Evaluating Competency to Stand Trial Using Forensic Assessments

Evaluation Of Competency For Stand Trial
Forensic Assessments Correctional Psychology Jessica Hogan January 20, 2016 Dr. Kenneth Martz Argosy University During any court proceeding, it
is required that the defendant is competent to stand trial. Legal competency is defined as "the presence of those characteristics, or the absence of those
disabilities, which render a witness legally fit and qualified to give testimony in a court of justice" (thelawdictionary.org). Defendants that are found
mentally incompetent to stand trial are usually hospitalized and receive some type of treatment until the person is competent to stand trial. To
determine mental competency there are a few commonly used tests. The Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial Revised (ECST–R) is a
semi–structured interview that consists of three scales (Knoll & Resnick, 2008). The purpose of this test is to assess factual and rational understanding
of courtroom proceedings as well as the ability to consult with counsel. The ECST–R is a commonly used assessment tool because of its validity. This
assessment is used for both competent and incompetent defendants unlike other assessments. One of the restrictions of the ECST–R is that it is not
beneficial for assessing defendants with an IQ score lower than 60 (Rogers and Johansson–Love, 2009). The ECST–R In addition to the ECST–R, the
MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool–Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA) can also be used to measure competency. The MacCAT
–CA
measures competency by
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Psychology
Think – and– Share Worksheet: Part 1 Your task is to find and take at least three personality inventories. You can easily find these types of inventories
online. You can also find these types of inventories in many different popular magazines. If you choose to search online, here are some ideas of
verbiage to type into a search engine: Personality inventories test Personality inventory color analysis Big five personality test Dessert personality test
Emotional intelligence test TV characters personality test Assessing Your Real and Ideal Self
–Concept (in your textbook, Module 30) Life Orientation
Test (in your textbook, Module 31) After you have taken at least three personality tests, analyze your... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think that if a personality test is given by a licensed physician, then we all could gain a lot from it and we would be able to tell what is going on
in someone's mind. I don't think taking test off the internet would be a valid way to evaluate people because they are sitting in front of a computer
and could just click anything until they get the answer they want versus sitting in a doctor's office. JIGSAW WORKSHEET Chapter 9 consists of
four modules Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Trait Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
Assessing Personality: Determining what Makes Us Distinctive Intelligence Your instructor will assign you to a module. You will be responsible for
reading the assigned module and identifying the concepts you feel are the most important. Then, you will create a learning activity that is designed to
teach at least one of the concepts from that module. After you have created your learning activity, you will share your learning activity with your
classmates via the discussion board. You will also provide feedback to your classmates about their learning activities. You may choose to revise your
learning activity based on the feedback you receive. Discussion 7: Jigsaw Present the learning activity you created in the Jigsaw activity. Read through
the learning activities posted by your classmates; be sure to ask one another or your instructor questions if the

The 20 Questions Below Are Worth 4 Points
PSY 550 Final Exam Short Answers The 20 questions below are worth 4 points each. 1.A school psychologist strongly believes a particular child is in
need of special services. What is the psychologist trying to control for if he or she uses the most recently normed test available? In this example, the
school psychologist understands the purpose of grade–normed tests is to gauge and understand how the score of a student compares with that of their
same grade peers (Cohen et al., 2013). More specifically termed developmental norms, which refers to the traits, abilities, skills, and other that could be
affecting the developmental progress of the child. Ultimately, the school psychologist then would test for any prevailing deficiencies. 2.What are two
benefits of the WASI? There are many benefits, but the first would be the efficiency in scoring and time administration given for the satisfactory
psychometric soundness and the second would be the how, in comparison, its overall usefulness noted for brief measures of intelligence (Cohen et al.,
2013). 3.Identify three improvements of the WAIS–IV over the WAIS–III. As stated by Cohen et al. (2013), improvements – for the WAIS–IV –
"include more explicit administration instructions as well as the expanded use of demonstration and sample items" (p. 323). However, the specific
improvements between the WAIS–IV over the WAIS–III (and prior editions) is the enlargement of images for subsections (e.g., Picture Completion,

The Effects Of Faking On Personality Assessments
Personality assessments are a tool used frequently in organizations. However, the phenomena of faking on personality assessments is a relevant
concern in the selection process.
Research regarding faking on personality assessments have revealing that faking and the distortion of responses does occur. In addition, research has
been conducted to determine how to detect when faking occurs on a personality assessment. Furthermore, research has been conducted showing the
individual characteristics does influence a respondents conscious decision to distort response on assessments. However, there is a lack of research that
focuses on various individual, situational, and motivational characteristics and how they impact an individuals tendency to fake. Studies involving the
Mixed Mode Item Response Theory (MM–IRT) and the interactional model of response distortion will be examined and discussed in relation to similar
studies. This study further seeks to determine if a variation and correlation exists between individual differences and faking on personality assessments.
It is hypothesized that a significant variance between groups will be identified, and that individual differences do have an impact on faking in
respondents. In order to make personnel professionals and organizational leaders more aware of the faking phenomenon, how to identify it, and what
causes it, research needs to continue surrounding this topic.
Introduction Pre–employment tests are used within

The Benefits of Using Personality Tests in Making...
Personality is a combination of feelings, thoughts, desires action tendencies and intentions that make up significant aspects of individuality (Ahmetoglu
and Premuzic, 2012). Personality tests are created to measure these characteristics. A number of assessments gauge a wide array of vast characteristics.
Different assessments offer varied approaches to measure personality since they are developed uniquely according to the author's perspectives.
However, some elements are so common, they appear in most approaches. Since the components o personality are intangible and cannot be gauged
directly, psychologists rely on a person's personal reports of their thoughts preferences, behavior and feelings to arrive at their personality. The answers
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This means that if the test is being used to select people for positions in an institution, there must be tangible evidence to sustain the job relatedness and
accuracy of deductions made on the basis of the scores on that test ( Levy, 2010).
There are stark variations in the expectations of different occupations. The responsibilities and duties of professions in various fields require workers
to behave in certain ways so as to achieve optimum results. Since people's personalities determine their behavior, temperaments and preferences, it is
safe to say that it has an effect in their performances at work by influencing whether or not a person will enjoy a certain job, or have an inclination for
it. While other attributes like experience and education are important and should be considered in selecting people to occupy positions in an institution,
it would be unwise to ignore the potency of personality in a person's performance.
To demonstrate this fact, two distinct professions can be used as examples. Accountancy and sales may be two fields available in an organization.
However, they are very different in what is required of the staff working under the two areas. The accountant is expected to take care of an
organization's financial books and will rarely interact with people, either in or out of the office. On the other hand, the person who works in the sales
department is expected to get out, mingle and market the brand or

