The Different Performances Of Different Types Of Fuel Essay

The Different Performances Of Different Types Of Fuel Essay
Introduction This project will be developed to test the different performances of different types of
fuel. The different types include bioethanol, kerosene, gasoline, and diesel. These fuels are used in
everyday life to power different engines on different types of machinery.
Background
This project involves the process of combustion, which is the process of two substances being
combined chemically, which produces heat and light. It's most common for a fossil fuel to be
involved with oxygen in the air. Combustion can be used in everyday life because the heat generated
by this process can be used to help operate different things like engines, furnaces, and boilers.
Byproducts involved in this process are water and carbon dioxide, since this is an exothermic
reaction. The formulas go as follows: CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H20 + Heat, C + O2 →CO2 + Heat,
and 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + Heat. almost a whole page.
Biomass:
Biomass is organic matter derived from living, or recently living organisms. Biomass can be used as
a source of energy and most of the time it refers to plants or plant–based materials that are not used
for food, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can be
used directly by combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to different forms of
biofuel. The conversion of biomass to biofuel can happen by different methods which are put into
three categories: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods. Within the two
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Advantages Of Biofuel And Feedstock Production
ASSIGNMENT 3
Author : Minh Duc Vu
Student number: 18747372
Executive summary
This report will be outlining advantages and disadvantages of biofuel and feedstock production used
to manufacture biomass energy. There will be an in–depth analysis of the feedstock needed as well
as its impacts in terms of science, engineering, social and environment, economic and politic.
Background
It is well known that most of the activities depend on the fuel, especially petroleum based fuels like
fossil fuel, gasoline and diesel fuel. As the demand for fuels increasing rapidly, biomass becomes
one of the most alternative technologies used to produce liquid fuels. According to the Australian
Renewable Energy Agency (2016), it is currently already a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Majority of feedstock of biomass come from wood, wood wastes, agricultural crops including waste
such as animal waste or from food processing. According to Demirbas A (2000), about 64 percent of
biomass energy is generated from wood and wood waste, followed by municipal solid waste with 24
percent, agricultural waste and landfill gases have the same 5 percent. Additionally, the feedstock of
biomass can come from ocean and freshwater habitats as well. Biomass has been important,
accounting for 7% of world primary energy consumption in 2000 (Fernandes, S.D, 2007), or
roughly one–third of the energy from sources other than fossil fuels (Sabine, C.L, 2000), compared
to less than 1% of the global energy demand on renewable energies such as wind and solar (Energy
Information Administration (2007) International Primary Energy Production).
b. Engineering
The feedstock of biomass which has different properties are different from many alternative energy
sources. Thus, biomass can be converted to energy through many processes depending on kinds of
materials used. There are some common biomass conversion processes: Different types of fuels
obtainable from biomass.
– Combustion is the process where materials are burned in the chamber combined with oxygen or
air to release heat. This method is the most common by which biomass can be used for energy.
– Gasification is the process where biomass is changed

Root Growth And Development : The Development Of Genetic...
When growing a new plant or replant an older plant, rooting is a big thing. on tv we always see ad
about root growth enhancers. But those use chemicals that are both not found in the world and are
harm full if you digest it. most of the ones that aren't made form big company, are made for
naturally found minerals and aren't always harm full if you digest it. in this project will tell which is
the better or none is the best to use. Some of the goal of this project is to determine the dynamics of
the gene regulatory networks that control root growth and differentiation in rooting. the simplifying
of the aspects of root growth and anatomy will be exploited to identify networks involved in
development, which will then be perturbed with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another important part of the project will be to train the next generation. One of the first plant
rooting hormones found is auxin indole–3–acetic acid in the same year, Zimmerman and Wilcoxon
(1935) discovered that several new synthetic auxins, among them indole–3–butyric acid also
promoted rooting. It was demonstrated that auxin indole–3–butyric is very effective in promoting
rooting growth in a wide variety of plants, and it is used commercially to root many plant species
world–wide (Hartmann et al. 1990). Since its introduction more than 50 years ago, auxin indole–3–
butyric has been the subject of hundreds of experiments and articles. Today one can still find
varieties and cultivars in almost every type of plant, respond to treatment during only part of the
growing season, or produce roots only in a fraction of the treated cuttings. In recent years, several
attempts were made to understand the role of auxin indole–3–butyric in the rooting process in plants
at the metabolic levee Most of the herbs some tried rooted within two weeks or less: mints in seven
days, basil in five to ten days, patchouli in ten, pineapple sage in eleven, and lemon verbena and a
cultivar of rosemary in fourteen days. some new cultivars, such as Aussie Sweetie, Mulberry Dance,
and Holly's Painted, to name

Renewable Resources For Renewable Energy
Introduction
In the most basic definition, energy is power that is harnessed from physical or chemical resources,
often utilized in order to produced light, heat or fuel. It can be extracted from various renewable or
non–renewable sources and has become a necessity for day to day life. Currently non–reusable
resources account for the majority of energy production. The prominence of fossil fuels in the
energy sector validates this claim. At the same time this statement reveals a major world issue in
regards to energy sustainability. Although they may able to produce copious amounts of energy,
non–renewable resources cannot renew themselves on the timescale required by current energy
consumption. With this in mind, non–renewable resource depletion is inevitable without sustainable
energy alternatives for future generations. At this point it is important to recognize the difficulty of
this task given the ever increasing energy consumption associated with exponential population
growth. Amongst all nations, Canada is near the forefront of renewable energy; the country is the
fourth largest producer of renewable electrical energy despite its 8th place standing in energy
consumption. This is undoubtable due to the abundance of natural resources in its geographical
location. Currently 17% of total energy production is derived from renewable resources, despite the
sector not being fully developed. Based on its initiatives in incorporating more renewable energy
technologies to

Carbon Fuel Supply Of The World And The Growing Problem Of...
With limited fossil fuel supply in the world and the growing problem of pollution, humans have to
find environmentally friendly and renewable sources of energy. Alternative energy is any source of
energy that is an alternative to using fossil fuels. Energy is an enormous factor in the production of
wealth and is very important in economic development. "However, energy is defined as the
maximum obtainable potential of work of an energy or energy flow in relation to the reference
environment" (Midilli). With the population increasing and expected to double by the end of the
21st century, providing clean and affordable energy is a must. With the price of fossil fuels only to
increase over the upcoming years, using alternative energy will ... Show more content on
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Right now throughout the world, industrialized countries produce sixty five percent of the world's
electricity from fossil fuels (Sesto). "According to current estimates, if developing countries should
have a substantial economic growth in the next few decades, as is hoped for, they would produce
50% of the world 's electric energy by 2030" (Sesto). If the world continued at the sixty five percent
fossil fuel rate, those developing countries would soon contribute to the increasing problem of
greenhouse gases and pollution emissions. This would have a direct effect on the prices of fossil
fuels, as prices would most definitely increase heavily (Sesto). "Proposed strategies for the United
States include increasing energy efficiency, displacing fossil fuels with energy sources that are
potentially CO2–neutral, and carbon storage in forests and other ecosystems" (Cook). As fossil fuels
remains a threat to global constancy and sustainability, it becomes worse with increasing world
population, higher energy demand, and technological progress. With geothermal energy being inside
Earth's mantle and crust, it has been used by humans for decades to provide heat and electricity in
both homes and industries. There are countless benefits of using geothermal energy to provide
power and heat. The main advantage is that this renewable source can

