China’S Balance Of Payments Analysis Report Essay

China’s Balance of Payments Analysis Report Essay
Assignment 2
China's Balance of Payments analysis Report
Abstract
In recent years, China's balance of payments always keeps "double favorable balance". In 2005,
China's national economy developed quickly and stably. The exchange rat of RMB became more
flexible. The current account surplus increased obviously and the capital account surplus decreased.
The foreign exchange reserve still increased quickly. In 2005, Chinese government did some fiscal
policy and monetary policy. Such as decreased government expense, raise the tax rate, used
managed floating system, improve the foreign exchange management, enlarged the foreign
exchange market. We can conclude that china's BOP will still keep "double favorable balance" and
keep ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Direct investment: in 2005, direct investment surplus is 67.8 billion dollars, increased 28%. The net
investment follow into China is 79.1 billion dollars, increased 44%. The net investment out follow
out is 11.3 billion dollars, increase 526%. In recent years, the investment scales of foreign business
are increasing stably. In 2001, the foreign direct investment was 46.8 billion dollars. In 2005, it has
arrived at 85.5 billion dollars. At the same time, the form and field has changed diversification. With
the China economy high speed developing and enlarging the industry field, the foreign investment
will related to communication equipment, computer, bank service, insurance service, etc. so it will
also increase for a long time. Securities investment: securities investment deficit is 4.9 billion. In
2004, it was surplus of 19.7 billion dollars. The net investment out follow is 26.2 billion. Security
investment to external is continual increasing. There are two main reasons. First, many Chinese
bank increase the foreign exchange capital because of the innovation or come into the foreign
market. Second, may be the international financial market rate increase and local financial finite
market, so they choose increase the foreign investment. Other investment: in 2005, other investment
deficit is 4 billion dollars. In 2004, it is surplus of 27.9 billion dollars.
3. Foreign exchange reserve In 2005, Chinese reserve capital increased 207 billion
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Credit Cards And Credit Card Payments
Throughout our lives, we do a tremendous amount of spending. Whether it be using cash or a
credit/debit card, we spend thousands of dollars each year on various items. Similar to individuals,
companies squander up plenty of money as well. However, companies typically primarily on the
usage credit cards. Credit cards have developed into a necessity for the majority as it is easier than
having to reimburse employees if they pay with cash. Unfortunately, credit cards are a means we
should avoid due to the concept that payments are commonly not made punctually. As a result,
people oftentimes have hundreds and even thousands of dollars of debt in regards to credit card
payments which can financially affect a person for the rest of their life. Similarly, corporations have
the same difficulties and may eventually become bankrupt because of this. Even though credit cards
are perhaps a wise decision for a few, but they are unideal item for countless others. In the situation
presented, credit cards and their implications are the principal topics at hand. Represented in the
corporate credit card case is a major regional bank holding company identified as X–Bank.
Recently, the company opted to expand its business by developing new products and services that
would increase its revenues and profits. As a result, they elected to affiliate with VISA International
and introduce the "corporate card." With this plan, corporations would be able to provide their
employees these cards to use

A Future For Mobile Payments
Businesses see a future for mobile payments soon. More and more industries are being presented
with the profits of mobile payments and those industries are viewing them as opportunities in the
modern day world. The competition is on for who is the biggest and most bad. Now, the millennials
are the ones to decide that. "According to new surveys, 72 percent of business executives believe
that smartphone payments on a large scale, are inevitable and 58 percent of businesses have already
implemented a mobile payment system." (Big Think Editors, 2012) In late 2011, Google came up
with Google Wallet in business with Citibank and MasterCard. Google Wallet allows its users to
store payment information in the cloud and pay for things at industries ... Show more content on
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For the reason that consumers only need to carry a mobile device rather than multiple forms of
paper and plastic, mobile wallets will be considerably useful. Also, because they can track users'
shopping and purchases, mobile payment systems can offer advanced "personal shopper" services
such as endorsements and new deals based on one's location and past purchasing history.
"According to a recent Pew Research survey, nearly 66 percent of participants believe their
smartphones will replace traditional payment options like credit cards and cash by 2020."
(Gramigna, K. 2015). Therefore, a few people do believe that they will be using their phones instead
of cash. Cash may not disappear completely, but it will not be used as much. As claimed by those
that doubt cash will truly disappear, mobile payments will never replace cash. "Data from Intuit
shows that 55 percent of the nation's 27 million small businesses do not accept credit cards. Despite
study after study proving otherwise, many merchants believe it is too expensive to take credit. Given
this, the likelihood of those merchants adopting mobile payment technology in the near future seems
slim." (Quinn, M. 2014) It is too unlikely to expect cash payments to disappear completely.
Nowadays, pulling out your wallet for cash or using a credit card only takes a few seconds. Opening
a mobile wallet app, pulling up a QR code, or typing in a personal email

