyogo Framework for Action) – Mandated ISDR to develop generic,
realistic and measurable assessment progress
• UNISDR – United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Secretary) - Works with govt, organizations and civil society for disaster
reduction

18. FUNDING AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
• Funding in India is notified by guidelines on State disaster response funds
(SDRF) and National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF)
• These funds have been created under the legal frame work of 48(1) (a)
and section 46 of Disaster Management Act, 2005 respectively.

19. CALAMITIES COVERED UNDER SDRF & NDRF
• Cyclone
• Drought
• Earthquake
• Fire
• Flood
• Tsunami
• Hailstorm
• Landslide
• Avalanche
• Cloud Burst
• Pest Attack
• Coldwave/Frost

20. Cont..
• As per the DM Act 2005 and 14th Finance Commission (FC)
recommendations, any notified calamity of a severe nature will qualify for
assistance from NDRF.
• Funds from SDRF and NDRF are released to assist States to provide
immediate relief
• Assistance provided from NDRF is on 100% central grant basis whereas in
case of SDRF, states also need to contribute their share as per successive
Finance Commission’s recommendations

21. CONT…
• Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC) has recommended an amount of
Rs. 61,219 crore as aggregated corpus of State Disaster Response
Fund(SDRF) for all States for award period 2015-20 with state contribution
of 10% (6122 crore ) to SDRF, the remaining 90% (Rs. 55097 crore )
coming from Central Government.
• From the year 2018-19, the share of states in SDRF has been decided at
10% and rest 90% is being contributed by the centre
• The total allocation to SDRFs is Rs 28,983 crore for 2020/21, according to
the 15th Finance Commission, of which the Centre's share is Rs 22,184
crore.

22. Cont…
• The grant under SDRF is to be released by Ministry of Finance
in two instalments in June and December in each financial year
on the recommendations of Home Ministry.
• In case of severe calamity, there is a provision of advance
release of these instalments
• When the SDRF is insufficient to meet the relief requirements,
additional central assistance is provided from NDRF.

23. ASSESSMENT OF RELIEF FUNDS FROM NDRF
• The memorandum of the State Government is examined to assess the likely
requirement of funds as per items and norms of expenditure under SDRF/NDRF.
• If the preliminary examination reveals that there are adequate funds in SDRF with
the State for providing relief as per norms, the State would be advised
accordingly.
• If the preliminary examination reveals that the State is in need of assistance, a
Central Team will be deputed for making an on the spot assessment.
• The report of the Central Team shall be examined by the Sub-Committee of
National Executive Committee (SC-NEC) constituted under section 8 of the DM
Act, 2005.
• The SC-NEC will assess the extent of assistance and expenditure which can be
funded from the NDRF, as per the norms of NDRF/SDRF, and make
recommendations.
• Based on the recommendations of SC-NEC, a High Level Committee (HLC) will
approve the quantum of immediate relief to be released from NDRF.
• High Level Committee consists of Finance Minister, Agriculture Minister, Home
Minister, and Planning Minister/Vice Chairman-NITI AAYOG as members

24. DONATIONS TO FUNDS
• The PM National Relief Fund (PMNRF) as well as the CM Relief Funds are
public charitable trusts governed by the Public Trust Act of states and the
Indian Trusts Act, 1882.
• Most CM Relief Funds are governed by state trust acts. The Maharashtra
CM's Relief Fund, for example, is governed by the Bombay Public Trust Act,
1950
• In the last five years, the PMNRF has received annual donations to the tune
of Rs 450-900 crore (2019 data), and incurred annual expenses of Rs 250-
600 crore. The excess fund is invested in bonds and fixed deposits (FDs).

25. GLOBAL AGENCIES
• World Bank
• Asian Development Bank (ADB)
• The World Bank recently approved a $1-billion financial support to help "India
prevent, detect, and espond to the Covid-19 pandemic

26. RESPONSE AGENCIES
• Armed Forces
• Specialist Disaster Response Force
• Police Force
• Para military Force
• Fire brigade service
• Home Guards
• Civil Defence
• Youth Organizations
• International Agencies
• NGO s

27. NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS
• These organizations are usually set up under legislation such as the Society’s
Registration Act, 1860, Public Charitable Trust Acts, Section 25(1) of the
Companies Act, 1956
• NGOs working with disaster management serve the purpose such as dealing
with underpriveledged, education, healthcare, elderly assistance, nutrition,
environment protection, sanitation, food security, shelter, infrastructure,
livelihoods, etc.

