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1. Chinese CivilizationChinese Civilization

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Map showing Huang Ho River

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Map showing China

5. Chinese CivilizationChinese Civilization
• China is an East Asian country with a large
territory, a huge population and an ancient
history.
• With written records dating back 4,000 years, it
is recognized as one of the four great ancient
civilizations of the world, together with ancient
Egypt, Babylon and India.
• Moreover, it is the only ancient civilization that
has continued to this very day.

6. • Fossils that have been found in Chinese
territory include those of Yuanmou Man,
the first Homo erectus, who lived 1.7
million years ago.

7. China is a big country is terms ofChina is a big country is terms of
• Area
• Population
• Technology
• Religion
• Army

8. GeographicalGeographical
• It has 23 provinces. Provinces mean that
the whole country is divided into 23 parts
& these 23 parts are further divided into
small parts known as states. China is
bigger than whole Europe. 1/13th portion
of land on this earth is with China. Major
transport route in China is water in both
modern & early times, except for north
side where wheel transport is used.

9. • Water transport helped them to be in
contact with other people as well such as
south east Asia.
• China’s soil is very fertile. Their country
side is agriculture based. The most
famous route in China is Silk Route which
is also an important route for transport

10. GeologicalGeological
• They have a lot of coal. China has many
mines. Major problem of China is 90% of
people die due to collapsing of mines. Iron
& petroleum mills are also found. Water
transport & cycles are abundantly found in
China This does not produce pollution and
also occupies less space

11. MaterialsMaterials
• In materials they have mercury, tin,
copper, manganese & all types of trees
excessively like mulberry, pine and
bamboos. That is why Chinese arch is
made of timber. One benefit is that it’s
very light as compared to stone & brick &
that is why they did not need a special
technique in building. Chinese preferred
timber to build their roofs.

12. ClimateClimate
• Two types of climates prevail in China:
• North climate is extremely cold i.e. winter
temperature of Peking reaches 23.5˚F
• South is warm
• China has heavy monsoon & it receives 60"
rainfall per year.
• In this weather pointed roofs are required &
charcoal burners were used to keep the
environment warm.

13. ReligionReligion
• Chinese civilization had 3 dominant
religions.
• Confucianism
• Taoism
• Buddhism
• But now Chinese are communists. They
do not believe in anything. They have no
specific religion.

14. ConfucianismConfucianism
Confucianism was much like a philosophy.
• If anything good or bad happened it was
because of their ancestors
• It was the religion of the Middle Way.
• It laid stress on family and ancestor worship.
• It did not develop much & its place was taken by
Taoism

15. 2. Taoism was about love & peace
– It was based on mysticism and superstition (belief in
super natural things).
– It readily combined with Buddhism when it came to
china through India.
3. Buddhism spread in China in second century A.D
by three trade routes from India. This resulted in the
construction of temples and gave China a new
architectural expression.

16. • “Feng shui” art was developed due to these
three concepts and it is still in practice .
• It is based on a belief that forces exist in every
locality which act on every type of building,
towns or cities for good or ill.
• A certain locality was built in house where
spirits are found so that people living in that
house were blessed.
• Locality was built on a good site so that spirits
could move easily.
• After these religions, Christianity arrived.
Muslims were also in a very small number. But
they produced no effect in architecture.

17. Chinese ArchitectureChinese Architecture
• It is one of those
architectures which has not
changed
• It is the same from day one.
• Their civilization is static.
• They never invented a
material
Double hipped Roof

18. Chinese ArchitectureChinese Architecture
• People still follow the old rules. That is
why they are backward.
• . And that is the reason why their
architecture is dull & dead.
• They were more interested in fine arts
rather than building construction.
• In buildings, Chinese gave importance
only to roof. They only worked on them.

19. Chinese wooden roof

20. Chinese ArchitectureChinese Architecture
• They gave no importance to walls. This was
supposed to be on a platform, raised and hollow
from inside.
• Their roofs were always, like a canopy.
• A multi storey roof was constructed because
heat from ground level travelled a long distance
to reach FFL.
• It maintains a uniform temperature in summers
& winters due to these roofs.

