The Economic System Of Thailand

The Economic System Of Thailand
Introduction
Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and occupies the western half of the Indochinese Peninsula
and the northern two–thirds of the Malay Peninsula. Its government is a constitutional monarchy
which is much similar to the government of the United Kingdom. The economic system of Thailand
is considered to be a mixed system with the combination of market capitalist and socialist. It is an
export–oriented country and owns a number of Asia's largest industries such as shrimp and rice. Its
economy is slowing down due to the political instability. This paper is going to demonstrate some
main aspects of Thailand including its historical and cultural background, political system, the role
of government, financial and educational sector, economy and so on.
Historical and Cultural Background; Political system
The word "Thai" has the meaning of "free", and thus Thailand means the "land of the free". Thailand
is the only Southeast Asian country that has never been taken over and colonized by a European
power throughout its 800–year history.
The Thai unified kingdom known as Siam was established in the middle of14th century. The kings
of the kingdom owned absolute power and there was no written constitution until 1932, a bloodless
revolution called 'The Revolution of 1932 ' took place, transforming the Government of Thailand
from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Instead of the monarch possessing
absolute power and decided everything, the prime minister
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Civil War: Parliament And The Stuart King
Background to the Civil War: Parliament and the Stuart Kings:
England, seventeenth century, English development= kings clashed with their old medieval
representative institutions; the old institution, Parliament, won out against the king
Germany= estates of Holy Roman Empire triumphed against emperor (later occurs in Poland)
Triumph of old representative institutions= "Political dissolution or even anarchy"
Successful governments were the result of kingly powers increase (evident in Dutch Republic after
1672 under William of Orange)
England= Parliament, in defeating the king, arrived at a workable form of government; Government
remained strong but came under parliamentary control; movements of liberalism(political
philosophy of liberty and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During his rule, the English people gained the right of habeas corpus.
Restoration= This is the name for the period when England was ruled by Charles II.
James II= Brother to Charles II, he was a Catholic king in a Protestant country. He was overthrown
by his son–in–law in the Glorious Revolution.
William and Mary of Orange= The daughter and son–in–law of James II. They overthrew James to
take control of the English throne in 1688.
Oliver Cromwell= The leader of the New Model Army; ruled England as Lord Protector after the
civil war. Leader of the Puritans during the English Civil War. He ruled England as a military
dictator until his death in 1658.
Louis XIV= monarch, reigned as King of France 1643–1715; Palace of Versailles (symbol of royal
power)
Glorious Revolution(1688)= When Parliament forced King James II to flee England and
Parliament's authority was firmly established. William of Orange and his wife, Mary Stuart, took
control of England away from Mary's father. They established a constitutional monarchy that
continues to today.
Parliament= The legislative branch of English government that contains two groups: The House of
Lords and the House of

The Constitution And The United Kingdom
A constitution is often defined as a set of rules set to regulate the system of government within a
state. Professor King in his Hamlyn Lecture defined the constitution as, "the set of the most
important rules that regulate the relations among the different parts of the government of a given
country and also the relations between the different parts of the government and the people of the
country". Unlike some other democratic countries, the United Kingdom does not have a single
written document entitled "The Constitution" but rather it has what is referred to as an 'unwritten
constitution'.
The UK constitution is made up from a wide variety of sources, some of which are conventions
while others are as more official such as laws found in EU law. The constitution can be found in a
number of documents such as Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Act of Settlement and the
Parliament Acts. A common source of the constitution includes Acts of Parliament, there exists the
argument that many of the Acts that are currently on the statute book are constitutional laws, this can
be noted in the case Thoburn v City Sunderland (2002) , where Laws LJ makes a distinctions
between what he termed as 'ordinary statutes' and 'constitutional statutes'. Similarly decisions of
courts can also become a source of legislation, as can the legislative supremacy of parliament, A.V.
Dicey, the British jurist and Constitutional theorist, described this as "the power of law–making
unrestricted by any

Thailand 's Current Form Of Government
Thailand, a nation located in Southeast Asia, is well–known for its complex and turbulent political
history. Similar to the United Kingdom, the country's current form of government is based on a
constitutional monarchy. A hereditary Thai king serves as the head of state while a Prime Minister is
elected by a parliamentary government. Since the infamous 1932 revolution conducted by Royal
Thai Army officers and members of the country's wealthy, elite bureaucracy that put an end to the
country's absolute monarchy form of government, Thailand has experienced many military
interventions in its political system that have included 19 coups and coup attempts. These have been
conducted, until recently, to maintain the political power of the aristocracy and ward off perceived
threats. As a result, the political and economic resources of the country are controlled by an
aristocracy, and democracy has been in a constant state of flux for over 80 years. To understand the
complexity of Thailand's government, one must be aware and knowledgeable about how their
culture impacts the country's citizens' standing and status in society. A centuries–old culture based
on status derived from proximity to the monarchy dominates the political system in Thailand. The
"sakdhina" system, as it is referred to by the Thais, is a place of honor derived from ownership of
land granted to a citizen by the king (Albritton and Thawilwadee 3). Since the 1932 revolution, the
term has evolved to mean a citizen's

John Locke's Two Treatises Of Government
In the 17th century, John Locke, an English philosopher paved the road to modern–day democracy.
Lock is one of the first philosophers of the Enlightenment and leader of classical liberalism. In his
life, he wrote multiple books and letters, which is considered common thinking today however he
was seen as radical. John Locke's The Two Treatises of Government and his leadership formed a
legacy for us today.
In the 1600, King Charles the First was king of England. Charles I did not like the restrictions
imposed on him by his parliament. Charles looked for loopholes and eventually introduced a forced
loan, brought in a range on new custom duties and sold monopolies and patents. The citizens
worried that Charles I had found a way to run the country without the Parliament. The citizens
become enraged enough to execute King Charles I and abolish monarchy for a time. In 1660, King
Charles the Second came into power and restated monarchy, increasing global change and new
social ideas of human rights and liberty. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was a period of Enlightenment. People began to realize that the church was not always right
and began to look to other sources for explanation of sickness, trials and joy.
In John Locke's Two Treatises of Government, Locke rejects the idea of the divine right of kings,
supporting the idea of natural rights and argues for a constitutional government that would respect
their people's rights. Although the book's nature is debated among scholars, few question it's
powerful influence on French, American and Spanish revolutionaries in the 18th and 19th

