The retina is the innermost layer of the eyeball and contains several important structures. The optic disc allows nerve fibers to exit the eye, while the macula lutea, located near the center of the retina, provides high-acuity vision. The retina receives blood supply from both the choroid and central retinal artery. Retinal disorders can be congenital, inflammatory, vascular, or degenerative and may affect the optic disc, macula, blood vessels, or retina itself. Common diseases include retinitis, retinal vasculitis, and central retinal artery occlusion which causes sudden vision loss.

2. Retina
A thin transparent and delicate membrane which is the
innermost layer of the eyeball.
It extends from optic disc to ora serrata.
Grossly it is divided
into
Posterior pole
Peripheral retina
Posterior pole includes two
areas
Optic disc
Macula lutea

3. Optic disc
Optic disc: a well defined circular area of 1.5-2mm
diameter.
Here all the retinal layers terminate except the nerve fibres
A depression is seen in the disc called as Physiological cup
Significance of physiological cup: the central retinal artey
and vein emerge through the centre of this cup

4. Macula lutea
Also called as the Yellow Spot
It is about 5.5 mm in diameter
Fovea centralis is the central deeper part of macula (1.5mm
in diameter) which is the most sensitive part of the retina
In its centre a shining pit called foveola is located

5. Internal limiting
membrane
Nerve fibre layer
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner Nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer nuclear layer
External limiting
membrane
Layers of rods and cons
Retinal Pigmented
epithelium

6. Functional division of retina
Temporal retina Nasal retina
Nerves arising from temporal retina
Pass through optic nerve and optic tract
of same side to terminate in Ipsilateral
Geniculate body
Nerves arising from nasal retina
Pass through optic nerve cross in
optic chiasma and travel to contra
lateral optic tract and eliminate in
contra lateral geniculate body

7. Blood supply
Outer four layers are supplied
by choroidal vessels
Inner six layers are supplied
by central retinal artery , a
branch of Ophthalmic artery

8. Disease of retina
Congenital
and
developmental
disorders
Inflammatory
disorders
Vascular
disorders
Macular
disorders
Dystrophy and
degenerative
disorders
Retinal
detachment
Tumors

9. Congenital and developmental disorders
Anomalies of optic
disc
Crescents
Situs
inversus
Congenital
pigmentati
on
Coloboma
Drusen
Hypoplasia
of optic
disk
Anomalies of
nerve fibres
Medullated/opa
que nerve
fibres
Anomalies of
vascular
elements
Persistent
hyaloid
artery
Congenital
tortuosity of
retinal vessels
Anomalies of
Retina proper
Albinism
Night
blindness
Day
blindness
Oguchi
disease
Retinal
cyst
Retinal
detachmen
t
Coloboma
of fundus
Anomalies of
macula
Aplasia
Hypoplasia
coloboma

10. Coloboma of optic disc
• Cause: due to failure of closure of embryonic
fissure
• Occurs in two forms:
Minor
coloboma
Fully
developed
coloboma

11. Inflammatory disorders of the retina
Retinitis
Non specific
• Acute purulent: occurs as metastatic infections from patients
having pyaemia resulting in endopthalmitis or panopthalmitis
• Subacute retinitis of Roth: occurs in patients suffering from
SubAcute Bacterial Endocarditis. characterized by multiple
superficial retinal hemorraghes,involving posterior part of fundus
they have a white spot in centre.blurred vision is the symptom
Specific
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Mycotic
• parasitic

12. Retinal vasculitis/Eales’ disease
• Clinical features:
– Sudden appearing
floaters(black spots
infront of the eyes)
– Painless loss of
vision(due to vitreous
hemorrhage)
 Inflammation of retinal
vessels
 Eales’ disease is idiopathic
inflammation of peripheral
retinal veins
 Characterized by recurrent
vitreous hemorrahe
 Etiology: hypersensitivity
reaction to tubercular protein
• Stage of inflammation
• Stage of Ischemia
• Stage of retinal
neovascularization
• Stage of sequelae
Clinical
stages
of the
disease
• Treatment
• Oral corticosteroids
• Laser photo
coagulation
• Vitreo retinal
surgery

13. (CRAO) CENTRAL RETINAL
ARTERY OCCLUSION
Signs and symptoms
• Central retinal
artery occlusions
cause sudden,
acute, and painless
loss of vision in one
eye.
 Central retinal artery
occlusion (CRAO) is a disease
of the eye where the flow of
blood through the central
retinal artery is blocked
(occluded). There are several
different causes of this
occlusion, the most common
is carotid
artery atherosclerosis.
Fundoscopic exam will
show a red lesion, called a
"cherry red spot," with
surrounding pale retina
(the pale color is caused
by ischemia of the retina)
• The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical
Society lists Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
(CRAO) as an approved indication
for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy.[3] This a
treatment for CRAO that is covered by medical
insurance in North America. Existing
treatments include ocular massage, anterior
chamber paracentesis, and inhalation therapy
of a mixture of 5% carbon dioxide and 95%
oxygen