9-Energy

391391
Energy and Infrastructure
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- ÂU¡FwŸ 731
Where spreads fertility unfailing, where
besides a band Of virtuous men, and those of
ample wealth, call that a "land".
- Thirukkural 731
9.1
POWER DEVELOPMENT
Introduction
Power Development has a direct
bearing on the quality of life of citizens
and it also contributes to prosperity of the
nation. Power infrastructure has become a
critical ingredient for the sustainable growth
of economy. It drives the State’s industrial,
commercial and overall social and economic
growth. The availability of affordable, reliable
and quality power is a basic need of the
State. Power projects are capital-intensive
by nature with a long gestation period for
commencing the projects. So, adequate
participation of private sector is encouraged.
For an industrialized State like Tamil Nadu,
the demand for quality power increases
exponentially and moves in tandem with rate
of economic and population growth. Hence,
special emphasis has been accorded for
augmenting power to fully meet the rising
demand. The Government of Tamil Nadu is
giving topmost priority for development of
power infrastructure in the State. Strategic
steps are being taken to provide quality and
uninterrupted power supply for all the sectors
in the State by improving the efficiency of
Transmission and Distribution networks and
thus reducing losses in the system.
Tamil Nadu has one of the better power
utilities in the country and the power sector
in the State has grown manifold in capacity
generation. All the villages and the towns
are fully electrified. The State has a healthy
per capita power consumption of 1065 units.
The plant load factor, an important measure
of efficiency, is higher in Tamil Nadu when
compared to other States. Transmission and
Distribution loss in Tamil Nadu is very low
when compared to most of the other States
due to its efficient network. The Electricity
Act 2003 mandates restructuring of the
State Electricity Boards into subsidiaries.
Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) was
reorganized by the establishment of a
holding company, by the name TNEB Ltd.,
and two subsidiary companies, namely
Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation Ltd.,
(TANTRANSCO) and Tamil Nadu Generation
and Distribution Corporation Ltd.,
(TANGEDCO) with effect from 01.11.2010.

392
Twelfth Five Year Plan Tamil Nadu
Vision Tamil Nadu 2023
Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 presents the
growth strategies on various fronts. On the
energy front, reforms will be implemented
in a progressive manner, so that benefits of
competition and innovation are delivered to
the consumers. The total investment in the
energy sector is estimated to be `4,50,000
crore. The major share of investments
amounting to `2,30,000 crore will be utilized
to augment the power generation capacity in
the State. Generation projects of capacity
20,000 MW are expected to be added to the
State grid. Of this, atleast 5,000 MW will be
added before the year 2017 to make good the
shortage of peak power and energy shortage
that the State faces at present. Significant
investments to the tune of `2,00,000
crore will be made in the development of
transmission and distribution sector and
`20,000 crore in Smart grid. The investment
projects in Energy sector is shown in Table
9.1.1.
The following are the specific strategies
for the Twelfth Plan period:
• Two port based Ultra Mega Projects of
4,000 MW each are to be set up.
• Thrust for green power by maximising
investments in Wind Power to create an
incremental generation capacity of 5,000
MW and additional generation capacity of
5,000 MW in Solar Energy.
• Increased investments are to be
undertaken in the Transmission sector
to create evacuation capacity for higher
power generation capacity with adequate
buffers
• Two Greenfield LNG Terminals with 5
million tonnes per annum (MTPA) capacity
each and city gas pipeline infrastructure
for 10 towns are to be established.
Present Scenario
Installed Capacity
Initially, the main thrust was put on
power generation through tapping of hydel
potential due to cost effective generation.
However, it was proved that dependence on
hydro generation made the grid vulnerable to
rainfall. The commissioning of new projects
during the Tenth Plan and the first three
years of the Eleventh Plan period helped to
augment the generation capacity. During the
Tenth Plan period, there was an additional
capacity generation of nearly 2650 MW by
the commissioning of super thermal projects
such as Ramagundam and Talcher, and hydro
projects viz., Pykara, Kuttalam, etc. During
the Eleventh Plan, the additional capacity
generation had been only 354.50 MW due to
the undue delay in commissioning of the new
projects, non-sequential supply of material
by supplier, shortage of fuels, etc., resulting
in under achievement of capacity addition
targets.
The total installed capacity generation
of Tamil Nadu as on 31.05.12 is 10,364
MW which includes State share(5,709 MW),
central share (2,956 MW) and Independent
Table 9.1.1: Projects in Energy Sector
(` crore)
S.No. Projects Investment
1 Ultra Mega Power
Projects
50000
2 Case 2 bidding 60000
3 Wind Power 25000
4 Solar Power 55000
5 LNG Terminal 20000
6 Gas Grid 20000
7 Transmission &
Distribution
200000
8 Investment in
Smart Grid
20000
Total 450000
Source: Vision TamilNadu 2023

393393
power producers (1180 MW), Captive power
plants (214 MW) and External assistance
(305 MW) as shown in Graph 9.1.1.
5709
305
214
1180
2956
Independent Power Producers Captive Power Plants
State External Assistance
Central Generating Stations
Graph 9.1.1: Installed Capacity
Generation in Mega Watts
Source: Tamil Nadu Genearation & Distribution
Ltd, GoTN
Apart from this, wind mills with a
capacity of 7056 MW, biomass co-generation
637 MW, biomass Power 167 MW, small
hydro 90 MW and waste to energy 4 MW and
solar 17 MW totalling of 7971 MW (as on
30.6.2012) would also be harnessed to meet
out the present power demand. Although,
the capacity addition was primarily driven by
the growth in the wind energy sector, other
sectors such as solar and biomass have
started to gain prominence.
Energy Availability
The total energy available with TNEB
grew from 66815 million units (MU) during
2007-08 to 77218 MU during 2011-12. The
share of generation of TNEB through its own
sources has been 36 percent amounting
to 27941 MU during 2011-12. In the early
stages, entire demand of the State was
met by the TNEB’s own generating power
stations. Slowly, the contributions from the
central power generating stations increased
substantially. Due to the exponential
increase in demand, the State became power-
deficit. To mitigate this deficit and to bridge
the demand-supply gap of electricity, power
is being purchased through open tenders
and power exchanges. The energy sold by
the private sector to TNEB stood at 4994 MU
during 2002-03. Since the private sector had
a faster growth, the generation by private
sector increased to 6942 MU by 2010-11. The
national target for per capita consumption is
1000 units by the year 2012. The State has
surpassed the target of 1000 units by the
year 2007 itself and during the year 2011-12
it has increased to 1065 units. The average
consumption of energy is in the range of 240
to 260 Million units (MU) per day.
Power Crisis
The installed capacity of the State as
on 31.5.2012 is 10364 MW. However, the
average availability stands at 8500 MW, while
the demand for power ranges from 10000-
12300 MW. Even after commissioning of
alternate sources of generation, the State
is facing acute power shortage due to
increasing demand. Increase in per capita
consumption pattern due to raise in the
number of consumers and their consumption
pattern on one side and capacity addition on
the other have resulted in widening of the gap
between demand and supply. Also, delay in
commissioning of projects, acute corridor
constraint for transmission of power, etc.,
are the other factors attributable for power
shortage. Due to inadequate tie-up with
long terms sources of power generation,
the possibility of bridging the gap between
demand and supply becomes difficult. At
present, the shortage is managed by resorting
to power purchases, utilizing wind generation
and restriction and control measures. The
wind power is highly variable in nature
depending upon the velocity of wind. Even
though it is infirm, Wind Energy Generators
(WEGs) are connected to the grid. The total
installed capacity of wind energy generators
in the State is almost 50 percent of the
total installed capacity of the country. The
unpredictable nature of wind energy poses

394
a great challenge for the grid management.
Wind mills contribute more than 3000 MW
during the season between May and October
which helps TANGEDCO to improve the
power situation in the State.
While wind energy is seasonal and
also variable on daily basis, solar energy
has better predictability with average solar
incidence of 5.5-6 KWh/m2
/day. Tamil
Nadu is amongst the States with the highest
solar insolation in India. With the release
of ‘Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012’,
the State aims to promote setting up of
solar power projects to the extent of 3000
MW over a period of 3 years. Roof top
solar installation will be made mandatory in
Government buildings and institutions. All
domestic consumers will be encouraged to
put up roof-top solar installations. Setting
up of Solar Power Plants will help to reduce
the Transmission & Distribution losses and
other infrastructure expenditure.
Coal continues to remain the mainstay
of the power sector. Major portion of the total
power comes from coal-fired power stations.
Power sector is the major consumer of coal in
the country absorbing around 78 percent of
the country’s total coal production. The total
quantity of coal required for TANGEDCO’s
four Thermal Power Stations with a capacity
of 2970 MW is 16 million tonnes per annum
(MTPA). Due to severe scarcity of coal, the
Government of India through Coal India
Ltd., supplies only 13.5 MTPA of coal. The
balance requirement of 2.5 million tonnes
of coal is to be imported to bridge the gap
between anticipated demand and domestic
availability. It is met by the captive blocks
viz., Gare Pelma Sector II in Chattisgarh and
Mandakini-B in Odisha for thermal power
generation.
Transmission and Distribution
network has been expanded in order to
distribute quality power efficiently by sound
infrastructure network to the consumers.
From having a transmission and distribution
system for each power station in the initial
periods, an integrated transmission network
was established at 66 KV level. Later, voltage
level of transmission was increased to 110 KV
level, with the construction of Mettur-Madras
110 KV link in the year1949. Furthermore,
erstwhile Tamil Nadu ranked first in the
country to introduce 230 KV transmission
network.
To match the generation capacity
addition and load growth in the State, the
transmission network is strengthened. This
network aims to facilitate free flow of power
across the regions and increase transmission
voltage from 230 KV to 400 KV. Under this
network, there are 1320 substations of
various voltage categories viz., Extra High
Tension (EHT) lines 0.24 lakh circuit km and
High Tension (HT) lines 1.56 lakh circuit km
(ckt.km), LT lines 5.67 lakh km, distribution
transformers 2.13 lakh (numbers) as on
31.3.2012. For optimal utilization of the
energy generated, an efficient distribution
network is needed. In the distribution
network, supply is extended to widely
scattered industrial, agricultural and
domestic consumers, and also caters to the
public lighting requirements both in urban
and rural areas. There has been a sustained
growth in the number of consumers on an
average upto 5 percent annual growth. The
total number of consumers serviced by Tamil
Nadu Electricity Board went up from 1.86
crore during 2006-07 to 2.31 crore during
the year 2011-12. The pattern of power
consumption in the State is shown in Graph
9.1.2.
Fig.9.1.1: Transmission Network