28. Cont…
• Apart from donations, NGOs have tried to set up other sources of income for
their organizations in the form of partnerships with private enterprises.
• These partnerships are in the form of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) or
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on all state, sub-state, and district
levels.
• The private partnerships created by the NGOs through CSR and PPPs have
helped to a great extent in terms of capacity building and research about
various disasters and management techniques to protect the interest of the
people

29. ROLE OF NGO

30. Armed Forces
• It is a cadre of specialists, trained, disciplined and dedicated personnel
• Before the formation of the National Disaster Management Authority, It
continues to be amongst the first responders in a disaster situation
• It is found to be most suited for emergency situation
• It is an aid to civil administration only when situation is beyond capabilities
• These are immediate responses in high intensity disastrous situation
• They have equipment, training and a professional response to any situation
• Airforce and Navy have been supplementary efforts to army
• Though Armed Forces are principally involved in the security of the Nation
against external threats, they are now being involved more and more in
managing disasters with in the country and even in other countries in the
neighbourhood.

31. Cont
• They have work force like Engineering corps, medical corps,
veterinary corps and bomb disposal squad
• The armed forces possess capabilities like airlift or the ability to carry
large number of men and material to any place across the country.
• Their expertise in the field of search and rescue is unmatched.
• The armed forces can also bring in equipment for repairing damaged
roads or building makeshift bridges

32. NDRF National Disaster Response Force
• It has at present 8 battalions
• Two each from BSF, CRPF, CIDF and ITBP
• Total strength of each battalion is 1149
• NDRF has 3 sub units
• MFRT MEDICAL FIRST AID TEAM
• CSSR COLLAPSE STRUCTURE SEARCH AND RESCUE
• NBC NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM
• In previous years NDRF has saved 133192 human lives and retrieved
276 dead bodies of disaster victims inn73 response operations

33. SOME EXAMPLES
• During Cyclone Wardha, Indian Navy moved supplies by ships to
Chennai. Air dropping of food packets to the affected and airlifting of
stranded and injured people was also undertaken
• The neighbouring country of Nepal was severely affected by
earthquake in April 2015 and the Indian Army was among the first to
dispatch relief material and men to help the mountain nation tackle
with the aftermath of the natural calamity.
• Operation Maitri was launched by Indian Army where large transport
aircrafts, Mi 17 helicopters evacuated Indian and foreign citizens.
Indian Air Force airlifted medical personnel, engineering teams,
water, food, blankets and tents

34. Cont…
• In November-December 2017, Cyclone Ockhi which ravaged the coast
of Kanyakumari as well as Kerala and Lakshadweep also saw the
Indian Armed Forces responding. The Indian Navy transported four
tonnes of food, water, blankets, raincoats and mosquito nets to the
island of Lakshadweep. This included searching for missing fishermen
and transporting relief supplies to the affected.

35. OPERATIONS BY NDRF

36. POLICE FORCE
• Police is recognized as the first responder after community
• They are functionally divided into armed and unarmed
• Police Act 1861 establishes fundamental principles
• Policeman posted in police stations are closest to society
• They are readily available and save time till NDRF reaches the site
• The police wireless communication system is used for transmission
and receipt of msgs
• They have equipments like sniffer dogs, gas cutters, search lights, life
jackets, portable generator, boomer light

37. Cont…

38. FIRE BRIGADE
• During earthquake, building fire plays very important role
• They are DM agency administered by States
• They mostly work with police force
• The National Fire Service College, Nagpur conducts training of fire
officers
• Centre has started a scheme in 2009 worth Rs 200 Cr to strengthen
Fire and Emergency services
• Centre and State will procure equipment in ratio 75:25

39. CIVIL DEFENCE
• Civil Defence (CD) in India operates under the statutory authority of
the CD Act 1968.
• The organization was raised in the year 1963.
• The aims of CD include saving of life, minimizing damage to property,
maintaining continuity of production in industries and keeping the
public morale high in the event of hostile attack.
• CD is a community based voluntary organization and community will
always be the first responder in the event of disaster

40. YOUTH ORGANIZATION

41. Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Body
Representative
• Gathering Information
• Search, Rescue and Evacuation
• Clearing the Debris
• Providing for Temporary Shelter
• Maintaining Buffer Stocks in Warehouses
• Distributing Relief Material
• Managing Logistics
• Formulating Strategies to involve the Community

42. MEDIA AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• The media forges a direct link between the public and emergency organizations and plays
a very important role in disseminating vital information to the public before, during and
after disasters.
• The media assists in the management of disasters by
• educating the public about disasters;
• warning of hazards;
• gathering and transmitting information about affected areas;
• alerting government officials,
• relief organizations and the public to specific needs;
• and facilitating discussions about disaster preparedness and response for continuous
improvement.

43. TYPES OF MEDIA
• 1. Electronic media and
• 2. Print media. Radio,
(Both satellite as well as wireless), and Television (cable, DTH etc) are prominent player in
electronic media, where as newspapers, magazines, journals are part of the print media.