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI–2) replaced the original MMPI systematically to improve on this highly researched and
used assessment. MMPI is the most commonly used objective personality instrument around the globe (Helmes & Reddon, 1993). The instrument is
utilized by psychologists who conduct assessments as part of their clinical practice. Incorporating personality inventories into the counseling process
can be helpful in identifying the client concern in a short period. Also, personality assessment can guide a therapist through the process of selecting
interventions and making decisions about treatment options. It presents an overall depiction of personality traits, characteristics, and styles that are
thought to underlie certain behavior. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the MMPI–2 comprises of a larger current sample size, a modification of some content in the MMPI, and the addition of 15 new content
scales as well as 12 supplementary scales (Helmes & Reddon, 1993). The MMPI–2 norming group comprises of individuals who matched the ethnic
groups, geographical representation, and age distribution of the United States of America population. It is based on a sample of 2,600 individuals from
seven U.S. states, well– educated and age range from 19 to 90 years old (Helmes & Reddon, 1993). However, the norming group for the MMPI–2 has
been slated for including a high proportion of individuals with advanced educational backgrounds and higher socioeconomic class. Also, the
interpretation of the MMPI and MMPI–2 is complex and specific training is required to interpret the result appropriately (Brew & Kottler, 2008). The
clinicians will need additional training and supervision before they would be qualified to administer and interpret this

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Analysis
Test Uses The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed by Starke Hathaway and J. Charnley McKindley in the 1920s
(Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). After a period of time, it was decided that the MMPI needed to be revised. The MMPI is now called MMPI–2 and includes
revisions such as updated, additions, and the replacement of test items that were outdated, a new way to calculate the T scores for the clinical and
content scales, and new content and validity scales (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997; Duckworth, Caldwell, & Graham, 1991). According to Anastasi and
Urbina (1997) and Duckworth et al. (1991), the MMPI–2 consists of 567 true or false items. Furthermore, many of the items are identical to the ones
from the MMPI except for small changes, and the MMPI–2 retains the 10 clinical scales and 3 validity scales of the MMPI. The items on the MMPI–2
inventory cover various areas such as social attitudes, educational, family, occupational, and psychotic behavior manifestations (Anastasi & Urbina,
1997). The appropriate use of this inventory was originally to provide psychiatric diagnosis to individuals, and eventually became the top personality
test utilized in fields such as counseling, military, and employment (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). The MMPI–2 can be used in the ... Show more content
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According to Donnay (1997), the latest revision was completed in 1994 which included a name change, expansion and revision of the scales (Anastasi
& Urbina, 1997). Furthermore, items were added and removed to improve language and add content. Anastasi and Urbina (1997) report that the test
consists of 8 parts with 317 items. Furthermore, they state that the first five parts measure the following sets: occupations, school subjects, activities,
leisure activities, and contact with many kinds of people (Anastasi & Urbina,

A Theory Of Careers And Vocational Choice Based Upon...
Holland Codes RIASEC refers to a theory of careers and vocational choice based upon personality types. Psychologist, John L. Holland, developed the
theoretical framework behind the Holland Codes. Each letter or code stands for a particular "type": Realistic (Doers), Investigative (Thinkers), Artistic
(Creators), Social (Helpers), Enterprising (Persuaders), and Conventional (Organizers)." According to Holland, a three–letter code represents a client 's
overall personality. The test consists of 48 example tasks that you rate by how much you would enjoy performing each on a scale of (1) dislike (2)
slightly dislike (3) neither like not dislike (4) slightly enjoy (5) enjoy. The test will take five to ten minutes to complete. The five personal Style Scales
had coefficient alphas that ranged from .82 to .87 obtained for both the O*NET Interest Profiler and the Interest–Finder. The O*NET Interest Profiler
and Interest–Finder had very high internal consistency estimates across all the RIASEC scales. The reliability estimates, ranging from .93 to .96,
are very similar across RIASEC scales and interest measures. In Holland's Theory, consistency refers to the relatedness of types in the obtained code.
Pairs of types next to each other on the Holland Hexagon are more psychologically alike then pairs father away. If the secondary code is composed of
two types next to each other the code is consistent. This inventory has been professional developed and validated against established

The Development Of Creativity : Literature Review And...
The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
For PSYC4176: Advanced Child Psychology
By
Brittany Basco
April, 17, 2017 Abstract The development of creativity has a history tied into many cultures, origins and studies. There are many traits that are related to
creativity such as personality, intelligence, genetic factors, environmental factors and the "big five" in personality.
The Development of Creativity: Literature Review and Critique Creativity is a construct that is defined in two parts according to traditional psychology:
originality and functionality (Kersting, 2003). It is the ability to formulate novel ideas that are worthwhile long term. (Zhu, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Simonton, 2001)" The Unusual Use test is more known and measures divergent thinking by asking a participant to make up as many uses as they can
for a random object. Their responses are scored on fluency, originality, and flexibility. (Simonton, 2001) Some assessments, such as the How Do You
Think questionnaire, target the individual differences in the creative personality. This questionnaire "gauges whether a person has the interests, values,
energy, self–confidence, humor, flexibility, playfulness, unconventionality, and openness associated with creativity (Davis, 1976)"
History Creativity is has been a topic that highly of interests to many professionals for a while although it is often a field that is over neglected in
research. This could be due to the complexity of its definition and due to its definition not being operationalized sufficiently. Guilford (1950) impacted
the amount of research being done at the American Psychological Association convention when he called for there to be more research to be done in
creativity. Its' definition has a history of many contributions from a multitude of studies and is always changing as more research is being done. With in
the 20th century, the topic of creativity has received much more attention. This could be due to the fact that psychology was not a formal discipline
until the 1870's. Simonton's work hinted

Difference Between Internal And External Assessment Of...
The External assessment of Ericsson can be illustrated by the help of following below mentioned points. Assessment centers: This is a place where
candidate are examined to determine their suitability for specific types of employment, especially military and management commands. The employee
standards and skills are determined by so many techniques including interviews, group, presentations, exercises, presentations and examinations testing.
Ericsson use this method to recruit for their graduate programs' by assessing the personality and intellect of potential employees who have recently
graduated from university and have nil or limited work history. In recent years companies have been set up to support assessment Centre coaching.
(Reid, 2004)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neuroticism: This mainly involves experiencing the non pleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, and vulnerability. In neuroticism
the organization thoroughly highlights the emotional stability and impulse control our employee. A high patient require for stable and calm
personality while the low patient often lead to prompt reactive and excitable. (Reid, 2004) Q # 4 Discuss how above internal and external assessment
methods help the company to achieve its strategy. Ericsson environmental analysis is a strategic tool. It is a process to recognize all the internal and
external factors, that positively or negatively linked with the performance of the organization. The analysis also shows us the level of threat or
opportunity the variables might have. A key decision that an Ericsson needs to make when undertaking an organizational procedure is that whether to
follow a system where self–assessment of performance is there or to commence any external assessment or a combined system. There exist both
advantages as well as