395395
Agriculture
9%
Others
9%
Commercial
13%
Industrial
2%
Domestic
67%
Graph 9.1.2: Pattern of Electricity
Consumption
Source: Policy Note 2012-13, Energy Dept.,
GoTN
While transmitting and distributing
the power, line loss occurs in the transit.
The transmission and distribution loss in the
State is estimated to be 17.2 percent during
2011-12 as against the All India average of
27 percent.
Power Transmission Network and
Formation of National Grid
An integrated power transmission grid
helps to even out supply-demand mismatches.
Formation of a strong National Power Grid
is recognized as a flagship endeavour to
foster the development of the power system
to cost-effective fulfillment of objective of
“Electricity for all” at affordable prices. A
strong All India Grid enables exploitation of
unevenly distributed generation resources
to their optimum potential and also includes
synchronous (at the same frequency)
integration of southern region with the rest of
the regions. It enables inter-regional energy
exchange. It also contributes to greater
utilization of generation capacity and an
improved power supply position.
Tamil Nadu has made an appeal
to ensure the easing of congestion in the
electricity transmission to enable the State
to avail contracted power from other States.
The State is deprived of contracted power
from States like Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh
due to non-availability of the corridor.
Merchant Power plants
As Tamil Nadu has an advantage
of having a large coastline, many private
promoters have shown interest to set up
Thermal stations using imported coal as
fuel termed as ‘Merchant Power Plants’.
These Merchant Power Plants will approach
TNEB for grid connectivity, since as per the
Electricity Act 2003, a generating station
may be established, operated and maintained
without obtaining a license under the Act.
These projects could thereafter tie up sale of
power in accordance with the provisions of
the Electricity Act 2003 and the Tariff Policy
2006. Accordingly, TNEB will arrange for
intrastate power evacuation arrangements,
whereas, interstate transmission of power
shall be arranged by Power Grid Corporation
of India Limited, the Central Transmission
Utility. Further, fuel tie up for the Merchant
Power Plants will be facilitated and they can
compete for customers and absorb full market
risk. However, there are market-based risks
to the growing electricity demand and there
are no guarantees of minimum off-take.
Some provide steady supplies to the power
grid, while others open up to meet peak loads
when the demand is at the highest. Private-
Public Sector partnership is being solicited in
power sector to a marked extent.
Eleventh Plan Performance
The outlay proposed for Eleventh Plan
for power development was `10711.20 crore
and the expenditure incurred was `12214
crore. The Eleventh Plan targeted the creation
of 7808 MW of additional capacity . But the
projects commissioned during the Eleventh
Plan were Bhavani Kattalai Barrage II - 30
MW, Valuthur – 92 MW and Kaiga Atomic
Power Station -131 MW, Simadhri Stage
II-Unit 1 – 95 MW, Periyar Vaigai Hydro
Electric Project I – 4 MW and Periyar Vaigai
Hydro Electric Project II – 2.5 MW. Hence,
the actual capacity addition of conventional
energy source was only 354.5 MW during the
Eleventh Plan period.

396
Issues such as open access, trading
of electricity, power exchange, promotion of
green power, minimizing aggregate technical
commercial losses, conservation and
efficiency, etc., will adequately be addressed
during the Twelfth plan. Growth with
economical sustainability will be achieved
by devising cost effective strategies for end-
use demand side management. Required
capacity addition in a time-bound manner
will be leveraged.
Twelfth Five Year Plan
Objectives
• Make Tamil Nadu a Power Surplus State
• Improve energy efficiency in the energy
consuming sectors
• Provide access to electricity to all rural
households
• Reduce Aggregate Technical and
Commercial (AT and C) losses to below 15
percent
• To achieve greater consumer satisfaction
by employing Information Technology
enabled services
Schemes for Twelfth Five Year Plan
Generation
With the objective of managing the
ever increasing demand for electricity in the
State and to make the State power surplus,
massive capacity addition programmes will
Fig 9.1.1: Valuthur Gas Turbine StationFig.9.1.2: Valuthur Gas Turbine Station
be undertaken by taking up new projects,
executing projects which are yet to be started
and expediting the ongoing power projects. It
is estimated that by the end of Twelfth Plan,
the expected demand of the State will be
18311 MW.
On supply side management, a
massive capacity addition programme will be
undertaken by expediting the completion of
ongoing projects and starting new projects.
During the Twelfth Plan period, the capacity
addition of 2039.5 MW is expected from the
ongoing State projects viz., Small and Mini
Hydro Projects-56.5 MW, North Chennai
Thermal Power (NCTPS) Stage II (Units 1
and 2) – 1200 MW, Mettur Thermal Power
Stage III – 600 MW and Co-generation of
sugar mills – 183 MW.
Other than the projects under State
sector, two joint venture projects, one with
Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) (2x500
MW) at Tuticorin and another with National
Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) (3x500
MW) at Vallur are taken up with an expected
share of 1428 MW during the Twelfth Plan
period. Out of the 3 units in the joint venture
project with NTPC, the first unit has been
commissioned, while the remaining two units
are expected to be commissioned shortly with
a share of 1041 MW from the 3 units. In the
joint venture project with NLC, both the units
are expected to be commissioned with a share
of 387 MW during Twelfth plan period.
Tamil Nadu is expected to receive
1417 MW as an additional allocation of power
supply through Central Generating Stations
from Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project-I
Unit I, II (925 MW), Neyveli TS II Expansion
(230 MW), PFBR Kalpakkam (167 MW),
Simadhri Stage II Unit 2 (95 MW). Hence, an
additional capacity of 4884.5 MW is expected
to be added to the State grid through the
ongoing projects of the State, Central and
Joint venture sectors.
The new projects mentioned in
Table 9.1.2 are under process and are
awaiting clearance from various agencies for
implementation:

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Table 9.1.2: Twelfth Plan - Power Projects under process
S.No. Project Capacity/Share
(MW)
1 North Chennai Thermal Power Station stage-
III (1 X 800 MW)
800
2 North Chennai Thermal Power Station stage-
IV (2 x 800 MW)
1600
3 Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power
Project (2 x 800 MW)
1600
4 Kundah Pumped Storage (4 x 125 MW) 500
Total 4500
Source: TANGEDCO, GoTN
Table 9.1.3: Twelfth Plan - New Power Projects to be undertaken
S.No. Project Capacity/Share
(MW)
1 Uppur Thermal Power Project (2 x 800 MW) 1600
2 Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power
Project Expansion (1 x 800 MW)
800
3 Replacement of existing Ennore Thermal
Power Station
660
4 Tuticorin Thermal Power Station Stage – IV
(1 x 800 MW)
800
Total 3860
The new projects proposed to be taken up during the Twelfth five year plan period are
shown in Table 9.1.3.
Apart from the above, an ultra mega
power project of 4000 MW is proposed to be
established at Cheyyur in Tamil Nadu. The
share to the State from this project is 1600
MW. A Special Purpose Vehicle M/s. Coastal
Tamil Nadu Power Ltd., has been formed
by Power Finance Corporation of India. At
Ennore, it is proposed to set up Super Critical
Thermal Power Station of capacity 660 MW by
expansion of Ennore Thermal Power Station
within the existing plant premises.
To augment the power position using
alternative fuel, it is proposed to set up a 500
MW LNG based power plant utilising the gas
to be received through the Kochi-Bangalore
LNG pipeline network. Besides, a Floating
Storage Degasificiation Unit is proposed to
be set up along the coastal areas of southern
districts.

398
With the commissioning of the above
projects, the State is expected to be power
surplus by the end of the Twelfth five year
plan period.
On the demand side management,
restriction control measures include 40
percent cut on base demand and energy for
HT industrial and commercial services, Load
shedding for urban and rural feeders, nine
hours three phase supply to agricultural
services, restriction on HT industrial and
commercial establishments to draw not
more than 10 percent during peak hours. HT
industries are permitted to procure power
through inter-State and intra-State open
access, etc. It is also necessary to promote
energy efficiency through non-price initiatives
in industries, new buildings, agricultural
pumps, etc. Also, harnessing alternative
sources of energy like wind, solar power, etc.,
will be encouraged.
In order to support large expansion
in consumption and production of electricity,
Box 9.1.1: Measures to Promote
Energy Efficiency through
Non-Price Initiatives
• Residential lighting – Replacement of
incandescent bulbs by energy efficient
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
• Energy Efficiency in Agricultural
Pumping – Replacement of inefficient
agricultural pumps by efficient pumps
• Energy Efficiency in Industry-
Declaration of industrial units as
designated consumers by achieving
the target percentage reduction in its
energy consumption and to receive
Energy Savings Certificate
• Energy efficiency in buildings-
New Buildings to adopt Energy
Conservation Building Code and also
enable the existing buildings to reduce
their energy consumption
the Transmission and Distribution network
needs to be strengthened. Technological
developmentforestablishmentoftransmission
lines of higher order would help to evacuate
the power generated from the proposed new
plants and reduce transmission losses.
In tandem with the Tamil Nadu
Generation and Distribution Corporation
(TANGEDCO), the Tamil Nadu Transmission
Corporation (TANTRANSCO) has also taken
up establishment of transmission network
adequate to evacuate the power generated
from the proposed new power plants and
also to efficiently distribute further down
the channel. It is proposed to establish 400
KV substations with 2500 ckt km of 400 KV
lines, 230 KV substations and 200 numbers
of 110 KV substations during Twelfth Five
Year Plan. In addition to this for efficient
flow of power across the State, TANTRANSCO
will lay a backbone network of 400 KV double
circuit line with Quad conductors connecting
the following substations during the plan
period i.e., Kayathar(New Sub Station (SS))-
Karaikudi (existing PGCIL SS) - Pugalur
(existing PGCIL SS) – Singarapet (New SS) –
Ottiyambakkam (New SS).
Further, to harness the full potential
of eco–friendly wind power, an exclusive
corridor for evacuation of wind power is also
programmed during the plan period as set
out below:
• Thappagundu (New SS) - Anaikadavu (New
SS) -Rasipalayam (New SS) - Salem(765
KV new SS by PGCIL).
• Abhisekapatty(PGCIL SS) –Kanarpatty
(Prop. New SS) – Kayathar (New SS) –
Thennampatti (New SS) – Kovilpatty (New
765 KV PGCIL SS).
• Vagarai (New SS) – Singarapet (New SS).
In order to improve the transmission
network within the Greater Chennai city,
new 400 KV substations are proposed
at Thervaykandiagai, Korattur, Manali
and Guindy. Similarly, to improve the
transmission infrastructure of the State in
pace with the generation, a number of sub –

399399
stations will be established during the plan
period.
To strengthen the transmission
network, huge capital investment is required
apart from the conventional funding
institutions viz., Rural Electrical Corporation,
Power Finance Corporation, etc. Hence, it is
proposed to strengthen transmission network
under Official Development Assistance (ODA)
loan of Japan International Co-operative
Agency (JICA) by establishing 5 nos., of
400 KV substations and 14 nos., of 230 KV
substations with associated lines during the
next five years.
The Transmission and Distribution
loss in the State is estimated to be 17.2
percent for the year 2011-12. Though the loss
is very much low as compared to other States,
measures are taken to reduce the loss further.
The primary step to achieve the target is to
reduce the HT-LT ratio to 1:1 and erect new
substations and extra high tension link lines.
The following schemes will be implemented to
improve the distribution sector and to reduce
transmission and distribution losses.
Segregation of Feeders
Out of the total losses in the network,
distribution line loss in the LT lines forms the
major part. Hence, conversion of low voltage
Distribution system is entirely in the
domain of the State. The financial viability of
the power sector as a whole depends upon
the revenues collected at the distribution end.
The severe financial constraint of the power
sector necessitates that the distribution is
made viable in the Twelfth Plan by bringing
modern management systems using ICT and
enforcing accountability. During Twelfth
Plan, the expected growth for LT lines is 2.5
percent, HT lines 3.5 percent and distribution
transformers is 4.5 percent. Based on these,
the expected additions during Twelfth Plan
are shown in Table 9.1.4.
Table 9.1.4: Transmission and Distribution works during Twelfth Plan
Description
As on
March
2012
Expected Addition for Twelfth Plan
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
LT lines (in km) 567160 14250 14600 15000 15350 15750
HT lines (in ckt km) 155602 4725 4850 5000 5150 5300
Transformers (Nos.) 212921 9600 10025 10475 10950 11450
lines to high voltage lines along with feeder
separation will reduce the distribution line
losses to a greater extent. Segregation of
feeders i.e., agriculture loads from industrial,
commercial and domestic loads will be done
in a phased manner to address the need for
providing electricity for agriculture. In Tamil
Nadu, there are about 2870 rural feeders.
It is proposed to carry out segregation of
agricultural loads from industrial, commercial
and domestic loads in about 2000 feeders
along with implementation of High Voltage
Density System (HVDS). Segregation of
feeders will be done in a phased manner.
Initially, the segregation along with HVDS of
about 100 feeders has been programmed to
be taken up in Villupuram region.

