Gray Wolves: Habitat, Diet and Behavior of the Iconic Predator

Characteristics Of The Gray Wolves
The species I am writing and researching about is the Gray Wolves. I think Gray Wolves are cool
and very interesting. In this article "Gray Wolf," "Adult male wolves are explained to average 95–
100 pounds, while adult females average 80–85 pounds. Macalester says, "The heaviest wolf ever
reported was 175 pounds, found in east central Alaska" All wolves fur color is different. You will see
the gray color fur the most on a wolf (Macalester 3).
The gray wolf lives only in a few parts of America. One of the ranges of the gray wolves live in
Alaska, and in the Pacific Northwest. Another range they live in is the Rockies and the great lakes.
They also live in parts of Canada (Parks, 5). The gray wolves are used to live all over the United
States, but they got reduced to certain areas of the United States now (Parks, 5). The gray wolves in
a big amount of area that has a huge population of the prey they eat. A wolf's range is as large as "80
to 300 miles", which is determined by how many prey lives in the region (American Expedition 7).
The gray wolf's habitat areas are huge mountains and big forests. Their habitat needs to have big
prey population for them. Their habitat also should have a place where they can have shelter, and a
lair for them to sleep in (Parks,5). A good place to hear a wolf is at the Yellowstone National Park,
which was first habitat for them (Parks, 5). The wolves can survive in different areas of the
environment, such as the grasslands, and woods.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Overpopulation In The Everglades Essay
With an impressive 23 feet in length, and weighing 200 pounds, the Burmese python is taking up the
Everglades space. It's no wonder animals around here go missing. What exactly is the reason they're
in the Everglades? Why are they everywhere? Well they have no natural predators, there's way too
many of them, and they are dramatically changing the number of animals. To continue, the Burmese
python doesn't regularly eat the same thing. Every meal is different in the Everglades. Since they're
"carnivores", they go after all the "small birds and mammals". (Matt Piven, Page 44, Paragraph 2)
Sooner or later they are bound to be "extinct" in the Everglades. Wouldn't that be a sad ending to
these poor animals? As previously stated, overpopulation is a big problem too. With so many of
them in the Everglades, their food sources numbers are declining. But this is the outcome of
previous python owners being "downright stupid" and purchasing a pet snake "without researching
anything" about the python. (EcoEchoes, page 47, Paragraph 3) The outcome usually ends with the
owners letting them go into the wild. Resulting in its overpopulation in the Everglades. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With no regular meals for pythons these "eating machines" are devouring "huge numbers" of
animals. (Andrew Ng, Page 45, Paragraph 1) And when you have pythons killing and eating
animals, it becomes a threat to our Florida Everglades. It has even come to the making of a "python
challenge". (Source 3: Advertisement, Page 46) Where they are willing to hire anyone to kill a
python. All you have to do is pay "pay a $25 registration fee" and you'll get a lessons from "experts"
who know about hunting. Even though this could be an even bigger threat to the Everglades, rather
than the Burmese pythons

The Great Honor Of The Hundred Acre Woods
From the ancient ceremonies of China to the Hundred Acre Woods, tigers have had iconic roles in
cultures around the world. They symbolize strength, energy, and wealth, and to be associated with
one – whether through birth signs or personality traits – is a great honor. Their time on Earth,
however, may one day come to an end, and they will be reduced to legends and storybook characters
unless we do something to help them.
Tigers are beautiful, powerful, and majestic creatures that are being wiped out by humans. If they're
not dying from habitat loss, they're being hunted for their fur and bones to make fancy clothes and
traditional medicines that can be easily replaced with aspirin. We humans act as though our higher
intelligence gives us ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tigers can eat about 88 pounds of meat at one time and will hunt every eight or nine days. They are
not house cats. They are strong, smart, and independent animals that need the respect they are due.
Historically, there have been nine subspecies of tigers. Three have become extinct in the last
century: the Bali tiger, the Caspian tiger, and the Javan tiger. One subspecies, the South China tiger,
is on the top ten list of endangered species list and is projected to disappear in the next ten years.
The remaining five subspecies are the Siberian, Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, and Sumatran tigers.
Including all the subspecies, there are fewer than 3,200 wild tigers left in the world. Each of these
subspecies inhabits a specific geographical location; the disappearance of a subspecies means the
disappearance of tigers in an entire area. For example, when the Caspian tiger, which lived in the
Middle East from around the Caspian Sea through Kazakhstan, was declared extinct in the 1970s,
tigers weren't to be found farther west than India. The loss of a subspecies is a very big deal for the
ecosystems they occupied.
There are two main reasons for the endangerment of tigers. The first reason is poaching. Tigers are
often hunted for their fur to make clothing and fashion accessories in both Asian and Western
countries. Some traditional Tibetan robes

Summary : ' Tigress '
"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation) and Tigress (disambiguation).
Tiger
Temporal range: early Pleistocene–Recent
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Tigress at Jim Corbett National Park.jpg
A Bengal tiger (P. tigris tigris)
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Binomial name
Panthera tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
P. t. tigris
P. t. corbetti
P. t. jacksoni
P. t. sumatrae
P. t. altaica
P. t. amoyensis
†P. t. virgata
†P. t. balica
†P. t. sondaica
†P. t. trinilensis
Tiger map.jpg

Tiger 's historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).[2]
Synonyms
Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758[3]
Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858
Tigris regalis Gray, 1867
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to 3.38 m
(11.1 ft) over curves and exceptionally weighing up to 388.7 kg (857 lb) in the wild. Its most
recognisable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish–orange fur with a lighter
underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow
leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are
territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat
that support their prey requirements. This,