To What Extent Have Constitutional Reforms Since 1997 Made...
To what extent have constitutional reforms introduced since 1997 made the UK more democratic?
Constitutional reform is a process whereby the fundamental nature of the system of government is
changed or where a change is proposed. In the UK this may also involve the process of codification.
Since 1997 there has been many key reforms that have made UK more democratic by a large
amount and sometimes not so much if at all.
Firstly the House of Lords reform where the voting rights of most hereditary peers was abolished.
This makes the UK less undemocratic rather then more democratic. This is due to the fact that the
House of Lords as a whole is an unelected chamber and therefore undemocratic, however by
removing the voting rights of some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reforms of Devolution where power was transferred from Westminster to different elected
bodies around the country. This makes the UK more democratic as power is no longer centralised
and areas such as parts of Scotland, Wales and Ireland will not be neglected. However England itself
does not have its own assembly and the fact that we cannot vote on certain things in areas of the
UK, but everyone can vote in policies in England could be seen to be undemocratic. Overall this
reform however has made the UK more democratic as it means areas will not be forgotten about and
countries and areas within the UK can get specific things that that area may want or need more then
others.
The Human rights act in 1998 where the UK included the European convention of Human Rights
into British Law. This reform could be seen to be very undemocratic as it means we have taken up
laws that are not are own and a power that we have not elected has technically come up with certain
laws within Britain. However it also means that it gives everyone the same rights and more
freedoms meaning that in turn we as a country should become more democratic.I think this does
make us more democratic as it does prevent our government abusing its power and mistreating
citizens and prevent the possibility of an "elected dictatorship" As a higher power can step in.
Overall I think reforms since 1997 have made the UK slightly more democratic but not to a huge
extent.

Two Main Differences And Similarities Between Written And...
Let me start by defining constitution. A constitution is a set of fundamental rules, regulation and
principles established to govern the affairs of a state or an institution. There are two main types of
constitution; the written (codified) constitution and the unwritten (uncodified) constitution. Firstly,
let me define what is meant by a written constitution. It is a formal document, stating the nature of
the constitutional arrangement, the rules that govern the political system and the rights of citizens
and the government institute in a codified form. According to the dictionary meaning, "Codified
form" is to collect and arrange in a systematic form. That is, the constitution that governs the state is
written in a one piece or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This constitution usually comes into development by practice. Pek (2008) gives emphasis to the
nature of the UK's constitution, that even though there are some parts of the UK constitution that are
codified, it is still not enough to classify it as a written constitution, since there has been no
collective comparing by the people . The unwritten constitution is characterized by parliamentary
supremacy, royal prerogatives, unitary and monarchical tendencies. In the United Kingdom, one
would certainly argue that they have a constitution, but it is one that exists in an abstract sense,
comprising a host of diverse laws, practices and conventions that have evolved over a long period of
time. Most people argue that the current constitutional settlement in the United Kingdom reflect the
principle of parliamentary supremacy. This means that Parliament can enforce any changes to the
constitution as it wants. Most people would argue that introducing a codified constitution would go
against the principle of parliamentary supremacy. The United Kingdom have all the characteristics
of an unwritten constitution. That is no codified, flexible, not organized etc. Now coming back to it
having a written form. What would be the advantage? As the advantages of a written constitution
have been seen above, it can also be applied in this case. It would be rigid due to the

Npm And Performance Management Related Literatures
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
"The NPM Model has focused on delivering market–inspired results and was primarily concerned
with efficiency and performance." (Jarrar and Schiuma, 2007)
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Efficiency and performance become two key words for the reform that held by countries in the
world. Started in the developed countries, namely United Kingdom and United States under their
leader, Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan era, this doctrine then spread to Australia, New
Zealand, Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia. NPM spread and breadth expand globally.
Inevitably, this so–called doctrine or paradigm is delivering market–based which one's country like
or dislike diffuse theirs governance in order to well implement it. This movement also inevitably
followed as one of the pressure of country's exogenous factors.
The main purpose of this Chapter is to address NPM and Performance Management related
literatures. First, the definition of NPM, its objectives and characteristic is clarified in Section 2.2.1.
Section 2.3 expands on the explanation of NPM in developing countries. The Chapter progresses
with elaborating Performance Management themes in Section 2.4 encompassing definition, essences
and challenges, before concluding in Section 2.5.
2.2. NPM AND PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ISSUE
This section pertains NPM and performance management issues, NPM definition, objectives and
elements; how the performance management as main elements of NPM, relevancies of

Absolutism Dbq
After the Renaissance, there were many factors that gave way and led to chaos, and then the choice
between an absolutist government, or a constitutional one. These factors included the decline of the
previous social order of Feudalism, the Protestant Reformation, new logical and scientific ideas
from famed Renaissance thinkers, and riots/revolts from unhappy citizens of numerous classes.
Some states like France, Russia, and Prussia, resulted in all the power gathered under the monarch's
personal control, which happened due to comparable actions by the ruler. In the 1600s and 1700s,
Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV, Peter the Great, and the Soldier King of Prussia, had similar
methods to strengthen bureaucracy and control the nobles, develop ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They all had similar tactics in taxation, but each had economic policies which resembled one
another. Colbert, Louis XIV's financial manager, promoted mercantilism, a policy of maintaining a
favorable balance of trade in order to accumulate wealth. These mercantilist policies massively
boosted France's economy. The French people were to produce everything they needed, exports
were increased, and immigration by talented peoples was encouraged. Positively, this approach
allowed France to become a competitor in trade. As a result, France surged in power and wealth,
giving Louis XIV the ability and money to reform other areas of the government. Likewise, Peter
the Great was inspired by his travels to use mercantilist ideas. More money meant more opportunity
to better the country. Furthermore, he boosted industry and production of raw materials. This whole
economic sector was underneath the monarchy's control, in order to promote the success Peter the
Great saw necessary and fit. Correspondingly, in Prussia, the next Hohenzollern was Frederick the
Great, who applied enlightened absolutist ideas to the economy. Frederick took a more humane
approach to policy, which would strengthen the state, and he also reconstructed agriculture and
industry. Altogether, the monetary and financial systems these enlightened rulers employed were to
make more money. More financial capabilities would result in a stronger state, due to the ability to
accomplish more goals, and a better life for the rulers'

How Did Enlightened Absolutism In The 18th Century
Most European states in the 18th century were ruled by monarchs, a divine right to rule was still
pretty big, but secularism grew. Enlightenment beliefs were also still at large – natural laws was the
belief in natural rights, inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person.
Enlightened absolutism was a new type of monarchy that emerged in late 18th century and
monarchs such as Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria
ruled by it. Of the five major European states, three were located in central and eastern Europe and
came to play an increasingly important role in European international politics. Prussia had two able
prussian kings in the 18th century, Frederick William I and Frederick II, further developed the two
institutions– the army and the bureaucracy– that were the backbone of Prussia. Frederick II, known
as the Great (1740–1786), was one of the best educated and most cultured monarchs of the 18th
century, well versed in the enlightenment, and for a time, Frederick seemed quite willing to follow
the philosophes' recommendations for reform; he established a single code of laws for his territories
that eliminated the use of torture except in treason and murder cases, also granting limited freedom
of speech and other freedoms. The Austrian Empire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Family structure was still very patriarchal. Jobs for wet nurses were popular for upper class families
who didn't want to feed their kids themselves. Primogeniture was the process in which the eldest son
received all or most of their parents belongings (mostly property) and was treated as a favorite.
Infanticide was killing your own baby. People did it a lot less but it still happened way too much,
some resorting to adoption