Unit8Assignment Essay
Unit 8 Assignment Ruth Name Kaplan University Testing, Measurement, and Assessment PS505–01 Professor Name October 13, 2013 Abstract In
this paper, the historical facts are given, as described by both of the authors Meyer and Kurtz. To illustrate, the results are revealed, as the search for a
better distinction of the historical use, and descriptive terminology of the words, "objective" and "projective" begins to take form. First, the journey
begins with the two authors, Meyer and Kurtz, since then many other psychologists and psychiatrists have joined in on their own behalf. Then, the
paper will go into further detail about problems and, dilemmas, that accompanied the old traditional classification. As a consequence of this state...
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"Tests that are not so categorized will tend to be viewed less positively, regardless of psychometric data, because they are, after all, not objective"
(Meyer & Kurtz, 2006, p. 223). Because of the past, there is too much negativity surrounding the term, projective. The terminology both, "objective"
and "projective" are not necessarily what they seem. "The term "objective" is a smokescreen for measures that can be just as subjective as anything
else and the term "projective" is derived from untenable theoretical concepts that have continued to create confusion in the field for a long time"
(Schultheiss, 2007, p. 197). Some other substantial problem is when the effects of a test cannot be duplicated by the same test more than one time. "If
assessment psychologists did not derive overarching frameworks and terminologies for classifying psychological tests, those who use, study, or critique
these tests would do it anyway. In this respect, it is better that an organizing framework be made explicit (and the logic underlying the framework
spelled out in detail) than that multiple contrasting framework and labels emerge in isolation among different segments of the psychological
community" (Bornstein, 2007, p. 205). The volume of the dilemmas above have all been a culmination of psychologists and psychiatrists in this
community and

Jane Smith's Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Report of psychological assessment Name: Jane Smith Age: 14 years Grade: 8 Reason for referral and background information Jane Smith is a 14
year old adolescent. She was referred for psychological evaluation so that her behavioral and emotional status can be determined. Recently Jane
recorded a declining academic performance. Her recent behaviors are questionable too. So the evaluation is geared toward declining academic
performance and behavior problems. Background information Jane Smith started recording an academic failure and showing rude behaviors. The
school psychologist referred her for an evaluation due to poor academic progress and emotional outburst in a recent period of six weeks. She had
experienced bullying from her peers. Jane's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The personality and behavior assessment scenario treatment that should be considered is her emotional and behavioral issues. She possesses skills,
abilities and positive aspects that should be cultivated. Jane should be mentored and trained on the ways to avoid or to tackle emotions and frustrations
when they come her way. It is normal, frustrations exist, but how could Jane deal with frustrations such as bullying that affected her self–esteem,
caused depression, made her develop antisocial behaviors, smoke cigarette and contemplate on

A Brief Note On Clinical Indicators And Self Report Measures
Malingering is when a person presents extravagant false symptoms (physically or psychologically) intentionally because they are motivated by external
incentives (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). It is important to determine whether one is malingering because
the court can misdiagnose someone as malingering when they are actually in fact mentally ill or someone is malingering and does not get caught.
Medical treatments, time and effort get put into these people when they could be used on someone who actually does need it. They can also get off
for their crime by going into civil commitment or serving less time than if they were put on trial as being perfectly okay.
Psychologists can identify malingering using clinical indicators and self–report measures. Clinical indicators are not valid tests or questions that can
prove a person is malingering but can give an inkling to the psychologist as to if one is. This can be where a person is presenting textbook symptoms
of a mental illness (although it can also be where a person is exaggerating symptoms of the mental illness or conjuring up new symptoms). Self–report
measures consist of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS; Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI–2; Butcher et al., 2001), Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptoms (SIMS; Smith & Burger, 1997) and the Personality
Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) to name a few.В¬

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Personality Test
"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and though"
(Allport, 1961, p. 28). Alongside every hypothesis of identity advancement comes an alternate hypothesis on the best way to gauge it. There are a few
objectives towards measuring these, for example, to clear up finding, decide the seriousness of an issue, screen for dangers for future issues, make
forecasts of future practices, and help in treatment suggestions. Therefore it is important to look upon the major types of personality tests such as;
objects test and projective tests along with the strengths and weaknesses of these tests.
Objective tests (Loevinger, 1957; Meyer and Kurtz, 2006) speak to the most well–known and generally utilized way to deal with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Fournier, a projective personality test is a test intended to uncover shrouded feelings and inside clashes through a subject's reactions to
vague jolts. Rather than being scored to a widespread standard as with a target identity test, content from projective tests is dissected for
significance. Projective identity tests should have the capacity to gauge regions of your oblivious personality, for example, identity trademark, fears,
questions and mentality. A few superiors utilize these kind of tests to attempt and check whether you are a proper fit for their workplace. Francis
Galton is the individual who designed this strategy for testing. His first trial was directed in 1897 and comprised of picking a choice of words and
giving his brain a chance to free partner. He then took the words that he produced in response to the first rundown and place them into new orders
which drove ponder the potential outcomes of sub–cognizance and thought

Essay on 16 PF Personality Test
16 PF Personality Test
Resolving the conflict of Reliability vs. Accuracy in the 16 PF test
Introduction:
For psychologists, one of the more popular theories espoused is the trait approach to personality, or "the idea that people have consistent personality
characteristics that can be measured and studied" (Kalat, 2002, 512). However there are several problems that arise. First, there are significant
cross–cultural differences, so one set of personality traits for one culture may differ considerably for another. The next problem would concern the
creation of a test that could accurately measure these traits. While psychologists have for the most part addressed these issues, I will focus on the latter
of the two. There has been a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, I believe that the test was fairly accurate in measuring certain factors of my personality so much so that it was difficult for me to find certain
factors that I did not agree with. However there were two factors, E (dominance) and Q1 (rebelliousness), which I believe were a bit overrated in
myself. Aside from these the test seemed to adequately define facets of my personality. For "warmth" (factor A) my sten score read 4, indicating that I
am slightly more reserved and critical that easygoing and good–natured. I scored a 7 in "ego strength" (factor C), classifying me as more stable and
emotionally mature and less emotional and changeable in attitudes. In dominance (factor E) my sten score read 8, meaning I am more assertive,
competitive and stubborn rather than submissive, dependent and humble. I received an average score of 5 in "impulsivity" (factor F) indicating a
slightly more serious and sober approach to the world over the cheerful and enthusiastic view. As for "boldness" (factor H), I received a sten score of
4 signifying a more shy and restrained approach to things as opposed to an adventurous genial one. I received a median score of 5 for "emotional
sensitivity" (factor I) demonstrating my slightly more tough–minded and self–reliant view in contrast to a sensitive insecure one. For "imagination"
(factor M) a score of 8, indicating that I am more imaginative, unconventional and absorbed in ideas and am less so for practicality and the prosaic.