Life of Pi
Everyone makes choices in their daily lives. People make easy choices and tough choices. While
making an easy choice, one of the options can be manipulated whereas while making tough choices,
few things are gained and few things are lost. For instance, if a person loves his family and friends
and if he has to make a choice between his family and friends, he would lose one of the options after
making a choice. If the person chooses family, he will lose friends. If he chooses friends, he will
lose his family. This is an example of a tough choice. Making a tough choice will always result in a
loss. Therefore, one's loss or gain depends on his/ her choice. In the novel, Life of Pi, by Yann
Martel, the protagonist of the story, Pi, also makes a few choices and loses some valuable things in
his life. In the novel, Pi is a sixteen year–old Indian boy stranded on a lifeboat with a Royal Bengal
Tiger, Richard Parker, in the Pacific Ocean who is trying to find a way to reach the shore. Firstly, Pi
loses his entire family when the ship, Tsimtsum, sinks in the ocean. This loss is a result of the choice
that Pi has made because he chooses to explore the ship instead of staying with his parents and his
brother. Secondly, loss that resulted from Pi's choice is his tradition. This can be said because Pi kills
a fish for food even though he does not eat meat. Thirdly, Pi loses his view of the world as a safe
place. His change is seen when he tries to train the tiger. Although Pi loses

Characteristics Of Leopards And Leopards
Leopards The name leopard comes from a Greek word meaning leopardus. Which it's a combination
of a lion and a panther. They are also considered as panthers but it just has spots. Leopards look
similar to the jaguars but just that the leopards have little spots than the jaguar's spots. These big cats
aren't just any other big cats like the lion, jaguars, and tigers, What makes them different than the
jaguars is their coat, how they take care of their cubs, and what their diet is. I know leopards are
similar like these other big cats but let's just focus on these unique cats. These panthers with spots
have a soft fur just like any other mammals. Most of the mammals fur are soft. Leopards and jaguars
have the same patterns of fur, such as spot that are black. "The coat of most leopards is light tan with
many dense black spots" (page. 202 – 203) says Schlitter. Which the leopards are described in some
people eyes when they see them. As in the jaguars their fur have bigger spots and sometimes have
little spots inside the spots. The leopards fur camouflages them into the grass that is around them,
when they are being sneaky for their meal of the day.
A leopard's diet are mostly anything that has considered meat which makes them carnivores. Each
time that they go and hunt, they aren't as picky on what they eat. Everytime that they go hunting for
their food they hunt for gazelle, impala, and deer. On occasion when they go hunting they go for
monkeys, rodents, and birds.

Tiger Vs Tiger Essay
Did you know that comparing the merit of lions and tigers has been a popular discussion amongst
hunters? While lions and tigers are both ferocious animals, people have often wondered if the two
animals were to fight, who would win, the lion, or the tiger. In ancient Rome, the tiger versus lion
face off wasn't uncommon. Tigers are considered the largest wild cats in the world, whereas lions
are the second largest big cat. Tigers are heavier than lions and can weigh up to 800 pounds.
Meanwhile, Lions only weigh up to 550 pounds. Tigers and lions are both mammals and also
excellent hunters. Tigers usually eat deer, antelope, and boar, while lions eat zebra, buffalo, and
wildebeest. A hungry tiger might each as much as 40 pounds ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They have eighteen claws , five on each front foot and four on each back foot. Tigers are more
aggressive than lions are. A single tiger will regularly take on game that is much stronger and far
larger than even the lion. On the contrary, the lion will require the help of the pride to take out large
game. Tigers are fast and brutal fighters. When a tiger fights, he fights for the kill, not just to push
another animal aside. Tiger's tend to go for the throat to kill whereas a lion would rather not fight. A
lion would rather roar and just pound the tiger and try to scare off his opponent if he can.
Rome's Colosseum was built in the first century A.D., and held thousands of gladiator games. Lions
and tigers and other animals were made to fight against each other and humans. Ancient paintings of
the event usually showed the tiger winning. In addition, in the late "1800's" the Gaekwad of Baroda,
an Indian ruler, arranged a fight between the tiger and the lion. Before the fight began people bet
that the tiger would win, and it did. Furthermore, in "2011", a tiger killed a lion at the Ankara Zoo.
The tiger found a gap in the fence separating their cages and severed the lion's jugular vein with just
one stroke with the paw. Craig Saffoe, a biologist and the curator of great cats at the Smithsonian
Zoo in Washington, D.C said, "The outcome of a given fight completely depends on the individuals:
their history,

Portrayal Of The Afghan Hound
Portrayal
The Afghan Hound is viewed as a refined sighthound. Tall and slim with a long, tight, refined head,
smooth topknot and influential jaws, the back some piece of the head and skull are truly noticeable.
The gag is marginally arched and the nose is dark. The Afghan has practically no stop, which is the
move region from backskull to gag. The teeth ought to meet in a level or scissors chomp. The dull
eyes are almond formed. The ears lie level to the head. The neck is long and solid. The tallness at
the shrinks ought to be practically level and the mid–region generally tucked up. The hipbones are
truly conspicuous. The front legs are solid and straight and the feet are substantial and secured with
long hair. The tail has a twist or ring at the tip, yet is not persisted the back. The long, rich, luxurious
layer is regularly the shade of sand with a darker face and ear borders, however all colors are
allowed. White markings, be that as it may, are disheartened.
Personality
Gallant, stately, lively, sweet, unwavering, loving and delicate, with a low strength level, the Afghan
could be to a degree reserved, yet standardize well. They must be prepared merciful yet in a cool
and firm way. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Associations with different sorts and breeds from the same range may give intimations to the
history. A name for a desert coursing Afghan dog, Tazi (droop e–tazi), proposes an imparted set of
relatives to the fundamentally the same Tasy breed from the Caspian Sea zone of Russia and
Turkmenistan.other sorts or types of comparative appearance are the Taigan from the rugged Tian
Shan locale on the Chinese fringe of Afghanistan, and the Barakzay, or Kurram Valley

Animals Treated Animals
Should animals continue to be treated as property? In the law they don't, but I think they should.
Animals are beings with emotions; therefore, they should be respected. Animals should not be used
in the circus because the animals in this are being incarcerated. They are being forced to do
unnatural things so they can avoid the animal abuse used in training. Trophy hunting should stay
legal for the simple fact that this is how must wildlife conservations are funded. It's easy for us to
criticize them as inhumane, but how else can poor countries get the money needed to fund this.
Sometimes the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. Also, I agree that livestock are
raised to be eaten and should be, but I don't agree with the ways that we treat them. We should treat
them with respect both before and during slaughter. While animals in the eyes of the law are seen as
property, this does not mean that man should be cruel to animals. They are beings that should be
respected.
In a perfect world, circuses would ban the use of entertainment animals. When one buys a ticket to
visit the circus, they are contributing to animal cruelty. Circuses use violence to train the animals, so
that they can do demeaning acts. It is not natural for elephants to balance themselves on a ball, or for
tigers to jump through rings of fire. During all the acts, the training will stand off to the side with a
whip ready to beat the animal when they don't want to perform. Circuses claim that they