44. CONT…

45. POSITIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA
 The media provides instantaneous information and are considered to be trusted sources
specially at the local level
 The network’s continuous and factual coverage of incidents and post-disaster events can aid
decision making and response immediately after a disaster, thereby saving lives and property.
 The media is an invaluable asset in times of a disaster by disseminating information about public
safety, giving useful details on areas such as impassable roadways and downed utility lines etc.
 Other important public health concerns are usually addressed by issuing water safety
advisories and providing information about sites where medical help is available for the public.

In the absence of telephones and other mechanisms for communicating with the world
outside an affected area, the news media provides:
 the affected population with much needed information and the outside world with a glimpse

46. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MEDIA
• The media may exaggerate some elements of the disaster and create unnecessary panic.
• The media’s inaccurate portrayal of human behavior during and after disasters may
create a very dramatic and exciting, but only partially truthful story.
• Influential politicians may manipulate the media for personal or political gains
• News reporters may provide biased coverage for purposes of sensationalism by capturing
horrific devastation on a street, choosing to ignore that on the opposite side of the street
all the houses are intact with minor damage.
• Media representatives often converge on a high-profile event creating tremendous
“congestion” in the affected area
• An attempt has been made by Government of India to streamline and institutionalize disaster related
information dissemination under the guidelines on Incident Response System (IRS) issued by NDMA recently

47. DISASTER RESPONSE
• The first priority in the response phase is to minimize loss of lives, in
any disaster situation, by undertaking search and rescue, as well as
evacuation efforts for the affected people.
• The first responder is the community and initial help comes only from
them.
• This help needs to be converted into a methodical and trained
response if disaster management has to be effective
• The fundamentals of disaster response rest on the principles of
effective evacuation, search and rescue

48. EVACUATION
• Evacuation is the organized withdrawal from an area for purposes of
protecting the safety of the area’s inhabitants
• Types of Evacuation
• Preventive: This is done much before the disaster
• Protective: Sometimes, evacuation is done as a precautionary measure to
guard against spread of diseases or an impending disaster.
• Rescue-oriented: This type of evacuation is focused on rescue operations;
where people have already been hit by a disaster
• Reconstructive: This process of evacuation involves resettlement of evacuees
in shelters reconstructed at safe locations;

49. SEARCH & RESCUE
• Search and Rescue or SAR, as it is called, is a technical activity rendered by
a group of specially trained personnel, who rescue and attend to the
casualties under adverse conditions, where life is under threat.
• First 24 hours activities
• i) Rescue the survivors trapped under the debris, from the damaged
buildings or from a cyclonic storm surge, flood, earthquake and fire.
• ii) Provide First-Aid services to the trapped survivors and dispatch them for
medical care and ‘triage’.
• iii) Take quick and necessary actions for temporary support and protection
to the endangered/collapsed buildings or structures.

50. CONT…
• iv) Hand-over, recover and dispose-off the bodies of the deceased.
• v) Train, demonstrate and raise awareness on how to use the local
material for selfrescue amongst the community people; and
• vi) Form Disaster Response Teams

51. CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER
• Buffer Stock Maintenance - Maintenance of buffer stocks means the advance
stock piling at the vulnerable pockets in terms of personnel and material
resources.
• Casualty Site Management - The basic aim is to prevent deaths, disabilities and
diseases
• Clinical Casualty Management- It deals with the management of the casualties,
once they arrive at the hospital emergency
• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
• Counselling
• Critical Incident Stress De-briefing - It is quite common for rescue workers to
develop high levels of stress, due to high magnitude of the disaster and the
enormity of needs, and also due to feeling of powerlessness, helplessness and
hopelessness in a disaster situation. The exposure to dead bodies can be very
stressful. Therefore, it is necessary that all workers be given an opportunity for
emotional debriefing during their work and also at the end of their work

52. CONT…
• Epidemiological Surveillance - Epidemiological methods help in
measuring and describing the causes and consequences of the
natural and man-made disasters.
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - PTSD is most visible in
disaster aftermath, and thus psycho-social support interventions help
individuals, families and groups to build human capacities, restore
social cohesion and infrastructure along with maintaining their
independence, dignity and cultural integrity.
• Psycho-Social Support and Mental Health Services (PSSMHS)

53. DISASTER RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
• I. Incident Response System
• II. Damage Assessment
• III. Relief Distribution
• IV. Shelter Management
• V. Health Planning
• VI. Water Purification
• VII. Sanitation Options
• VIII.Warehouse Maintenance
• IX. Relief to Livestock
• X. Stress Management
• XI. Logistics Management