The Decrayal Consequences Of The Republics And...
The institutions listed in the above section incentivized a multitude of behavioral consequences. The
first is almost comprehensive gridlock. Under the 1974 constitution each of the republics, including
the areas, namely Kosovo and Vojvodina, which were normally considered peripheral, were given
veto power. Beyond causing an upset with Serbia, the veto power that each republic now had, made
any substitutive state reform virtually impossible. This is because the republics had differing
demographic and economic makeups, which influenced the individual republics to have vastly
different idealized versions of what a Yugoslavian federation or confederation should look like. Over
and over constitutional reforms were proposed only to run into ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
V. P Gagnon Jr argues in a 2010 article that this circular nationalism was very purposeful on behalf
of the conservative elites (25). Feeling like their positions were at risk, these elites pushed hard to
stir up historical grievances and ethnic ultra–nationalism to demobilize Yugoslav wide democratic
reformist movements. Even if the elites were not calculating their strategy so explicitly, the
insecurity created by the dual factors of elites feeling that the system was heavily in flux and the
presence of violent nationalist rhetoric, pushed republics to strongly advocate for new state
configurations that they considered to be most beneficial for their position in the balance of power
(Antonic, 470). The presence of institutional gridlock however, created a situation where republics
were incentivized to participate in extra institutional reform, changing their own republican
constitution to reflect their own republic based wants and needs, regardless of the republic's
constitutions compliance or contradictions of the federal constitution. This is what happened in the
Slovenian constitution that was published in the late 80s, in which Slovenia distanced themselves
farther and farther from federal Yugoslavia until in 1990 Slovenia clearly asserted the supremacy of
Slovenian republic law over federal authority (Fink–Hafner 2010, 238). Besides

During The French Revolution: The Tennis Court Oath
The Tennis Court Oath was a pledge by the Third Estate stating that the people were "never to
separate" and would continue to revolt until the monarchy satisfied their needs. They wanted a new
constitution with more benefits, such as equal taxation and more land, and they wanted to overturn
the Estates General. A revolution is defined as a group of people taking action to resist a government
or other powerful authority by understanding a common wish or altering something in the monarch.
During the French Revolution, the Third Estate wanted societal change and a new government
system because they had many problems within the rigid Estate system. King Louis XVI organized
a meeting called the Estates General where representatives from each Estate ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The National Assembly vowed to stay together until they reached their goal of a new constitution;
however, there was no physical action taken place or promised in the Tennis Court Oath. During the
concessions, letters stated that steps were to be taken towards a free press and there were to be no
taxes 'without the consent of the nation's representatives,' although it was clear that the King's words
posed too much of a threat. On June 23rd, three days following the Tennis Court Oath, Louis XVI
made it clear that the "separateness of the orders and the existing social hierarchy were to be
maintained and that any reforms which were to come would be granted by himself and not won by
demand." He notes, "None of your plans or proceedings can become law without my express
approval" (Hibbert 61) When the Third Estate vowed to stay together until their constitutional needs
were met, they were not promising any action. This could exhibit the idea that the Oath was not
revolutionary, since the third estate neglected to remove the monarchy and actually make a
difference in France at the

Study Guide Essay
1) What theological concerns prompted Martin Luther's challenge of the authority of the Catholic
Church? What specific reforms did he advocate?
–The church was saying that you needed to be saved and you needed Catholic priest to be directly
involved in your path to salvation. Luther put emphasis on an individual's personal relationship with
God through Jesus.
2) What were the circumstances of the English Reformation?
–Events of the English Reformation were in part associated with the wider process of feudalism and
rise of nationalism, rise of common law and more.
3) By the end of the sixteenth century, which European countries had become Protestant and which
had remained Catholic?
–PROTESTANT: Germany, Scandinavia, Switzerland, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, in an absolute monarchy, the monarch is presumed to be God–(or other deity)–
ordained, and rules with no limits on their power.
8) What factors encouraged the evolution of a constitutional government in England and the
Netherlands?
–A bitter civil war, 1642–1649. Both had a prominent merchant class and enjoyed unusual
prosperity. Both built commercial empires overseas with minimal state interference.
9) How did Louis XIV maintain control over the nobles of France? What were some of the
structures of absolutism during his reign?
–He has a large standing army that kept order.
11) What factors led to the dramatic population growth of Europe between 1500 and 1700?
–American food crops improved Europeans' nutrition and diets. Increased resistance to epidemic
diseases after the mid–17th century. European population, between 1500–1800, increased from 81–
180 million. Rapid growth of major cities. Cities increasingly important as administrative and
commercial center.
12) What are the characteristics of capitalism in the early modern age? What financial innovations
supported the growth of capitalism in Europe?
– Joint–stock companies like EEIC and VOC organized commerce on a new scale. Capitalism
actively supported by governments, especially in England and Netherlands. Protected rights of

private property, upheld contracts, settled disputed.
13) What are some of the social changes that resulted from the

1)Why Did The Philosophes Place Freedom Of Expression At
1) Why did the philosophes place freedom of expression at the center of their system of values?
The theories of the enlightenment were centered around five basic concepts: reason, science,
progress, liberty, and toleration. These lead themselves into thinking of the world in Realist terms.
We must look at the universe and understand it from what we can see. A common train of thought
was that humanity had grown far too comfortable depending on history and facts as they were
retold. One no longer thought for themselves. Progress had been constrained by social and political
institutions that did not reflect humanities natural goodness and capacity for material and moral
improvement. Humans were prone to relying on emotions rather than reason ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
when the discussion of impoverishment shifted towards a politico–economic outcome rather than
the manifestation of a natural order, poverty was regarded as necessary. It was terrible for those
forced to live in it, but it kept the economy running by providing lots of cheap labor. Poverty also
often meant uneducated. An uneducated public was easy to control and ignorant of the effects that
the aristocracy were having. The uneducated are likely to work for low wages, even more so if they
are already impoverished. This allows the wealthy to exploit large groups of people without much
effort or money. There was an enforced idea that God had placed oneself into such a position and it
was not their job to raise themselves up, but to accept and be content. Poverty was seen as a
necessary evil, a kind of darkness that contrasted the wealth of the central civilization. For one very
wealthy man, there are many, many, poor but it is their burden to bear to balance the order of things.
3) The French Revolution destroyed the French monarchy in order to strengthen the French state.
Explain this paradox. The French polity, previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for
the aristocracy and catholic clergy, underwent radical change to forms based on the enlightenment
principles of republicanism, citizenship, and rights. The revolution was aimed at the destruction of
aristocratic society, and the structure it supported in an effort to create a more autonomous