A Brief Note On Pulp And Paper Green Transformation Program
projects which support economic development, business growth and competitiveness, and
innovation. The main goal is to encourage Northern Ontario communities to grow their economies
and become self–reliant communities. Established in 2006. Source:
http://fednor.gc.ca/eic/site/fednor–fednor.nsf/eng/h_fn02348.html
Pulp and Paper Green Transformation Program – Natural Resources Canada – Funding to achieve
measurable environmental benefits through energy efficiency improvement, renewable energy
production or emission reductions at Canada's pulp and paper mills. Program in operation from
2009–2012. Source: http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pages/231
Renewable Fuels Regulations – Environment Canada – Federal regulations requiring an average 5%
ethanol in gas since 2010, and an average 2% bio–based content in distillate fuels since 2011.
Proposed Regulations have been developed under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act,
1999. Source: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp–pr/p1/2010/2010–04–10/html/reg1–eng.html
Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Tax Incentive Program – Canada
Revenue Agency – Aims to encourage all Canadian businesses (regardless of size or sector) to
conduct research and development (R&D) in Canada that will result in products or processes that
are new, improved, or technologically advanced. Ontario has two provincial programs that build on
the SR&ED program, the Ontario Research and Development Tax Credit and the Ontario Innovation
Tax Credit.

Annotated Bibliography On Water Desalination
Schulze, E.D., Körher, C., Law, B.E., Haberl, H., S. (2012). Large–scale bioenergy from additional
harvest of forest biomass is neither sustainable nor greenhouse gas neutral. GCB Bioenergy, 4(6),
611–616. Chapin, F.S., Carpenter, S.R., Kofinas, G.P., Folke, C., Abel, N., Clark, W.C., ...&
Swanson, F.J (2010). Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies for a rapid change planet.
Edwards, A.R. (2010). Thriving beyond sustainability: Pathways to a resilient society. New Society
Publishers. 2) –Article 1– Ghaffour, N., M. Missimer, T., & L. Amy, G. (2013). Desalination
(Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future
challenges for better water supply sustainability) (Vol. 309, pp. 197–207). Thuwal.

Saving Fossil Fuels : Alternative Energy
Saving Fossil Fuels; Alternative Energy
http://www.associatedrenewable.com/content/alternative–energy
Most people today use fossil fuels, but there is a problem that comes with using them. Soon, the
world is going to run out of fossil fuels. The average person uses some type of fossil fuel every
single day, and cannot imagine a world without them. Can you imagine a world with no gas,
propane, or coal? Better yet, can you imagine the world without the machines, vehicles, and
appliances that are powered by fossil fuels. Fossil fuel is not the only form of energy, though. There
is also alternative energy. We must start using alternative energy. We must start using alternative
energy, or we will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When in its pure form, hydrogen is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and highly flammable, however it
is not poisonous. Hydrogen energy can power electrical generators, vehicles, and airships. Airships
are aircrafts that stays in the air using gases like hydrogen and helium. Airships include blimps and
zeppelins. (Schlager and Weisblatt, 136))
Hydrogen was first produced in 1671 by Robert Boyle. He produced the gas by dissolving iron in
acid. It was not officially recognized as a gas until 1766, when Henry Cavendish proved not only
that hydrogen existed, but also that it was 14 times lighter than air. Laurent Lavoisier named the gas
hydrogen using the greek words "hydro" (water) and "gene" (forming"). Before Lavoisier named the
gas, it was called "inflammable air", because it was so likely to explode. (Schlager and Weisblatt,
136) Scientists believe that hydrogen energy could become a significant power source in the future.
It can power vehicles, and does not pollute very bad. There are many benefits, but there is one big
problem that is very hard to overcome. The hydrogen must be pure. It is very hard to produce large
amounts of pure hydrogen energy. (Doeden, 53) Bioenergy
Another type of alternate energy is bioenergy. Bioenergy is produced by biofuel which is produced
by biomass. Biomass is recently living organic matter that can be burnt. Examples of biomass are
wood, dung, and plant matter. These, when mixed with gasoline produce biofuel. Biofuel creates

Corn Prices
The Effect of U.S. Ethanol on Corn Prices
Introduction: There are over 96 million acres of corn planted in the U.S. every year, where the mid–
west dominates the country in production. Corn can be used for a variety of things that include;
energy ingredient in livestock feed, ethanol for biofuels, oils, sweeteners, alcohol, and food
substances such as starches.
Ethanol production in the U.S. has been on the rise for over the last 10 years. Production totals were
around 115,604 barrels (1,000 barrels) in 2006 and has more than doubled by 2014 reaching
341,419 barrels (1,000 barrels). A majority of the US ethanol is made from corn. In 2013 the U.S.
used 4.7 billion bushels of corn (40% of the harvest) to produce over 13 billion gallons of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A comparison of results with the no–subsidy results and with actual prices and quantities shows
separate estimates of the impact on corn. The general pattern of corn prices would have been the
same as in the historical period without ethanol subsidies or without expansion of ethanol, rising
from 2005 to 2007 and then declining to 2009. Corn prices would have still risen dramatically in
2007, to $3.75 per bushel. Policy: "By 2011 most cars on U.S. roads could run on blends of up to
10% ethanol (E10), and manufacturers had begun producing vehicles designed for much higher
percentages. Flexible–fuel cars, trucks, and minivans use gasoline/ethanol blends ranging from pure
gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By early 2013 there were around 11 million E85–capable
vehicles on U.S roads. In January 2011 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted a
waiver to allow up to 15% of ethanol blended with gasoline (E15) to be sold only for cars and light
pickup trucks with a model year of 2001 or later. The EPA waiver authorizes, but does not require
stations to offer

Energy Sources Of Renewable Energy
Executive Summary
The development of renewable and alternative energy is becoming more and more necessary as the
traditional fossil fuel energy is a non–renewable energy and can cause various environmental
problems such as the global warming effect.
However, the challenge today in generating alternative energy is to find a cost effective way while
has the smallest harmful environmental impacts. Developing bioenergy have the advantage of
reducing greenhouse gas emission while creating great economic values.
Introduction
Biomass energy is considered as one of the renewable energies in the latest alternative energy
sources development. According to the renewable energy consumption source data Table. I from U.S
energy information administration, biomass energy is the largest source of renewable energies and
the total share of biomass energy among all of the five alternative energies is approximately 50%.
Although there is a 2.3% decrement of total consumption of biomass energy from 2014 to 2015 due
to the decrease of wood consumption, there's still a large potential for the bioenergy technology
growth.
Table I. Total consumption source of renewable energy. Unit: Trillion btu [1]
Biomass refers to the biodegradable wastes and non–fossilized organic materials originating from
plants, animals and micro–organisms derived from biological sources. [2] Currently, research in
biomass energies can be divided into two major parts. The first part if the

