2. CARPENTRY
bridges, concrete formwork, etc.
Strictly speaking, carpentry deals with all works of a carpentry such
as roofs, floors, partitions, etc. of a building.
Another terms joinery deals with the making of doors, windows,
stairs and all interior fitments for a building. carpentry shop deals
with the timber, various types of tools and the art of joinery.
īļ Timber and wood
Timber is the basic material used for any class of wood working. The term
timber is applied to the trees which provide us with wood.
īą What is carpentry?
is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work
is the cutting, shaping
Carpentry
performed
materials
and installation of building
during the construction of buildings, ships, timber
2
3. īąHard and soft wood
3
īļ Exogenous types are also known as outward growing trees which produce
timber for commercial use.
īļ Endogenous trees are also known as inward growing.
4. (a) Natural seasoning
īą Seasoning of wood
Advantages:
ī§ Lighter in weight
ī§ More resilient
ī§ Less liable to twist, warp and split
ī§ Strength, hardness and stiffness increases
(b) Artificial s4easoning
7. (b) Try square (used for marking and testing angles of 90)
Stock
Blade (150 to 300 mm)
(c) Mitre square
īļ Used to measure an angle of 45
īļ Maximum blade length 300 mm
7
10. 2. Cutting tool
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(b) Rip saw: used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
īļ used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
īļ Made of high grade tool steel
īļ About 700 mm long
īļ 3 to 5 points or teeth per 25 mm
(a) Adze
īļ used for rough cutting, squaring, to
chop inside curves and to produce concave surfaces
īļ Its outer face is convex, inner face concave and edge is bevelled to form
a cutting edge
īļ It is made of carbon steel.
11. (c) cross-cut saw (hand saw)
īļ Used for cutting across the grain in thick wood
īļ 600 to 650 mm long
īļ 8 to 10 teeth per 25 mm
(d) Panel saw
īļ 500 mm long
īļ 10 to 12 teeth per 25 mm
īļ It has finer blade & mostly used for fine work
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12. (e) Tenon or back saw
īļ Used for cross cutting when finer and more accurate finish is
required
īļ 250 to 400 mm long
īļ 13 teeth per 25 mm equilateral triangle shaped teeth
sometimes called âpegâ teeth
(f) Dovetail saw
īļ A smaller version of Tenon
īļ Used where high accuracy needed
īļ 200 to 350 mm long
īļ 12 to 18 teeth per 25 mm
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13. (g) Bow saw
īļ Narrow blade used
īļ The blade is held in tension by twisting the string with a smaller
wooden lever
īļ Used for cutting quick curve
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14. (h) Coping saw
īļ Similar blade as bow saw
īļ The blade is tensioned by screwing the handle
īļ Used for cut small radius curve
(i) Compass saw
īļ Narrow tapering blade
īļ 250to 400 mm long
īļ Used for sawing small curve in confined space
(j) Pad or keyhole saw
īļ Smallest saw
īļ 250 mm long
īļ Used for interior cuts or cutting key holes
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15. CHISEL
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(a) Firmer chisel
īļ Most useful for general purposes used by hand pressure or mallet
īļ Flat blade about 125mm long
īļ Width varies from 1.5-50 mm
(b) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
īļ Used for more delicate and fine work
īļ Useful for getting into corner where the ordinary firmer chisel would
be clumsy
(c) Paring chisel
īļ Both firmer and bevelled edge chisels when they are made with
long thin blades are known as pairing chisel
16. (d) Mortise chisel
īļ Used for chopping out mortices
īļ Very nearly square in cross section
īļ Withstand heavy blows from a mallet
(e) Gouges
īļ Chisel with curved section
īļ Inside or outside grounded
īļ Inside grounded gouges are called scribing gauges
īļ Outside ground gouges are called firmer gouges
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19. Spokeshave plane
īļ Spokeshave a wood shaving tool used for
fine finishing. Its small bearing surface makes
it perfect for shaping edged work and fine
tuning curves.
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20. īļ Router plane is a plane used for smoothing out sunken panels, and more generally
for all depressions below the general surface of the pattern. It planes the bottoms of
recesses to a uniform depth and can work into corners that otherwise can only be
reached with a chisel.
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21. 4. Boring tool
Used to make round holes in wood.