Psychological Structures that Shape a Person's Actions
Every individual has a unique personality, which is known as the psychological makeup. This is known as the relatively stable, psychological
structures that shape a person's actions in a specific environment. (Gill, 1986) Triplett (1898) shows that sport psychology began in the 1890s. The
psychologist Norman Triplett who was a keen cyclist, asked the question that is, "why do cyclists sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups
or pairs than when they rode alone?" (Weinberg & Gould, 2011, p. 8) This led to the fishing line experiment, to prove his hypothesis that a task will
be done quicker within a group. A group of young children were selected and asked to reel in a fishing line, firstly individually, then secondly with
another... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience (culture or intellect in some versions), agreeableness, conscientiousness. (Gill, 1986) Main Body
Today's theoriests do not refer to the four body fluids, but we can find some "humor" in current personality reasearch. Biological explanations of
individual differences have considerable credibility, but even proponents of biological explanations do not claim a biological basis for all behaviours. 2
Interactionist approach is not simple. Any behaviour, such as aggressive behaviour in ice hockey, is the function of a seemingly limitless number of
personality and environment factors. Selected personality characteristics may have considerable influence at one time but little effect in a later
situation. An interactionist approach does not make simple, absolute predictions. Instead it depends on considerable research to identify personality
characteristics that influence specific behaviours in varying situations and to determine how these characteristics interact with varying situation factors.
Moreover, insight and experience help coaches, instructors, or consultants transfer those research implications into real situations with sport and
exercise participants. The interactionist approach is more complex, but also more realistic, than the extreme trait and situational approaches. We should
not expect simple answers to human behaviour questions. 2 Some people believe there are over a million different characteristics

Original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Personality is complex with a host of factors to consider. Reynolds and Livingston (2013) define personality as relatively stable patterns of thinking,
feeling, and behaving (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). In terms of assessment terminology, the following are considered emotional, motivational,
interpersonal, and attitudinal characteristics (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). This writer will be comparing and contrasting the original Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) vs. the MMPI–2. The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was first developed in
the 1940's by Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The standardized psychometric test was developed to aid
psychologists and other mental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, the MMPI–2 maintained the overall structure of the MMPI, however, did modernize the test and improved the testing instrument by
including the development of contemporary norms using a national standardization sample and removal or revision of outdated and objectionable items
(Reynolds and Livingston, 2013). Like the MMPI, the MMPI– 2 is based on the same 10 clinical scales (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The MMPI
would only examine 1 scale in isolation, while the MMPI–2 examines scores as a profile or in relation to each other (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013).
Typically, this is done by examining the two largest scores on the exam and assigning it as a 2–point code (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The scales
are the following: Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity–Femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia,
Hypomania, and Social Introversion (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). The original MMPI included 4 validity scales (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013).
The original 4 validity scales are the following: Faking good/faking bad, resistance, carelessness, and random responding (Reynolds & Livingston,
2013). The MMPI–2 not only maintained the original 4 validity scales but added a few more (Reynolds & Livingston, 2013). Another commonality is
that both the MMPI and MMPI–2 have maintained a control group vs. a clinical group (Reynolds & Livingston,

Summary: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI–2), is a standardized questionnaire established at the University of Minnesota in 1940.
According to Hill, J. S., Pace, T. M., & Robbins, R. R. (2012) Hathaway and McKinley "selected criterion groups based on the selected criterion
groups based on the clinical diagnosis and used an empirical approach in selecting items for a specific scale". Furthermore, this inventory is one of the
most popular clinical and forensic psychology tools used today and its purpose is to determine psychiatric symptoms and personality characteristics.
African American groups "scored higher than Caucasians on a number of scales associated with psychopathology in early MMPI research" (Graham,
1990; Greene, 1987),

Jane Eyre by Charlotte BrontГ«
The story Jane Eyre has several characters full of dynamic characteristics that seem like true personalities from the real world. Through this story, I
was able to make connections between their personalities and the color personality test. It is incredible to see that these characters are built based on
actual personalities, and most surprisingly, I was able to quickly categorize them into the four color categories based on their actions and dialogues.
The Blue personality tends to be defined as sincere and sympathetic, usually involved in love and affection. The Orange personality is defined as
adventurous full of spontaneity and charisma. The gold personality is majorly being responsible with assets and wealth as well as organized. Last but
not least, the Green personality, which is defined as ingenuity and intelligence.
The protagonist of the novel is Jane Eyre, an intelligent and ordinary young girl that reflects assertion and maintains justice through oppression and
inequality. According to what the story, I consider Jane Eyre as a blue person. First of all, she is a ten year old girl who has always tried to seek
understanding and love, which most blue individuals do. Unfortunately, her parents pass away when Jane was a baby. Since that tragedy, she had to
live with her aunt and uncle. As another of her misfortunes, her uncle passed away, which inevitably gave the opportunity for her aunt and her cousins
to take advantage of her and treat her as an animal.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Relying On Selection
Advantages and Disadvantages of Relying on Testing as the Sole Method of Selection
The advantages of relying on testing as the sole method of selection are that tests can:
narrow the selection of applicants – this is helpful in times when there are more applicants that jobs available
help managers decide which questions they should ask applicants when they come in to interview – this helps to focus the interview questions on what
needs to be learned about the applicants
cut down on the time needed to screen applicants – again helpful when there are many
determine if an applicant has similar traits to his or her future work colleagues – this cuts down on employee turnover
uncover interpersonal characteristics that may be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is unlawful to ask questions about medical or disability requirements before an offer is made (EEOC, 2010).
An applicant's prospects for the role being offered is protected using this approach by providing the applicant with time to present him or herself,
answer carefully crafted questions that pertain to the role and their ability to perform it and to ask questions about the role and the expectations of it.
An interview that is well prepared is more likely to culminate in selecting the right applicant (Abraham, 2017). The steps to prepare a well–crafted
interview are:
1.Compile a list of attributes required to perform the role
2.Let the applicant know in advance the expectations of the interviewer(s), the topics that will be discussed, the dress code and a time that works for
both parties to meet.
3.Keep the selection process small. Have the applicant's boss, an HR representative and department boss be the only ones to interview.
4.Keep the interview short. One hour is usually enough. Look for curiosity, insight, engagement and determination. A determination should be made
that not only can the applicant do the job but what are their promotion prospects (Knight, 2015).
Personality Inventories – job success is predicated on a person's personal characteristics (U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training
Administration,