Advantages And Benefits Of The Bharat Bill Payment System
Bharat Bill Payment System eases the payment of bills and improves the security & speed of
payments through the central unit (BBPCU) & operating units (BBPOUs).
The Bharat Bill Payment System has recently been launched by the Reserve Bank of India as a
mandatory system, for easing the payments of bills across geographies. The BBPS offers integrated
and interoperable bill payment service with security, certainty and reliability of transactions.
The service is available in multiple payment modes, online and through a network of agents. An
instant confirmation is generated for the bill payments. The BBPS will transform the society from
cash to electronic payment system, making it less dependent on cash.
Objectives of BBPS
The system is accessible anytime from anywhere, making it convenient for the customers.
The system increases the trust of the customers by providing reliable services.
The multiple numbers of payment modes is an added advantage.
The system provides on the spot payment confirmation making it easily verifiable.
Benefits of BBPS
The benefits of the Bharat Bill Payment System can be divided into two categories, namely
customer benefits and participant benefits.
Customer Benefits
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The BBPS services will be provided 24X7, so the participants must maintain their connectivity
accordingly. The billers will be provided with an online and offline mode of connection. The
transactions will be sent across through authorised network connecting all the participants of the
system with the BBPCU. Proper care will be taken for protecting the customers' data, and strict
security measures will be set for the same. The settlement of ON–US and OFF–US transactions will
be monitored appropriated as per the Settlement Guarantee Fund mechanism. The transaction and
settlement reports should be retrieved on a daily basis from BBPCU for ensuring accounts are

Stop Payment Request Form
ACH Drafts
A Member can place a stop payment on an ACH draft. The Member is required to fill out and sign a
Stop Payment Request Form. Assist Member in filling out the form if necessary. The merchant's
name goes on the payable to line, expecting clearing date should be the date that the draft normally
clears each month, and the merchant number goes on the check serial number line.
Call the Accounting Department so they can put the stop payment on the system. Be sure to sign
your name at the bottom of the form and get a good telephone number from the Member in case the
Accounting Department needs to get in touch with them. Fax the form to the appropriate personnel
in the Accounting Department. Give Member the yellow copy of the form so they ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The telephone company, then, creates a physical Paper Draft, which they submit for the payment.
Stop payments on Electronic/Paper Drafts are often difficult because the merchant will sometimes
make up a random check number when creating the draft. This means if we place a stop payment on
a specific check number, it could possibly clear as a different number and bypass the stop payment
we created.
Gather as much information as possible from the previous drafts that the merchant has done.
The Member will need to fill out and sign a Stop Payment Request Form. Call the Accounting
Department so they can set up the stop payment on the system. Be sure the Member and you sign
the bottom of the form. Get a good telephone number from the Member in case the Accounting
Department needs to get in touch with them. Fax the form to the appropriate personnel in the
Accounting Department.
Advise the Member to monitor their account and immediately notify the credit union if this
particular draft clears. Call the Accounting Department to let them know if this occurs so we can
return the item as a stop payment and refund the Member's account.
Verbal Stop