Disadvantages Of Uk Constitution
The quotation given by Alder has been in debates for some decades now and this is what my essay is
about. Starting with an introduction of constitution the classifications will be described. Then giving
a short history of UK constitution it will be followed by its sources. Then giving a summary of
recent debates on this topic, essay will take form of arguments and concluding with my opinion.
A constitution is mechanism of fundamental principles governing how members of a group or
organisation should behave, who has the power etc. Any organisation from a small club to any
biggest union can have a constitution. The constitution of a country is a little different, although it is
still, essentially, a set of rules governing how the country operates ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conventions are also known named as customs and have no weight legally but politically acts as
gravitational force in many decisions. Very basic example of a convention is that legally queen can
refuse the royal assent to any bill, passed through parliament, however due to convention she does
not. Many scholars have even debated on this like Dicey, Marshall and Jennings who said
"conventions are flesh on dry bones of law and oil to the wheels of law." 6
Should the constitution of UK be codified or not is a very deep and difficult argument. The basic
theories for the constitution are Formalist and Substantive. Formalists say that the constitution
should establish the government bodies and provide clear framework of rules so that individuals are
clear about their rights and the way to act. Whereas Richard Epstein characterises Substantive theory
that constitution should also be designing the fundamental values such as democracy and human
rights and provide protection to individuals.7
There is a vast debate on topic that what should be added into the constitution and some basic and
common points from arguments at a glance are

The Most Absolute Monarchs Of Catherine The Great
Constitutional vs Absolute Monarchies Catherine the Great William and Mary II; rulers of England
1689–1702, represent constitutional monarchy. Catherine the Great Compared to William and Mary
Catherine the great was an absolute, meaning she acquired the most power. She became Empress of
Russia in 1762. Many people felt that she would not rule the country well as she was a female, but
she proved them wrong. Although most absolute monarchs were mentioned more negatively,
Catherine the Great improved many things that helped Russia. She modernized Russia. She

The Royal Perogative Essay
The royal prerogative is a source of constitutional law, it derives from common law powers that
have from the monarchy to the executive. The significance in constitutional law of the prerogative is
that it provides the executive with considerable power to act without following 'normal'
parliamentary procedures. As Dicey explained, the prerogative is 'every act which the executive
government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of parliament.
In constitution terms it is therefore important to explore the means by which the UK constitution
secures the accountability for the exercise of prerogative powers by the executives.
Prerogative powers are those exercisable by the crown without statutory authority. Although
historically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bill of rights of (1688) can be seen as the historical origin of the supremacy of parliament and
since that point, many of the prerogative powers have been abolished or superseded by the state.
Prerogative powers, then can be described as the residual powers of the state that are not governed
by the legislation and do not require authorisation by parliament.
These include important matters of governance; the disposition of the armed forces; regulation of
the armed forces: the grant of honours; diplomatic relations and making of treaties; the appointment
of the minister and the dissolution of parliament.
The queen retains the personal power to grant certain honours, to assent the Bills passed by
parliament, to appoint the prime minister, and to dissolve parliament. The powers that fall within its
scope are often of crucial importance to government, and it is perhaps peculiar that the limitations
and controls upon the prerogative have not yet been formalised.
Modern prerogative powers may be defined as the legal powers inherent in Government, which do
not require the approval of Parliament for their exercise. It is traditionally been difficult to identify
and assess the extent of prerogative powers within no codified list of those that exist. In October
2009 the Government published a review of

Japanese Constitutional Reform : Consequences Of Article 9
Japanese Constitutional Reform: Consequences of Article 9 Abstract: Summarise the original article
of the issue or event with full reference and internet address. 100 words After a long campaign and
many public protests, the Japanese Diet successfully enacted two new security provisions that will
allow the nation to carve a path away from its former post–war pacifism. Yoshida and Aoki (2015),
reporters for The Japan Times state that the enactment of these laws has been a key goal of Japanese
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who wanted to eliminate some of the legal restrictions surrounding
Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution which renounces the sovereign right of Japan to participate in
war or other armed conflicts. The liberalisation of these laws allows Japanese forces to participate in
overseas missions, which will strengthen the alliance between Japan and the United States (Yoshida
and Aoki 2015). Background: Provide a historical context for the issue or event. 350 words At the
conclusion of the Second World War, the Japanese Imperial Army had left the majority of East and
Southeast Asia in smouldering ruins. The nation itself, was still recovering from the devastation of
the atomic bomb and the cultural shock of surrender when the American occupation troops arrived
in Japan in September of 1945. As a consequence of surrender, Japan was forced to adopt a new
constitution with strict limitations including the renunciation of the right to wage war as well as the
right to

The Constitution For New Zealand Essay
"What should be included or excluded in a written constitution for New Zealand?"
Moore (2016) emphasises the statement "time for a 40–page New Zealand constitution" declared by
constitutional law expert and former prime minister, Sir Geoffrey Palmer, in his article on
Stuff.co.nz. Palmer stresses that the present constitution is "dangerously incomplete, obscure,
fragmentary and far too flexible" (Hagen, 2016).
While there is a huge debate whether New Zealand should have a written constitution or not, it is
evident to some that the nation can benefit from forming one. With a precise and complete written
constitution, subjects and aspects crucial to New Zealand can be protected efficiently, while
simultaneously relishing the importance of existing constitutional acts in governing New Zealand.
New Zealand's resolution to examine the significance of replacing its unwritten constitution with a
written one may lead to a better managerial of important constitutional acts by highlighting the
differences between both written and unwritten constitutions.
According to TheFreeDictionary.com, constitution means fundamental law, either written or
unwritten, that explains the nature of a government by clarifying the basic principles which a society
must comply with; by describing the organisation of the government and regulation, and limitations
on the functions of government bodies; and by specifying the extent and manner of the exercise of
its sovereign powers (Farlex, 2003).
New

To what extent have constitutional reforms since 1997 made...
To what extent have constitutional reforms since 1997 made the UK more democratic?
There have been many constitutional reforms since 1997 that is progressive towards a more
democratic system, however it is not a complete democracy and there are still parts of the
constitution could be improved. In 1997 Labour government came to power, with tony blair as
prime minister, later Gordon Brown came to power between 2007 to 2010 have made a series of
constitutional reforms. This was due to the fact that many practices of british politics were out of
date, and therefore sought to modernise the constitution. Another main issue was that the central
parliament, Westminster has too much power and therefore the labour party sought to decentralize ...
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Another benefit to the reforms is that the prime minister appoints members based on their
profession, for instance the majority of the life peers that are in the house of lords are lawyers which
indicates expertness in the skill of observing, as a result the reformed house of lords frequently
defeat government. On the other side you could argue that the reform is still incomplete, and that
Tony Blair initial aim when he came to government, was to have a fully elected house of lords, in
this case would have been more democratic. Due to elected politicians in the house of lords many
appointed members by the Prime Minister are part of his own party which can ais the Prime
Minister in decision making which creates worse legitimacy. The second reform of the constitution
is the Human Rights Act that was Labour's first major reform, that came in act in 1998. Before the
Human Rights Act the Uk was part European Convention of Human rights that was adopted in 1950.
The human rights(HRA) Act came into force in 2000 in the Uk. The HRA has the effect of of
codifying the protections in the European convention in the Uk law. This act created a Uk bill of
right that is more suitable to represent the population living in the Uk, because of adopting the
convention to the needs of britain; this allows British judges to suggest their own way of Judging
based on the British culture which is more appealing to the the British