400
Restructured Accelerated Power
Development and Reforms Programme
(R-APDRP)
The R-APDRP has been launched
by Ministry of Power, Government of India
during the Eleventh Plan period. The objective
of Restructured APDRP Scheme is to provide
quality and reliable power supply to the
consumers and reduce the aggregate technical
and commercial (AT and C)losses below 15
percent by the end of Twelfth Plan period. To
achieve the objectives, a holistic improvement
of measuring systems for accounting energy
on priority and strengthening the distribution
system is insisted. The project area will cover
the towns and cities with a population of more
than 30,000 as per 2001 census. An outlay
of `3078.73 crore is proposed by Government
of India in the Twelfth Plan. The project has
been taken up in two parts.
Part A includes the projects
for establishment of baseline data and
information technology applications for
energy accounting/ auditing and information
technology based consumer service centers,
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) and Distribution Management
System (DMS) implementation in towns with
population of more than 4 lakh and annual
energy consumption of more than 350 MUs.
Under Part-A of R-APDRP, the Government
of India has sanctioned Detailed Project
Reports (DPRs) for 110 towns at a total cost of
`417 crore for IT implementation in addition
to `182.17 crore for SCADA and DMS
implementation in seven eligible towns in the
State. The above scheme will be completed
by May 2013. The works are in progress in
three pilot towns namely Gobichettipalayam,
Bhavani and Sathyamangalam urban
agglomeration towns. In addition, the works
have been taken up in 11 fast track towns.
Part-B of R-APDRP, includes regular
distribution strengthening and improvement
projects. The main objective of this scheme
is to bring down the AT and C losses within
15 percent for which erection of new and
additional transformers, transformer capacity
enhancement in 110 KV SS and 33 KV SS,
Erection of new 33 KV feeders/ bifurcation,
reconducting of 33 KV feeders, installation
of remote switchable breakers/switches in
33 KV SS, Renovation and Modernisation
of 33/11 KV SS, Installation of distribution
transformers, Capacity enhancement of
LT sub-stations, conversion of low voltage
lines to high voltage lines along with feeder
separation is envisaged. The above scheme
shall be completed by February 2014 for
which sanction has been accorded for 87
towns and works are expected to be taken
up shortly. It is also proposed to extend the
scheme to areas not covered under RAPDRP
in the State. On execution of the improvement
works in the restructure APDRP schemes,
AT and C losses are expected to be reduced
with improved voltage profile and thereby
able to cope up the demand. Implementation
of IT enabled services under the scheme is
also likely to improve consumer satisfaction
considerably.
Conversion of Overhead Lines to Cables
Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu are often
affected by hurricane and cyclone. Large
scale damage to Extra High Tension (EHT),
High Tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT) lines
occurred in the Nagapattinam and Cuddalore
areas especially in Cuddalore. Hence, it is
proposed to convert High Tension Overhead
(HTOH) lines and Low Tension Overhead
(LTOH) lines to HT cables and LT cables
respectively to minimize the damage and loss
and for easy restoration of power supply.
In the first phase, overhead lines to cable
conversion is proposed in cyclone affected
areas of Cuddalore and Nagapattinam
circles. Total HT lines in Cuddalore circle is
5865 km and LT lines is 14,639 km while in
Nagapattinam circle total HT lines is 3552
km and LT lines is 9004 km. Out of this, it
is proposed to convert 20 percent of HT lines
and 30 percent of LT lines in the above areas
to cables. Total cost for the conversion of
overhead lines to cables in Cuddalore and

401401
Nagapattinam circles is estimated as `300
crore and `190 crore respectively totalling to
`490 crore in the first phase.
Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran
Yojana (RGGVY)
The State of Tamil Nadu had been
declared 100 percent electrified as all the
15400 (as per 2001 census) inhabited villages
were electrified. With the implementation
of GoI scheme viz., Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana aimed to achieve the
goal of electrification of all households in
the State, below poverty line households
will be provided service connections, in
addition to the 100 percent of the population
(16.92 lakh households) will get access to
electricity. Under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana, the State has obtained
sanction for implementation of the scheme
in 26 districts at a cost of `447.41crore
towards 100 percent electrification of rural
households.The RGGVY works in all the
26 districts have been completed, thereby
providing electrification to all the households.
Implementation of this scheme to electrify
all the rural households in the remaining
three districts viz., Nilgris, Tirunelveli and
Dharmapuri will be completed by 2014.
Energy Conservation
As a major initiative to promote power
savings, Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
will be provided without cost to 14.62 lakh
huts to replace incandescent lights at a cost
of `14.62 crore which is expected to result
in a saving of 45 MW of power each year.
Action will be initiated to implement Energy
Conservation Building Code in commercial
buildings and certain categories of major
building complexes based on their energy
consumption. At 30 percent energy savings,
this has the potential to save around 3 MW
per 10 lakh square feet area. Initiatives are
being taken to strengthen the transmission
infrastructure for evacuation of wind energy.
Twelfth Five Year Plan Outlay
A sum of `26719.25 crore is
earmarked as State outlay for the Power
development Sector for the Twelfth Five Year
Plan as shown is Table 9.1.5.
Fig.9.1.4: Energy Conservation - Compact
Fluorescent Lamps
Fig.9.1.3: Rural Electrification in
Tamil Nadu

402
The Table 9.1.6 provides monitorable targets for the Twelfth Five Year Plan.
Table 9.1.6: Monitorable Targets for Twelfth Five Year Plan
S.No. Name of the Project Units Target
I Generation
(Proposed capacity addition)
State sector MW 9459.50
Central Sector (Share) MW 1428.00
Joint Venture (Share) MW 1417.00
Ultra Mega Power Project MW 1600.00
Tariff based competitive bidding MW 1600.00
Total MW 15504.50
II Transmission and Distribution
Substations Number 325
EHT lines Circuit km 4500
Table: 9.1.5: Twelfth Plan Outlay - Power Development
(` crore)
S.No. Name of the Scheme Outlay
1 Generation 8600.00
2 Transmission 5700.00
3 Distribution 4640.00
4 Share Capital Assistance to TNEB 7500.00
5 Rural Electrification 264.63
6 Provision of Compact Fluorescent
Lamps for huts
14.62
Total 26719.25

403403
9.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Introduction
India has been making rapid strides
in conventional as well as renewable power
generation. In the last six decades, in spite of
installed electricity capacity in India having
increased substantially, the demand has
outstripped the supply as a result of economic
growth, urbanization and growing population
leading to substantial energy and peak
shortages which have consistently remained
above 10 percent level. Creation of fossil
fuel based power plants lets out substantial
green house gas/ carbon emission into the
atmosphere causing climate change and
global warming. The country is endowed with
large amount of sustainable resource base
and non-conventional energy technologies
which are well-suited for grid connected
power generation, energy supplies in remote
areas which are not/ could not be connected
to the grid and for captive consumption.
Tamil Nadu has also made pioneering
attempts to harness non-conventional
sources of energy especially the wind power.
The Government of Tamil Nadu is committed
to mitigate climate change effects by bringing
out policies conducive to promote renewable
energy generation in the State. It intends to
make renewable energy a people’s movement
just like rain water harvesting.
The State is blessed with various
forms of renewable energy sources. The
environment-friendly renewable energy
sources are perennial in nature, available
locally and quite suitable for decentralized
applications. The important renewable energy
sources are as follows:
• Wind Energy (including offshore wind)
• Solar Energy
• Biomass and other forms of bio energy
• Small Hydro
• Tidal Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy
• Municipal and Industrial Wastes
Among the above mentioned sources,
the first three renewable energy sources, viz.,
wind, solar and bio energy are being harnessed
in a big way in India and also in Tamil Nadu.
With a view to develop and propagate the
non-conventional sources of energy, the
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
(TEDA) was formed. Apart from serving as a
coordinating agency to promote and harness
the use of renewable energy sources, TEDA
acts as nodal agency to the Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government
of India to implement centrally funded and
sponsored schemes in the state.
Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012
Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012
aims at generating 3000 MW of solar power
by 2015 with a vision of developing the State
as a world leader in Solar Energy.
This will be achieved through Utility
Scale Projects (1500 MW), Rooftops (350 MW)
Box 9.2.1: Policy Initiatives
• Net Metering to Solar power
systems installed in the commercial
establishments and individual homes
connected to the grid with power credits
• Projects for Power evacuation at multiple
voltage levels
• Wheeling and Banking of power Charges
for wheeling of power generated from
Solar Power Projects for captive use/
third party sale within the state
• Exemption from payment of Electricity
Tax to the extent of 100 percent for 5
years
• Tax Concessions
• Exemption of Demand cut
Source: Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012

404
and under Renewable Energy Certificate
(REC) (1150 MW) mechanism. Out of 1500
MW in utility scale, 1000 MW will be funded
through Solar Purchase Obligation (SPO) and
balance 500 MW through Generation Based
Incentive provided by the Government. By
Solar Purchase Obligation (SPO), High
Tension consumers will have to ensure that
3 percent of their energy consumption is
through solar energy by 2013, which will be
increased to 6 percent from January 2014.
Low Tension consumers viz., domestic, huts,
cottage and tiny industries, powerlooms,
agriculture are exempted from SPO.
Box 9.2.2: Promotion of Solar
Energy
• Promotion of Solar Rooftop Systems
(Domestic) – Generation Based Incentive
of `2 per unit for first two years, `1 per
unit for next two years and `0.5 per
unit for subsequent years
• Solar Parks to be set up with a capacity
of about 50 MW each in 24 districts
• Establishment of exclusive Solar
Manufacturing Parks to promote solar
manufacturing industries in these
parks
• Establishment of Solar Power Plants
in all industrial estates subject to land
availability at reasonable cost
• Investments through Joint Ventures
by State Public Sector Undertakings at
competitive tariffs
• Promotion of Rooftops in Government
buildings and all street lights and water
supply installations in local bodies
• Installation of Solar Water Heating
System mandatory for buildings, new
houses/ hotels and industries having
boilers
Source: Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2012
Tamil Nadu will position itself
as the regional hub for integrated solar
manufacturing and technology development
as global majors will be invited to invest in
creation of manufacturing facilities in the
State. Apart from encouraging indigenous
solar manufacturing facilities with incentives,
the policy aims at promoting research
and development in the sector and hybrid
systems, besides creating skilled manpower
and jobs. TEDA is the nodal agency for
guaranteed single window clearances to be
made within 30 days so that the plants to
be commissioned in less than 12 months.
An empowered committee will accord project
clearances for the establishment of solar
power projects to be bid out in the State.
Present Scenario – Renewable Energy
Sources
The total installed capacity of power
generation from renewable energy sources in
Tamil Nadu is 7971Mega Watt (MW) as on
30.06.2012, which includes wind (7056 MW)
and co-generation (637 MW) and biomass
power (167 MW), solar (17 MW), small hydro
(90 MW) and waste to energy (4MW) as shown
in Graph 9.2.1.
Graph 9.2.1: Installed Capacity of
Renewable Sources of Energy (MW)
Source: Policy note (2012-13) Energy Dept,GoTN