Alpine Marmot: Sciuridae Family
Description The Alpine marmot (marmota marmota) is a member in the Sciuridae family, which is
the same family that squirrels, chipmunks, prairie dogs & other marmots are in. It can live up to 15–
18 years. The Alpine marmot has a brown coat with orange marking, and a beige to orange belly.
This marmot also has a brown muzzle. It has a white band between the eyes and muzzle. The Alpine
marmot has small ears and small legs as well. The tail is bushy and brown with black on it. The
typical weight of the small marmot is 3,500 grams. The Alpine marmot is sometimes considered the
largest squirrel species. Also, the Alpine marmot can burrow in gravelly and frozen ground. Before
the hibernation season, they eat a lot of food to get a layer of fat to

Japanese Giant Hornet Research Paper
Japanese Giant Hornet Did you know a Japanese Giant Hornet can grow up to 2.2 inches? This
hornet has many unique features. A Japanese Giant Hornet survives on nectar, and other
invertebrates (or an insect). A Japanese Giant hornet is a hornet not a hornet to be messed with. Also
it's way of attacking is unique . It's venom is potent enough to kill a grown man . Its stinger is 6
millimeters long. Almost every animal has a scientific name . This hornets scientific name according
A–Z animals.com is " Vespa Mandarina. " Their size varies from 1.1 inches – 2.2 inches . The size
of its stinger however is 6 millimeters. Its life span varies from 3–5 months. Not including when the
hornet gets killed . The phylum or group that this

Dead Armadillos Essay
A brave, tough, and a self–confident woman, that is who Gail White is. White claims to be a critic of
the world around her and she expresses this through her poetry. In her poem "Dead Armadillos," she
points out the way the society looks at animals and how they give importance to them. Gail White
was able to bring attention to the status of animals in the wild by using armadillos as a
representation of them, and telling how the majority of the society gives little importance to them by
using similes and giving the poem a sarcastic tone. White used similes to compare armadillos to a
"blind knight" (l.9), like medieval knights, armadillos are covered in armor, a soft shell that
surrounds their body as their defense mechanism, but even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
But instead society waits until the situation comes to a danger stage, then society will take actions to
save the armadillos, which is probably too late. In her poem she states "When we're down to the last
half dozen, we'll see them with the eyes of God." (l.18–19). When the numbers of armadillos are
very low, society will start to care for them like other animals which are included in the endangered
species list. Society will act like they cherish the lives of the armadillos, much like we cherish the
lives of our children, or another human being, society will start to see them with the "eyes of God,"
like how God gives importance to us as his children and how God cares for us. White also used a
sarcastic tone to her poem. The sarcastic tone of the poem adds power to the message she is trying to
convey to the reader. It brings attention to the situations of not just armadillos but every wild animal
that are being taken for granted. In lines 10 to 12 "No one cares. There is no Save the Armadillo
Society." Unlike other animals that are included in the endangered species list, there are no groups
or people who are trying to save the armadillos, because they are not endangered yet, there are still
plenty of them in the wild, their lives are not as precious as a polar bear, or a siberian tiger. In
conclusion, White is trying to tell

Faced with Getting Rid of His Animals in The Tiger Next...
Estimators report there are more tigers living in private captivity in the United States, than there are
roaming around the world. In the film, The Tiger Next Door, longtime animal lover Dennis Hill is
faced with getting rid of most, if not all of his animals. Before Dennis Hill owned exotic animals, he
was a very wealthy construction worker until he let the rich lifestyle get the best of him, and lost
most of his money through drugs, reckless motorcycle driving, and a rough divorce. After Hill was
sentenced to six month house arrest, he found his true passion to be owning and breeding tigers. The
major controversy the film discussed was that tigers are exotic and unpredictable animals, and even
the most skilled tiger handler cannot fully predict what they will do. This causes neighbors and
wildlife conservationists to be skeptical and uneasy when they find out that someone in the
community owns and breeds tigers and other exotic animals.
During the time of the film, Mr. Hill lived in Flat Rock, Indiana and had all different kinds of
animals, including (24) tigers, (6) leopards, (3) bears and one cougar. After hurricane Katrina hit, the
Department of Natural Resources went to Hill's home and took pictures of the living conditions of
the animals, and then published those pictures on the front page of the local newspaper. This brought
up controversy within the community and the DNR was forced to make a drastic change. Indiana
state law says the DNR is able to seize animals in

Evolutionary History of a Tiger
I. Introduction
Phylogeography is a field of study that implements biogeography and genetics to understand the
geographic distribution of a species. It is concerned with historical principles and processes that
influence evolution and speciation. The tiger is an evolutionary wonder; it is a prime example of the
responsiveness that some species have to changing climatic conditions. The tiger once had the
largest geographic distribution of all cat species; subspecies adaptations allowed them to live in a
large range of habitats throughout the Asian continent making it a perfect candidate for the study of
phylogeography. This review will examine the evolutionary history of the tiger and will explain how
the species was affected by climatic fluctuations and biogeographic processes during the Plestocene
epoch.
II. Distribution
a. Current Distribution
Today, contiguous distributions can be found throughout southern Asia, far east Russia, and the
Sunda islands of Sumatra, and Java (figure 1). It is widely agreed that the evolutionary history and
distribution of tigers and other fauna endemic to Asia is largely dominated by glacial cycles during
the late Pleistocene epoch. An examination of environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene
would assist in explaining the current distribution and the central point of origin of the species
Figure 1: Historic and current geographic distributions of the eight subspecies of tiger. The Isthamus
of Kra is the boundary that separates