Depression As A Chemical Imbalance
Right now, over fourteen and a half million Americans, nearly seven percent of the population, suffer from Major Depressive Disorder
(MDD)(Source 1). The human brain and its complexities currently make it impossible to quantify the exact way in which depression arises and
affects a person. However, one thing is certain, a lot of people are sad, and it is getting worse. The rate of depression among high school to college
age students has increased significantly in the U.S. over the past fifty years. Depression is often described as a chemical imbalance in the brain, which
is entirely correct; however, this is a gross oversimplification of the disease. Neurologists have identified over one hundred different neurotransmitters,
the chemicals... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, temperament, the way in which an individual views the world and their unacknowledged assumptions about how it works, also influence
mood (Source 11).
Although depression is classified as a mental illness, clinical depression can produce a host of physical and mental symptoms. Mentally, depression
makes a person feel miserable, hopeless, and as though the smallest tasks are impossible. Previously enjoyed activities often become uninteresting and
anger and stress levels can skyrocket. Physically, chronic exhaustion sets in and aches and pains can arise which have no apparent cause (Source 1).
The MMPI test is heavily used in psychiatric and depression research. The MMPI, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, is the "most widely
used psychometric test for measuring adult psychopathology in the world", and its derivatives, the updated MMPI–2 and the MMPI–A that is used in
adolescents, are both widely used and accepted in the academic and psychiatric communities (Source 4).
An alarming trend has arisen in the past fifty years in America, depression rates have increased significantly for high school to college students. There
is dispute over the exact magnitude of the increase, with some studies reporting a fifteen to twenty percent increase in

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Research Paper
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a test for people who are under suspicion for having any mental health problem. This test
can not be found online and only can be taken under professional supervision, and the results can only be interpreted by the physiologist giving the
test. I personally think that the test should be taken that way and not available online so people do not diagnose themselves then get false results.
There is three versions of the test itself MMPI–2, MMPI–2–RF, and the MMPI–A. MMPI–2 is a test that has 567 true or false questions, then the
MMPI–2–RF which is a newer, faster, and more widely used by physiologist. Last the MMPI–A is used more for teenagers. The MMPI–2 test is made
up into 10 scales which

I, By The Audience Experienced The Journey Of Chris Ladd
In the short–film "i", the audience experienced the journey of Chris Ladd as he worked to determine his true identity. His journey reflected the change
in ideas and measurement of personality over time. He ultimately concluded that there isn't a way to label one's own identity, but rather all
measurements are simply descriptors. To arrive at this conclusion he partook in the three major methods of personality study: Subjective, Objective and
BLIS–Data Inventories. Through these tests, it was present that though major themes were continued throughout the process for Ladd, each
measurement gave a different and incomplete answer. This led me to believe that if I were to also study my own identity, I would use similar but look
at the results through a different lens, specifically one of introspection. Ladd began his journey with projective/subjective methods, which was
completed through the use of a psychic. He was critical of this methodology from the beginning, mainly due to its founding in Freud and the lack of
reliability in the studies. This is alluded to in the film with the variability of answers to Rorschach Tests, which can be interpreted differently by a
patient each time, and the administrator can also interpret the answers differently each time. When the psychic made a computing error, it acted as a
self–fulfilling prophecy for Chris, and he even pointed out that her predictions for his future fall in line with general hopes, such as living in a nice
apartment in

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Adolescent (MMPI–A) was created several years after the standardized Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) to specifically assess adolescents between the ages of 14 –18 years (Handel et all, 2011). The MMPI–A is a 478 item
testing measurement used to assess personality. It is a self–report, true–false testing measure that has 10 clinical scales, 15 content scales, and 5 validity
scales (Cross, Cassady, Dixon & Adams, 2008). Seventy of the original MMPI items were removed or altered to create the MMPI–A (Archer &
Gordon, 1994). It is much more difficult to determine abnormal personality concerns in adolescents due to their higher rates of endorsing
"pathological" items on the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A longitudinal study completed by Cross et all (2004), examined the psychological traits of gifted students (n = 139) entering a two–year high school
residential program. They tested the students using the MMPI–A upon entry to the school and after the two–year stay. Clinical scales mean scores for
this study were between 40–50 for both tests. The standard deviations for the clinical scales at entry were between 7.58 – 12.11 which were similar
scores found in the norm sample. At the two–year mark, the standard deviations were slightly larger suggesting a broader range of testing scores, but
scores still did not deviate far from the norm. The validity scales were examined using Wilks' Lambda and the K scale showed the only significant
change. This showed that the students' answers were consistent and honest. There were two clinical scales that showed statistically significant change,
in individual students, between the entry and the two–year test; depression and hysteria. Scores in three of the five subscales of depression were
significant; subjective depression, psychomotor retardation, and mental dullness. Denial of social anxiety, need for affection and inhibited aggresses
were the three of five subscales of depression that were significant. Overall, the study found that gifted students do not differ

Evaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Technical Properties The MMPI–2–RF normal sample is the same used to standardize the MMPI–2 minus the emphasis on gender; no new norms were
collected for the MMPI–2–RF. The nongendered MMPI–2–RF normative sample is made up of 1,138 men and 1,138 women from the normative
sample of the MMPI–2. Analysis of T scores based on gendered versus nongendered norms showed no advantages or disadvantages for either gender.
The mean T scores for both men and women were at or about 50, with standard deviation of 10; therefore, there was no significant clinical difference
between genders. The normative sample was composed of individuals ranging from age 18 to 80 all from different regions and communities in the
United States. The representation of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that the MMPI–2–RF should not be used as stand–alone diagnoses. In a complete psychological evaluation, many sources are
taken into consideration and not one plan of action fits all. It is critical to place significance in the individual's past history, familial history, other test
results, and interviews to compare the results of the MMPI–2–RF (Porath, 2012).
Uses, Values, Strengths, Weaknesses, Professional Commentary in Literature
A study done by Gass and Odland (2012) examined the fundamental psychometric properties of the Symptom ValidityScale (also known as the
FBS–Faking Bad Scale). Their sample was composed of 303 medical patients at a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center who had medical conditions
related to their military service for which they received monetary compensation. Due to the compensation received, these participants may be motivated
to distort results to continue receiving compensation. The study showed approximately one standard deviation (SD = 4.74) higher than that of the
MMPI–2 normative sample (SD = 3.15) in the average frequency. Gass believes that the design of the scale does not clearly present what it measures;
yet "consistent with Lee–Haley et al.'s (1991) original design, FBS–r appears to be sensitive to reported levels of emotional distress" (p. 567). The
study showed that the FBS–R lacked a statistically coherent factor structure, thus making it an unpredictable measure of