405405
The total renewable energy installed
capacity of India is about 24833 MW (as on
30.6.2012) which is only about 12 percent
of the total installed capacity of the country.
Tamil Nadu leads in the renewable energy
space in the country and accounts for 32
percent of the total installed renewable energy
capacity in the country and contributes about
43 percent of the total installed capacity
(conventional plus renewable energy) of Tamil
Nadu. Electricity generated from renewable
energy sources accounted for 14.9 percent
of the total electricity generated in the State
(77218 MU) in 2011-12. About 12.64 percent
(9763 MU) of this was generated through
wind farms.
Cumbum pass) parts of the State. Total
installed capacity under wind mill generation
is 7056 MW. Tamil Nadu tops in harnessing
resources of energy among all Indian States
with around 41 percent of India’s installed
capacity, thus making it a clear leader in
the wind energy sector. The growth in the
wind energy sector in the State has been
phenomenal as shown in Graph 9.2.2.
Source: Policy Note 2012-13, Energy Dept,GoTN
Fig.9.2.1: Wind and Solar Hybrid System
In the State, the contribution to
the installed capacity is highest from wind
energy, followed by bagasse-based co-
generation plants in sugar industries. This
has largely come through private investments
encouraged by policy initiatives of the Central
and the State Governments.
Wind Energy
Wind energy is one of the cleanest
renewable sources of power. The potential
area that are suitable for establishment of
wind generators are mostly confined to the
southern (Aralvoimozhi pass and Shengottai
pass) and south western (Palghat and
Graph 9.2.2: Wind Generation and
Capacity Addition

406
Solar Energy
Tamil Nadu has a very good solar
potential with 300 clear sunny days as
it receives very high solar radiation. The
Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) technology
which enables the direct conversion of sun
light into electricity has several distinct
advantages, since it does not have moving
parts, produces no noise or pollution,
requires very little maintenance and can be
installed anywhere. These advantages make
them an ideal power source for use especially
in remote and isolated areas which are not
served by conventional electricity, making
use of ample sunshine available in the State.
SPV technology provides for decentralized
installations thereby minimizing the need
for transmission infrastructure. Similarly
Solar Thermal with potential for storage is yet
another very good solar technology.
Realizing the importance and need
for large scale promotion of solar energy in
the country, the Government of India had
announced Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission (JNNSM). JNNSM is an important
program of the Government of India under
Renewable Energy sector and aims at
establishing India as a global leader in solar
energy by creating policy conditions for its
diffusion across the country. It is the major
initiative to promote ecologically sustainable
growth while addressing India’s energy
security challenge. This mission has been
launched with a view to achieve 22000 MW
of solar capacity by the year 2022 which is to
be implemented in 3 phases for All India as
shown in Table 9.2.1. Phase I of the Mission
has a target to achieve 1000 MW of installed
capacity. Of the State target of 22MW, 12 MW
has been commissioned in Tamil Nadu.
Fig.9.2.2: Solar Water Heater
Fig.9.2.3: Solar Street Light
Table 9.2.1: Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM)
S.No. Application segment Units Target for
Phase I
(2010-13)
Target for
Phase II
(2013-17)
Target for
Phase III
(2017-22)
1 Solar collectors
million
sq.mts
7 15 20
2 Off Grid solar
applications
MW 200 1000 2000
3 Utility Grid power,
including roof top
MW 1000-2000 4000-10000 20000
Source: Policy Note 2012-13, Dept. of Energy, GoTN

407407
The Mission also envisages provision
of generation based incentive for a period of
25 years for utility power generation.
The 5 MW Solar Photo Voltaic
(SPV) power plant, first grid connected
demonstration solar power plant in Tamil
Nadu, under the Generation Based Incentive
Programme, commissioned during the
year 2010 is functioning well in Sivagangai
District. 7 projects of each 1 MW, one project
of 5 MW and one project of 10 MW have
been sanctioned for the State under phase-I
of Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
(JNNSM).
Biomass Energy
Bio-mass produced by green plants
through photosynthesis using sunlight,
contains organic matter which could
be converted to energy. Biomass can be
obtained by raising energy plantations or
may be obtained from organic waste. The
biomass resources can be used in bio-energy
technologies viz., biogas, gasifier, biomass
combustion, cogeneration, etc., to produce
energy-thermal or electricity. Biomass can be
used in three ways – one in the form of gas
through gasifiers for thermal applications,
second in the form of methane gas to run
gas engines and produce power and the third
through combustion to produce steam which
drives a turbine to generate electricity.
• Biomass combustion - The total installed
capacity of the Grid interactive Biomass
power projects in the State as on 30.6.2012
is 165.5 MW
• Biomass Gasification - The installed
capacity of Grid connected Biomass
Gasifier systems is 1.5 MW
• Bagasse Cogeneration - 637 MW of
installed capacity is available from Biomass
Co-generation plant from Sugarmills
• Bio methanisation – The installed capacity
of the grid interactive Biogas power plants
is 4.25 MW
Eleventh Five Year Plan Performance
The Eleventh Plan Outlay earmarked
for Non-conventional Sources of Energy was
`32.10 crore. As the scheme viz., Integrated
Rural Energy Programme (with an allocation
of `15.25 crore in the Eleventh Plan) had
been discontinued, the total allocation for the
eleventh plan was reduced to `16.85 crore,
of which, an expenditure of `9.54 crore was
incurred for the Eleventh Plan. The physical
achievements are shown in Table 9.2.2.
Fig.9.2.4: Solar Water Heater

408
Table 9.2.2: Physical Achievements of Eleventh Plan
S.No. Items Target
(Nos.)
Achievement
(Nos.)
I WIND ENERGY
1 New Wind monitoring Stations 15 3
2 Wind mill water pump 25 3
3 Wind Solar Hybrid system - 5 (2.1 KW each)
II. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY
4 Solar street lights 2500 65
5 Solar Home lights 5000 832
6 Solar powered vaccine refrigerators 25 10
7 Solar education kit 2500 445
III. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
8 Solar water heating system in
Government buildings
125 215
9 Solar dish cookers
2500 109
10 Energy conservation Battery operated
vehicles 16 seater van
25 5
11 Replacement by CFLs 5000 600
Source: Policy Note 2012-13, Dept. of Energy, GoTN
Issues faced by the Renewable Energy
Sector
• Wind Energy is totally dependent on
nature and the power generation is subject
to wide fluctuation, because of which it is
considered as ‘infirm’ power and requires
balancing systems
• With total installed capacity of wind
generators at 7056 MW, there is
urgent need to strengthen evacuation
infrastructure for wind energy
• Since the unit price to consumer for
renewable energy technologies such as
solar cooker, solar geycers, solar lanterns
and biogas plants are high, it has not been
possible to generate sufficient demand for
these items though people are aware of its
advantages
• There is no mandate for the consumer to
push for green renewable projects/ power
• Private entrepreneurs are reluctant to
invest in commercial projects in the
absence of a long term renewable energy
policy with low cost funding
• There are only a few providers for financing
renewable energy projects viz., IREDA,
some developed finance institutions, a
handful of commercial banks and Non
Banking Finance Companies as compared
to those for conventional energy power
plants
The vision of the State during Twelfth
Five Year Plan is to harness the under-utilized
potential of renewable energy sources such
as bio-mass, wind, solar and hydro power
and also harness the untapped potential of
renewable energy sources such as off-shore
wind energy, ocean-thermal, solar thermal
energy, waste to energy etc., and to promote

409409
rooftop renewable energy installations
thereby making Renewable Energy (RE) a
mass movement. The state is in the process
of formulating a separate policy for renewable
energy to encourage private investment in
renewable energy.
Objectives
• Providing long term sustainable energy
and reducing dependence on fossil fuels
• Encouraging renewable energy
manufacturing facilities in the State.
• Reducing carbon emissions.
• Generation capacity addition of 10650
MW by the end of Twelfth plan through
Renewable Energy Sources.
• Promotion of Research and Development
on various combinations of renewable
energy technologies.
• Employment generation and creation of
skilled man power.
Strategies
The strategies to be followed during
the plan period to achieve the above objectives
are as follows:
• Charting a road map for promotion for
Solar Power
• Promoting Repowering of windmills
• Promoting offshore wind
• Integrating biomass based power projects
with energy plantations in coordination
with Forest Department
• Levying green energy cess to fund
renewable energy development
• Encouraging public private partnership in
renewable energy projects in a sustainable
manner
• Encouraging incentivized renewable
energy generation programme
Physical Target
The physical target for renewable
sources of energy is shown in Table 9.2.3.
Table 9.2.3: Physical Target for the
Twelfth Plan
S.No. Resources Capacity
addition
(MW)
1 Wind 6000
2 Solar 3000
3 Bio 1285
4 Waste to Energy 250
5 Small Hydro 100
6 Others (Ocean, Wave,
Tide, Geothermal,
Hydrogen etc.)
15
Total 10650
Schemes for Twelfth Five Year Plan
Development of Solar Power
The State receives very high solar
radiation which indicates a very clear potential
of solar based power generation. Vision
Tamil Nadu 2023 envisages solar as sunrise
sector and it will actively be encouraged. The
state has a significant focus on achieving the
leadership in solar power.
As envisaged in Vision 2023, thrust
will be given for green power to create
an incremental generation capacity by
maximizing investments in wind and solar
power. It is proposed to set up Solar Parks
by Tamil Nadu Industrial Development
Corporation (TIDCO) to produce 1,000 MW
through government and private firms in the
next five years. In the first phase, `1,000 crore
will be invested on establishment of 100-MW
solar power plants in southern districts. The
technology can be either photovoltaic or solar
thermal.