Fossil Fuels : Alternative Energy
Most people today use fossil fuels, but there is a problem that comes with using them. Soon, the
world is going to run out of fossil fuels. The average person uses some type of fossil fuel every
single day, and cannot imagine a world without them. Can you imagine a world with no gas,
propane, or coal? Better yet, can you imagine the world without the machines, vehicles, and
appliances that are powered by fossil fuels. Fossil fuel is not the only form of energy, though. There
is also alternative energy. We must start using alternative energy. We must start using alternative
energy, or we will deplete our fossil fuels.
What is Alternative energy? Alternative energy is a term that refers to many different types of
energy. These energies include hydrogen energy, bioenergy, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar
energy, water energy, and nuclear energy (31). They are all different energies and produced in
different ways. They all have one thing in common though; they all produce energy without using
fossil fuels. (Schlager and Weisblatt, 33, volume 1)
Hydrogen Energy One type of alternate energy is hydrogen energy. Hydrogen energy is energy
produced by the burning of hydrogen. There is an obstacle when producing hydrogen energy
though; in order to produce energy, the hydrogen must be in its pure form (138). When in its pure
form, hydrogen is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and highly flammable, however it is not poisonous.
Hydrogen

Renewable Energy Sources And The Global Warming
Renewable energy sources
Let's ask ourselves that when the erosion able elements of the earth is not achievable anymore and
the glob is getting warmer day by day, what we are going to do to satisfy our requirements, and
wants? How we can reduce global warming, decrease the negative impacts of greenhouse gas
emission? What are some other natural origins by which we can continue our lives without hurting
other existences in the earth? All these problems can be solved if we use renewable energy sources
and recycle things again. That is why human is searching to discover and figure out many other
natural ways to use the resources positively and act logically.
First, let's define what Renewable energy sources is and how we can benefit from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, the greatest way is to recycle the used items, use alternative energy sources instead of non–
renewable sources, they should be kind to their nature and avoid the probable dieses that may
influence our nature.
One of the cleanest and basic energy sources is the solar power by which people can come out with
many of their problems. Solar energy power, which is the energy taken from the sun, have a big
usage in today's world. People in all the countries use this energy source for different cases. It can be
used for producing electricity, heating, cooking, charging, and much more usages. For example,
people in the cities and rural areas of Afghanistan use the solar energy for electricity purposes, and
in countries like japan and U.S it has a vast usage in industrial factories. This energy is the power
that can be converted in to electrical energy and is the most abundant renewable source available.
We can invert this power by modern technologies for different uses like, generating energy,
providing light, heating water, and many manufacturing uses. Furthermore, the companies that
provide solar shingles can make available many job opportunities. Solar energy technology is a
common type of renewable sources that everyone in Afghanistan knows that and

Disadvantages Of Makeni Project
RESOURCE POTENTIALS West Africa may be one of the most difficult and dangerous regions of
the world in which to work, posing challenges that can prove deadly for project developers and their
stakeholders. An ambitious bioenergy project in Sierra Leone highlights the sometimes–blurry line
that separates development that is sustainable from that which is exploitative, as well as the
numerous challenges faced when undertaking projects in poorly developed communities and
countries. As a Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) research team reports, a series of events –
unexpected and anticipated – have taken their toll in terms of costs, revenues and the project
development schedule of Addax Bioenergy Sierra Leone's (ABSL) Makeni project. As the SEI
research team recounts in "Agricultural investment and rural transformation: a case study of the
Makeni bioenergy project in Sierra Leone," the Ebola outbreak in May 2014 took a terrible toll on
the nation and the Makeni project, increasing costs, delaying development and driving it to the edge
of viability. Bioethanol and Sustainable Development in Africa ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on the occasion, a portion may also be offered to the ancestors, to honor their memory.
Another common practice in this sense is to pour liquor in the ancestors' honor in the corners of a
house. Other food traditions vary with region or religion: Mende Muslims, for instance, will mark a
burial ceremony with lehweh, a ball of rice flour mixed with water and sugar, served with a kola nut
on top. Kola nuts are highly valued in and of themselves, and are often associated with greetings,
diplomacy, provisions of respect, religious rites, and initiation ceremonies. High in caffeine
concentration, they are also used as a stimulant, a clothing dye, and even in the preparation of

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth Essay
Save the Earth The Earth is slowly dying and we can save it, however, it requires some initiative.
Global warming, or climate change, is a very real problem that may soon wipe out the Earth's
resources. Some of which include necessary items such as natural foods and water. This problem
doesn't just happen in some third–world country no one has heard of. This is happening right in our
own back yards. This problem has a very simple solution: conserve energy, cut down on Carbon
Dioxide emissions, and focus on developing technology that utilizes clean renewable energies.
Global warming primarily happens through a process called the greenhouse effect. "Like global
warming, this is a natural phenomenon. As sunlight hits the earth, some of the heat is reflected back
into space, while some is absorbed by naturally occurring atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide
and methane. Like insulation, the heated gas and atmosphere keep the earth warm enough to sustain
life"(NSU, 2011).
While the main purpose of this greenhouse effect is to keep the planet at a sufficient temperature to
sustain life, the recent increase in carbon dioxide emissions has led to the Earth overheating. This
poor management of energy has led to catastrophic events.
Due to climate change, droughts have occurred, sea levels have risen, and storms are more
devastating. Climate change has caused temperatures to rise drastically and these temperatures will
continue to rise by an unpredictable amount over the next

Essay about Biomass as an Alternative Energy
Biomass
Abstract:
The current use of energy in the United States, especially California, is foreshadowing catastrophe
in our environment. Due to high demand of fossil fuels, the air is filled with more pollution every
day. In addition to, it can increase the chances of having global warming. Since fossil fuels are
generated from raw materials which are easy and cheap users are becoming extremely dependent on
them. The main problem with fossil energy is that the supply of fossil fuels is not continuous.
However, alternative energy is continual and harmless to the environment. Biomass does not pollute
the atmosphere as much as natural gas. One of the most convenient alternative energies that are
currently used for minor purposes is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Biomass 3 Biomass energy or can be preferred as bioenergy has been used "since people began
burning wood to cook food and keep warm" (NREL, Biomass Energy Basics 2007). Though wood
is the "largest biomass energy resource today, other sources of biomass can also be used" (NREL,
Biomass Energy Basics 2007). These include crops, garbage, landfill gas, and alcohol fuels. For
centuries people have been using wood as a source of energy for mainly cooking and heating.
"Wood was the main source of energy in the U.S. and the rest of the world until the mid–1800s."
(eia, BIOMASS –– Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 2007). Thus, biomass continues to
be an important source of energy that would somehow prevent us from future disaster. "In the
United States wood and waste (bark, sawdust, wood chips, and wood scrap) provide only about 2
percent of the energy we use today. Many manufacturing plants in the wood and paper products
industry use wood waste to produce their own steam and electricity." (eia, BIOMASS –– Renewable
Energy from Plants and Animals 2007). Without having to buy much electricity, these companies
were able to save money because they did not have to arrange their waste products.
The other source of biomass which is garbage, also called municipal solid waste, comes from plant
or animal products. "MSW can be a source of energy by