Discuss and Analyse the Arguments for and Against Adopting...
Discuss and analyse the arguments for and against adopting a codified constitution in the UK.
A constitution is a set of rules that seek to establish the duties, powers and functions of the various
institutions of government. They also regulate the relationship between and among the institutions
and define the relationship between the state and the individual. There are many different types of
constitutions. The constitution that is in place in the UK is an uncodified one. In other words, it is
not written on a single bill and consists of various written and unwritten sources. An uncodified
constitution is not judiciable, not authorititative and also not entrenched. A codified constitution on
the other hand is written on a single ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This would strengthen citizenship as it creates a clearer sense of political identity which may be
particularly important in an increasingly multicultural society.
One of the strongest arguments in favour of a codified constitution is that a codified constitution
would protect rights. Individual liberty would be more securely protected by a codified constitution
because it would define the relationship between the state and the citizens. As a result of this rights
would be more clearly defined and they would be easier to enforce than with the current uncodified
constitution that exists in the UK. An uncodified constitution can also lead to elective dictatorship
which further restricts rights. One way these rights could be defined is through a bill or rights in the
codified constitution. A bill of rights is a document that specifies the rights and freedoms of the
individual, and so defines the legal extent of civil liberty. In Britain there is no bill of rights on
terrorism legislation which exposes the weak protection of rights that an uncodified constitution
offers.
On the other hand there are many arguments against the idea of a codified constitution. One
argument is that codified constitutions are considered rigid. Higher law is more difficult to change
than statute law. It is easier to and quicker to introduce an Act of Parliament than to amend a
constitution. Uncodified constitutions are flexible as they are not entrenched like codified
constitutions. Due to

Constitutional Reform Research Paper
Our Constitution: Does it need to be reformed? In 1780 one person proposed an idea to reconstruct
our government; Alexander Hamilton proposed a general convention to frame a new constitution
(Beard 3). The Article of Confederation was failing and the several men wanted a change to form a
stronger national government. Some states excelled under the Article of Confederation while others
struggled, there was no whole as a nation only sovereignty for the states. In 1787 the "Framers"
changed the future of the United States of America and formed the constitution; which we still
currently use. It took 9 states to ratify the constitution; 9 who believed in the best for the people.
Still to this day we run our government off of a document made over ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many things to be amended to change, add on, or reword. One thing that has a huge aspect in our
country is personal rights; way to show the constitution is at flaw is lack of specification in
Amendment 2 on what the "Bearing Arms" represents. The states if they agreed upon it could amend
this if they were to call a convention. The Failure to specify rights of privacy is another flaw (2).
The constitution does not specify many things but rather only idealizes the general idea. Framers
made the constitution this way. From these flaws and broad controversy's leads us into prevents us
from a rise of a powerful faction. While realizing several things do need to change in the
constitution, there should not be a brand new constitution. If we specified everything there would be
fewer factions which become dangerous in our democracy (Madison 5). Another thing that should
be addressed is the amount of power Congress possesses compared to states; the power produces
lack of trust and hate towards Congress. The reason on why people hate Congress so much is
because the amount of taxes that the citizens of the United States have to pay toward the national
government, some states don't even see back the money they have to invest towards the

The Great Railroad Strike Of 1877
Summary:
Crises, such as the great railroad strike of 1877, Homestead strike of 1892, Pullman strike of 1894,
and the depression of 1893–1894, were results from the rise of industrial capitalism. By 1900,
America produced one–third of the world's goods. Due to this, cities became polluted and
overcrowded, and became breeding grounds for diseases like typhoid and cholera. The working
situations were not much better, with unskilled industrial laboring class, child labor, low wages,
locked fire doors, and allowance of toxic fumes in the factories; many people were disgusted by the
way America's economy grew, while its people were left in poor health.
The middle and working classes were looked down upon by the wealthy capitalistic upper class.
Muckrakers shed light on the shady business dealings the capitalistic upper class dealt in, and the
corruption of politics. The society they showed made many Americans felt as though the
fundamental principles and promises were violated. This is how progressivism was formed; a way to
fix the broken society that many Americans now suffered in.
Progressivism arose in various places from 1890 to 1917. It had many different focuses ranging
from social justice emphasis to economic and political emphasis. There were three areas the
movement wanted to reform: efforts to make the government cleaner (less corrupt and more
democratic), attempts to ameliorate the effects of industrialization and efforts to rein in corporate
power.
Despite the

Political Absolutism In The 18th Century
Have you ever wondered how we progressed from an absolute monarchy in most countries to a
more centralized government in which "the people" have a voice? The history in which we have
been given tells us how political absolutism ruled for many years and then demolished. Political
Absolutism was a period in Western history in which king(s)/queen(s) had absolute rule over the
state–they were the absolute power over every decision and the religion that they had chosen.
Although Political Absolutism dominated the west for many years, the emergence of political
philosophers and their findings in the Enlightenment period drastically undermined the strength of
Political Absolutism in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, subsequently aiding the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The need of the people outweighed the power of the King. After the French Revolution, which was a
revolution to replace the old regime and replace it with a more democratic society in which the
inalienable rights of the people were protected and the church and the government would be
separate entities, showed the effects of findings in his writings. Because Locke asserted that every
man is entitled to the rights of "life, liberty and property [basic necessitates that one has]" (Locke,
John.1821), the revolution had contextual evidence for their decision(s). The old regime was out and
in turn, the people established a constitutional monarchy in which the person in power had to
consult with legislative in order to legally make decisions. Moreover, the people's voices were heard
and a limited government was formed based on their needs. Locke gave a foundational base in
which individuals could rebel and in turn, it created a more democratic society, which Locke
defended upon. The people used Locke's theories of inalienable rights and sovereignty to achieve
their goals. Although the people did not achieve every goal, they were able to demolish the political
system that was in place and

To what extent are UK judges both independent and neutral?...
Unit 2 Stimulus – The Judiciary
1a) With reference to the source, describe the measures that exist to maintain the independence and
neutrality of the judiciary.
The independence of the judiciary from the executive and legislative is said to kept by things like
their fixed salaries and sub judice rule. Their salaries 'are paid from the Consolidated Fund' and
aren't fixed or changeable by Parliament or the government which keeps the judiciary free from
political pressure in terms of finance. The sub judice rule is where the MPs in the House of
Commons are unable to comment on current or pending cases. This keeps the judiciary free from
political interference and prevents prejudice against judicial decisions. This rule is followed by ...
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It was, therefore, seen as a breach of judicial independence. However following the creation of the
Supreme Court in 2009, senior judges no longer sit in the House of Lords which means are free of
political influence and decision making – and in effect – from the legislature as they can speak out
against the government.
1c) To what extent are UK judges both independent and neutral?
Judicial independence is based on the freedom of the judiciary from the interference by the two by
the two other branches of government: the executive and legislature, in its activities, as well as
freedom from pressure exerted by the media or public opinion. Judicial neutrality is the absence of
bias in the judiciary for example; religious, social, gender, political or racial bias. UK judges are
generally seen to possess both independent and neutral qualities. They are independent and neutral
to a large extent as the Constitutional Reform Act in 2005 has increased their independence and
existing measures such as security of their job and salary, as well as sub judice rule, the growth of
judicial review and increased European influence maintains existing independence. Neutrality is
increasing the judiciary as its social representation is improving and the biased attitudes of judges
towards national security have been changing. However independence and neutrality is still limited
as there have been biased judgements against certain social groups, biased judgments in favour of
national