410
Special Programmes proposed to be
implemented are as follows:
• Solar Powered Green Houses - Provision
of solar powered home lighting in 3 lakh
Green Houses to be constructed by Rural
Development Department @ 60,000
houses per year
• Solar Powered Street Lights - Energisation
of one Lakh street lights through solar
power with 20,000 street lights per year
• Establishment of Solar Parks through
Competitive Bidding Process
• Electrification through renewable energy
for the remaining 73 non-electrified
remote habitations in the State shall be
carried out
Promoting Solar Thermal Systems
It is proposed to provide solar dish
cookers to the noon meal centres. Installation
of Solar water heating systems will be made
mandatory for industries having hot water
boiler/ steam boiler using fossil fuel.
Installation of Roof Top Systems to
Buildings /Educational Institutions
Installation of SPV rooftop systems
shall be made mandatory for the buildings
and private educational institutions as given
below:
i. Buildings
• Multistoried Buildings,
• Educational institutions,
• IT Parks, SEZs, Telecom Towers,
• Industries guaranteed with 24/7 power
supply and other EHT consumers,
• Buildings with a built up area of 20,000
sqm or more.
• SPV Rooftop / Wind Solar hybrid systems
shall be deployed in all the government
buildings.
• Suitable incentives to be provided to
promote grid connected SPV rooftops with
net metering.
ii. Private Educational Institutions
• Installation of Wind and Solar hybrid
systems or Solar PV power plants to meet at
least 5 percent of their total annual energy
consumption for all private educational
institutions
• Provision of solar water heating systems to
be strictly enforced for adherence
Promoting Small SPV Rooftop Systems
The Government of Tamil Nadu will
provide better feed-in-tariff or Generation
Based Incentive towards promoting small
(Low Tension) SPV Roof top systems
(delivering solar power to the grid) in the
State. Government will also promote net-
metering which would eliminate the need for
batteries in these systems. A plan outlay of
`27 crore is provided for setting up of 1 MW
of SPV power plant in the State during the
Twelfth Plan period.
Promoting Solar Power Plants
Partly through Rural Electrification
Commission (REC) and Sale to Third
Party
Tamil Nadu Generation and
Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO)
will purchase a portion of solar power (say
50 percent) at the average pooled cost,
enabling the developers to derive benefit
for this quantum under Renewable Energy
Certificate (REC) mechanism as well as sell
the balance 50 percent solar power to third
parties. This will boost the confidence level
of the developers and the third parties, while
enabling TANGEDCO to procure solar power
at a lesser cost, on par with coal power. This
will also pave way for attracting huge private
investments into this sector.

411411
Installation of Solar Photo Voltaic
(SPV) Power Plants will be encouraged, in
places wherever the wind mills are installed
in order to minimize the use of land. As these
two sources complement each other, existing
power evacuation infrastructure could be
utilized. Policies and incentives have to be
worked out accordingly.
Prioritizing the development of
skilled man-power in order to take care of
the increasing growth of the solar sector
including engineers, technicians and other
professionals at different levels right from
Design, System Integration, Installation,
Inspection, Maintenance and Troubleshooting
may be encouraged. Manpower advancements
may be made along with Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MSME).
Research and Development
The Research and Development
activities proposed are as follows:
• Grid connected rooftops with two way
monitoring systems
• Smart Grid concepts to minimize
Transmission and Distribution losses
• Photo Voltaic driven seawater desalination
plants
• Smart and tamper proof monitoring of
lux levels of photo voltaic powered street
lighting systems so as to hand over these
systems to private entrepreneurs
• Establishment of Renewable Energy Parks
• Manpower and Curriculum Development
Development of Wind Power
Promoting Renewable Energy is the
key priority. Tamil Nadu has achieved wind
installed capacity of 7056 MW surpassing the
earlier assessed wind potential of 5500 MW
(at 50m hub height) by C-WET (Centre for
Wind Energy Technology). C-WET's revised
assessment is 21000 MW (at 100 m hub
height) for Tamil Nadu. The wind corridor
works/ erection of 400 KV lines towards
evacuating the wind power needs to be
speeded up to achieve this huge potential.
A capacity addition of 6000 MW
during the Twelfth Plan period is expected,
in addition to provide grid connectivity to the
wind mills. This target can increase much
higher if the evacuation infrastructure works
are completed.
Aero Generators (Small KW Range
Windmills)
Small Kilo Watt (KW) range aero
generators and hybrid systems with solar,
are gaining importance in the recent times.
MNRE provides subsidy of 75 percent upto
`1.5 lakh/KW for government bodies/ non-
profit organizations and 50 percent up to
`1 lakh/ KW for others, towards installation
of wind–solar hybrid systems for power
generation. The wind velocity required would
be less (4m/sec) compared to high wind
speeds for large MW size windmills. The
hybrid systems will be encouraged to be
installed in roof tops of buildings, Colleges/
Educational Institutions/ IT Industries etc.
The introduction of ‘Net Metering’ concept
would help in rapid growth of this sector. For
promoting small capacity windmills, a target
of 5 MW is fixed for the Twelfth Five Year
Plan.
Fig.9.2.5: Wind mills in southern districts of
Tamil Nadu

412
Off Shore Wind
Tamil Nadu has an advantage of
location, where in both the southwest
monsoon and northeast monsoon 'tunnel'
through the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar,
contribute to a high wind speed potential
zone. C-WET is taking steps to install a wind
mast, at 100 m height, in the offshore near
Dhanuskodi towards carrying out offshore
wind potential assessment. The untapped off
shore wind potential will be harnessed and
implementation of off shore Wind Assessment
by the private developers under BOOT/ public
private partnership mode. A target of 250
MW off-shore wind power installed capacity
has been proposed during the Twelfth Five
Year plan.
Research and Development Activities
in Wind Sector
• Identifying more suitable area to promote
off shore wind power development.
• Wind forecasting is critical and
breakthrough in this field, will facilitate
better grid load management.
• Methodology needs to be arrived at for
“Repowering” of existing windmills.
• For attracting small off-Grid wind/
solar hybrid applications, Research and
Development has to be done on “Net
Metering”.
An outlay of `600 crore is allocated for
grid connected wind energy system including
repowering in the Twelfth five year plan.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC)
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
(OTEC) uses the thermal gradient (minimum
15 deg. Celsius) between cooler deep (at a
depth of 1000 m) and warmer surface water
in the ocean to power a turbine to produce
electricity. However, Tamil Nadu coast
experiences a temperature difference of 25
degrees Celsius which has a good potential
to develop large scale OTEC plants. Unlike
wind and solar, the Plant Load Factor (PLF)
of these plants may be around 80 percent. A
pilot plant of capacity 14 MW is proposed to
be set up initially in the State.
Biomass Based Power
Energy Plantations for Biomass
The installed capacity of biomass
power plants of the State is 167 MW. The
surplus biomass potential of the State has
been assessed as 900 MW, based on the
Biomass Resource Assessment Study carried
out by Institute of Energy studies (IES),
Anna University during the year 2010. As
Casuarina is grown in coastal area by forest
department mainly as ‘Wind Shield’, the
possibility of carrying out dedicated energy
plantations in locations other than forest
area needs to be explored in co-ordination
with Forest/ concerned departments. Of the
total target of 1000 MW, generation of 10 MW
is proposed under Government projects for
an outlay of `50 crore in the Twelfth Plan
period. Two lakh acres are required for
energy plantation which needs to be achieved
in partnership with Forest Department.
Co-Generation in Cooperative Sugar
Mills
TANGEDCO is already in the process
of modernizing ten co-operative sugar mills
and two public sector sugar mills and
establishing co-generation plants to a tune
of 183 MW, with 116 MW exportable to grid
in these sugar mills, through BOOT model
in the State. Ministry of New Renewable
Energy (MNRE) had sanctioned Central Fund
Allocation to a tune of `58.25 crores for
setting up of these plants. For the Twelfth
Plan, a total capacity of 250MW is fixed.
Waste to Energy
Waste to energy projects needs to
be encouraged during the Twelfth Plan
period. Waste to energy potential in the sago
industries cluster, food processing industries,
hotels, hostels, educational institutions/

413413
colleges etc., needs to be tapped. Municipal
solid waste plants will be allowed to be set up
on BOOT basis. Waste to energy projects to a
tune of 250 MW @50 MW per year is fixed as
target for the Twelfth Plan period under the
waste to energy category. A plan outlay of
`22.50 crore is proposed in Twelfth Five Year
Plan for generation of 25 MW organic waste
to energy.
Promotion of Battery Operated
Vehicles (BOV)
Ministry of New Renewable Energy
(MNRE), GoI had been providing financial
assistance to only electric cars. Since
November 2010, MNRE provides Central
Financial Assistance (CFA) to two wheelers
also. From then onwards, there is a boost in
the sales of Battery Operated Scooters.
Protected monuments,
environmentally sensitive places including
forests, and popular tourism spots can be
provided with such vehicles, towards sight-
seeing which will not pollute as well as to
create awareness among the public. Such
vehicles can be deployed in forest area since
they are noise free / smoke free and will not
disturb to the wild life. TEDA had funded
few such vehicles in Vandalur Zoo during the
Eleventh Plan period.
Green Autos (Battery Operated
Vehicles - 3 wheelers) will be promoted in
the State as a measure to reduce fossil fuel
dependency and also to curb pollution.
MNRE, GoI, New Delhi provides subsidy
to a tune of 20 percent for these vehicles.
In addition to it, the Government of Tamil
Nadu will subsidize the cost further, towards
encouraging use of more such vehicles in the
State.
For the Twelfth Plan period, promoting
1,00,000 vehicles @ 20,000 vehicles per
annum has been fixed as target. An outlay
of `21 crore is proposed as State share for the
plan period.
Special initiatives
• All the Government Buildings will achieve
a minimum of 20 percent energy savings
by end of the plan period, by way of
resorting to various energy conservation
and energy efficiency measures.
• ARenewableEnergyParkwillbeestablished
in Chennai. SPV Roof tops /Wind Solar
hybrid system, light pipes, Biogas plant,
BOVs etc., shall be installed/deployed and
put into operation, for demonstrating the
usage of Renewable Energy Systems and
their advantages.
• A solar passive architecture cum renewable
Energy Model building shall be constructed
by Tamil Nadu Energy Development
Agency to house its office demonstrating
the usage of all the Renewable Energy
Systems combined with energy saving/
energy efficiency measures. The building
shall consume only 25 percent of the
average energy consumption, and that too
through Renewable Energy systems only.
This model TEDA office shall be a net
energy exporter into the Grid.
• Government of Tamil Nadu will promote
Coimbatore and Chennai as rooftop
solar cities targeting 2.5 MW and 5 MW
solar power generations through rooftops
respectively. Under this programme,
the solar developers shall install and
maintain the SPV Rooftop Systems in
both Government/ Private buildings. The
building owner will get rent for permitting
these installations at per unit solar power
generation rate. Appropriate feed-in-tariff
will be provided for the quantity of solar
power fed into the Grid.
Publicity
Awareness campaigns on renewable
energy has been conducted throughout
the State through exhibitions, seminars,
workshops, business meets, training
programmes, production of short films on
success stories on use of renewable energy
sources, advertisements on hoardings and
posters at important locations. To promote