The Definition Of Sustainable Development
The simplest definition of sustainable development was given by the World Commission on
Environment and Development: "development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Un.org 1987)."
Bioenergy production as one of the sustainable production is expected to offer new opportunities to
diversify income and fuel supply sources, to promote employment in rural areas, to develop long
term replacement of fossil fuels, and to reduce GHG emissions, boosting the decarburization of
transportation fuels and increasing the security of energy supply (Mata, Martins & Caetano 2010).
The sustainable production of new renewable resource is now becoming a global trend since the first
generation bioenergy, primarily produced from food crops and mostly oil seeds have limitations in
their ability to achieve requirements for bioenergy production, climate change mitigation and
economic growth, therefore cannot sustainably replace fossil–based transport fuels. New technology
is developing to produce second generation bioenergy produced from non–food feed stocks such as
microalgae, which potentially offer greatest opportunities in the longer term (Greenwell et al. 2010).
Bioenergy from microalgae seems to be the best renewable biofuel that has the potential to
completely displace petroleum–derived transport fuels without adversely affecting supply of food
and other crop products, of which large arable land is required, also

Solar Panels, Hydropower, And Wind Turbines
DISCUSSION
How Biomass Works
Solar panels, hydropower, and wind turbines are all well–known renewable resources. However, one
of the most prevalent sources for energy is often overlooked. Biomass is a renewable and
sustainable energy resource that uses organic materials to generate electricity. ("Biomass Power
Association.") Biomass energy is made from any form of previously–living material. This includes
any animal material or product, all vegetation, and even human waste. Scrap lumber, forest debris,
crops, manure, and even industrial wastes can all be utilized and turned into renewable energy
through biomass. Often leftover materials from factories such as paper mills are used to help sustain
the renewable resource. However, this process tends to be inefficient and unreliable (Mary, Booth),
so frequently biomass energy is instead produced by cutting down forests or converting crops such
as sugar or corn into combustible fuels. Biomass is considered a renewable resource because organic
material and waste will always exist. Whether this is through forests, crops, or animals, as long as
humans inhabit the earth there will be waste to utilize. [figure 2]
Although biomass is sometimes considered inefficient in comparison to other fuels, biomass fuels
have two strengths when compared to widely–used fossil fuels. The first reason is the time
difference there is between fossil fuels and biomass. One example would be coal. In nature coal
requires close to 400 million

Productivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomas Briquettes...
Biomass densification by screw briquetting produces uniform, dense and durable solids desirable for
gasification, process heating, power generation and other heating applications which are currently
run by coal. Due to high wear rate, the screw and mould used for forming the briquettes deteriorate
leading to regular production stoppage and considerable down time losses. Hence Indian
entrepreneurs are apprehensive to adopt screw briquetting technology in spite of its potential. In this
work improvement in productivity parameters are tested for predetermined replacement of screw
before considerable damage is done. They were found to be significant and aiding quality briquette
output and smooth operation which could aid in improving ... Show more content on
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If the excess biomass materials are compacted to briquettes near their source they can be transported
to longer distances, stored for more duration unaffected much by humidity [9] and put into versatile
uses. There are many methods of densification available and screw briquetting is one good choice
for producing high quality briquettes, a sample of which is shown in fig 2. These types of briquettes
have uniform dimensions, high calorific value, less moisture are desirable feed stock for gasification
systems, process heating and power generation applications. But the screw briquetting technology is
having its own shortcomings like, the life of its parts like screw and mould are very short due to
high wear rate, need of skilled labors to run the machine and wastage of energy for heating the raw
material and the mould. The heating process is needed to eliminate moisture and volatile matters and
to melt the lignin content in the raw material which acts like a binder. The quality of briquettes
produced justifies the use of skilled labor. Due to high wear rate of screw and mould particularly the
screw which have very short life about 4 to 15 hrs [10] there are regular stoppages of production,
reconstruction of tools and wastage of output.Research works are going on all over the world in
designing compact briquetting machines,

Productivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomass Briquettes...
The sectional details of the parts are shown in fig 3 in which the machine shaft is supported by
radial and thrust bearings. Radial bearings support the dead load on the shaft, while thrust bearings
support the axial load due to compression of saw dust by screw. One end of the shaft is connected to
the gear drive. In the other end of the shaft screw is inserted. Starting section of screw placed inside
barrel conveys the material into the mould. Mould is made in two sections, first in which the cross
section gradually reduced to the final shape of briquette (called forming mould or wear sleeve) and
the later with uniform cross section of the final briquette which exerts necessary back pressure for
compression due to friction. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the second set of readings the stoppages are preplanned so that screw is removed before it was
damaged considerably. The heater is stopped earlier; very fine powder not suitable for briquetting
was introduced inside to push the previously formed matter out making the cleaning process easy
and short. The system will be started again with the new screw in place and heated to required
temperature about 250oC. The average down time in this trial was considerably reduced to 31
minutes. The experimental details are given in table 1. Table 1 Experimental details for Eutectrode
700 coated screw
The same kind of trials are repeated with screws coated with VAUTID 302 which is a tungsten
carbide electrode and its coating increased life of screw to more than 10 hrs[10]. The same type of
mould with Eutechtrode 700 was used in this trial but replaced along with the second screw
replacement. Readings were taken for 4 trials to keep the total duration similar to that of first set.
The next set of trials with planned stoppages was also conducted for 4 trials in the similar way and
the readings tabulated. The details of the experiment are presented in table 2. Preplanning downtime
has shown improvements in the following aspects.
 The downtime per setup went down;
 productivity has shown improvement;
 Even though it was not accounted labor productivity & morale went up significantly.
 The production of unacceptable quality briquettes at the last part of

Canfor Lumber Company Case
Canfor is a main Canadian incorporated timberland items organization situated in Vancouver, British
Columbia ("BC"), included basically in the wood business, with creation offices in BC, Alberta, and
the United States ("US"). Canfor additionally has a 50.5% enthusiasm for the mash and paper
business of Canfor Pulp Products Inc. ("CPPI"), and claimed a dyed chemi–thermo mechanical
mash ("BCTMP") plant ("Taylor Pulp Mill"), all situated in BC. In 2014, the Company finished the
second period of the buy of the timber business of Scotch and Gulf Lumber, LLC ("Scotch Gulf")
situated in Mobile, Alabama expanding its proprietorship to 33%. Consequent to year end, on
January 30, 2015, the Company finished the third period of the securing expanding its ... Show more
Further talk of the Normal Course Issuer Bid is given in the "Money related Requirements and
Liquidity" area of this report. On January 2, 2015, Canfor finished the principal period of the buy of
Beadles Lumber Company and Balfour Lumber Company Inc. ("Beadles and Balfour") situated in
Georgia, speaking to an introductory 55% possession interest. The second period of the securing
whereby Canfor will possess 100% of Beadles and Balfour is planned to close toward the start of
2017. In April 2015, Canfor will likewise get 100% of Southern Lumber Company Inc. ("Southern
Lumber") situated in Mississippi. Additionally consequent to year end, on January 30, 2015, Canfor
finished the offer of the Taylor Pulp Mill to CPPI (Further exchange of the offer of the Taylor Pulp
Mill might be found in Note 32 of the Annual Financial Statements). In the earlier year, the
Company finished the offer of its half partake in Canfor–LP OSB Limited Partnership (renamed
Louisiana LP OSB Limited Partnership) ("Peace Valley OSB"), which claims the Peace Valley OSB
Mill, to Louisiana Pacific Corporation

