nanorobot potential diagnostic and managment.precisional medicine.pharmaceutical delivery.

1. Nanorobots
(Movies Recall )
•the 1966 movie Fantastic Voyage.
•Animated children’s series The Magic School Bus, where Ms. Frizzle shrunk the eponymous
vehicle to pinpoint size to dive into an unfortunate student’s blood vessels.
By
Mohie-Aldien Elsayed Sherief
Professor of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine,Benha University

2. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on a near-atomic
scale to produce new structures, materials and devices.
a medical micro/nanorobot is defined as an un-tethered
micro/nanostructure that contains an engine capable of
transforming diverse types of energy sources into mechanical
force aimed toward performing a medical procedure.
Medical Nanomachines and Nanorobots-are defined as nanomachines capable of
operating with nano-sized objects and with nano-scale-precision.
• Nano-robots are also known as nanobots, nanoids,nanites, nano-machines or
nanomites.
• Medical nano-machines are designed to perform: single or repetitive tasks in
biological cells with.nano-scale resolution.

3. Current Nanoscience, 2015, 11, 000-000

6. Shuttles are nanorobots that are capable of transporting chemicals like drugs to specific,
targeted regions. The goal is to combine shuttles with nanorobot motors so that the
shuttles are capable of a greater degree of movement through an environment.
Nanorobotic “cars” are the most advanced nanodevices at the moment, capable of
moving independently with prompts from chemical or electromagnetic catalysts. The
nanomotors that drive nanorobotic cars need to be controlled in order for the vehicle
to be steered, and researchers are experimenting with various methods of nanorobotic
control.
Nanorobotics researchers aim to synthesize these different components and
technologies into nanomachines that can complete complex tasks, accomplished by
swarms of nanobots working together.
Nanorobotic switches operate by being prompted to switch from an “off” state to an
“on” state. Environmental factors are used to make the machine change shape, a
process called conformational change. The environment is altered using processes like
chemical reactions, UV light, and temperature, and the nanorobotic switches shift into
different forms as a result, able to accomplish specific tasks.
Types.of.Nano-robots

9. Nano Robotics has following components:
Power Supply: Supplier of energy for the device operation and function
•Capacitors: storing electrical energy that could be used to propel the nanobot
•Chemical reactions with blood
•Tethered power sources
•Non-tethered power source.
•wires could be made out of miniature fiber optic cables, sending pulses of light down the wires and having the actual
electricity be generated within the nanobot.
Payload: This section carries small dosage of medicine.
Swimming Tails and Fins: Required for the propulsion and navigation of Nano-robot in the
body.
Ultrasonic Signal Generator: Required for targeting and destroying kidney stones
Camera: Required for navigating Nano robot through the body
Lasers: Burns the harmful materials like cancer cells, blood clot, etc.

10. a Feringa’s molecule (the rotor)
1)Under irradiation with suitable wavelength of visible
spectrum, one part of a Feringa’s molecule (the rotor)
rotates continuously with respect to another one (the
stator, the fixed part) around the carbon-carbon double
bond in the center of it. This process is caused by cis-trans
isomerization which is a result of the irradiation.
3)Actuators (artificial molecular machines-A power source ) – Supplier of energy
for nanodevice operation and functions. Two types of energy sources are available
fornano-machines: external and internal power sources.
2)biomotors. Their common properties are:
1) they run on chemical fuel (usually ATP),
2) they are made of soft materials of limited durability,
3) they operate in a narrow range of environmental conditions such as temperature and
pH,
4) they are hard to control and finally
5) they are very complex. Much is still unknown about their structure and possible
operations and there are still problems with detecting how much chemical fuel has
already depleted.

11. Control (Nano-sensors) are the devices that exploit changes of conductivity in
nano-tubes or nano-wires. Although they are still several micrometres in size, it should
be possible to make them shorter and still keep their sensing capabilities . We can even
achieve sensitivity to different chemicals by suitably functionalizing the sensing
elements. This can be done by attaching various chemical groups to them
chemical sensors :
1)detection of the deflection of a cantilever caused by
surface stresses (when a chemical binds on one of
the two sides of the cantilever) and
2) measure the shift in the resonance frequency of a
vibrating cantilever when its mass increases
Tactile sensing may be used for instance for identifications of marine microorganisms.
Braitenberg’s vehicle. It is a device capable
of steering towards a light source using two
sensors and two motors
OtherMain Components of a Typical Nanorobot
• Swimming tail – Needed for traversing through the body..
• Signal receiver and transmitter – A nanorobot must have the ability to
communicate that allows a human to physically guide therobot as it transverses
the body.