Absolutism In The Seventeenth Century Analysis
During the seventeenth century, England experienced periods of growth and decline due to the
presence of absolutism in the government. The weaknesses of England's absolute monarchies led to
the creation of the constitutional monarchy, which remains as England's form of government in
modern times. Through influential events such as the English Civil War, the Restoration, and the
Glorious Revolution, England made reforms to political hierarchies. England faced a period of
turmoil under the reign of Charles I. Parliament and Charles I disagreed on financial affairs, which
led to discord. As a result, the Petition of Right was created to ensure certain rights for Parliament
and England's citizens. The Petition of Right implied that the law was higher than a monarch; the
idea of a balanced government was foreign when absolutism was at its peak in Europe. After signing
the document, Charles consistently ignored Parliament in favor of his own agenda. Over time, his
decreasing popularity instigated the English Civil War. His supporters and opponents fought for
political dominance in England. Eventually, Oliver Cromwell led Charles' opponents to victory.
After Charles' prompt execution, Cromwell established a commonwealth, which is still employed in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During Charles II's reign, otherwise known as the Restoration, England made progress in
guaranteeing privileges regarding freedom. Habeas Corpus was an act passed which secured the
rights of the detained. Prisoners in England had the right to be brought before a judge to assimilate
the charges against them. Also, judges were granted the power to determine whether a prisoner
should be released or sent to jail. This law meant that a monarch could not imprison someone for
opposing them, nor could a prisoner be held indefinitely without trials. The Habeas Corpus Act was
a vital step towards a balanced English

The Enlightenment And The Glorious Revolution
The Enlightenment is said to have begun in the 1680's, the same decade that the "Glorious
Revolution" occurred, which crowned daughter of James II Mary and her husband Prince William of
Orange Monarchs of England. This turning point in English history can be considered part of the
Enlightenment due to the switch from an Absolute Monarchy to a Constitutional Monarchy and the
passing of the English Bill of Rights in 1689 after William's ascension to the throne.
The passing of the English Bill of Rights ushered in a new age for England, giving the power of the
Monarchy to the Parliament, and banning the Monarch from adjourning Parliament or going against
the opinion of its majority. The Bill lists that many tyrannical actions that had previously been made
by many kings, such as levying money and suspending/revoking laws were illegal without the
consent of Parliament (Document 3), essentially giving Parliament control of the direction of
English law. The English Bill of Rights was ratified by William in 1689, which directly stated
multiple times that the ruler's power was to be checked by Parliament, thus inhibiting them from
exercising full power over the people, preventing tyranny. He states in Document 2 that he and his
wife Mary will "concur in everything that may procure the peace and happiness of [the] nation,
which a free and lawful Parliament shall determine... [and support] the securing of the whole nation
the free enjoyment of all their laws, rights, and liberties,

The Abolition Of The Monarchy Affect New Zealand 's...
Word Count: 2036 words
How would the abolition of the Monarchy affect New Zealand's constitutional structure?
Abolishing the Monarchy in New Zealand would inherently call into question the issue of
constitutional reform. New Zealand would need to consider having a written constitution. In this
essay the focus will be on 'Independence and a Written Constitution' in relation to steps that may
need to occur for New Zealand to become a Republic. I will reflect on the use of the word 'may'
briefly as there are merits in remaining with an "unwritten Constitution" mainly in relation to the
fluidity that has historically led New Zealand's gradual progression to Independence.
New Zealand is a democracy and constitutional monarchy; the Head of State is the sovereign
(Queen Elizabeth II) whom is the source of legal authority in New Zealand. In her role as Queen of
New Zealand, Queen Elizabeth II acts through a representative appointed on the recommendation of
the Prime Minister for a period of five years. The formal title is Governor–General and Commander
in Chief of New Zealand . The office and powers of the Governor–General are set out in the Letters
Patent, revised in 1983 and amended in 1987 and 2006 . The office of the Governor General
"symbolises unity and stability," it is not dependent on the continuation of a government.
The Letters Patent empower the Governor–General to constitute and appoint various officers, such
as members of the Executive Council and diplomatic or

Monarchy Vs. Constitutional Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy vs Constitutional Monarchy
The difference between absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy is that in the absolute
monarchy, the monarch holds the supreme or absolute powers, whereas in the constitutional
monarchy, the head of state is a hereditary or elected monarch.
The law within a constitutional monarchy might be different from the law within an absolute
monarchy. Differences between absolute and constitutional monarchies emerged during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when many European countries experimented with absolutism
and constitutional monarchies.
Absolute monarchy is also called undemocratic monarchy and constitutional monarchy is also called
a liberal monarchy. In the absolute monarchy, the king ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Malaysia, Luxemburg and Jordan are among the
nations that have constitutional or limited monarchy system whereas Brunei, Saudi Arabia, Vatican
City, Swaziland, Oman and Qatar are some of the few nations that still have absolute monarchs.
Summary:
1. Absolute monarchy or undemocratic monarchy transmits absolute powers to the monarch who
acts as a dictator or head of the state.
2. Constitutional monarchy or liberal monarchy gives limited powers to the monarch as in the
monarchy of England.
3. In the constitutional monarchy, the prime minister of the state holds the maximum powers and
political effectiveness.
4. Absolute monarchs were initiated due to holy wars and the decline of the church.
5. Constitutional monarchy was initiated when the monarchs emerged as irresponsible and careless
leaders.
Absolute Monarchy in France: Louis XIV
An Absolute Monarch Rises Soon after Louis XIV became king, disorder again swept France. In an
uprising called the Fronde, nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor each rebelled in order to
protest royal power or preserve their own. On one occasion, rioters drove the boy king from his
palace. It was an experience Louis would never forget. When Mazarin died in 1661, the 23–year–old
Louis resolved to take complete control over the government himself. "I have been pleased to
entrust the government of my affairs to the