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īą Types of bits
ī Gimlet
ī Bradawl
ī Auger
Bradawl and Gimlet
23. 5. Striking tool
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(a) Mallet
īļ Wooden-headed hammer of round or rectangular cross-section
īļ Used for giving light blows to the cutting tool like chisels and gouges
(b) Warrington hammer
īļThe face of hammer is hardened, tempered
and ground slightly convex
īļ The handle is made of wood
and is oval in cross-section to have a comfortable grip
īļThe head is forged from tool steel and is obtainable in
various weights.
(a) Claw hammer
26. (c) Bar clamp
īļ Clamps are commonly used
in pairs in gluing up
operations at the final
assembly of wood joinery
work
īļ Both jaws of the sash
clamp are generally made
of malleable cast iron
which is tougher and less
brittle than ordinary cast
iron
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34. EXPERIMENT - 01
CARPENTRY: SAWING AND GROOVING
AIM:
To make Sawing and Grooving experiment from the given wood piece.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm â 1 piece
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Governor setup, Carpenterâs vice, Steel Rule, Jack plane, Try-square, Marking Gauge, Firmer
Chisel, Cross-cut Saw, Tenon- Saw, Scriber, Wooden Mallet and Wood rasp File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given wood piece is checked to confirm size as per sketch given.
2. The wood piece is firmly fixed in the carpenterâs vice and any two adjacent faces are
planned by jack plane and the two other faces are checked for the squareness using the try-
square.
3. Making gauge is set and lines are drawn as per sketch given respectively.
35. 4.Using the cross cut saw the portions to be removed are cut in the wood piece.
5. Followed by chiselling the unwanted wood material can be removed.
6. A fine finishing is given by using wood rasp file.
Precautions:
1. Do not use firmer chisel without handle.
2. Do not put finger on cutting edge of chisel and Saw.
RESULT & CONCLUSION:
The Sawing and Grooving experiment is thus made by following the above sequence
of operations.
36.
37. EXPERIMENT - 02
CARPENTRY: T- LAP JOINT
AIM:
To make a T- LAP JOINT as shown in the figure from the given reaper.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm â 2 pieces
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Governor setup, Carpenterâs vice, Steel Rule, Jack plane, Try-square, Marking Gauge,
Firmer Chisel, Cross-cut Saw, Tenon- Saw, Scriber, Wooden Mallet and Wood rasp File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size.
2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenterâs vice and any two adjacent faces are
planed by the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with try-square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 24 and 45mm to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
4. The excess material is first chiselled out with firmer chisel an then planned to correct
size.
38. 5.The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and
marking gauge.
6. Using the cross cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces,
followed by chiselling.
7. The ends of both the parts are chiselled and filed by wood rasp file to the exact
length.
8. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that proper fitting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to obtain a straight tight joint.
Precautions:
1. Do not use firmer chisel without handle.
2. Do not put finger on cutting edge of chisel and Saw.
RESULT & CONCLUSION:
The T-Lap Joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.
39.
40. EXPERIMENT - 03
CARPENTRY: DOVETAIL LAP JOINT
AIM:
To make a Dovetail Lap joint experiment from the given wood piece.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Teak wood piece of size 50 X 30 X 125 mm â 2 pieces
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Governor setup, Carpenterâs vice, Steel Rule, Jack plane, Try-square, Marking Gauge,
Firmer Chisel, Cross-cut Saw, Tenon- Saw, Scriber, Wooden Mallet and Wood rasp File.
PROCEDURE:
1. The given wood pieces are checked to confirm size as per sketch given.
2. The wood piece is firmly fixed in the carpenterâs vice and any two adjacent faces are
planned by jack plane and the two other faces are checked for the squareness using
the try-square.
3. Making gauge is set and lines are drawn at 24 and 48mm, to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively.
4. The portions to be removed in both male and female pieces can be cut by using the
cross cut saw, followed by chiselling.
41. 5. A fine finishing is given by using wood rasp file.
6. The ends of both parts are chiselled and filed by Wood rasp file.
7. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
8. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Precautions:
1. Do not use firmer chisel without handle.
2. Do not put finger on cutting edge of chisel and Saw.
RESULT & CONCLUSION:
The T-Lap Joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.