The Battle Of The Somme
Quetext
About Widget FAQ Contact
How was the Battle of the Somme significant to the British in World War 1? The Battle of the
Somme was significant to the British in World War 1 because the British started and ended the
battle, there were horrific casualties as a result of this Battle and it led to many lessons being learnt.
The Battle was started by the British on the 1st July 1916 and ended on the 18th November 1916.
Throughout the Battle, many smaller battles took place the most significant being day Z. The death
toll was very high and many lessons were learnt from the Battle. The battle of the Somme was
started by the British on the 1st of July 1916 at 7:30 am (Johnson, 2016). The plan developed by the
British involved the British army (BEF) attacking the Germans along a 15 mile front north of the
Somme and the French army to attacking the Germans along an 8 mile front. They planned a
weeklong bombardment on the German trenches which would use a total of 1.7 million shells
(Johnson, 2016). The plan was developed in hope to relieve the French army fighting at Verdun with
the Germans. Two other goals were to destroy German's reserve power and inflict heavy losses on
the German army. Throughout the Battle, many important events occurred. The most gruesome day
was the first day also known as day Z which led to disaster on the British side. From here there were
a series of smaller attacks in preparation for a large scale assault on the 4th of July (BBC, 2016).
This attack

Braffalo Research Paper
The braffalo looks like a zebra and a braffalo , in fact that's where it got its name from. There are
only two more braffalo's in the world because of its unique look, horn's, and its stripe's. Back in the
1700's there were thousands of braffalo were alive! By the time of the 1800's there were only
hundreds of braffalo's. During the 1900's there were down to 80 – 90 left. Now in the 2000 scientist
found three braffalo's and one died a year later. The two are living in the World of animals (for rare
animals). Scientist hope they can mate and make babies. It's as big as a buffalo and it has a shaggy
black and white stripes like a zebra. It has two sharp brown horns on the side of its head to attack
predators. Its body length ranges

Arguments Against Hurricane Panther
Prior to 1949, panthers could be killed at any time of the year. In 1950, FWC declared the panther a
regulated species. in 1958, they were removed from game list and given complete legal protection.
On march 11th, 1967, the Panther was listed as endangered. The Florida Panther Act in 1978 made
killing a panther a felony. Now endangered in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Today,
the panther is restricted to less than 5% of its historic range. Population has increased from an
estimated 12–20 in the early 1970s to an estimated 100–120 in 2007. Still threatened by increasing
human population and development in their habitat. The panther has a recovery priority number of
6c. The recovery strategy for the Florida Panther is to maintain, restore and expand the panther
population and their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Never has a black panther been documented in North America. Adult males can reach a length of
seven feet from their nose to the tip of their nose. On average, adult males are around 116 lbs and
females weigh around 75 lbs. Kittens are usually grak with dark brown or blackish spots and five
bands around their tail. As they get older, the spots will fade and almost completely go away at six
months old. Their bright blue eyes slowly turn to the light brown straw color around the same time.
A plan for genetic restoration and management of the Florida Panther was developed in september
1994. Where non–pregnant adult female texas pumas were released in areas of South Florida from
March to July 1995. The introgression has decreased the rates of genetic defects of Florida Panthers.
For Reproduction, most activity occurs from December to March with most births occurring
between May and June. Primarily panthers hunt white–tailed deer and feral hogs for prey. Feral hogs
are consumed more in the north, while white–tailed deer are consumed more in the

Creative Writing: A Humorous Man
He began life as a red cub. As he grew older, his coat became darker until it was the exact shade of a
well–polished mahogany table and gained him his name. By the time old mahogany had reached his
full growth, he was the largest, handsomest, and the wiliest fox in all the hill country of Litchfield
County, Connecticut. In his fifth year the three best fox hunters of Cornwall conspired against him.
Myron Dean, Tyler Howe, and Mark Herbert, agreed to pool their packs and hunt him down. "Let
Mark start off tomorrow morning with his young dogs," said Myron, when they met in the village
store."' Bout the middle o' the morning Tyler here can spell him. In the afternoon, if he's still going,
I'll turn my old dogs loose." "He'll be going all right," ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deep mahogany of his back showed glints of gold; his long, slim legs were coal black, and his
flanks and thighs a blending of Tawney pinks, russets, and ebony, while his tail seemed brushed with
snow. On the hillside, where the pale rose sedges waved in the wind, he suddenly stopped and the
next moment pounced upon a tuft of grass that had moved ever so slightly. Thrusting his slim
muzzle down between his forepaws, the great fox gripped and swallowed in a couple of gulps a
round fat short tailed meadow mouse. Before he left the hill, he had caught and eaten six more and
finished his breakfast by drinking sparingly from a little brook whose shadowed surface showed like
a twisted strip if watered silk against the snow. A little later and Old Mahogany was well satisfied
that he had not eaten more heavily, as he heard from the bare crest of the cobble the bell–like notes
of Tyler Howe's dappled black–and–yellow fox hounds. For an instant the trim figure stood tense,
like a statue of speed. Then he was gone–and only a flash of red against the melting drifts at the far
end of the valley showed

Animal Welfare In Zoos
In a world where animals thrive and live, also comes the world of the human species. For many
years animals and humans have lived together and have continued to grow. The human species has
always been at the top of the food chain and will continue to be. Because humans are dominant over
most animals, many things can happen. One of these things that are capable by the human species
are zoos. Zoos have been around in society for many years, and they hold many purposes such as
"conservation, science, education, and recreation" (Wickins–Drazilová). Many zoos have mission
statements that hold common themes. The common themes among most of the mission statements
are "(a) conservation and (b) education" (Patrick). Zoos should always be able to stay true to their
mission statements while continuing to ethically provide and care for the animals in captivity.
Animal welfare should be amongst the promise of zoos in missions as well. There are flaws in the
measurement for animal welfare in zoos. According to Dita Wickins–Drazilová "the usual criteria
for measuring for measuring animal welfare in zoos are physical health, long life, and reproduction"
(Wickins–Drazilová). There are more factors of animal welfare than the usual criteria. Many zoos
claim to have healthy animals that live long lives and reproduce, but that is not merely sufficient
enough for proof of good care. A long life in suffering, for example, is not a great way to live, and it
is possible for animals to live long