The Impact Of Police Personality And Coping
Impact of Police Personality and Coping on Perceived Job Stress Currently, there is a lack of research that connects personality and its impact on
stress and coping (Lau, Hem, Berg, Ekeberg, & Torgersen, 2006). Research in this area is particularly important for law enforcement because
personality can influence how police interact, react, and cope with stressors (Larsen & Buss, 2002). Clearly, police face a wide array of stressors
everyday due to the nature of their job. According to Violanti and Aron (1994), being a police officer is one of the top three most stressful
occupations one can have. How they deal with that stress can impact the individual officer, the department, and society itself. Research has shown
that many officers use maladaptive coping skills to deal with these stressors (Patterson, 2003). Although police stress has been widely researched,
most studies do not look at police stress over the different stages of their careers and through the different officer ranks. Personality, perceived stress,
and coping may change throughout a police officer 's career (Jensen, 2009). Knowing at what point in the officer's career and at what rank the most
stress is experienced will also aid in creating a preemptive plan. Literature Review What is the police personality, how does it form, and how is it
assessed? Larsen and Buss (2002) define personality as, "a set of psychological traits within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring
and that influence

Analysis And Criticisms Of The Rorschach
Introduction The Rorschach is a projective personality test, which measures personality functioning and assess personality structure. This instrument
was published originally in 1921 by Rorschach. Although there were inkblot tests existed prior to the Rorschach, this was the first empirically based
system. The assessor interprets the client's responses to 10 bilaterally symmetrical inkblot images (Groth–Marnat, 2009). The images are ambiguous
and non–figurative in nature. Some of the images are in black and white and others contain colors. The Rorschach differs from other projective tests
such as Thematic Appercepetion test (TAT). The Rorschach is known as a type of associative or structural technique whereas TAT is a type of
construction technique (Campos, 2011). The scoring of responses is done according to the location (or the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Assessors would chose instruments that answer the referral questions. Therefore, the chosen instrument must be able to provide information that is
well–found and to accurately identify a targeted trait and/or phenomena (Groth–Marnat, 2009). A number of criticisms on the Rorschach are related to
its reliability and validity. Such criticism pointed to the importance of organized coding system. Due to Rorschach's passing shortly after publishing the
test, the instrument was utilized without a standard system. The comprehensive system (CS), which was introduced by J. E. Exner, Jr., has provided
much needed standardization to the assessment method (Groth–Marnat, 2009; Weiner, 1999, 2001). More recently, another group of researchers
developed a system known as the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) (Meyer & Eblin, 2012; see Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, &
Erdberg, 2011). These systems have been proposed in the effort towards standardlization and increased validity (Choca, 2013). Of these two systems,
CS is the most frequently used (Groth–Marnat,

Substance Abuse Within Correctional Setting
Substance Abuse in Correctional Setting Assessment psychology has examined individuals who are criminal offenders who were evaluated to
determine their personalities to which they have a long history with. Approximately well over a century ago, MГјnsterberg, 1908, Vaccaro & Hogan,
2004 who are all psychologists has managed a improved study on criminal offenders that will allow us all to have an ambiguous understanding of how
the process of his research in reference to the criminal offenders testimony in court cases. In the 20th century the personality assessment was
established, which was generally exercised to govern a component for personality in criminals (Symonds, 1934). During court cases in 1942 adults and
juveniles were introduced to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) which was disclosed that same year. Psychologists Archer,
Stredny, & Zoby, (2006); Archer, Buffington
–Vollum, Stredny, and Handel (2006); Borum and Grisso (1995); and Lally (2003) was flabbergasted to
find how accurate the MMPI–2 presented itself, which was ultimately the most universally piece of equipment acknowledged and used as evidence for
criminals, that calculated their personalities in forensic assessments. The MMPI was authenticated well in the 70's which everyone employed
extensively as solid foundation in correctional settings as well as the use in forensic psychologists. Currently the use of assessments were for people
who were under

The Big Five Theories Of Personality
Personality is defined as a set of traits that influence the stability of its behavior and attitudes, its psychological identity, directions and ways of adapting
to the environment. Simply speaking, how person respond in different situations.
There are many theories and models of personality, however the most famous and respected are The Big Five Personality Theory, identifying five core
personality traits:
Neuroticism (emotional stability) means susceptibility to experiencing negative emotions, as well as emotional imbalance. Costy and McCrae assume
that the element of neurotoxicity is an element of a healthy personality. For those who are high in emotional stability, we can select traits as: calm,
resistance to stress or even–tempered. For low in neuroticism: anxiety, sadness, irritability, depression, aggressive hostility,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since then, many personality tests have been developed, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire (16PF), the Comrey Personality Scales (CPS),
Very popular is NEOPersonality Test: International Personality Item Pool test, where personality is divided into five main categories (agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion), and 30 sub–categories. This test is common used in multicultural work environments from
around the world. One of the most common used (taken by 2.5 million people per year) is in this field has become Myers–Briggs method This theory
is based on four types of personality, combined in opposite pairs. This are: Extraversion "E", or Introversion "I", Sensing "S" or Intuition "N",
Thinking "T" or Feeling "F", Judgment "J" or Perception "P". All of these types are combined into 16 categories: ISTJ, ISFJ, INFJ, ESTP, ESFP,
ENFP, ENTP, ISTP, ISFP, INFP, ESTJ, ESFJ, ENFJ,

