2. Introduction
Overview
Architectural Synopsis
Plan of the Complex
Sectional View of Taipei 101
Specifications of Cement & Steel used
Challenges Faced & Strategies taken during construction
Foundation Design
Core Column System used in Taipei 101
Structural Features used in Taipei 101
Structural facade
Earthquake Impact during construction
Conclusion
References
3. The Taipei 101 , formerly known as the Taipei
World Financial Center – is a landmark
skyscraper in Xinyi District , Taipei, Taiwan.
The building was officially classified as
the world's tallest in 2004, and remained such
until the completion of the Burj
Khlifa in Dubai in 2010 .
Construction on the 101-story tower started in
1999 and finished in 2004. The tower has served
as an icon of modern Taiwan ever since its
opening.
The tower is designed to withstand typhoons and
earthquakes.
A multi-level shopping mall adjoining the tower
houses hundreds of stores, restaurants and clubs ;
the structure appears frequently in travel
literature and international media.
4. Client :- Taipei Financial Centre Corporation .
Architect :– C.Y.Lee & Partners ; Taiwan .
Structural Engineer :- Shaw Shieh ; Evergreen
Consulting Engineering ; Taiwan
Structural Consultant :– Thornton-Tomasetti
Engineers, New York City .
Wind Testing Consultant :- Rowan Williams
Davies & Irwin Inc. (RWDI) ; Ontario
Main contractor :-
Samsung C&T ; South Korea
KTRT Joint Venture ; Taiwan
Total Height :– 508m
No. of Floors :– 101
Plan Area :– 50m X 50m
Cost :– $ 700 million
Building Use :– Office Complex & Mall
Retail :- Taipei 101 Mall
Office :- Taiwan Stock Exchange
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5. Each repeating modules of the
complex is inspired by joints of
indigenous bamboos & the tier of
pagoda ; each module has a
narrower base & a wider top .
Each module has eight floors ;
number ”8” being a homonym with
prosperity & wealth in Taiwaneese
culture; making it appropriate for
financial complex .
Below the repetitive flared modules
; a 25 storey base shaped as
truncated pyramid provide improved
overturning resistance and lateral
stiffness ; compared to a straight
shaft.
TAIPEI 101 TRADITIONAL PAGODA
6. PLAN FOR 1st TO 26TH FLOOR
PLAN ABOVE 26th FLOOR
SUB SUPER COLUMNS
CORNER COLUMN
SUPER COLUMNS
CORE CONSISTING 16 COLUMNS
SAWTOOTH CORNERS
7.
8. • 10000 psi HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE
1. Design strength : 10000psi @ 90 days
2. High flowability :-
Slump :- 250±20mm
Slump flow :- 600±20mm
• HIGH PERFORMANCE STEEL PLATES -
SM570M
1. Used for tower columns, girders & braces
2. High strength :- 60 ksi ≦ Fy ≦ 74 ksi
3. High ductility :-
Yield ratio
≦ 80% For girders & braces (t ＞40 mm )
≦85% For girders & braces (t ≦40 mm ),
columns
4. High weldability :
Ceq :≦ 0.44 % ( t ＜40 mm )
:≦ 0.47 % ( t ≧40 mm )
SM 570 M GRADE STEEL
( as per JAPAN IRON & STEEL FEDARATION )
9. PROBLEMS STRATEGIES TAKEN
Weak soil conditions :-
The structures tend to sink.
FOUNDATION :-
2 Slurry Wall System
Drilled Piers
Typhoon winds :-
High lateral displacement tends to
topple structures .
WIND :-
o Central core Column System.
o Outrigger Trusses and Bracing.
HEIGHT:-
Truncated Pyramid Base
Large potential earthquakes :-
Generates shear forces .
SEISMIC:-
Flexible but Sturdy Materials
Mass Damper
Taipei is an coastal city ; hence the following problem arises :-
10. o Problems Faced :-
1. Foundation is 660 ft away from a major
fault line .
2 . Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60 m of
clay and stiff colluvial soil .
3 . The design required a 21 m basement ;
while ground water is usually 2 m below
grade
Steps Taken :-
1 . Two Slurry Wall system ~ One around both
tower & podium foundation ; another just
around tower foundation .
2 . The foundation is reinforced by 380 piles
driven 80 m into the ground, extending as far
as 30 m into the bedrock. Each pile is 1.5 m
in diameter and can bear a load of 1,000–
1,320 tonnes. The piles are topped by a
foundation slab which is 3m thick at the edges
and up to 5m thick under the largest of
columns .