The Impact of the French Revolution in Britain
The impact of the French Revolution in Britain
The given interpretation 'Between 1789 and 1815 supporters of the French Revolution posed no
threat to the established order of Britain' suffers from a few problems . Firstly it suggests supporters
posed 'no serious threat' however it does not elaborate on what a 'serious' threat actually is. Secondly
it covers a 26 year period '1789–1815' which is a long time and numerous things could change
within this period, Britain goes to war with France and the 'industrial revolution' begins which
would suggest things would not be as black and white as there never being a threat at all. While a
few bits of evidence do support this interpretation, a better alternative would be 'supporters of the
French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The source does say these are only 'attempts' implying they are not successful however. The source
agrees with source 4 on the success of Thomas Paine's the rights of man, in source 4 it calls it a
"Paine–ite disease". The source seems typical in the way it talks about strong government reactions
as we know later the despotic bills and the banning of Habeas Corpus are enacted by Pitt's
government. The source agrees firmly with the amended interpretation as it shows both the
government and monarchy threatened and acting on this fear by introducing repressive laws.
Source 3, overall seems to agree with the original interpretation that there was no serious threat. It
says bluntly 'Corresponding societies never offered a real threat' and suggests the 'radical societies'
were 'pernickety' and had too few real members 'sympathizers were far more numerous then formal
members'. However it does suggest the societies could 'stage impressive open air protest meetings'
which could put pressure on the government. It contradicts source 1 on the radical nature of these
societies but agrees on the number of members. The source is from a book which again covers a
large time period 1783–1870, the fact the book is called the 'forging of the modern state' and the fact
the writer mentions this time period as not revolutionary would point to the idea that there may be

Charles I's Domestic Policy
To be an absolute monarch is to believe that a divine power has granted one the ability to rule them
all. Charles, I ruled with a similar view to what gave him the right to act and rule in such a manner
as he did. Charles, I reigned as though the people were but his subjects, and he was God. However
Charles' view of himself, his early reign was plagued with predestined horror, and his eventual
implemented policies would rarely benefit anyone; at times, he himself received no advance from
his primarily domestic policies. As a child whose father –– James Stuart –– himself obtained a
disdain for the Parliament, Charles' relationship with Parliament was predetermined quite before he
began his reign. He also found that, as a result, Charles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A prime instance of his domestic policy was that he heavily taxed his subjects and would often get
around an illegal collection of wealth through loopholes. For instance, Charles continued to collect
tonnage and poundage –– a payment particular to weight (tonnage) or per pound sterling (poundage)
–– and would sell monopolies; he would sell monopolies to groups rather than individuals, in order
to avoid the anti–monopoly legislation that was enacted in 1624 (Hughes 26). Another of Charles'
initiatives include Ship Money in which were funds to finance the construction of ships during times
of war, mostly on coastal areas; thereafter, it became a regular form of taxation, as it was extended
to the entire nation by Charles (Hughes 26). Evidently, a king implementing taxes upon his people is
quite the form of absolute monarchy, for levying or laying down tallages are often one of the most
common powers a monarch who ruled with the ideas of Divine Right and or Absolute Monarchy.
Charles himself describes Parliament as an inconvenience that had only, "intermittently interrupted...
[the] divine service" (Charles I of England 1629). As is described in "Charles I's Personal Rule,
Charles lacked in the ability to understand his people, thus he lacked in the ability to create a
uniformed government; "... the personal rule could be viewed as an autocratic crusade for self–
fulfillment and self–glorification" (Act of Oblivion "Charles I's Personal

What Is The Role Of The Press Or Incarceration In La...
Dominating the new technology and maneuvering the lines of freedom of press and censorship,
champion print satirist and publisher Charles Philipon brought the government to its knees with his
caricatures resembling King Louis–Phillipe. In addition, as the leader of the French satirical press
with his journals, La Caricature and of Le Charivari, Charles Philipon set the precedent of the
political and social tone of the press in France throughout the July Monarchy. Le Charivari was
Philipon's weekly illustrated magazine that was published for nearly ninety–five years beginning in
1932. After the establishment of hefty fines, Philipon decided to produce social commentary. On the
other hand, La Caricature, a weekly satirical journal ran between ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the first five years of the July Monarchy, fines and the chance of incarceration plagued the
press, however, according to Gabriel Weisberg in the article, The Coded Image: Agitation in
Caricature, the government reached its breaking point in 1935. He stated that "they reacted by
restricting the freedom on the press, which had been bitterly won in the Revolution of 1830, through
the institution of censorship control invoked by the September Laws" . These laws regulated the
press and banned all criticism of King Louis–Phillipe and constitutional monarchy. Although
Charles Philipon and Honoré Daumier were not the sole components of the censorship, for hundreds
of talented satirists flooded France with political commentary, Philipon and Daumier's work was
exponentially influential to kindling ideas of discontent that were potent to the monarchy. Despite
the artist's initial disregard of imposed fines and police confiscation, the implication of significant
punishment, "artists were forced to be extremely careful about their themes" . As a result, satire
began to move away from its traditional political nature and began lampooning issues regarding
social classes. With the help of Philipon's Soap Bubbles, The Replastering, and Les Poires and
Daumier's Gargantua, the reception and distribution of the political satire and caricature during the
July Monarchy was blacklisted from popular culture. Fast–forward less than two centuries, although
Louis–Phillipe and the July Monarchy attempted to distinguish political satire and caricatures for
good, cartoonists throughout the world continue to rival against their government to comment on
their leader's appearance, failed promises, and

Should Australia Have Written Constitution
Topic: It is some times said that average of Australian is unaware that this country has written
constitution.
Introduction
The Australian constitution was drafted and aiming at two main constitutional conventions in 1891.
These were the finance and trade arising from federation and how best to weigh the interests of the
smaller states against populous states in the new federal legislative.
Argument for:
In relations to the topic above, I would like to examine some of the themes that likely related to any
discussion of the Australia federal constitution. A Conducted surveys of the Australians public
demonstrated a disturbing lack of knowledge about both the constitution and the government. The
problem has been demonstrated over many years as the evident to support this claimed. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With 70% of them mostly young people from 18–24 of age. Another survey in 1994 report on
citizenship by civics expert group stated that only one in five people had little understanding of what
the constitution contained; on the other hand, more than a quarter named the Supreme Court and not
the High Court, as the country top judiciary.
Lacking of the constitution can also mean that citizens can easily tick a yes or no answers, in a way
that does not reflect their real views. Therefore, a people's may vote no out of fear about what the
proposal might do, even where they would have supported the plan had they fully understood the
contents of it. I understood from my own experienced that the constitution is very document which
may requires more times to studying it and still only an

Benefits Of The Uk Retaining An Unwritten Constitution
Constitution is a body of fundamental principles that sets out a framework of precedent which
'regulates the functions, powers and duties ' amongst the organs of the government. It provides
authority to how such organs as the executive, legislative and judiciary must operate under a
constitution law. The fundamental purpose of a constitution is being able to establish the roles and
powers of different branches of a state alongside the perspectives and rights of its citizens. The
United Kingdom is considered to have a constitution however, unlike the substantial countries like
the United States of America and Australia, who currently have a sole codified document. In
comparison, to the UK, Israel and New Zealand who are amongst the only three countries in the
world that have a distinctive constitution which does not have a single codified constitution. This
essay will be exploring and evaluating the advantages of the UK retaining an unwritten constitution,
in comparison to the potentials of the UK drafting a written constitution and its capability of being
flexible, alongside referencing made to John Alder and further academics.
A significant feature of the British constitution, is arguably said to be flexible to a certain extend, in
contrast to a rigid constitution such as the USA. Albert Venn Dicey defined a flexible constitution as
'one under which every law of description can legally be changed with the same ease and in the
same manner by one and the same body. '