12. Liquid-crystal.
elastomers
A Biosensor is an instrument
for the measurement,
identification and trans-
formation of biological
events

13. high efficiency, capacity of self-replicating,;cheap and especially available in nature
Rotaxanes, atype of ATPase consisting of a spindle core inside
a fixed wheel, are used as a syntheticdesign like natural
engines

14. Summary of dendrimer applications in biosensors

15. Major propulsion
mechanisms of biological
micro swimmers
Major propulsion
mechanisms of
artificial micro
swimmers
The magnesium reacted with water in the fluids, generating H2bubbles →pushed
the tiny robots forward. The incorporation of Fe3O4 shell on Mg NP.enables the
water-driven nanobot to be magnetically guided and functionalized to perform
various important tasks
•NaHCO3in the fluids also helped to propel the robots and ↑ their ability to bind to
cancer cells.
A nanobot could emit ultrasonic signals orMRI.that could be traced to locate the
position of the nanobots, and the robots could then be guided to specific areas with
the use of a special tool that directs their motion
Magnetic fields can be used to catalyze electrical currents within a closed conducting
loop contained onboard the nanobot. As a bonus, the magnetic field could also be
used to control the direction of the nanobot.

16. Non-exhaustive list of examples of nano-robots. N.a. = not available

17. sheets able to fold into tubular drug carriers.
transport payloads (in pink).
Note that since DNA nanorobots are well-defined molecules, their size in terms of nm is not always provided. Also, their speed is not reported
to the same extent as for helices and nanorods.

18. Examples of nanorobots.
(a) 200–300 nm glass
propeller.
(b) 200 nm thick artificial
bacterial flagellum made by
a chromium–nickel–gold
head and an indium gallium
arsenidegallium
arsenide-chromium tail..
(c) Gold(Au)–nickel (Ni)–gold
(Au)–polymer (PPyPSS)
nano-rod loaded with an
antiseptic drug (brilliant
green, BG).
(d) Fish-like 200 nm wide
nanorod consisting of gold–
nickel–nickel–gold
segments with three flexible
silver hinges linking the
segments.
(e) Hexagonal cage-like DNA
robot able to transport
payloads (in pink). Reprinted
(adapted) with permission
from Douglas
(f) DNA nano-robots
consisting of 90 nm × 50 nm
× 2 nm sheets able to fold
into tubular drug carriers

20. Medical Micro/Nano-robots in Precision Medicine
Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203)

21. Application of
nanotechnology for
biomedical purposes

23. BiomaterialsVolume 260, November 2020, 120163

24. Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine
Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203)
c) Developmental trends
of emerging technologies
a) Operation of
micro/nanorobots in
diverse regions of the
body
b) Characterization of
medical micro/nanorobots
based on their potential
and ease of deployment

25. Nano Robots - Inside Our Bodies
 Nanorobots might be used as well to seek and break kidney stones. One interesting
nanorobot utilization is also to assist inflammatory cells (or white cells) in leaving blood
vessels to repair injured tissues.
 Heart attacks are caused due to the blockage of the coronary arteries. This technology
will enable robots to travel in the blood stream to clear the blockage .The usage of
nanorobots minimized the risk and the cost of the surgery.
 They are intelligent robots that store enormous amounts of information, like
vaccines and antidotes for illnesses
 This technology will help common old age conditions, including spinal and back
problems, and provide faster treatments for the ill.
 Nanorobots equipped with nanosensors could be developed to detect glucose
demand in diabetes patients, as well as to inject stem cells for the pancreas.
 Another important capability of medical nanorobots will be the ability to locate stenosed
blood vessels, particularly in the coronary circulation, and treat them either mechanically,
chemically, or pharmacologically.

26. Controlling glucose level using
nanorobots
• The nanorobot can be programmed to
activate sensors and measure regularly
the BGLs early in the morning, before
the expected breakfast time.
• The nanorobot is programmed also to
emit a signal on specified lunch times,
and to measure the glucose levels in
desired intervals of time.
Nanorobots in cancer detection and treatment
• Targeted-delivery of pharmaceutical agents to
specific cellular and intracellular destinations
within the human body.
• Could be a very helpful and hopeful for the
therapy of patients, since current treatments like
radiation therapy and chemotherapy often end up
destroying more healthy cells than cancerous
ones.
• It provides a non-depressed therapy for cancer
patients.

27. Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203)
Micro/nanorobot based delivery of pharmaceuticals.
a) Ultrasound propelled nanowires for near‐IR triggered delivery of doxorubicin.
b) Mg powered microrobot for stomach pH neutralization and sustain drug release.
c) Biohybrid micromotor consisting of a magneto‐tactic bacterium transporting liposomes. .
d) Magnetically powered microrotor with enzymatic biodegradation for triggered drug release..