Global Energy Propects : Challenges And Future Prospect
TITLE GLOBAL ENERGY PROPECTS:CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECT The world is
confronting energy destitution – absence of access to power, advanced vitality administrations and
mechanical power .Quarter of the total populace still lives without power, or different types of
present day vitality administrations, while as much as 33% of aggregate humankind depends on
conventional biofuels, for example, bovine manure or kindling .It brings about extraordinary cost to
wellbeing or economic welfare and security .The world additionally confronting twin vitality related
danger : that of not having satisfactory and secure supplies of energy at moderate costs and that of
ecological mischief brought on by its utilization. Reasonable vitality assumes a key part in financial
development and human advancement and taking off vitality costs and late geopolitical occasions
have helped us to remember the defenselessness of the worldwide vitality framework to supply
disturbances. Protecting energy supplies is by and by at the highest point of the worldwide strategy
motivation. The present example of energy supply conveys the risk of extreme and irreversible
ecological harm. So the objectives of energy security and natural insurance requires solid and
composed government activity and open support. The world 's vitality needs will develop
significantly more steeply from now than whenever since the start of the modern unrest. The number
of inhabitants in the industrialized world generally devour

A Common Misconception About Evolution
A common misconception about evolution is that it results in organisms that are perfectly suited to
their environments. In fact, there are many limitations to evolution that keep it from producing
perfect traits. Photosynthesis, the process that supports nearly all of life on Earth, is also sub–
optimally efficient. Since photosynthesis is the source of all of our food and energy, examining its
inefficiencies may lead to improvements in our abilities to produce food, materials, and sustainable
bioenergy. So, what are these inefficiencies? What is the potential for improvement? If possible,
should we improve the process of photosynthesis? How might this effect our environment and
ourselves? These are the questions that frame the following essay. The world population is projected
to approach ~10 billion people before it stops growing within the century (Lutz et al., 2001).
Currently this population growth outpaces gains from conventional crop improvement and this trend
is likely to continue (von Caemmerer and Evans, 2010). Harvest index and light interception
efficiency are two yield potential determinants that have been manipulated to increase crop yields,
but evidence suggests that they are reaching an upper limit (Long et al., 2006). Therefore increasing
the efficiency with which solar energy is converted into biomass may be an attractive strategy for
meeting future food demand. Recent experiments show that this might be possible; by testing grain
crops in elevated CO2

Dependence of Man on the Environment
Comparison of Biomass and Biofuels Leslie Stillwagon SCI207: Dependence of Man Instructor: Dr.
Dariush Azimi June 13, 2011 Revised June 21, 2011 When having to wonder how the environment
is fairing with all the global warming and climate changes on going in the world. There are more of
the renewable fuels to use like biofuels and biomass we have to wonder how all of this will affect
the ever changing of the environment. There are several different environmental problems of
biofuels and biomass in the world. We often wonder about the comparison of energy security by
biofuels and biomass combined together, because these items are being used for energy and the
future of our environmental issues and science. Most of the biofuels ... Show more content on
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It seems crazy that it is how we get the crops and different things that can be turned into ethanol like
with corn is turned into gas for vehicles. With all the talk about how bioethanol can help the
environment there is also biodiesel and biomass in combination with the ethanol used for the
replacement of oil and gas companies. Some people don't think about how their actions can affect
the environment by biomass and biofuels to be replaced using energy and can also replace oil–based
fuels. "Biomass resources can be used to produce methanol. The pyroligneous acid obtained from
wood pyrolysis consists of about 50% methanol, acetone, phenols, and water (Demirbas and Gullu,
1998; Gullu and Demirbas, 2001). As a renewable resource, biomass represents a potentially
inexhaustible supply of feedstock for methanol production." We need to keep making sure that we
don't forget to protect the environment. People don't realize that with bioenergy you can create
biomass and biofuels with power plants that supply electricity to the country. Many people don't
realize that what they do now will depend on how our future generations will be able to depend on

The Biofuel And Biomass Industry
Abstract
The biofuel and biomass industry has become potentially more beneficial over the last few decades.
They have considerably reduced the usage of fossil fuels. As the non–renewable energy is being
replaced by the renewable energy, new initiatives are proposed for the continuous development of
supply chain network for biofuel energy. The main aim is to determine the optimal model of supply
chain for the biofuel industry, operations of biofuel supply chain, and also design a reliable supply
chain network for the biofuel and biomass industries. Multiple papers have been discussed in
considering various challenges present in the biofuel production market. The key objective of the
paper is to maximize the profit, study the changes in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keywords: Mixed integer programming, supply chain, biofuels, biomass, CyberGIS
Introduction Renewable resources play a vital role in supporting the environment by balancing the
ecosystem. The production of biomass and biofuel over the last few decades has increased due to its
sustainability over the fossil fuels. The biomass and the biofuel supply chain production have
rapidly increased all over the world to reduce the environmental impacts caused by the extinction of
non–renewable energy. This paper discusses about the production of biofuel and biomass supply
chain. The below table includes the methods, objective function and problems studied in each
article.
Article Method Objective Function Problem Studied
1 MILP Maximize the net present value [1] Optimization of forest residue
2 MILP
Monte Carlo [2] Maximization of net present value Optimization of waste cooking oils
3 MILP
Benders Decomposition Algorithm [3] Minimize the system costs Network design, operations,
environmental issues
4 MILP Maximize the total economic value [4] Development of bio–products from energy crops
5 MILP Minimize costs of production Expand production of biomass from agricultural & animal
waste
6 MINLP
Genetic algorithm [6] Minimize the total costs Construction of new facilities and transportation
network
7 MILP
Cyber–GIS [7] BioScope Linear combination of all the costs [7] Designing a biomass supply chain

decision making process
8 MILP
Stochastic [8] programming Maximize

The Production Of Aviation Biofuel From Renewable Feedstock
The present paper deals with the opportunities and challenges in the production of aviation biofuel
from renewable feedstock. Discussions on the characteristics of feedstock, the methods used in the
production process, a comparison of renewable hydrocarbon fuel with biohydrogen, biodiesel,
bioalcohol and biomethane as alternative fuels, the industry commitments and collaborations and
future outlook and recommendations in this field are also included.
Introduction:
Biofuels have been around for a long time. However, huge deposits of pertroleum based resources
have been found and kept gasoline and diesel cheap for decades. Biofuels were largely forgotten.
However, with the recent rise in oil prices, along with growing concern about global ... Show more
The selection of a feedstock has a major effect, not only on the efficacy of the synthetic pathway, but
also on the environmental and health effects of the process. The use of fossil fuels, or nonrenewable
resources, can harm the environment by the emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide
through combustion reaction. The main reasons for the production of aviation biofuel the increased
costs of petroleum and environmental concern. Aside from cost and the environment, some other
factors should also be considered such as secure functioning of the engine and consistency.
Many different routes have been made for the production of aviation bio fuel from renewable
resources. The routes for the conversion of the feedstock to biofuel include thermochemical and
biochemical approaches. The future of alternative fuel can be influenced by the co–operation
between different organizations, states and countries. International Air Transport Association (IATA)
expects 30% contribution of Bio jet fuel for the jet fuel use by 2030.2
Considering that the resources that are used for the production of bio aviation fuel are low in cost
and renewable, a carefully chosen and administerd production route can reduce fuel cost.
Developing countries can also benefit from the economical advances the biofuel industry can offer.
The available land in these countries, which is not being used for food production, may be used to
grow the feedstock necessary for