PSYC 2301 3 Essay
A collective term for the economic, occupational, and educational factors that influence an individual's relative position in society defines _____
Select one: a. historical racism. b. the secondary appraisal. c. the biopsychosocial theory. d. socioeconomic status. Question 2 Not yet answered
Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text A _____ is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress. Select one: a.
catastrophe b. coping mechanism c. uplift d. stressor Question 3 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text According to
Freud's psychosexual stages of development, successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to _____ Select one: a. a little boy's identification
with his... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which of the following dimensions of personality do their theories share? Select one: a. extraversion b. openness c. conscientiousness d. self–esteem
Question 15 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Dependability and reliability describe two aspects of the _____ factor of
the five–factor model. Select one: a. extraversion b. openness to experience c. sociability d. conscientiousness Question 16 Not yet answered
Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Elsie has always wanted to work for a prestigious computer company located in sunny California.
When she was offered the job, it was everything she could wish for. Then she was told that for the first two years, she would have to train in
Minnesota. Elsie despises cold weather, so she is now faced with the _____ conflict. Select one: a. approach–avoidance b. approach–approach c.
attend–avoidance d. approach–attend Question 17 Not yet answered Marked out of 2.00 Flag question Question text Erin is being treated for diabetes
by her physician. She knows there is no medical cure, so she is taking a supplement she found testimonials for on the internet. Erin does not want to tell
her physician because she might disapprove or laugh at her. Erin is using a_____ treatment and running the serious risk it will _____ Select one: a.
quack; not work. b. alternative; interact with her treatment. c.

Evaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality...
Introduction Self–report has always been one the easiest ways to gain insight of a person's personality. These test can range from quizzes filled out
online that tell you which pop star is your personality twin to standardized tests requiring a certified test user. Some of the most popular and highly
researched tests have been the MMPI and its successors. The MMPI, created by Stark R. Hathaway and John Charneley McKinley, was the first step
towards the MMPI–2–RF. The MMPI was firstly created to test individuals who were 14 years old and older. Throughout the years, the MMPI has
through a lot of changes, evolving into three tests used today: MMPI–2, MMPI–A, and MMPI–2–RF (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2013). General Information
The Minnesota... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Certain factors may exclude various individuals from taking the MMPI–2–RF and these should be taken into account. For example, the MMPI–2–RF
should only be administered to individual's 18 or older. More importantly, if an individual were 18 years old but still living at home and/or attending
high school, the MMPI–A would be a better test to administer. The estimated MMPI–2–RF reading difficultly calculated by the Flesch–Kincaid index
recommended a reading level of 4.5 grades. The MMPI–2–RF should not be administered to those who do not have a reading level of 4.5 grades or a
5th grade level based on the Lexile average. In order for the MMPI–2–RF to be scored, test date, birth date, ID number and gender must be filled in.
The report will fail to print if any of the necessary data isn't given. Finally, a language barrier may exclude a participant unless the MMPI–2–RF is
available in their particular language and region (Minnesota Multiphasic, n.d; Porath, 2012). Compared to the MMPI–2, the MMPI–2–RF only retained
338 of the questions from the original 567 items, making it a more simplified measure. The hierarchical scale structure of the MMPI–2–RF provides
concise information across 51 scales that are easily interpretable. The 51 scales found in the MMPI–2–RF are broken down into the following: 9
Validity Scales, 3 Higher–Order (H–O) Scales, 9

The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory Was Founded By...
MMPI–2 History The Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory was founded by Hathaway and McKinley in the late 1930s. This test was than published in
1942 by the University of Minnesota press. In 1989, Yossef Ben–Porath, W. Grant Dahlstrom, and John Graham, revised in 2001 and updated to
MMPI–2 in 2008– 2009. Now The reason behind MMPI–2 was to be able to give people a more modern perspective view on mental health and
developing a scale for assessment for psychiatric patients This test was to be able to discover and assist in helping .... MMPI–2 has exactly 567 test
items and it takes 90 to 60 minutes to complete. Anybody can be able to purchase the answer sheets and test booklets .The English softcover test
booklets come in a package of 10 and are available for $32. The Answer sheets come in a package of 25 with the price of $20.50. The newest version of
the MMPI–2 RF, contains a shorter amount of questions that consist of 338 answer choices. Purpose and nature of the test The purpose and the nature
of the MMPI–2 test was created to help determine psychopathology and personality structure in Adults. This test was clinically used to be able to find
numerous of experiences or behaviors that result in symptoms that consisted of mental illness. It also includes an evaluation of personality, as a
measure mental distress, and could identify abnormal or maladaptive behavior. After finishing this test their answers are found in the 4 validity and 10
clinical scales. There are exactly 5

The Effects Of Personality Assessments On The Workplace
The use of personality assessments in the workplace has tremendously increased in recent years for the purposes of selection, placement, and
development of employees. The rationale for the use of these tests is that personality assessments are useful for explaining and predicting work
attitudes, behaviors, and job performance because "personality includes a wide range of characteristics that people possess; many of them have an
impact upon the ways people behave in the workplace" (Boutelle, 2015). However, an increased use of this type of assessments has raised some
ethical issues such as discrimination (i.e., adverse impact), violation of privacy and social desirability bias (i.e., distorted responses) which should be
considered when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. any test, its administration or action upon the results [shall not be] designed, intended or used to discriminate because of race, color, religion, sex or
national origin" (Civil Rights Act of 1964). The court case Karraker v. Rent–A–Center Inc., demonstrates the possibility of discrimination associated
with the use of personality test in promotion process (Mulvihill, 2006). In this case, the employer used some questions from the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI) to measure personality traits of employees who applied for managerial positions within the company. The court ruled
that the employer's use of the MMPI as part of its testing process for managers violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and emphasized
that the MMPI portion of the test to be a "medical examination," which could not be given in a pre–employment situation (Mulvihill, 2006) So it is fair
to say that personality assessments which seem to be benign can easily disqualify an individual for certain positions, opportunities and promotions
within the workplace. This issue speaks to the Principle D (i.e., Justice) of the APA Ethics Code. This principle enforces psychologists to preserve
fairness and justice in the processes, procedures and services that they conduct (American Psychological Association, 2010). In case of using
personality assessments to make hiring, placement and promotion decisions, this principle can be violated when employers use these assessments and