414
and popularize the use of Renewable
Energy Resources and Energy Efficiency
Conservation measures, Tamil Nadu Energy
Development Agency (TEDA) will associate
with reputed institutions like IITs, Anna
University, NGOs and other national and
international agencies/ institutions towards
promotion of renewable energy in the State.
To attract investments in the Renewable
Energy sector TEDA actively promotes the
State nationally and internationally as an
attractive destination for investments in the
Renewable Energy Sector.
Green Energy Campaign - TEDA
conducts mass awareness campaign on
Renewable Energy for School students and
Colleges as “Green Energy Virumbuvom”
throughout the State. TEDA also conducts
International Conference cum Exposition
by the name RENERGY which is rated as
the best and the largest Renewable Energy
Conference in India.
Outlay for Twelfth Five Year Plan
A sum of `797.70 crore is earmarked
as State outlay for Government projects under
renewable sources of energy for the Twelfth
Five Year Plan as shown in Table 9.2.4.
Table 9.2.4: Twelfth Plan Outlay - Renewable Energy Sources
S.No. Schemes Units Target State Outlay
for Government
Projects
(` crore)
Government Private
I Ongoing Schemes
1 Establishment for Tamil Nadu
Development Agency
14.07
II New Schemes
1 Publicity Awareness 12.25
2 Grid connected Wind Energy
systems including Re-
powering
MW 100 5900 600.00
3 Off-shore MW -- 250 --
4 Wind Solar Hybrid systems MW 2.5 7.5 50.00
5 Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion
MW -- 14 --
6 Solar Power Plants MW -- 3000
7 Rooftop SPV power plant MW 1 50 27.00
8 Solar powered vaccine
refrigerators
Nos. 25 -- 0.50
9 Rooftop Solar Water Heating
System
LPD -- 10000 --
10 Solar dish cookers for
Anganwadis, Noon meal
centres
sqm 100 10 0.08

415415
Table 9.2.4: Twelfth Plan Outlay - Renewable Energy Sources (Contd.)
S.No. Schemes Units Target State Outlay
for Government
Projects
(` crore)
Government Private
11 Solar steam cooking systems
in Govt. SC/ST/BC Hostels
sqm 50 10 0.30
12 Biomass based Power
generation Plants
MW 10 990 50.00
13 Co-generation in sugar mills MW -- 250 --
14 Gasifiers with energy
plantation
Nos. 1
(2 MW PPP mode)
--
15 Municipal Solid Waste Power
Generation
Nos. 5
(3 MW each PPP mode)
--
16 Organic waste to Energy
Plants
MW 25 225 22.50
17 Battery operated Vehicles Nos. 1000 99,000 21.00
Total 797.70

416
9.3 ROADS, BRIDGES, MINOR PORTS AND SHIPPING
Introduction
Infrastructure is crucial for the
effective functioning of the economy. Inclusive
and sustainable economic growth can be
promoted by the efficient infrastructure
network. Adequate availability of economic
infrastructure viz., power, road and
transportation, ports and communication,
aviation and railways -continues to facilitate
the development of directively productive
activities. In the globalised economy, an
efficient road network is very essential to
improve the competitiveness and increase
the productivity. It provides connectivity
to remote areas and opens up backward
regions to trade and investment. It plays
an important role in inter-modal transport
development, establishing links with airport,
railway stations and ports.
Roads are the dominant means of
transport in the nation. They carry almost
90 percent of the country’s passenger traffic
and 65 percent of its freight. India has one
of the largest road network in the world,
aggregating to about 3.34 million km at
present. Tamil Nadu is in the forefront in
the development of road infrastructure.
The road network in the State contributes
substantially to the development of a strong
industrial base as well as for the development
of the whole economy. The rapid expansion
and strengthening of the road network is
imperative, to provide for both present and
future traffic and for improved accessibility
to other places.
Vision Tamil Nadu 2023
“Vision Tamil Nadu 2023”, has
proposed for extensive infrastructure
development plan for the State till the year
2023. It aims to provide the residents of
Tamil Nadu a high quality infrastructure
comparable with the best in the world. Road
and Port infrastructure as envisaged in
“Vision Tamil Nadu 2023” is shown in Box
9.3.1.
Box 9.3.1: Vision
Tamil Nadu 2023 – Road and Port
Infrastructure
• Enhancement of 2000 km of roads
into 6-8 lane Expressway corridors
between Chennai and major towns
• Modernization of State highways
covering 5000 km of four lane
highways and conversion of other
State highways and other highways
of 16000 km length to two lane roads
with paved shoulders
• Establishment of three large green
field multi-cargo non major ports
with incremental aggregate capacity
of 150 million tonnes to handle dry
bulk, imported/domestic coal for
power generation, liquid cargo and
containerized cargo
• Freight corridor connecting Chennai
and Thoothukudi.
Projects ` crore
1. Expressway 40,000
2. State Highway
improvement 50,000
3. Other roads 40,000
4. Port development –
Existing ports 12,000
5
Port development-
New ports
3,000
6
Dedicated freight
corridor
15,000
Source: Vision Tamil Nadu 2023

417417
Present Status of Road Sector in
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest
State in the country with a total area of
1,30,058 sq.km. The density of population in
the State is 555 persons/ sq.km. The vehicle
population, which was 27,325 in 1951,
increased to 1.37 crore in the year 2011
registering a five-fold increase. The density of
road network in Tamil Nadu in the year 2011
is 280 km per lakh population and 156 km
per 100 sq.km area and it is well above the
All India average of 103 Km.
The road network consists of National
Highways, State Highways, Major District
Roads, Other Roads and Village roads.
During the year 1951 to 2012, the road
network increased six fold (i.e) from 32,307
km to 2,02,330 km (Table 9.3.1). Out of
this, 62,017 km of roads are maintained by
Central and State Highways Departments as
on 1.4.2012.
Table 9.3.1: Development of Roads in Tamil Nadu
(in km.)
Year
National
Highways
State
Highways
Major District
Roads
Other
District
Roads
Panchayat/ ULB/
P.W.D Roads
Total
2006-07 4483 9256 9451 38256 127254 188700
2007-08 4500 9264 9451 38256 132447 193918
2008-09 4873 9384 11288 36096 132446 194087
2009-10 4873 9384 11288 36096 137399 199040
2010-11 4861 10561 11315 34937 140622 202296
2011-12 4974 10764 11247 35032 140313 202330
Source: Dept. of Highways & Minor Ports, GoTN
Fig. 9.3.1: Roads - Vision 2023

418
Other District Roads accounted for a
larger share of 56 percent of the total road
network. Single lane roads needs upgrading
and strengthening for faster mobility of
passengers and freight. About 56 percent
of the public roads are single lane. The
lanewise roads and their length is shown in
Table 9.3.2.
Table 9.3.2: Category and Length of Roads in Tamil Nadu
(in km.)
S.No.
Category of
Road
Single
Lane
Inter-mediate
Lane
Double
Lane
Multi Lane Total
1 National
Highways
13 54 2765 2142 4974
2 State Highways 32 693 9028 1011 10764
3 Major District
Roads
2791 5289 3033 134 11247
4 Other District
Roads
31732 2429 823 48 35032
Total 34568 8465 15649 3335 62017
Graph 9.3.1: Lanewise Roads
in Tamil Nadu
Total number of bridges has increased
from 1,08,639 numbers in 2006-07 to
1,18,464 numbers in 2011-12, registering
11.36 percent growth. As on 1.4.2012, of
the total number of bridges, culverts alone
accounted for 92 percent i.e.,1,08,915
culverts and there are 1357 and 7936 major
and minor bridges respectively.
Performance during Eleventh Five
Year Plan
The infrastructure development work
for the major schemes during the Eleventh
Five Year Plan relating to Roads and Bridges
had been taken up under the following:
Comprehensive Road Infrastructure
Development Programme (CRIDP)
Under the State Funded schemes,
the flagship scheme of Comprehensive Road
Infrastructure Development Programme
(CRIDP) was implemented from the year
2005-06 to improve and widen Government
roads categorized as State Highways, Major
District Roads and Other District Roads.
Under this scheme, the infrastructure
development like widening and improvement
of roads, rebuilding of damaged stretches,
construction of cement concrete pavement,
construction of bridges/ culverts in lieu of
existing old damaged structures, formation
of bypasses, protective works like center
Single lane
34568
Intermediate
Lane
8465
Double lane
15649
Multi lane
3335
Length (km)

419419
medians, drains, etc., were undertaken in a
comprehensive manner.
During the Eleventh Plan period,
certain State Highways have been upgraded
to National Highways depending upon the
importance of the roads and certain roads
in the category of Major District roads have
been upgraded as State Highways. Hence,
the length of State Highways increased from
9256 km during the start of Eleventh Five
Year Plan to 10764 km at the end of Eleventh
Five Year Plan.
In the Eleventh Plan, under Major
District Roads, 6521 km length of roads and
379 bridges, and under Other District Roads,
6969 km length of roads and 436 bridges
were completed.
Under the Schedule Caste Sub Plan
scheme, the improvement of roads providing
connectivity to villages is selected based on
the criteria that population of the scheduled
caste/ scheduled tribe in the village should be
more than 40 percent of the total population
of the entire village. For improvement to
roads connecting Adi Dravida habitations
under Schedule Caste Sub Plan, 4629 km
length of roads and 155 bridges/ culverts
were completed during the Eleventh Plan
period.
Chennai Metropolitan Development
Plan
In order to meet the demand for
good infrastructure, especially traffic
improvements, the Government formulated
the Chennai Metropolitan Area Development
Plan during the year 2003 - 2004. During the
Eleventh Plan period, 408 km length of roads,
44 bridges/ structures under road works
and 4 bridge works were completed.The
Grade Separator at junction of Marmalong
Bridge Irumbuliyur road and Pallavaram –
Thoraipakkam Road has been completed.
TamilNadu Urban Development
Project (TNUDP)- III
TNUDP-III is being implemented with
World Bank loan assistance. Under the traffic
component, 5 road projects of 36 km length
at a cost of `145 crore were selected and
executed in and around Chennai city. Three
road works have been completed.
Southern Sector of Inner Ring Road
(TNUDP)
To ease traffic congestion in Southern
part of Chennai city, works for southern
sector of Inner Ring Road starting from km
14/1 of NH45 to join at km 13/4 of Old
Mammallapuram for a length of 9.40 km
were taken up. The second phase of this work
(5 km) was completed during Eleventh Plan
period.
NABARD assisted Schemes
Construction of bridges and
improvement to roads, construction of river
bridges in Government and Panchayat Union
Roads were taken up with loan assistance
from NABARD. The schemes implemented
during Eleventh Plan were improvement to
rural roads, bus routes, District and Other
roads with loan assistance from NABARD,
construction/ reconstruction of bridges,
improvements to roads under Comprehensive
Road Development Programme, construction
of bridges in Cauvery delta areas and
construction of road over bridge/road under
bridges in Tsunami affected districts viz.,
Nagapattinam, Cuddalore and Tiruvallur
districts.
Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project
Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project
with the loan assistance from the World
Bank aims to construct roads confirming to
international standards. The details of major
schemes implemented are:

420
• Upgradation of roads and construction
of new bypasses and ROBs from Arcot
to Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam to
Tuticorin were taken up in four packages.
Ramanathapuram bypass (10.40km)
and Kumbakonam bypass (4.10km)
were taken up for upgradation in
6 packages. Tsunami affected bridge
between Keezhamanakudi and
Melamanakudi villages in Kanyakumari
district was reconstructed during the Plan
period
• Under Enhanced Periodical Maintenance
works for 1033 km length of roads
were taken up in four phases and
completedInstitutional Strengthening
were taken up
• Collection of data pertaining to network of
roads in the State through Geographical
Information System (GIS) and the
interfacing of GIS software with RMS and
PFMS is executed
Road Accident Data Management
System (RADMS)
Road Accident Data Management
System (RADMS) is a web enabled GIS based
software developed for Tamil Nadu. It has
been formed with a team comprising police,
highways and transport department officials.
The objective of the system is to collect
accident data, analyze the cause of accidents
and to improve road safety measures.
Accident Data is being collected by the three
departments and uploaded in the system. The
accident data available in RADMS is analysed
and taken as key parameter while selecting
works for widening / strengthening of roads,
construction of bridges etc.
National Highways - Central Projects
The National Highways are roads
connecting different state capitals, major
ports, large industrial areas and tourist
centres. The total length of National Highways
in Tamil Nadu is 4974 km, of which, 1500
km are maintained by National Highways
wing of the State Government and 3474 km
are maintained by the National Highways
Authority of India (NHAI), which is a nodal
agency of the Ministry of Road Transport and
Highways. The NHAI takes up developmental
works in different phases. National Highways
are being widened to two lanes with
paved shoulder/four lanes/ six lanes and
strengthened using Central Funds or under
PPP mode.
i)Revamped Central Road Fund,
Economic Importance and Inter State
Connectivity Scheme
• Under Revamped Central Road Fund
Scheme, 1459.39 km length of roads and
25 bridge works were completed. Under
Hill Area Development Programme, 63.50
km length of roads and 11 bridge works
were completed.
• In economically important zones, 55.20 km
length of roads were improved at a cost of
`26.84 crore under Economic Importance
Scheme (50 percent Central Share and 50
percent State Share).
• Under Inter-State Connectivity Scheme,
26.60 km length of Inter State roads and
one major bridge work (across river Palar)
was completed. A major bridge work of
‘Construction of new bridge across river
Palar in Vellore City’ was completed under
Inter State Connectivity Scheme.
ii)Road Over Bridges (ROB) / Road
Under Bridges (RUB) at Railway Level
Crossings
Construction of Road Over / Under
Bridge in lieu of existing level crossings
on Government roads are undertaken
on priority basis under Railway works
Programme and are being primarily carried
out when Train Vehicle Units (TVU) exceed
one lakh per day. The State Government and
Ministry of Railways share the cost equally
for construction of Road Over/ Under Bridges

421421
including approach and service roads. During
the Eleventh Five Year Plan, 84 ROB/RUB
works were completed at a cost of `1251.27
crore.
Special Projects
Rajiv Gandhi Salai (IT Expressway
Phase I)
Under Phase-I, the Rajiv Gandhi Salai
(IT Corridor) was developed to six lane road
at international standards from Madhya
Kailash, Chennai to Siruseri for a distance
of 20.10 km and the Link Road connecting
Sholinganallur and East Coast Road at
Kudimiyan Thoppu for a distance of 2.15 km
to four lane road. This road is maintained by
M/s IT Expressway Ltd., the SPV of Tamil
Nadu Road Development Company Ltd.
An outlay of `10,587.60 crore was
allocated for Roads and Bridges during the
Eleventh Plan and the expenditure incurred
was `9,207 crore.
Performance of Minor Ports and
Shipping sector during Eleventh Five
Year Plan
At the time of the Tamil Nadu Maritime
Board formation in the year 1997, there were
only 15 minor ports under the Maritime
Board. At the end of the Eleventh Plan, the
number of minor ports increased to 23. Out
of the 23 Minor ports 7 are Government ports
and 16 are captive ports. Of the 16 captive
ports, 5 ports are presently operational.
Along the 1076 km coastline of Tamil Nadu,
there are 3 major ports viz., Chennai, Ennore
and Tuticorin and 23 minor ports at present.
The major ports are functioning under the
control of Government of India and the minor
ports are functioning under the control of
State Government. The works in port sector
are taken up under PPP mode.
The Poompuhar Shipping
Corporation Limited (PSC) transports the
entire requirements of coal for the Thermal
Power Stations of Tamil Nadu Generation
and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO).
The Corporation operates three own specially
designed shallow draft geared bulk carriers.
Coal is transported to the Thermal Power
Stations of TANGEDCO by these ships. Apart
from this, based on the requirement, ships
are being charted on contract basis from
private shipping companies. The Corporation
also operates 3 passenger ferry services
from Kanyakumari to the Vivekananda Rock
Memorial and Tiruvalluvar Statue.
Port Policy of the State
The Government brought out a Minor
Port Development Policy, which details
the licensing procedure for captive and
commercial ports.
Licensing of Captive Ports
To take care of the increasing
cargo traffic, Government of Tamil Nadu
have decided to make use of the existing
captive ports already constructed or under
construction, for which the permission has
already been given, for multi user-specific
and multi-commercial cargo, with the prior
approval of the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board.
Licensing of Commercial Ports
The minor ports (both existing and
upcoming) will be offered for development
through private sector participation. For the
selection of such promoters, competitive bids
will be invited through public notice and
based on technical and financial evaluation
of the offers, suitable developer / promoter
will be selected for development of ports.
Active Captive Ports/ Port Facilities
Ennore Minor Port (Thiruvallur
district)
This port was declared for the captive
use of M/s. Coromandel Fertilizers Ltd., to
handle Liquid Ammonia required for their

422
fertilizer plant. Approximately 5 to 7 ships
call at this port and handle 60000 Metric
tonnes per annum. The port facility has been
developed at a cost of `33 crore through
Private investment.
Thirukkadaiyur (Nagapattinam
district)
use of M/s. PPN Power Generating Company
Private Ltd., to handle Naphtha required for
their 330 MW Gas combined Power plant.
Approximately 9 to 12 ships call at this port
to handle 3 lakh Metric tonnes per annum.
The infrastructure has been developed at cost
of `200 crore through Private Investment.
PY-03 Oil Field (Cuddalore district)
This port was declared for the
captive use of M/s. Hardy Exploration and
Production India Inc., for handling the crude
oil extracted from the offshore oil wells.
Approximately, 10 to 12 ships call at this port
to handle 1.5 metric tonnes per annum. The
port has been developed at a cost of `34 crore
through Private investment.
Kudankulam Port
use of M/s. Nuclear Power Corporation of
India Ltd., for handling of dimensional and
heavy lift cargo required for the construction
of 2000 MW Power plant. The infrastructure
has been developed at cost of `3.40 crore.
Chidambaranar Oil Jetty within
Nagapattinam Port Limits
This is an open sea jetty constructed
for the captive use of M/s. Chennai Petroleum
Corporation Limited for handling crude oil
and finished products required for their
refinery. Approximately 35 to 40 ships call
at this port to handle about 6 lakh metric
tonnes per annum. The infrastructure has
been developed at a cost of `58 crore.
Objectives
• To increase the capacity, connectivity,
efficiency and safety of the highways
system
• To provide road infrastructure for equitable
socio-economic development throughout
the State
• To ensure equity and balance, new road
works are identified considering the
density of road network per unit area and
unit population
• Industrial corridors to be established in
the economically backward areas
• To provide connectivity considering the
heavily loaded vehicles plying in these
industrial areas, specially designed roads
are required to be provided
• Development of minor ports along the East
Coast through PPP intermediate ports
Strategies
• Capacity augmentation projects like
new roads, addition of lanes to existing
roads and interchange construction or
modification, facilities to multi modal
traffic.
• Upgradation of arterial roads to avoid
congestion/ construction of new bypasses
and ring roads will be taken
• Providing signage to improve traffic safety,
improvements to intersections, such as
new traffic signals, adding turn lanes,
and road markings. Transit projects,
transportation enhancement projects,
pedestrian projects will also be considered
commensurate with the traffic growth.
• Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
arenetworksofcomputers,communication
technologies and management strategies

423423
that improve the safety and efficiency
of the surface transportation system.
Introduction of ITS will be considered
in metro cities in consultation with the
Transport department.
• Adequate attention will be given for
pedestrians, two wheelers, inter-modal
transport facilities, bus bays during the
planning stage of all development works.
• Taking an eco-friendly view and to
reduce global warming, the department is
implementing the plantation programme
along the boundary of the roads
• Improving port connectivity to provide
uninterrupted access from all regions of
the State.
Schemes Proposed for Twelfth Five
Year Plan under Roads and Bridges
National Highways (NH)
• Under Revamped Central Road Fund, an
amount of `413.23 crore is proposed for
the Twelfth Five Year Plan for widening
and strengthening of 470 km of roads
and reconstruction of 10 bridges after
obtaining approval from the Ministry.
• Under Economic Importance Scheme, an
amount of `35 crore is proposed for the
Twelfth Five Year Plan for construction of
112 km of roads.
• Under Interstate Connectivity scheme
which is implemented with 100 percent
Central Assistance a sum of `80 crore is
proposed for widening and strengthening
of 225 km of roads.
Road over Bridges (ROB) / Road under
Bridges (RUB) at Railway Level
Crossings
During the Twelfth Five Year Plan,
it is proposed to complete 75 ROB/RUBs,
with a proposed outlay of `3000 crore for the
construction works and land acquisition.
Comprehensive Road Infrastructure
Development Programme (CRIDP)
Details of works proposed in the
Twelfth Plan period under the CRIDP
programme in respect of State Highways,
Major District Roads, Other District Roads
and Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) are
highlighted in Table 9.3.3.
Fig. 9.3.2: National Highways Road
Fig. 9.3.3: Road Over Bridge

424
Table 9.3.3: CRIDP - Widening and Strengthening of Different Roads
S.No. Description
Bridges/culverts
(Nos.)
Length
(km.)
Total cost
(`crore)
STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
1 Anticipated Spill over from
Eleventh Plan – CRIDP
- 731 329.00
2 Widening and strengthening
the intermediate lane to double
lane carriageway
- 693 416.00
the two lane to four lane
- 870 609.00
4 Strengthening existing double
lane stretches
- 2450 1715.00
5 Construction of missing links
(bridges)
90 - 76.00
6 Reconstruction of minor bridges
and culverts
90 - 40.00
7 Improvement to geometrics and
protective works
- - 12.00
Total 180 4744 3197.00
MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS (MDR)
- 944 283.00
the single lane stretches to
intermediate lane
- 2791 977.00
the intermediate stretches to
two lane
- 1000 400.00
4 Strengthening existing
Intermediate lane stretches
- 1190 357.00
5 Strengthening existing double
lane stretches
- 65 32.00
6 Construction of missing links
(bridges)
40 - 22.00
7 Reconstruction of minor bridges 60 - 15.00
protective works
- - 8.00
Total 100 5990 2094.00

425425
S.No. Description Bridges/culverts
(Nos.)
Length
(km.)
Total cost
(`crore)
OTHER DISTRICT ROADS (ODR)
Eleventh Plan –CRIDP
- 321 45.00
the existing single lane
stretches to intermediate lane
- 750 150.00
3 Strengthening the existing
single lane to intermediate lane
stretches
- 6000 1020.00
double lane stretches
- 200 50.00
5 Construction of bridges in
unbridged river crossings
100 - 50.00
6 Reconstruction of distressed
bridges and culverts
100 - 25.00
protective works
- - 10.00
Total 200 7271 1350.00
SCHEDULED CASTE SUB PLAN (SCSP)
- 645 90.00
2 Widening and strengthening the
existing single lane stretches to
intermediate lane
- 1000 200.00
3 Strengthening the existing SL
and IL stretches
- 7250 1232.00
double lane stretches
- 250 63.00
5 Construction of bridges in un
bridged river crossings
100 - 50.00
6 Reconstruction of distressed
bridges and culverts
100 - 25.00
7 Improvement to Geometrics and
protective works
- - 10.00
Total 200 9145 1670.00
Table 9.3.3: CRIDP - Widening and Strengthening of Different Roads (Contd.)