Essay about A Proposal to Stop the Poaching of the...
A Proposal to Stop the Poaching of the Siberian Tiger
One of the world's most beautiful creatures, the Siberian tiger, has been roaming earth for many
years. The Siberian tiger subspecies has been subjected to many obstacles, which make it very
difficult for it to survive. Their main threat is not lack of food, but "man," one of God's most fierce
and cruel species. Because of man the tiger population has reduced to approximately 400 in the
wild, and restricted their remaining habitat to the Russian Far East (Field Projects). Man has done
many things to destroy the Russian Siberian tiger. They have cut down forests and moved in on the
tiger's territory, causing them to flee and become fragmented throughout Siberia making it hard for
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Amba organization says, "their rangers know the environmental legislation, and are trained in
the use of firearms and can handle criminals" (Field Projects). Amba rangers try to stop poaching by
searching vehicles on secluded forest roads and looking for firearms, animals, or any other item that
may be suspicious. This project of anti–poaching teams has proven to be successful, but it only stops
some of the poachers. Until they stop the main cause of poaching, which is trade, the killing will
still go on (Field Projects).
Poachers know they will always make money on tiger derivatives, because of Traditional Chinese
Medicine. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring program
of WWF, are trying to find ways to discourage the use of tiger parts for medicinal purposes and
encourage the use of effective substitutes. TRAFFIC has significantly extended its operation in Asia
and Russia. According to researchers, "Russia has become the biggest supplier of Traditional
Chinese Medicine trade and exports" (Field Projects). TRAFFIC investigations have led to
numerous seizures such as, "tiger bones and skins, the arrest of an important smuggling gang, and
the uncovering of illicit trade routes between India, Nepal, Bhutan, and East Asia" (Field Reports).
WWF is also campaigning for strengthened national legislation to ban imports and sales of these
medicines in

Symbolism In Tiger King, By R. Krishnamurthy
R .Krishnamurthy who was born on 9th September 1899 and died on 5th December 1954, aged 55
years died because of tuberculosis. He was a Tamil freedom fighter, social crusader, novelist, short
story writer.
He has written under the pen name as "Kalki". Kalki was also known as a journalists, poet, satirist,
humorist, travel writer, script writer, film and music critic. Kalki has written over one hundred
twenty short stories, ten novelettes , five novels. Three historical romances, editorial and political
writings and hundreds of film and music reviews.
Kalki in his short story "Tiger King" takes his reader into those days where kings lived under the
rule of Britishers and were autocratic and eccentric kings. To make his reader more ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many a time we call tiger, an apex predator, an indicator of our ecosystem's health. Saving tiger
indicates a healthy environment and protection to all its in habitants.
There are many people like Maharaja who hunt tigers now a days also (means even today modern
generation also, the educated generation) in order to fulfil there vow and earn some trophies and in
order to earn black money.
There are some people who even used animals body parts in traditional Chinese medicine when
there is so much technology and advancement in this era. Though there are many protection
programs are made by the government but people have to conform to it.
Apart from Tiger there are many other endangered animals means who are on the verge of extinction
in India like Sumatran Rhinoceros, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Alligator, Woolly Flying Squirrel,, Asiatic
Lion, Ganges Shark, Sea Whale, Wild Water Buffalo, and many more.
Not only tiger, all the animals are very important to the environment. The animals are important
because of the food chain. Every animal have their specific kingdom of consumers which help out
the environment a

Eye Clash Vipers Research Paper
Have you ever wondered what the most glamorous snake is? In my opinion, it's the Eyelash viper.
These snakes live throughout Northwestern South America. Eyelash vipers are one of the most
interesting snakes in the world. Eyelash vipers can be found anywhere from Mexico to Panama.
More specifically they have been found in Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala. As well as
Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá, Venezuela, Colombia, And Ecuador. They usually live in humid
forests on the slope of a mountain. Eyelash vipers can live up 8,500 feet above sea level. That's 1.6
miles up or 13,517 pencils. In the wild, Eyelash vipers usually eat frogs and lizards. Sometimes, if
food is scarce, they will eat small rodents. In captivity, they usually

Operation Desert Storm
The Apache helicopter has been the premier attack helicopter of the United States Army for the past
thirty years. The Apache firmly secured that position in the opening moments of Operation Desert
Storm by proving that it was capable of accomplishing missions well beyond its intended purpose.
Due to its success in Desert Storm and subsequent conflicts, it is now the attack helicopter of choice
for the United States Army and its Allies around the world. Its success has led to multiple
subsequent models that built on the airframe and success of the original AH–64A models. In January
1990, after much deliberation and planning by General Schwarzkopf, he made the decision to use
the AH–64AApache as the first option for destroying the Iraqi's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The attack was a complete success that enabled the United States Air Force F–15s and EF–111s to
begin their bombing campaign on various other targets inside Iraq's border. They went on to destroy
over 500 enemy tanks during Operation Desert Storm. The Apache proved beyond a doubt during
this conflict that it was here to stay and that it could be used far beyond its designed purposes.
Today's AH–64D and Echo models are built on the success and reputation of the original Attack
Helicopter that showed the capabilities and how vital they are to the battlefield especially in today's
conflicts that are fought explicitly in urban

Impact Of Endangered Species
This report will be discussing and talking about endangered species and the impacts they have on
ecosystems. Endangered species is a species of animal or plants at risk of extinction because of
human activity, changes in climate, ruining of ecosystems, etc. This report will be split into different
sections discussing different examples of endangered species and the impacts that they have on
different ecosystems.
Blue whales, weighing in at 200 tonnes are the largest ever known animal to live on the planet.
Sadly, after whaling has occurred it has made the species endangered with only 10000 to 25000
remaining. Blue whales play a significant role in keeping the food chain stable and helping with the
reproduction of other species. In the marine ecosystem whales help control the distribution of food
by helping to keep a stable food chain and ensuring that certain marine species do not overpopulate
the ocean, however, Blue whales are being killed and the food distribution in the ocean is becoming
unstable and causing major changes in the food supply of many other marine life A Blue Whale is
able to consume as much as 40 million krill per day, so the impact on the marine ecosystem would
be huge because overtime krill will overpopulate which causes problems in maintaining a food chain
because the more krill there is the more food they will eat so because of their new overpopulation it
could make other animals become extinct. If Blue Whales become extinct then marine life will