Forest Biomass Utilization for Energy Production
The public perception of forest biomass utilization for energy production faces significant concerns
in regard to the sustainability of local forests. Community participation and input is critical in
addressing citizen's concerns and priorities when developing a local energy plan. Greater
opportunities for public engagement in the energy planning and policy making processes allow for
more innovative and publicly supported uses of forest woody biomass. Since wood bioenergy is
typically grown in proximity to where it is used, community members may be more aware of their
energy source and thus, more cognizant of how they use it. With more communities working toward
self–sufficiency through diverse economies, locally grown food, and thriving infrastructure, locally
produced energy can provide yet another way for communities to be self–reliant (NACD, 2012).
Competition for wood within a region is an important factor when considering a wood–using
facility. This is particularly an issue for existing small–diameter wood–using industries such as pulp
and paper companies. From an economic perspective, however, an increase in competition should
drive the price of wood higher, which could encourage more forest landowners to plant trees for
future feedstock needs. And while woody biomass is a new and potentially revolutionary forestry
product, there are many additional uses and beneﬁts of forests, including recreation, timber, paper
production, and wildlife habitat. Communities must

A Brief Note On Housing Association And The Center Of Dundee
HILLCREAST
Hillcrest Housing Association had developed to 600–700 staff, managing over 6000 properties.
Their headquarters was situated in a 1970 's building manufactured for a jute in the center of
Dundee. Hillcrest required more space for their staff, the new building serves solely as company
offices, with the Dundee housing office where tenants would come to pay rent or discuss tenancies
remaining at Camperdown Street at the docks in the city center. £5.3m budget.
Heating/cooling
Air is brought into the building through 5 trunk–molded conduits climbing out of the grass to the
once again of the building. Low controlled fans support the methodology. The air is drawn into a
"maze" of 600mm solid pipes that bolster into a block chamber ... Show more content on
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In two rooms in the building it demonstrated unreasonable to depend on this framework alone to
give cool air and individual ventilating units were introduced – the IT room where significant high
temperature is created by the server and the meeting room where it was figured that a speedier
cooling time was needed than could be effected by the fan–aided characteristic ventilation. Also,
heat is provided by the biomass boiler feeding a high temperature collector which then bolsters
heated water to radiators all through the building, each one fitted with a thermostatic valve. Hot
water to tea–points, kitchen, gym shower room and toilets is given by a solar heated evacuated tubes
situated on the top of the boiler room.
Another important thing is that every window on the North and south exteriors is fitted with
physically worked roller blinds. The glazed West gable is fitted with mechanically worked blinds
activated by a light meter. Lamp units all through the building are low–vitality, with daylight control
and occupancy detection to minimize energy consumption. Showers, taps and WC 's are designed
for low water–consumption. Rain water is gathered from the top and recycled for use in flushing the
toilets. A SUDS is installed externally. The building envelope surpasses great practice measures for
air tightness with a measured air permeability of 3.3m3/ hr/m2.

Ted Talk Analysis Essay
Ted Talk Analysis Proposal: Energy Conservation Energy conservation is an important subject to
address for many reasons. Oil resources, which most of the energy used today derives from, are
depleting quickly. The more scarce these resources become, the more expensive it will cost. The
production and consumption of this energy source is also bad for the environment. If nothing
changes, then oil resources will be used up soon, prices will be high and global warming will be
even worse. Through my presentation, I want to convey the message that action needs to take place
to save the future. I want to teach the lesson that this problem will not go away by itself. I also want
to talk about ways change can be done. The first TED talk video I watched is called "The Political
Chemistry of Oil" by Lisa Margonelli (Margonelli). In this talk, Margonelli speaks of the
unrestrained oil consumption that is occurring and her proposal for America to cut down their usage
of oil. She introduces the topic of oil spills by talking about how disastrous they are. She makes the
point that oil consumption only decreases when oil prices increase. Margonelli stresses the idea ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I chose this video above the others because the other videos focus on specific approaches to the deal
with this issue. His idea of the transition approach brings people together which I personally think is
the best way to get a job done. The ideas in the other videos were also good just they did not
emphasize the need for widespread action to be done. Hopkins has a voice that is easy to listen to
and understand, which his accent may be the reason for. He also uses great oral techniques which I
hope to be able to use effectively as well. In conclusion, I would like to use the "Transition to a
World Without Oil" by Rob Hopkins for my

Introduction Of Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis Sativa L. ) (...
Introduction to industrial hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) (no more than 2 pages) o Growing
conditions/climate
Hemp is an annual herbaceous crop with a long history of cultivation due to its wide range of uses
and adaptive nature. Once indigenous to Central and South Asia, hemp does especially well in
temperate zones. Optimum hemp yields are obtained when daily temperatures range between 60˚
and 80˚F with total available moisture ranging between 20 to 28 inches through the growing season.
The first six weeks of growth require 10 to 14 inches of moisture to become well established.
(Dewey, 1913)
Hemp cultivation can be successful in a wide range of environmental conditions. In regions of cold
climate high hemp yields can be produced "resulting in high area–efficiency, which reduces
competition with food and feed crops for arable land." (Prade et al., 2012b). Hemp yields are
hindered by soils that have poor drainage, low organic content, or pH levels outside the optimum
range of 5.8 and 6.0. (Bocsa and Karus, 1998).
o Harvesting/storage o Historical cultivation
 Introduction to US colonies
 US shifts in policy: Marihuana Tax Act of 1937  "Hemp for Victory" " Reefer Madness" 
Controlled Substances Act of 1970  Current federal ban on cultivation
The lack of a clear separation between hemp and marijuana explains why the domestic cultivation of
hemp was banned when marijuana was outlawed in the United States in 1937. (Genetic Variation,
2006)
o Current Applications/Uses