.
11. Gravity loads are carried vertically by a variety of columns.
Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing points of four lines of
bracing in each direction.
On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor, each of the four building faces has two
‘supercolumns,’ two ‘sub-super-columns,’ and two corner columns.
Each face of the perimeter above the 26th floor has the two ‘super-columns’ continue
upward.
The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super-columns’ are steel box sections, filled with 10,000
psi (M70) high performance concrete on lower floors for strength and stiffness up to the
62nd floor . The slabs are 13.5 c.m thick Composite slab .
1st to 26th floor Above 26th floor
12. The outrigger and belt truss system
is lateral load resisting system in
which the external columns are
tied to the central core wall with
very stiff outriggers and belt truss
at one or more levels .
Commonly used as one of the
structural system to effectively
control the excessive drift due to
lateral load, so that, during small or
medium lateral load due to either
wind or earthquake load, the risk of
structural and non-structural
damage can be minimized.
For high-rise buildings,
particularly in seismic active zone
or wind load dominant, this system
can be chosen as an appropriate
structure.
13. Super column is mainly made of :-
1) Steel Plate box section (50 to 80
m.m thick) ; box strap resisting
bulging effects ; internal shear
studs (for linking concrete &
steel) , holes in the diaphragm
plates for access ; along with
vertical rebar , stiffeners,
crossties (for strengthening the
concrete), & an ‘bottom up’
concrete fill pipe at right . High
strength steel plates with 60 ksi
yield strength was specified for
the super-columns ; the
specification was named
SM570M ; having tensile
strength of 570 N/m.m2 .
2) The Box core was filled up with
69000 kpa (10000 psi) concrete
from basement up to level 62
Rebar & Rebar
cage
Internal
cross ties
Stiffeners
Shear studs
Concrete fill
pipe
14.
15. • Reduced beam section uses the
approach :- Weakening the section of
beam away from the beam column
joint to get more predicted response
of the structure.
• In a reduced beam section we cut the
flange of the beam away from the
connection at a particular radius. This
radius of cut depends on the
geometrical shape of the section.
• This reduced capacity of the beam
section should be greater than the
moment demand due to seismic
loading as well as the gravity loading.
• By doing this, in case of an
earthquake, the plastic hinge in beam
is forced away from the beam column
joint.
• Higher ductility demand can be
achieved and possible brittle failure
because of uncertainties is eliminated.
16. Thornton-Tomasetti designed a 660-
tonne steel pendulum (equivalent to
0.26 percent of the building weight)
that serves as a tuned mass damper
Suspended from the 92nd to the 87th
floor, the pendulum sways to offset
movements in the building caused
by strong gust (either due to wind or
seismic forces).
Its sphere, the largest damper sphere
in the world, consists of 41 circular
steel plates of varying diameters,
each 125 mm thick, welded together
to form a 5.5 m diameter sphere A
Roughly 60-cm-dia pin projecting
from the underside of the ball limits
its movement to about 1 m even
during times of the strongest lateral
forces.
17. Taipei 101's characteristic blue-
green glass curtain walls are
double paned and glazed, offer
heat and UV protection
sufficient to block external heat
by 50 percent, and can sustain
impacts of 7 tonnes .
The façade system of glass and
aluminum panels installed into
an inclined moment-resisting
lattices contributes to overall
lateral rigidity by tying back to
the mega-columns with one-
story high trusses at every
eighth floor.
This façade system is therefore
able to withstand up to 95 mm
(4 in) of seismic lateral
displacements without damage
18. During construction, on 31 March
2002, a 6.8-magnitude earthquake
rocked Taipei; two construction cranes
from the 56th floor, the highest floor at
the time, toppled. Five people died in
the accident, but an inspection showed
no structural damage to the building,
and construction soon resumed.
19. Taipei 101 has become an visually
enthrawling ; culturally significant structure ;
internationally recognized symbol of Taiwan .
However ; what the public can’t see is as
equally dramatic : an unusually stiff & strong
frame that required (118,000 tonnes) of steel
members & connections , High - Strength
Concrete in key columns ; Complex Deep
Foundation ; “T.M.D”; to extend the pinnacle
fatigue life & provide comfort .
The engineers and the designers of Taipei
101 have gone beyond the expectations and
imagination of human mind to construct this
mega marvel .
In 2011, the building was awarded the LEED
platinum certification, the highest award
according to the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) rating system,
and became the tallest and largest green
building in the world.