Importance Of Wildlife Conservation
In the 1960s, there was a dramatic increase in the interest in conservation in India, driven especially
by non–governmental Indian and US ecologists. The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
helped to set up an Indian branch of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in the late 1960s. Along with
the Smithsonian Institute and other US ecologists, the BNHS also helped to organise the 1969
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conference held in New Delhi. In the
1970s, the Indian government took over almost all responsibility for conservation from international
organisations and scientists. At this point, the Indian Forest Service and all wildlife concerns were
dealt with in the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1972, the Wildlife Protection Act was passed. This act
included a list of endangered and threatened Indian flora and fauna, and laid out the criteria for
creating and managing protected areas (like national parks and wildlife sanctuaries). It tasked the
Indian Forest Service (IFS) with the running of protected areas and with wildlife conservation. It is
also very much involved with lumber extraction contracts and controls the use of and access to
minor forest products of importance to tribal or poor populations. The IFS is basically a combination
of what would be the Forestry Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Bureau of Land
Management, the National Park Service and individual states' department of natural resources in the
United States (Lewis, 2005) .

The Importance Of Animal Poaching
In this day alone, three rhinoceroses will be killed for the trading of their horns and an estimated one
hundred Asian elephants will be killed for their ivory, meat, and body parts. ("African Rhinos" (n.d)
& Goodall , J. 2017) Animal Poaching– the illegal act of killing animals for profitable body parts–
has been the reason for the near extinction of many species, including elephants, tigers, rhinoceros,
and lions. Scientists and concerned citizens of society need to come together to obliterate this illicit
cartel.
Specific animals like elephants, tigers, lions, and rhinoceroses should be preserved because of their
roles within their respective ecosystems. Elephants, the ¨mega gardeners" of the forest, are essential
to the transportation of seeds that maintain tree diversity. When we lose elephants, full extinction is
estimated to occur by 2020, we lose not only the species but their ecological role (African Elephants
face extinction, 2008). The wise leaders of past lives, elephants used to settle debates of the forest
and create vital watering holes for smaller animals as the noble masters in fables told by African
natives. When poaching finally takes the last living elephant due to selfishness, many African
countries lose both a species, and a culture. Tigers – walking gold to poachers– are worth a fortune
on the black market for their beautiful fur coats and bones, used for a delicate Chinese wine
(Guynup, S., 2015). The last three thousand wild tigers are facing

Anti Poaching Act Essay
The Honorable Doug Collins
U.S House of Representatives
1504 Longworth House Office Building
Washington D.C. 20515–1009
Dear Representative Collins:
H.R. 2494– Global Anti–Poaching Act interests me since I am a strong animal activist. California
Representative Edward Royce introduced this bill earlier this year with hopes of getting it approved.
The purpose of this bill is to support global anti–poaching efforts, strengthen the capacity of partner
countries to counter wildlife trafficking, and designate major wildlife trafficking countries. I want
you to vote for this bill because as an animal activist and believer in animal rights I have confidence
that by getting this bill passed, the deaths of animals due to poaching and trafficking will ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, myths that rhino horns can cure cancer has led to a poaching frenzy in parts of Africa.
Some countries, however, have recognized that this is a major problem and have begun to take
action. In Indonesia, wildlife protection groups, such as the WCU (Wildlife Crime Unit), along with
law enforcement have come together to decrease the amounts of poaching and trading committed.
Between 2006 and 2008, the WCU generated 63 reports of illegal hunting, trading, smuggling or
possession, which led 35 arrest or confiscation operations. This is proof that with proper training
and funding wildlife extinction can be

Life Of Pi By Yann Martel's Life Of Pi
There was once a man who was driving around in the winter, he lost control of his car and went into
a ditch. He awoke to find himself alone in the car with no gas station for miles. He made the
decision to start walking, he walked for 2 miles when he came up on a truck. He assumed the owner
was hunting as they were in a prime hunting spot. The man peeked inside the truck to find lots of
food and warm clothes. If the man broke into the truck and ate the food and put the clothes on
should he could get in trouble. He was in a very dangerous life or death situation. This is the
question: Should he get in trouble for trying to save his own life? If humans are in life or death
situations, they should be able to do whatever is needed to keep themselves alive. In Life Of Pi by
Yann Martel, Richard Parker, and Pi go on a very tough journey all over the ocean with only a
lifeboat, and a limited supply of food, and water. They started out with multiple animals on the boat
they but only one survived. Richard Parker was the highest on the food chain on the boat. Richard
quickly ate the Hyena, Zebra, and the Orangutan. Bengal Tigers have a very large appetite. So, he
soon ran out of food after he ate all of the other animals. Therefore, to save his own life Pi started to
catch fish for both of them to eat. When this story took place Bengal Tigers were very endangered.
Pi was starved, if he killed Richard Parker should he get in trouble? Even though tigers were
endangered, and

Crisis Communication Research Paper
Over the past couple of years public safety agencies have discovered the importance of crisis
communication; meaning that communication is key in crisis situations, whether it be the use of
social media or building strong rapport with the public. Understanding that viewing the public as an
asset instead of a burden can greatly improve the overall response in a crisis situation and lessen the
burden on public safety professionals.
Crisis Communication
Partnership with Public Understanding that the public is a vital part of crisis management is
essential for first responders. There are many misconceptions involving the public and their
response to crisis; one of these misconceptions is the thought that the public will panic if they are
given ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example they may broadcast that they are looking for an individual with certain characterises
and emphasis for people to stay away because said individual is dangerous. This allows people to be
vigilant of that person and at the same time help the police if they happen to come across said
individual.
Disadvantages of Social Media
Although social media has improves our rate of communication it is important to remember that it is
not flawless. One example is the age demographic, the older generation might not have twitter or
Facebook therefore, will not receive an agencies emergency post. At the same time the younger
generation (8–16 years) might not be interested in police agencies Facebook pages therefore, they
will also not receive an agencies emergency post.
The major flaw in the relationship between social media and police agencies it that they have to
establish a relationship. People have to physically like or follow a certain group on Facebook or
Twitter it is not automatic. A vast majority of people do not do this, for example the population of
Edmonton as of 2011 was 812,200 yet the amount of people who follow the Edmonton police
service on Facebook is only 89, 555 which equates to