Economic And Environmental Integration And Optimization Of...
Economic and Environmental integration and optimization of biomass based CHP and micro CHP
into HVAC systems, using life cycle assessment methodology
Global climate change, a growing population, decreasing availability of fossil fuels increasing
environmental and economic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more
sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely
increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and global environmental
problem. It is estimated that the world energy consumption will increase from 522 EJ in 2006 to 570
EJ in 2015 and 730 EJ in 2030. Due to the rising energy demand and diminishing energy resources,
sustainability and energy conservation are becoming increasingly important topics (Conti et al.,
2013). Governments and businesses are starting to pay more attention to the role of energy in the
design, development and operation of buildings and whole communities.
Buildings currently stand for almost 40% of entire energy consumption in the world therefore there
is a great energy saving potential in buildings (Europe's buildings under the microscope e a country–
by–country review of the energy performance of buildings. Buildings Performance Institute Europe,
2011).
Residential sector is one of the major energy consumers in Canada and is responsible for 77% of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for space heating and cooling, and hot water.
Canada has planned to

Alternative Energy: Solar Energy
In the world today, alternative energy source which is an alternative to fossil fuel and nuclear energy
is becoming more and more of a necessity. Right now, the world's population growth has caused an
increase in the energy demand. Rosenberg (2009) pointed out that the world's current growth rate is
about 1.14%, representing a doubling time of 61 years. OECD's International Energy Agency[IEA]
(2014) found that from 2011 to 2035 the world energy demand is likely to rise by more than two–
thirds. Though there have been challenges in the deployment of these new technologies, but
incentives exist to utilize renewable energy. These include solar energy, wind energy, and biomass
energy sources. Solar energy using energy emitted from the sun which then transformed into electric
energy by using solar panels or photocatalytic cell . Some of the countries such as Japan and
Malaysia is a blessed land which including all–year–long tropical climate that guarantee substantial
solar power convert into energy. Solar energy become the suitable choice to overcome the increasing
energy demand and the parallel increase of greenhouse gas emissions which is caused by fossil–fuel
power generation . Sunlight is everywhere and the resource is practically undying .It is readily
abundant to us. Solar radiation is the most plentiful energy source on Earth and sufficient to meet
the present global energy needs. According to Patil (2010), fossil fuels have the limited sources and
have the r/p ratio of

Should Biofuel Be Allowed In Australia
A scientific research that has been undertaken in CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific Industrial
Research Organisation) and will be the greatest benefit for the society as well as the environment is
biofuel. Biofuel is a liquid fuel that has been derived from other materials such as waste plants and
animal matter; the most commonly extracted type of biofuel is ethanol and biodiesel. As oil supplies
have gone down rapidly, demands for renewable alternatives have become very important. Biofuel
will have a greater impact on our transport future as it is an alternative fossil fuelled based
petroleum, meaning that it will be more sustainable and much more essential as oil supplies decline
and is necessary to in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuel is a scientific research that
will significantly benefit Australian environment as well as Australian society. As biofuel is a
renewable fuel that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An advantage biofuel has which will benefit the society is it's cost benefit. The current cost of
biofuel is approximately the same amount for gasoline, however the overall benefits of using biofuel
is much higher. Biofuels are cleaner fuels meaning that they produce fewer emissions when burning.
The biofuel industry is expected to fuel economic development in poor rural countries, allowing
these 3rd world countries to develop with more economic stability as it also creates room for
employment. Also, biofuel will also increase the demand for suitable biofuel crops, which enables
economic stimulation in the agriculture industry particularly in rural countries.
Hence, biofuel is a recent scientific research undertaken in Australia and will be the greatest benefit
towards society and the environment. As biofuel can help contribute environmentally through
lowering levels of pollution, it also benefits the society by offering economic stimulation as well as

Advantages And Advantages Of Bioenergy And Solar Energy
Nowadays, global warming is causing terrible damages from climate change such as powerful
typhoons, hurricanes, tsunami, super flood to human lives. It has become a big issue since the
changes have happened more frequently. Therefore, many scientists are struggling with finding
some alternative sources of energy to fossil fuel which release a great amount of carbon dioxide that
have affected global warming. Governments also struggle with finding some possible solutions to
deal with climate change. They are encouraging and investing on researching new energy sources.
Bioenergy and solar energy have been highly used as alternative energies. This essay will explore
the advantages and disadvantages of bioenergy and solar energy. How governments encourage
spreading renewable energy in the specific countries will be described.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy which is obtained by combusting the biomass. It is also called
'biomass energy'. Biomass is one of alternative sources, which consists of different materials such as
trees, construction wood, sewage sludge, manure, and farm waste including cornhusks, peanut
shells, leaves and so on (Ischenko et al, 2007). Ischenko et al (2007) claim that biomass releases less
carbon dioxide than fossil fuel. In the other words, it helps to slow down the pace of global
warming. Another advantage of it is turning the great amount of waste such as potato peels, used
cooking oil, pig intestines into useful energy. So it can reduce the costs of

Why Is Biochar To Mitigate Global Climate Change
The conservative scenario results in net reduction of more than 0.5 gigatons of carbon per year. The
net reduction in moderate and optimistic scenarios are around 1.25 gigatons and almost 2 gigatons
of carbon per year respectively. Under the optimistic plus scenario, the reduction is about 2.2
gigatons per year by 2050("Using Biochar Systems to Sequester Carbon | Agricultural Marketing
Resource Center"). The author further discusses the role that biochar systems can play in reducing
greenhouse emissions levels. The following table has been presented in the article to show the
contribution of biochar systems in GHG emission offset. Biochar alone can reduce the emissions by
10% in average. When the collective effect of all three offsets is ... Show more content on
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The paper describes the sustainable biochar concept with the aid of the following diagram. The
paper discusses the dependence of the climate–change mitigation potential of biochar and bioenergy
on the fertility of the soil being amended, the carbon intensity of the fuel being offset, and the
feedstock used for deriving them (type of biomass). Locations with high soil fertility and where coal
is the fuel being offset is more suitable for bioenergy production. For all other situations, biochar
has a higher climate–change mitigation potential than bioenergy (Woolf, Amonette, Alayne Street–
Perrott, et al.).
Fig 3: Sustainable Biochar Concept Overview. Reprinted from: Woolf, Dominic et al. "Sustainable
Biochar to Mitigate Global Climate Change." (2010): n. pag. Web. 3 Dec. 2017
Sustainable biomass–feedstock availability is crucial to any biochar system. Thus, the study uses a
strict set of criteria to assess the availability of feedstock for biochar to ensure the approach is
sustainable. Land conversion to generate biomass is of primary importance as it can have adverse
effects on the ecosystem. In addition, it can lead to release of carbon stored in the soils and
biomass(Woolf, Amonette, Alayne Street–Perrott, et al.). This results in unacceptable limits of
carbon pay–back times before any net reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide is achieved.
(Fargione et al.)(Woolf, Amonette, Alayne Street–Perrott, et al.). For example, clearance of