426
Under CRIDP for State Highways,
works for a length of 4744 kms and 180
bridges are proposed for the Twelfth Plan
period at a cost of `3197 crore. Under MDR,
works at a cost of `2094 crore are proposed
for a length of 5990 kms and 100 bridges in
the plan period. Works for a length of 7271
kms and 200 bridges are proposed at a cost of
`1350 crore under ODR. Under SCSP, works
for a length of 9145 kms and 200 bridges are
proposed at a cost of `1670 crore.
NABARD Assisted schemes
The total outlay proposed under
NABARD assisted schemes for the Twelfth
Plan period is `1088 crore for improvements
of roads of length 516 km and 260 bridges.
Chennai Metropolitan Development
Plan (CMDP)
To improve the road and bridge
infrastructure facilities in Chennai
Metropolitan Area (CMA), Chennai
Metropolitan Development Plan has been
implemented since 2003-04 under the State
budgetary allocation. The Comprehensive
Traffic and Transportation Study (CTTS)
for Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) and
the Second Master Plan of CMDA have
recommended the projects that are required
to be implemented in a span of 15 years
(2010- 2025).
The overall highways components
of the CTTS for works are formation of link
roads, providing of missing links, widening of
roads, constructing grade separators, elevated
roads, sky walk, junction improvements
signages etc. During the plan period 2012-17,
it is proposed to take up works amounting to
`1750 crore under the CMDP scheme.
To bring the arterial roads within
Chennai Metropolitan Area to international
standards and for decongestion and to reduce
travel time, projects such as Bus Rapid
Transit System (BRTS) (Anna Salai in study),
Monorail, and Metro Rail etc., are being
planned. This department is coordinating
with other project execution authorities to
achieve these goals. The ‘Chennai Unified
Metropolitan Transport Authority" (CUMTA)
has been constituted under an Executive
Committee for integrating and overseeing
different modes of traffic in Chennai city.
Tamil Nadu Urban Development
Project – TNUDP (III)
Under TNUDP-III, Foot over bridge
will be constructed at the following seven
locations: GST road near Chromepet
Government hospital, GST Road near MEPZ,
Tambaram, Inner Ring Road near SBOA
School road Junction, Tirumangalam,
Taramani link road near TCS, Taramani link
road near Perungudi Junction, EVR Salai
near MOP Vaishnava College and Velachery
bypass near metro water filling station.
Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Projects
a) Rajiv Gandhi Salai (IT Expressway
Phase II)
The second phase of the Rajiv Gandhi
Salai (IT Expressway) is proposed to be taken
up on PPP basis for construction of six-lane
road for a distance of 25 km from Siruseri
to Mamallapuram connecting East Coast
Road. The total cost estimate for the project
is around `550 crore. During the Twelfth
Five Year Plan, an outlay of `280 crore is
proposed for land acquisition.
b) PPP study
The PPP review committee has
approved the following roads under PPP
scheme during the Twelfth Five Year Plan.
• Mettur – Pallakkanuthu – Oddanchatriram
– Dharapuram – Kangeyam-Tiruppur
Road - (SH 37) 120.80 km at a total cost of
`511.58 crore.
• Erode Outer Ring Road Phase II - 9.60 km.
at a total cost of `64.20 crore.

427427
c) Strategic option study II by TNRSP
Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project with
the World Bank Assistance has undertaken
the Strategic Option Study (SOS II). The total
outlay of the project is `8000 crore under PPP
mode. An amount of `400 crore is proposed
during the Plan period towards project
support fund.
Road Infrastructure Development
in Oragadam Industrial Park Area
The road infrastructure facilities in
Oragadam Industrial Park have been taken
up for `300 crore to facilitate the development
of industries in and around Sriperumpudur
in Kancheepuram District. This project is
being executed in two phases.
• Phase-I involve four laning of
Singaperumalkoil - Sriperumpudur road
(SH-57) and Vandalur – Walajabad road
(SH-48) (33.4 km).
• Phase-II, Six laning of the stretch from
Oragadam to Sriperumbudur of SH-57
has been taken up.
During the plan period, widening the
stretch from 12/6-24/6 in Singaperumalkoil
- Sriperumpudur road from 4 lane to 6 lane
is proposed to be taken up at a cost of `217
crore including land acquisition.
Outer Ring Road
Chennai Outer Ring Road project at
a length of 62 km connecting Vandalur in
NH-45 with Minjur in Thiruvotriyur Ponneri
Pancheti (TPP) is being implemented on
Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer
(DBFOT) on Semi Annual Annuity basis. Tamil
Nadu Road Development Company Limited
(TNRDC), Chennai has been appointed as
“Managing Associate” for this project.
In the Phase I of the Chennai Outer
Ring Road project, road works for the
length of 29.65 km from Vandalur in NH 45
to Nemilicherry NH, at a cost of `1081.40
crore is in progress. Phase II of this project
connects Nemillichery in NH-205 to Minjur in
Thiruvotriyur Ponneri Pancheti (TPP) Road is
taken up at a cost of `1075 crore on DBFOT
basis. Land acquisition from Nemillichery in
NH-205 to Minjur in Thiruvotriyur Ponneri
Pancheti (SH 56) (TPP) via Padayanallur in
NH-5 road to a length of 32 km is in progress.
For the Plan period, an amount of
`580 crore is proposed to be allocated as
Project Support Fund for both phases.
New Schemes
Junction Improvements in Rajiv
Gandhi Salai
During the Plan Period, a Detailed
Project Report is being prepared for the
construction of five Grade Separators in Rajiv
Gandhi Salai to ease traffic congestion at a
cost of `250 crore.
Performance Based Maintenance
Contract Phase II (PBMC Phase II)
Under Performance Based
Maintenance Contract (PBMC) Phase II, 724
km length of roads will be upgraded and
1033 km length of roads will be enhanced
through periodical maintenance at a cost of
`474.39 crore during the plan period. PBMC
will also be undertaken in all State Highways
and Major District Roads in Karur, Namakkal
and Coimbatore districts in a phased manner
during the Twelfth plan period.
Special Initiatives under Green Lens
Energy conserving mechanism
such as implementation of 10 KW Wind
Solar Hybrid Systems, in the Office of the
Chief Engineer (H), Quality Assurance and
Research, Chennai and three other Divisional
Office buildings, for captive power production
and consumption will be taken up in the
plan period. This will be extended to all other
buildings during the plan period.
Polymer modified bitumen (PMB)
is proposed to be used in the pavements

428
of the roads for reduction in frequency of
maintenance and longer service life as the
usage of reclaimed rubber is environment
friendly.
Environmental Friendly Measures
Road infrastructure is planned
inconsonance with the environmental
conditions of the local area. It is proposed to
use sustainable technology utilizing alternate
materials for road infrastructure, thereby
conserving the ecology. The following eco-
friendly measures are being adopted:
Plantation: During the widening
of roads, cutting of trees located along the
roads is inevitable. Several new saplings are
planted in order to compensate every tree
that are cut. In addition to the above, a lot
of avenue plantation is proposed in the land
available within the office premises of the
department. Taking an eco-friendly view and
to reduce global warming, the Department
is implementing the plantation programme
along the boundary of the roads are taken up.
Rain Water Harvesting: To replenish
the ground water, rain water harvesting is
being implemented in all bridges, roads and
government buildings with either open or
closed drainage facilities based on the site
conditions. It is important to note that proper
drainage of storm water away from the road
helps to maintain the durability of the roads.
Provision for construction of earthen drains
is included in all the road works.
Land Pooling
The unplanned growth of
urbanization in a region is creating problems
of great proportions as it becomes difficult
to compulsorily acquire land for widening as
well as forming bypasses. Land owners are
reluctant to part with their lands leading to
delay in execution of projects. Land pooling
is proposed to ensure that the land owners
are co-opted as partners in the development
process.
Land pooling is a technique for
managing the planned development of urban-
fringe lands, whereby a government agency
consolidates a selected group of land parcels
and then designs, services and subdivides
them into a layout of streets, open spaces and
serviced building plots, with the sale of some
of the plots for cost recovery or utilising them
for development of infrastructure projects for
economic development and the distribution
of the remaining plots back to the landowners
to develop or to sell for development.
Port Connectivity Scheme
Under the Port Connectivity Scheme,
Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai Port
Trust, Ennore Port and National Highways
Authority of India have jointly established
SPV “Chennai Ennore Port Road Company
Limited”. Two Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV)
have been established in Tamil Nadu and are
functioning to improve the roads connecting
3 major ports viz., Chennai, Ennore and
Tuticorin.
a) Ennore - Manali Road Improvement
Project (EMRIP)
The project envisages development
of four State roads during the Twelfth Plan
period. The details of roads are given in Table
9.3.4.
The total cost of the project is `600
crore. The cost is shared by the share holders
of the company (NHAI, Chennai Port Trust,
GoTN and Ennore Port). The project involves
protective work to prevent sea erosion at 10
locations for 500m length along the seacoast
and improvement of above four roads.

429429
Table 9.3.4: Development of State Roads through EMRIP
(in km.)
S.No. Name of work Length
1 SH.56, Widening to four lane and Improvements to Tiruvotriyur –
Ponneri - Pancheti Road (TPP)
9.0
2 Improvements to existing four lane with paved shoulders of
Manali oil refinery (MDR)
5.4
3 SH.1, Improvements to existing 4 lane Northern segment of inner
ring road
8.1
4 SH.2, Widening to four lane with service road and improvements
to Chennai – Ennore expressway
7.5
Total 30.0
b) Thoothukudi Port Connectivity
Scheme
Under this scheme, Thoothukudi Port Trust
and National Highways Authority of India
have jointly formed SPV “Thoothukudi Port
Road Company Limited" to improve 47.20 km
length of road in NH-7A from Tirunelveli to
Thoothukudi at a cost of `290 crore during
the Plan period.
Road Connectivity to Non Major
Ports
During the Twelfth Plan period,
upgradation of roads leading to non-
Table 9.3.5: Road Connectivity to
Non-Major Ports
S.No. District Non –Major Ports
1 Cuddalore Silambimangalam,
Thiruchopuram
2 Nagapattinam Vanagiri,
Thirukkadaiyur,
Thirukuvalai
3 Ramanathapuram Rameswaram,
Pamban,
Valinockam
4 Thoothukudi Punnakayal,
Manappadu
5 Kanyakumari Colachel
major Ports, which are in various stages of
functioning, will be taken up on need basis
and through private participation. The non
major ports under consideration for road
connectivity are shown in Table 9.3.5.
Fig.9.3.4: Non-major Port - Cuddalore

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