Mountain Gorillas Research Paper
Mountain Gorillas Mountain gorillas have been on the brink of extinction since the early 1900's.
Human efforts are slowly bringing the population up, but it is still low enough for the mountain
gorillas to be a critically endangered species. These mountain gorillas are subspecies of the eastern
lowland gorilla. With our efforts we could bring the population to thrive again. Mountain gorillas,
the great ape near extinction. These gorillas are around four to five and a half feet tall and weigh up
to 440 pounds. They are critically endangered right now due to habitat loss. Humans move in and
clear land for livestock, which is the gorilla's habitat. Charcoal making is an illegal multi–million
business that also destroys there habitat. War is

Ten Canoes: Study Guide
a. Dingo–a wild dog in Australia b. Bandicoot–a small animal in Australia that looks like a cross
between a rat and a rabbit c. Goanna– a term used to denote a type of lizard in Australia d. going
bush–embarking on adventures in Australia's outback e. bush [as terrain] outside of town terrain f.
dreamtime–the belief by Aboriginals of how the world was created g. walkabout–an indefinite walk
outside in wild terrain performed by Aborigines h. frame tale as a literary term– stories inside a
primary story that are secondary i. Uluru– a rock formation made out of sandstone in Australia
Anthropomorphism–the attributing of human characteristics to a god ii. site gag a funny effect
related to the appearance of something, rather than from something spoken iii. sentimentality
expressions of delicate emotion iv. personification– the attributing of human characteristics to an
inanimate object There is a patent similarity to the moral of all three of the stories in Ten Canoes. All
of them appear to extoll the values of patience, and emphasize the fact that all things will happen in
due time for those who wait. One of the stories, in which Minygululu tells his younger brother a tale
in which there was another chief, existing several years beforehand, who had a younger brother who
desired one of his wives, ends with that younger brother getting all three of those wives and wishing
he had not. The moral, then is clearly that he should not have been impatient and

Bat Eared Fox Research Paper
The Otocyon megalotis, or the bat–eared fox, is a genus of fox found in two places: Ethiopia, South
Sudan, and Tanzania; and Angola, Rhodesia, and South Africa. They live in savannas and
grasslands, and dig extensive dens. Their name comes from their large ears, which range from 113 to
135 millimeters long. They are distinct from other fox genera because of their unusually numerous
teeth and their yellowish brown bodies. Bat–eared fox dens can contain between two and fifteen
foxes, but a den of two is most common. The foxes breed annually during times with more rain and
insect density. Up to six pups can come from one litter, and they are born gray until they change to
yellow–brown at three to five weeks old. They are considered adults at

Human Story In Life Of Pi
Have you ever been stranded in the middle of the ocean with a 450–pound adult bengal tiger? Well
according to Pi Patel he has and survived nearly 300 days in that predicament. In the book Life of
Pi, Yann Martel's character Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel survives a shipwreck and ends up on a lifeboat
with a variety of animals one of which being a bengal tiger. The story starts out with Pi telling the
author he can make him believe in God with his story. Throughout the story Pi tells a great tale of
his experiences on the lifeboat with the tiger but the only thing is that's exactly what it is, a tale. The
real story comes at the end of the book when two Japanese men question Pi about the sinking of the
Tsimtsum and Pi tells a different story because the men did not believe the animal one. The second
story has humans instead of animals therefore making it the more reasonable story. So the human
story is real because it is the more feasible option, being alone for a very extended amount of time
can cause a person to lose their sanity, and some of the things that Pi mentioned were a little far
fetched.
The human story is the all around most reasonable story obviously. There is no way that Pi could
survive nearly 300 days with such a big predator. Also being on a lifeboat with very limited
resources it is clear that a bengal tiger would take advantage of Pi being there and kill him. Like
stated in the book animals do not think about what they are doing, "'I don't think about it.'

How To Stop Poaching
Killing In Action Poaching is a war, and many animals lose their lives and family to it. Although
many people don't think it's bad, it is. Many animals have gone extinct from it. People in the world
need to stop poaching otherwise we won't have elephants, tigers,rhinos or any other animals
anymore. People really don't care, but if we don't stop poaching we won't have any of these animals.
Elephants tusks are used for piano keys, billiards balls and many other human enjoyments. Many
animals get poached but there are few that get poached so much that there is little to non left.
Elephant numbers have declined in the past five years at more than 75 percent of the sites that they
still occur.1 Elephant numbers have dropped because people have been killing them for their tusks.1
The population of wild tigers has dropped from 100,000 to 3,500. 2 The population of tigers has
dropped because their pelts are really valuable on the black market.3 Rhino population has dropped
drastically because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. passed a few laws saying that their banning illegal ivory imports but that's not the case in
the rest of the world.The United States passed the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES) and the African Elephant Conservation Act (AECA). 5 All five species of rhinos
are protected by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES). This law is shared among 175 nations to ensure the survival of wild rhinos. 6 The wild
tiger is protected under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES).7 This law is also shared among 175 nations to ensure the survival of wild tigers. All
of these animals are protected under 175 nations but not the whole world. Now you know how to
stop poaching and what major animals get poached now you need to know what things they are used

Human Trafficking And Its Effects On The World
Research Paper
There is a depression notion that the human race is willing to do anything to make money. Across
the world, people are creating illegal markets at the expense of other in order to achieve profits.
Some have small environmental impact while others affect the world significantly. Some markets
that are well documented in media, and are more well known throughout society are drugs, human
trafficking, and slavery. These are serious markets that need to be abolished, but have a small impact
on the environment. Poachers are people who illegally kill endangered species in order to sell them
to the ultra wealthy. This market is complicated with many moving parts. This elaborate market is
complicated which creates many gaps in the system. Intergovernmental and nongovernmental
organizations are combating these crime rings. These organizations are just as dangerous as any
criminal organization, must of which will kill innocent citizens in order to protect their profits.
These animals range from exotic species like monkeys and rhinos to the common great white shark.
Regardless of the number of animals, poaching is having a dramatic affect on the ecosystem. This
situation has become serious, and there needs to be more actions to stop it. There are many steps that
can be taken to halt or cripple these organizations. The act of poaching happens all over the world.
Some animals being killed are well documented like the ivory trade or tiger skin. However, marine
animals and