21. Chinese Wooden Canopy roof &Chinese Wooden Canopy roof &
Section of roofSection of roof

22. Chinese ArchitectureChinese Architecture
• An interesting thing was that they always
constructed the roofs first.
• The reason behind this was that they would
know where the points of load would lie & they
would place columns there.
• Columns usually have base, shaft & a capital .
• But Chinese columns had no capital & roofs
directly rested on column shafts.

23. Chinese ArchitectureChinese Architecture
• They used glass and rice paper was also used
by them because it would allow the heat to enter
but did not accumulate heat.
• From the early centuries until the present day,
there has been no distinction between the
sacred and secular architecture
• Temples, tombs, public buildings and private
houses whether great or small all follow the
same pattern

24. Building TypesBuilding Types
• As Chinese architecture did not have special technology
in features. So their building types are many:
• Temples
• Pagodas
• Pai lous
• Palaces
• Tombs
• Bridges
• Houses
• Islamic Architecture
• China wall

25. Pagoda at Zheng jue Temple,Pagoda at Zheng jue Temple,
BeijingBeijing
Temples
Temples were not that
important because they
had no religion. It was
single storey, had a
courtyard, a kitchen, a
sleeping area & eating
rooms beyond.
Kaiyuan Temple Paagoda,Quanzhou (1241-52)

26. PagodasPagodas
• Pagodas had two uses.
• It had a religious value as well as secular .
• It formed the most important structure in the temple
enclosure.
• Its specialty was that the roof above the temples were
from 3-15 storeys and mostly 13 storeys.
• Sometimes with staircase in each floor and probably
originally constructed in timber.
• Construction of storeys was never in even, but always in
odd numbers.

27. PagodasPagodas
• They were frequently
polygonal in plan with
roof slopes to each
storey, and were
elaborately
ornamented.
Pagoda at Zheng jue Temple, Beijing

28. Pai-LousPai-Lous
•They were erected by
the authority as a
memorial to dead
persons of distinction.
• They were constructed
of wood or stone.
• And had one or three
openings formed by
posts supporting
horizontal rails bearing
an inscription and often
crowned with projecting
roofs.

29. TombsTombs
• Although the tombs were associated with
the worship of the ancestors they were not
of much architectural value because the
Pai Lous were of real monumental value.

30. PalacesPalaces
Palaces were always
single storeyed just like
temples.
Importance was given to
roofs and walls were given
less importance.
They were excellent
landscapers & their main
emphasis was on
landscaping.

31. PalacesPalaces
• One would have complete feeling while
standing in a palace.
• They had plants, bridges, stones, rockery,
grass etc. For example the imperial palace
in Peking situated in the centre of “The
Forbidden City.”

32. Timber ceiling &the Hall ofTimber ceiling &the Hall of
Tailhedian(Forbidden City)Tailhedian(Forbidden City)

33. HousesHouses
• Houses were all same.
• Specific area was given to specific
people.
• Government had allotted them fixed area
& were not allowed to have more than
that area
• .Houses were generally single storeyed.
• Even today, roofs are of steep pitch with
boldly projecting eaves and highly
ornamented ridges of coloured and
glazed tiles.

34. • Houses had three principal
divisions
1.Vestibule
2.Family room
3.Kitchen and Servant rooms

35. HousesHouses

36. A house at Fujian (near
the river
A House in Sichuan
(mountaineous region

37. BridgesBridges
• In the land of rivers and waterways, bridges form
the main architectural character of the Chinese
landscape.
• 2 ½ million bridges are found in China, because
it has many rivers, canals, channels and outlet.
• For all these, bridges are required. It has been
estimated that there were twelve sq bridges
per mile in many parts of the country
• Bridges are constructed in stone, brick & timber.

38. Arch Bridge Summer palace, BeijingAnji Bridge Zhaoxian, Heber province

39. Islamic ArchitectureIslamic Architecture
Most of the existing
Islamic buildings in
China were constructed
after the end of the
fourteenth century. They
developed from Islamic
styles of central Asia.
The decoration of prayer
hall consists of Central
Asian features – tendril
patterns, pointed arches
and inscriptions in Arabic
lettering.

40. Great Wall of ChinaGreat Wall of China
It was built in 214 B.C.
It is 1400 miles long 20-
30 ft high, 25ft thick at
the base and sloping to
15 ft at the top.
Specialty for this wall is
that land was not
changed for its
construction but it was
constructed according to
the environment.

42. • Thanks