Multiphasic Personality Inventory
In this article, the empirical correlates of scores on Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory –II–Restructured Form scales was observed in a
college setting. This personality inventory in addition to six standard measures evaluating anger, assertiveness, cognitive failures, avoiding social
situations, and the fear of social circumstances were given to over 800 college students including both male and female. The MMPI–2–RF was
administered to test the cogency of scores on this personality assessment precise issues and interest scales. The outcome expressed data of overall
decent convergent score validity for the MMPI–2–RF scales, emulated in large effect size comparisons with standard measure scores. In addition, this
personality assessment... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were numerous restrictions in this study. The measurements of principles utilized were not extensive to the extent of evaluating each of the
varying theories evaluated by the many Specific Problems and Interest scale sets. Another issue, the Bem Sex Role Inventory Feminine and Masculine
scale results did not correlate to the hypothesized MMPI–2–RF scale scores at the designated standard inferential. Measures completed in the future
should evaluate methods to test validity of multiple and varied Specific Problems scales in addition to Interest scales identified on the MMPI–2–RF.
The studies should also persist in discovering the psychometric properties of the personality inventory in college settings in addition to other places and
other measures and practices, for the purpose of elucidating the practical value and explanatory connotations of scale scores on this instrument
throughout several communities. Christian counselors provide psychological testing to evaluate the signs and symptoms clients have to gain better
awareness of the client's issues. Counselors are to utilize testing only for purposes to assist the client to an overall better understanding of psychological
illness and to further assist the client in coping with their diagnoses. Counselors are

Personality Theory
personality theories, types and tests personality types, behavioural styles theories, personality and testing systems – for self–awareness,
self–development, motivation, management, and recruitment
Motivation, management, communications, relationships – focused on yourself or others – are a lot more effective when you understand yourself, and
the people you seek to motivate or manage or develop or help.
Understanding personality is also the key to unlocking elusive human qualities, for example leadership, motivation, and empathy, whether your purpose
is self–development, helping others, or any other field relating to people and how we behave.
The personality theories that underpin personality tests and personality quizzes are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Understanding personality – of your self and others – is central to motivation. Different people have different strengths and needs. You do too.
The more you understand about personality, the better able you are to judge what motivates people – and yourself.
The more you understand about your own personality and that of other people, the better able you are to realise how others perceive you, and how
they react to your own personality and style.
Knowing how to adapt the way you work with others, how you communicate, provide information and learning, how you identify and agree tasks, are
the main factors enabling successfully managing and motivating others – and yourself.
Importantly you do not necessarily need to use a psychometrics instrument in order to understand the theory and the basic model which underpins it.
Obviously using good psychometrics instruments can be extremely useful and beneficial, (and enjoyable too if properly positioned and administered),
but the long–standing benefit from working with these models is actually in understanding the logic and theory which underpin the behavioural models
or personality testing systems concerned. Each theory helps you to understand more about yourself and others.
In terms of 'motivating others' you cannot sustainably 'impose' motivation on another person. You can inspire them perhaps, which lasts as long as

What Is The Big Five Factor Of Employee Personality
Introduction Background With the market continues to mature and competition grow rapidly, companies cannot only rely on the basis of what
products or services they offer, employee is more and more important for a company to determine a company's ability of competition. Different
employee has different personality. Personality can affect people's attitudes, behaviours and job performance. Therefore, it is very essential for a
company to consider and measure employees' personality. Purpose The purpose of this essay is to explain how personality affects employees'
behaviours, attitudes and performance at work, how personality is measured by organisations. And using academic evidence, argue it is valuable for
organization behaviour scholars to conduct personality testing before hiring new employees. Personality Personality is primarily feeling or emotion
expressing itself through general intelligence, special capacity, and bodily organization (Rue & Wolford, 1936). There are varieties of personality, and
all the personality is different. For example, in psychology, the Big Five personality traits are dimensions of personality that are used to describe human
personality. It can account for difference in personality. The five factor of the Big Five personality trait are extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience (McCrae & Costa, 1987). Extraversion is positive emotions, including excitability,
talkativeness, and assertiveness. The

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 or MMPI–2 is a widely used, 567–item, standardized personality inventory, which measures
personality characteristics. The test includes several validity scales, which assist the assessor to analyze the validity of the overall test results
(Groth–Marnat, 2009) and the test–taking attitude (Friedman, Bolinsky, Levak, & Nichols, 2014). The scales allow detecting the client's intention to
fake the result. The Cannot Say scale indicates that the client answered all items of the test. The client answered the test in a consistent manner
(VRIN= 46T). However, although it is within the normal range, an elevation in the True Response Inconsistency scale (TRIN= 64T) indicates that the
client has a

Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2–Restructured Form The original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was
developed in 1943 and authored by Starke Hathaway and J. Charnley McKinley. It was developed for constructing a psychological assessment that
would be able to assist with the differential diagnoses of psychiatric disorders and for use in clinical settings (Tarescavage & Ben–Porath, 2015).
Hathaway and McKinley created a large range of self–report questions in hopes of using the items to develop a concrete, valid measure of personality
descriptors (Ben–Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011). Throughout history, this assessment has remained one of the most widely used tools in psychometric
assessment of personality and psychopathology... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these scales fall outside of the Emotional/Internalizing Domain. RC3 falls in the Interpersonal Functioning Domain, and reflects the individuals
who express distrust and have an overall negative view of other people (Ben–Porath, 2012). RC4 falls in the Behavioral Dysfunction domain, which is
related to individuals that are having trouble with aggression, substance abuse and other areas of their behavior. RC4 is specifically composed of items
that assess the individual's level of irresponsible, disruptive, rule–breaking behavior (Tarescavage & Ben–Porath,

Use of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory to...
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) frequently headlines newspapers and newscasts across America. Veterans fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan
return to a life they left but inside they are tormented with flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, anger, and depression. Many people suffer from PTSD after
experiencing traumatic events in his or her life. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI–2) is chosen for the basis of this assignment to
evaluate someone who exhibits symptoms of PTSD. Sometimes the symptoms of PTSD are exaggerated or faked. The basic characteristics and the
purpose of this tool will be discussed as well as how the tool is used. An analysis of the MMPI–2 will reveal the relationship between MMPI–2 and a
major theory of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The test questions reveal a person's strengths, weaknesses, and detect mental disorders. Only a trained professional should administer, score, or
interpret the test. The MMPI–2 is only one piece of the puzzle of diagnosis for PTSD or other findings. A professional assessment should include a
detailed history background, evaluating medical records, a through psychological assessment as well as looking at the person's educational
background. A thorough evaluation, looking at all aspects of the person's life will help make a true diagnosis (Advameg, Inc., 2011). The Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM–IV–TR) requires ruling out malingering before diagnosis of PTSD is rendered. MMPI–2 is
frequently used and contains "fake–bad" validity scales, which can be used to detect the "fake–bad" symptoms from someone who claims they have
PTSD. Faking the symptoms is common and can be difficult for a therapist to discover. Sometimes, a client will bond with a therapist, and because the
bond includes trust, the therapist is reluctant to test the client or even question the client. Information about PTSD is readily available and easy to
obtain, so clients are in essence coached into the necessary symptoms. The MMPI–2 is one of the best psychological tests to use because the validity
scales are effective in identifying test–takers who may be faking

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