Persuasive Essay On Poaching
Although poaching is an illegal act, it is still a growing problem in the world because it is making
the extinction of various animals more probable. Not only it cruel, but it affects the environment and
ecosystem where these animals reside. Although various people, usually trophy hunters or those
uninformed, argue that it isn't that big of a problem, there are realities to it that won't be stopped
unless we act upon it and bring awareness of the situation. Recently, the poaching controversy has
gained more attention in the news and media due to the killing of Cecil the Lion back in 2015. But
what exactly is poaching and why is it illegal? Poaching can be defined as the illegal hunting or
capturing of wild animals. Animals are captured and killed for their parts and products that are
eventually sold on the black market and to cartels to make medicines, trinkets, and other products.
Animals are typically poached for personal gain and value.The the illegal poaching trade in Africa
alone has accumulated a worth of $17 billion dollars a year and it keeps growing. Ivory, fur, skin,
and bones especially are in high demand and places/people are willing to pay high numbers for these
products, so it is no surprise that people continue to hunt them. Due to poaching, the tiger is one of
the most endangered species in the world . Tiger parts, such as fur, skin, and bones, are seen as a
luxury and are used as commerce on the black market and secretly throughout Asia. Although China
has participated in the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species, the laws are
commonly ignored and it remains the primary destination for tiger parts. Elephants are also on the
brink of extinction and the number hunted per year keeps increasing. Despite international ivory
trade being banned in the 1990s, it is still sold on the black market and sought after in Asia; once
again, China being the biggest demander. According to Kideghesho in Sage Journals , "widespread
poaching coupled with inefficient law enforcement in Tanzania was manifested in the dramatic
decline of the elephant population to less than 30% of what it was in 1979, a drop from 316,000 to
85,000 by 1987." Rhinos are also greatly sought after in Africa. In

Human Trafficking And Its Effects On The World
There is a depression notion that the human race is willing to do anything to make money. Across
the world, people are creating illegal markets at the expense of other in order to achieve profits.
Some have small environmental impact while others affect the world significantly. Some markets
that are well documented in media, and are more well known throughout society are drugs, human
trafficking, and slavery. These are serious markets that need to be abolished, but have a small impact
on the environment. Poachers are people who illegally kill endangered species in order to sell them
to the ultra wealthy. This market is complicated with many moving parts. This elaborate market is
complicated which creates many gaps in the system. Intergovernmental and nongovernmental
organizations are combating these crime rings. These organizations are just as dangerous as any
criminal organization, must of which will kill innocent citizens in order to protect their profits.
These animals range from exotic species like monkeys and rhinos to the common great white shark.
Regardless of the number of animals, poaching is having a dramatic affect on the ecosystem. This
situation has become serious, and there needs to be more actions to stop it. There are many steps that
can be taken to halt or cripple these organizations. The act of poaching happens all over the world.
Some animals being killed are well documented like the ivory trade or tiger skin. However, marine
animals and timber trade are

King Cobra
which venomous snake is best known? Yep, you guessed it, the King Cobra (or as scientists call it
Ophiophagus Hannah or snake–eater!!). Did you know that King Cobra are the only snake to lay
eggs that they guard with all their life . They can also raise ⅓ of there body off the ground. They
raise their body of the ground to make themselves look bigger to scare off enemies. The also hold a
world record for longest tongue and they are not the most venomous snake in the world? They just
eject the most venom into their prey. The King Cobra has many distinguishing physical features.
They have iconic hoods that they flare out too look bigger. (They do it when the raise off the
ground) . They can reach 18 and a half feet in length.

Life Of Pi Reflection
Imagine having to survive 227 days aboard a small, unsteady lifeboat with a 450–pound Bengal
Tiger. It seems unrealistic, right? In the Novel Life of Pi, an Indian boy named Pi shipwrecks into
the Pacific Ocean and finds himself aboard a lifeboat with a predatory animal. To Pi, surviving this
journey with a tiger seems impossible at first, but over time, his view of the tiger is drastically
changed. Richard Parker, the tiger, serves as three things over the course of the journey: a teacher,
an antagonist, and a companion.
Despite being an animal, Richard Parker serves as a teacher for Pi on their journey across the Pacific
Ocean. When Pi is a child, his father finds it necessary to teach him a scarring lesson about the
savageness of predatory animals. He places a goat in the cage of a hungry tiger and makes sure Pi
and his brother, Ravi, see how fast the goat is devoured. The purpose of his lesson was to teach the
boys that, "Every animal is ferocious and dangerous" (Martel 38). On the journey with Richard
Parker, Pi remembers the lesson his father had taught him as a child and becomes aware that the
tiger is to be respected. When aboard the lifeboat, Pi attempts to train Richard Parker to abide on
one side of the boat so that Pi may remain aboard the boat also. While attempting to train the tiger,
Pi recollects from his father's lesson and from his experience of owning a zoo that, "The animal in
front of you must know where it stands, whether above you or below you" (43). When Pi succeeds
in training the tiger, the confidence he needed to survive is boosted. The principle lesson Richard
Parker teaches Pi is that he is to be respected and left alone.
Once aboard the lifeboat, Richard Parker is seen as threat, or rather an antagonist, to Pi. An
antagonist in a story is defined as someone or something that provides an obstacle for the
protagonist. Before Pi realizes that he needs to remain situated on the lifeboat, his fear of Richard
Parker compels him to stay as far away as possible from the lifeboat. When Richard Parker is
swimming towards the lifeboat, Pi yells to him, "Leave me alone. Get lost. Drown! Drown" (99). As
the tiger mounts the boat, Pi's first instinct is to jump off the boat into the roaring

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