Alternative Energy Essay
Modern alternative energy generation methods are limited by several factors including efficiency,
inability to respond to sudden changes in power demand, and susceptibility to environmental events.
In 2010 the leading renewable energy sources were hydro–electric, wind, bioenergy, geothermal,
and solar Photo Voltaic (PV)[1]. Of these, hydroelectric made up 82% of the renewable resource
energy generation, while the other means all contributed about equally. These relationships can be
seen clearly in the table below. Although hydroelectric makes up a large portion of the electricity
produced, it is not appropriate to discount the other sources due to the frequency where
hydroelectric power generation is unpractical. It is important to have a ... Show more content on
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The addition of the dam can also have negative effects downstream, where water flow will now be
restricted. These drawbacks often make a hydroelectric dam impractical, and as a result cannot be
the only form of renewable energy that we consider bringing into a smart grid.
After hydroelectric, the next leading energy producer is the wind turbine. In 2015, wind turbines
across the United States generated roughly 226 billion kilowatt–hours of electricity[3]. Wind
turbines raise many different concerns from hydroelectric power sources because of how differently
these sources create electricity. The wind turbine operates by transforming the kinetic energy of the
wind into electricity using a generator turned by the turbine blades. The most notable difference in
performance between these sources is that, unlike hydroelectric dams, which can in impractical or
simply impossible in some places in the world, the wind turbine is acceptable anywhere that wind is
present. Though wind can be found everywhere, there is a significant issue that the wind does not
blow to match the demand for electricity. This means there are three states that these systems can
operate in. Should the turbines be permitted to spin freely, they could produce more electricity than
is needed, or if it were a calm day, electricity demands could outweigh the amount of electricity
produced. It's almost impossible for the

The Informative And Positive Effects Of Renewable Energy
Informative Presentation Outline Name: Shandy Duraso Topic: Renewable Energy General Speech
Goal: Inform others on the negative and positive effects of renewable energy. Specific Speech Goal:
Show the importance on why we should change our ways and convert to renewable energy.
Introduction I. Attention Getter: If it could be properly harnessed, there's enough sunlight that falls
on the earth in just one hour to meet the worlds energy demands for an entire year. II. Establish
Credibility: There has been an emanate amount of research when regarding renewable energy
sources. III. Audience Motivation: We all live on the same planet and should be educated on what is
really going on here. I. Thesis/Purpose Statement: Alternative energy sources should replace the use
of fossil fuels because they will make for a cleaner environment, they are unlimited and renewable.
Transition Sentence: There are several types of renewable energy sources such as solar power,
bioenergy, and hydrogen fuel cells. Body I. Main Point #1: Types of renewable energy. A. Subpoint:
The first type of renewable resource is solar power. (Williams 2015) 1. Support: Solar power is
obtained by harnessing the energy of the sun's rays. 2. Support: Solar power has very little pollution,
uses no greenhouse gases and is a renewable source. B. Subpoint: The second type of renewable
resource is bioenergy. (Williams 2015) 1. Support: Bioenergy is renewable energy produced by
living organisms. 2.

Case Analysis : Gorilla Health Bars
INTRODUCTION Gorilla health Bars is a food producing company situated in Victoria, Australia.
It commonly produce health based snakes bars by fruit, oats, and nuts. It started its business in 2011,
with old two stored building.in recent times they started to make a bit of profit and expend there
business by focusing on corporate social responsibility. Defining PROBLEMS Firstly, GHB using
an old building. This was built in 1960. It constructed with corrugated iron as well. So it's become
so hot in summer and too cold in winter. Secondly, it's having water consumption problem. It's
increasing rapidly in the last two years. In the end it increases product manufacture ring costs. So it
's a great threat for this company. Thirdly, the supply chain management of GHB is not good
enough. It saw that, GHB collets there raw materials from Darwin, Australia. So their cost lots of
money to collect those materials causes it's so far from Victoria. To figure out the facing problems of
Gorilla Health Bars and find the best solution is the main of this report. Hence finding more
sustainable way to gain more profit and expend there business on focusing on CSR is also an aim of
this report. The main view point of the report is to make Gorilla Health Bars more sustainable and
economically proficient. In this report, facing three problems which are electricity bills, water
consumption and transportation cost of GBH would discuss and solution would given. FINDING
AND DISCUSSION

Ethanol as an Alternative Energy Source Essay
Biofuels: Ethanol an Alternative Energy Source
Abstract
In today's society, when someone wants to go to the movies, work, school, library, or mall, they
drive to their destination. The average amount of gasoline consumed per year is about 146 gallons in
the U.S. (Biofuels for Transportation, p1). Discoveries of huge petroleum deposits kept gasoline
cheap for decades and biofuels were forgotten (Leen, p1). However, with the recent oil prices, along
with growing concern of global warming caused by carbon dioxide emissions, biofuel regained
popularity (Leen, p1). Ethanol, a renewable fuel made from plants was added to gasoline to increase
octane and help the engines burn more efficiently and cleanly (West,p1).
Introduction
Ethanol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the start of the 20th century, Henry Ford planned to fuel his Model T's with ethanol (Leen, p2).
This widely available fuel used in many vehicles on the road including sedans, minivans, SUVs,
pickups and light trucks costs about the same as a gallon of regular gasoline. A gallon of E85, a fuel
mix of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, contains less energy than a gallon of gasoline (Leen, p2).
Although ethanol has lower mileage and requires you to fill your tank more often, research proves
that it is better for our environment. In fact, Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, all recommend ethanol
fuels (Leen, p2). Drivers would need more ethanol to drive the same distance, and ethanol prices are
expected to be higher than gasoline prices when and if it is implemented on a national scale. Drivers
of ethanol–powered cars may also have to drive further distances to find a specialized gas station,
which offers E85 ethanol (Alternative Energy, p1).
Advantages
One of the advantages of ethanol fuel is its organic origins. In the United States, ethanol is primarily
derived from corn. Since corn and sugar cane are both renewable resources grown by domestic
farmers, the land is known as an advantage (Sunshine, p1). Ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline,
which is another one of the advantages. It does not contain significant amounts of toxic materials
such as lead and benzene (Sunshine, p1). By lowering the amount of greenhouse gases and ozone
created

Experiment Synthesis Essay
The project's hypothesis is: if the type of biomass is vegetable peels then the amount of biogas
produced will increase. This project tests the amount of biogas produced when cow manure is
combined with different types of biomass (in this case, mashed bananas and vegetable peelings). It
is an interesting project because studying how biogas is produced, it is possible to see how this
chemical reaction happens. Biogas can be used for cooking, heating, and after going through a
transformation process it could be even used as fuel. If studied more, biogas could have more
functions. When choosing this experiment the hopes were to find out what types of things easily
found can increase the production of biogas, and how could it be produced. Cows ... Show more
And when the bananas were mixed with the cow manure (that also produces gas by itself), the
amount of gas produced was a lot bigger than the other options. The predicted results were for the
vegetable peelings + cow manure balloon would turn out to be bigger at the end of the experiment ,
but the bananas combined with the manure produced more gas than the expected. If repeated, the
changes made would be the place where the experiment happened and the type of bottles used. The
bottles used had drawings all over its surface, which made it hard to look at what was going on, and
placed (at the porch) where it had the risk of being dropped because of the wind/any other natural
causes or even because of people that could walk by and drop it if not paying attention. The data
does not support the hypothesis, since the products that produced more biogas were not the
vegetable peelings and the cow manure. The average difference between the vegetable peelings
(approximately 0.6 cm) and the mashed bananas (approximately 2.5 cm) were 1.9 cm

The Different Performances Of Different Types Of Fuel Essay

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