Britain 's Debate Over Britain
Britain is one of only a few countries in the world without a codified constitution and has long been
a topic of conversation within parliament itself and the media. There are many published articles
which argue the need for Britain to adopt a written constitution, whilst others argue that Britain is
best left with what many believe as a successful, partially codified constitution. This essay seeks to
investigate as to whether Britain would benefit from a fully codified singular document, similar to
those found in other countries or whether Britain is at an advantage by keeping it's existing
documents, some of which are in statute form and some not, to allow for flexibility in the future.
Although Britain lacks a single codified ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within Britain any law can be changed by the Governing party and this highlights the instability of
our current, partially codified constitution which is not entrenched in law. It has long been debated
as to whether Britain actually has an elected dictatorship as there is no ultimate document of overall
authority which defines the powers between executive, legislature and
judiciary(www.parliament.uk, 2014). Once a political party have been elected we as citizens have to
trust that they will abide by their promises given in manifestos and continue to listen to the general
public's wants and needs.
In 2014, Lord Neuberger, the president of the Supreme Court of the UK, caused controversy by
declaring that there are powerful arguments for Britain to adopt a written constitution. Stating that
although Britain has managed without one so far, contemporary society is such that one must surely
be adopted to secure not only the citizens rights but those within parliament. Neuberger referred to
our position within the European Union and claimed that adopting a written constitution would help
the UK overturn rulings from the European Court of Human Rights, believing that such a
constitution would have supremacy over decisions made within the Human Rights Court in
Strasbourg (Owen 2014). Britain is the only country within Europe without a legally binding
document on Human Rights and

Cromwell's Responsibility For Expansions And Effectiveness...
Cromwell's Responsibility For Expansions And Effectiveness Of Government Between 1530 and
1539
The most influential and controversial thesis concerning Cromwell's role in the revolution in
government in the 1530s was Elton's 'The Tudor Revolution in Government'. In this work, Elton
asses Cromwell "as the most remarkable revolutionary in English history.". Elton argued that
Cromwell seized the unique opportunity presented by Henry VIII's martial problems to turn England
into a unified, independent sovereign state, ruled by a constitutional monarch through national and
bureaucratic institutions. This is certainly true to an extent however it could be argued that these
changes were reactionary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The appointments of both the Earl of Norfolk and Charles Brandon, Earl of Suffolk, seem indicative
of a politically and religiously conservative council. These facts obviously take responsibility for
these changes away from Cromwell.
The importance of the executive Privvy Council is that it gave drive and continuity to royal
government owing to the stability of its membership – no longer did the impetus need to come from
the monarch or chief minister. This would be particularly important after Cromwell's downfall in the
1540s, when Henry did not allow another Cromwell to emerge and his powers were failing, and
even more after 1547 when Edward VI was a boy, succeeded by two women. The Privvy Council
took over responsibility for the executive. It had certainly taken over the management of the day–to–
day business on behalf of the monarch by Elizabeth's reign, but it is most doubtful that this occurred
in the 1530s or that Cromwell planned it.
Several other objections have been raised to Elton's assessment of the development of the Privvy
Council. Elton argued that Cromwell was able by "the reorganisation of the haphazard medieval
Council into a more formally constituted board of government; and by the promotion of the
principal secretary (himself)" to get himself appointed the chief executive and co–ordinating
minister. Rather than judging it to be part of Cromwell's plan to

How The Tort Reform Has Impacted Individuals '...
On this film it is showcased through several different cases how the tort reform has impacted
individuals' constitutional and civil rights. It also showcases how large companies and political
leaders have used their power for their own purposes as well as to push legislature to pass through
the White House and become law by financing their campaigns and helping the candidates to win
elections. One of those laws was the caps on punitive damages through tort reform. The first case
that is discussed is Liebeck v. McDonald's Rests or "Hot Coffee" as it is well known for. Stella
Liebeck suffered immense burn damage on her thighs when a coffee from McDonald spilled over
her legs. She needed a surgical operation called skin graft, where a piece of healthy skin is
transplanted to a new site on the body, and other medical assistance that reach over $100,000. She
and her family tried to reach McDonals to get a settlement for the damages, but was welcomed with
denial and lack of cooperation in settlements and coverage for medical expenses, so the family
decided to sue the company for gross negligence. Through the discovery and length of the case it
was discovered that the company had a large number of complains with their coffee. It was also
discovered that the coffee was made to be from 180 to 190 degrees Fahrenheit, which can cause
third degree burns in a few seconds. When it came to allocations, 80% of the blame was placed on
McDonals and the remaining was placed on Stella; this

John Locke And The Declaration Of The Rights Of Man
To enlighten is to give intellectual or spiritual light to someone. The Enlightenment period in Europe
in the 17th and 18th centuries was an intellectual movement that inspired thought, question, and
reason in people across the continent. It was the age of new ideals that forever altered the course of
our world today and will always be a time where tradition was no longer the primary way in which
people led their lives. Several Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Hobbes have
influenced multiple government systems to reform their ways by inspiring revolution. Natural
Rights creates a democratic republic government where supreme power rests with the people and
allows them to elect representatives to operate their country, therefore upsetting citizens since
absolute monarchies rule. Natural Rights spawns uprisings and revolution in countries because
people believe it to be their right to have shared power which is evident through multiple documents
such as The English Bill of Rights, U.S. Constitution, and The Declaration of the Rights of Man.
John Locke's idea of Natural Rights created a whole new aspect of how the government should be
constructed. Natural Rights is the freedoms people are born with and should be protected by the
government, if not then the citizens have the right to overthrow the government since their rights are
not being preserved. This Enlightenment ideal is an important aspect in both today's world and
during revolutionary periods

Haiti: A Case Study
Over a period of decades and several billion dollars of aid, Haiti remained in a dire state, with a very
bleak outlook as a fragile state. Reform conditions that accompanied the aid were oft short–sighted
and did not work to improving the situation – sometimes even doing harm, for example, failed trade
liberalization, which all but destroyed local rice farming (Phillips, E., Watson, D.D., II, 2011).
Focusing on the assembly sector and export markets had the undesirable effect of bringing many
from the rural areas into the city, the effects of which were serious overcrowding and resultant
slums, and the call for reduction of state employment rather than looking to expand its reach and
basic services outwards to better include rural areas (Mobekk, E., Spyrou, S.I., 2002). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Privatization reform was demonstrated against by Haitian groups, and this political sensitivity
among the people to it went ignored by the IMF, even resulting in aid being withheld when
government took on board the concerns of the people. Many of these introduced problems could
have been avoided if a better understanding of the problem was achieved before policy made; and
then have those amenable to change according to the feedback of their

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