28. Advanced Science, Volume: 7, Issue: 21, First published: 04 October 2020, DOI: (10.1002/advs.202002203)
Micro/nanorobot based delivery of biologics and genes.
a) CaCO3 powered microrobot for the enhanced delivery of thrombin through flowing blood and halt
hemorrhage.
b) Accelerated catalytic reactivity of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) mediated blood clot
degradation by magnetically powered microrobots..
c) Use of Mg powered microengines to deliver virus vaccines in a mouse tumor model..
d) Sperm driven microrobot for heparin delivery capable of going against the flow.

30. Nano Surgery in Hospitals
• An AFM – Atomic Force Microscope is developed
into a surgical tool. The tip of it is attached to a
lever. It helps to add or remove particles inside the
cell without any harm. They can be injected into
any precise location. We are able to monitor the
cell in real time. It can be used in the treatment of
kidney.
• It is also used in laser surgery where femto-lasers
acts as a pair of scissors. When laser pulse is
injected inside a cell .It cuts the targeted cell
without affecting the other parts.

31. ADVANTAGES
•Rapid elimination of disease.
•The microscopic size of
nanomachines translates into
high operational speed.
•Faster and more precise
diagnosis.
•Non-degradation of treatment
agents.
•The major advantage of
nanorobots is thought to be
their durability, in theory, they
can remain operational for
years, decades or centuries.
disadvantages
• Possible food chain
interruption.
• Lack of knowledge.
• Nano implements could
adjust human DNA structure.
• Environmental hazards;
It causes Nano Pollutants.
•They are using heavy metals
such as gold, Silver and lead.
It may lead to brain damage.

32. The general challenges faced in the development of nanorobots,
regardless of their applications, involve:
• Positional nano assembly that is inefficient in regards to building
nano-devices, and this method does not incorporate nano-
electronics,
• DNA approach that cannot be employed to develop complex
devices, and
• Bacteria-based nanorobots, incorporating bacteria in the
building of nanorobots, present a serious challenge, as bacteria is
a living organism and therefore inappropriate due to safety
reasons. Performance-wise, nanorobots depend on Brownian
motion and electrical noise [17
• Microrobots must harvest energy for their movement
• Microrobots must be compatible with their environmental
necessities.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 10385 4 of 23

33. high costs, high complexity, and difficulties with the interface

34. 1. What is the toxicity of nanorobots and their constituents to humans and other
organisms?
2. Are nanorobots more hazardous than previous generations of passive
nanomaterials?
3. How many nanorobots are expected to be produced and used in the future?
4. What is the likely future exposure of nanorobots to humans and organisms in the
environment?
5. In which ways can the propulsion and navigation of different nanorobots be
obscured?
6. How can existing regulations be adapted to cover potential risks of active
nanomaterials such as nanorobots?
7. How can nanorobots be designed to be safe?
8. How can the benefits of nanorobots be quantified and compared to the potential
risks?
9. What is peoples' risk perception of nanorobots?
10. What are the main societal concerns related to nanorobots?
related studies of
-
Ten questions recommended to be addressed in risk
nanorobots

35. Environmental Approach
The amplification of industrialism and the increased use of automobiles have
affected pollution. The environmental systems can be assisted and corrected by
nanorobots, as they will purify the oxygen and the carbon dioxide.
Besides the atmosphere, these robots will dissolve wastes in sewers and purify
the fresh water reservoirs.
Nanorobots will control various unhealthy cycles in the future and prevent such
illnesses from occurring, thus reducing the need for medication.
Nanorobots are versatile technologies that purify the environment, in order to
benefit other medical applications.
They are able to monitor, diagnose and reconstruct biological structures. They
will provide society with advanced treatments and antidotes to cure and prevent
diseases.
Another potential application is the detection of toxic
chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in
the environment.

36. THANKYOU

37. Fractal Robots
• Fractal robot is a new kind of robot
made from motorized cubic bricks
that move under computer control.
• These cubic motorized bricks can be
programmed to move and shuffle
themselves to change shape to make
objects likes a house potentially in a
few seconds because of their
motorized internal mechanisms.
Example of a Dog shaped fractal
robot changing into a couch

38. Main Components of a Typical Nanorobot
• Payload – A vacant portion in a nanorobot design that reserves
small dose of drug/medicine for onward delivering to an
infection/injury site as it moves in the blood.
• A power source – Supplier of energy for nanodevice operation
andfunctions. Two types of energy sources are available
fornanomachines: external and internal power sources.
• Swimming tail – Needed for traversing through the body.
• Motor and manipulator arms/mechanical legs – Structures
usedfor different types of movements of nanomachines.
• Signal receiver and transmitter – A nanorobot must have the
ability to communicate that allows a human to physically guide the
robot as it transverses the body.