The document provides an overview of Singapore's electricity sector reforms and the current electricity market structure. Key points: - Singapore liberalized its electricity market in the 1990s and established a competitive wholesale market in 2003 managed by the Energy Market Company. - The Energy Market Authority regulates the electricity sector and ensures security of supply as the Power System Operator. - The market has several generating companies, transmission is handled by SP PowerAssets, and retail is open to competition from licensed retailers. - Prices are determined in the wholesale market, though some contracts are imposed to reduce the largest generators' market power.

2. Asia’s 1 st liberalized electricity market

8. Singapore :

10. Role of Electricity in Singapore: Electricity plays a very important role in Singapore economy. With its history of rapid growth and expanding demand for energy, Singapore is very reliant on an efficient & modern electricity system. The reliable supply of electricity, at a competitive price, influences the ability of Singapore industry to compete internationally, which in turn has a direct impact on its economy.

12. Singapore Energy Consumption : The per capita consumption is increasing steadily and has increased by 2.6 times over the past 17 years.

13. Electricity Demand :

15. Energy Consumption Pattern :

16. Average Electricity Price:

17. Average Electricity Price:

19. Revision of Electricity Tariff:

20. Singapore Energy Intensity: The energy intensity in 2006 based on statistics from EIA ’ s International Energy Statistics and IEA’s Key World Energy Statistics . Energy intensity is used as an indication of the level of energy efficiency and is measured in of energy consumption per dollar of GDP. A low energy intensity means that the country is able to produce each unit of output using less energy.

21. Electricity Demand in Singapore As per Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development, the energy intensity (energy cons./ $ GDP) in Singapore to be reduced by 20% till 2020 & 35% till 2030.

22. Singapore Energy Consumption : The per capita energy consumption in 2006 based on statistics from EIA’s International Energy Statistics and IEA’s Key World Energy Statistics .

26. Singapore Power Landscape: The main import of natural gas * Seneko power imports 155 million standard cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) from Malaysia-Petronas * Keppel energy imports 115 Mmcf/d from Malaysia-Petronas. The 3 km long pipeline has a capacity to transport 290 Mmcf/d. * Singaporean consortium -Semgas purchases 325 Mmcf/d & 350 Mmcf/d from Indonesian state energy company-Pertamina.

28. Electricity Market Reforms

38. Electricity Supply : Minimum reserve margin is 30% above Annual Peak Demand, to serve schedule maintenance & forced outages of generating units. ExxonMobils 220MW Cogen Plant by 2011, Tuas Power Biomass & Coal fired in 2012, Island Power Corp plan to add 800MW Gas unit by 2013, Keppel Merlinmau Cogen plan to add 2x450MW by 2013 & 2014.

39. Transmission Tie with Malaysia: Transmission system of Singapore Power Limited (SP) is connected with the National Grid of Malaysia at Seneko via two 230 kV submarine cables with a transmission capacity of 200 MW.

46. Timeline for De-regulation of the Singapore Electricity Industry:

62. TRANSACTIONS IN THE ELECTRICITY MARKET

64. TRANSACTIONS

79. PRICING & MARKET CLEARING

82. Market Clearing Process: Three Generators –A, B & C, whose offers consists of 4 prices/qnty. tranches each. The tranches are arranged in the ascending price order . Market clearing price is at the point where total demand is met by the offer tranches. The total demand is a forecast of the load for that period. Offers below the market clearing price are accepted and those are dispatched and those above the market clearing price are not accepted and can’t be dispatched. At the margin, the offer that sets the price is usually only partially dispatched, such a generator is called the marginal unit.

83. Wholesale Market Operation:

84. Market Clearing Process: In economic terms, this is a supply and demand curve. The supply curve is the stepped offer from generators, and The demand curve is the forecast load. Market clearing price and qnty. are set by the intersection of these two curves. 1.Generators with tranches below the clearing price make a profit- producer surplus , the gain made by more efficient generators. 2. In-efficient generators are not dispatched.

86. Pricing and Market Clearing-NEMS : NEMS also uses the nodal pricing method, i.e. pricing at each node shall be influenced by the physical properties and constraints of transmission system. Dis-patchable generators are paid the nodal price at each node. Market clearing at each nodes takes place simultaneously. Difference in nodal price may occur due to transmission losses or physical limitations of the Transmission system.

87. Pricing and Market Clearing_ NEMS : By responding to nodal prices, the market creates a dispatch schedule that optimizes the use of transmission system In the long term, Nodal prices encourages the investment decisions. Generators would try to build up at high price nodes New transmission system is proposed, nodal prices help to evaluate the alternatives.

93. Smart Energy, Sustainable Future: Smart Energy : How Singapore seeks to harness, deliver and utilize energy in an innovative and efficient way. Sustainable future : Need to develop robust energy solutions that endure over time.

94. Thank You