Safety And Security Of Mobile Payment Systems
Safety and Security of Mobile Payment Systems
Problem Statement
New technology has spurred innovative ways to spend money. As mobile payment systems
continually develop, consumer financial and personal information risk exposure. Industry officials
state the technology is growing, but security specialists argue growth of will inevitably attract fraud.
Smartphone owners must treat their phones as a miniature computer and equip proper anti–virus and
malware software. Enacting preventative methods will help thwart security breaches over mobile
networks. (Ladendorf, 2013)
Thesis
Although major retailers have had credit card breaches, which devastated consumer trust in credit,
Mobile payment systems stay efficient, but risk personal and financial data fraud similar to plastic
credit card usage theft. Patrons fear merchants can track your shopping habits, location and financial
records using a mobile GPS signal. Nevertheless, worries that someone can steal their information
when sent wirelessly therefore consumer confidence remains low. Thorough safety measures will
help give customers composure and regain assurance. (Busby, 2014) (Sapienza, 2013)
Counter Argument
Mobile payment entities provide added safeguards for protection. These companies, such as Google
Wallet, Apple Pay and PayPal provide a "unique device account number" for each transaction while
not using normal credit card information. The number goes to the merchant, and then the company
triggers the payment.

The Benefits Of Mobile Payment
Though issues like "Never thought about it" can be addressed by awareness and marketing the
benefits of mobile payment, the others need to be worked out with better solutions and
implementations. Though Apple Pay has sort of revamped the mobile payment sector, it isn't the first
and only mobile payment option out there. Google Wallet and Paypal, the old contenders, are still
going strong and are very much in the game. The competition is tough and add to that the fact that at
least 37% of the populace still think cash and card transactions are much easier to deal with. To win
their vote, it's going to have to get real easy and a one click checkout mobile payment option is as
easy as it can ever get.
By looking at the growth of PayPal's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earning loyalty rewards (optional; does not happen for all shoppers)
Checking–out in physical stores, the process used to (and sometimes still does!) take up to 10
minutes! Imagine a shopper looking for a coupon code to get a discount on the product they are
about to buy. The code can be either in the form of a printed document (an ad, email, or website) or
a coupon saved digitally in the user's digital wallet or app or even within the website they were
browsing and logged–in to save the coupon). The product would then be scanned –– by the cashier
or shopper – to get the price. The shopper would then pay using the payment method of their
choosing. If shopper is a member of a loyalty program, points would be added to their account. If
shopper is not a member, the cashier often asks if they would like to join (by filling out a form, etc);
this takes up additional time, which is an inconvenience for the shopper (and shoppers standing
behind in –line.)
Now, imagine a customer interaction that involves beacon integration with a mobile wallet app, in
effect mimicking an in–app payment but it takes place in the physical store. This way, the user
interaction is something like, "Do you want 10% off that product? Click here and it will be charged
to the default card in your digital wallet. No need to stand in a line to checkout."
The following section presents some of examples of commercial pilots and deployments that use
BLE to either trigger

Electronic Payment : A Long Time Since We Adopted...
It has been a long time since we adopted electronic payments. Currently the most common form of
an electronic payment is the use of EMV (Europay, MasterCard, VISA) cards with a magnetic stripe.
These include credit cards, debit cards, prepaid cards, and now smart cards. In these processes the
card or card number is swiped or entered into the merchant's computer through a terminal. The
terminal transmits data to the acquirer (a bank, for example), and then the acquirer transmits data
through a card association to the card issuer who makes a decision on the transaction and relays it
back to the merchant. Then, the merchant gives the goods or services to the cardholder. Funds flow
later for settlement with credit cards and are debited immediately for debit or prepaid cards.
However, with rapid development of mobile technologies and communication mobile payment
quickly gains its popularity. People seek faster, safer and more convenient way to pay their bills.
And mobile payment gives customers all of that. Even though the buzz around mobile payments
coinside in time with Apple Pay introduction, momentum for mobile payment technologies was
building even before Apple Pay debuted last fall. Some 17 percent of all smartphone users reported
making a point–of–sale payment with their phone in 2013, up from 6 percent in 2012, according to a
U.S. Federal Reserve survey. In–person mobile payments in the United States more than doubled in
2014, to $3.7 billion. (Hof, 2015) I choose

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Payment Options
Payment Options
There are so many ways of paying for products and services by using the internet. Any method in
which would work better for you there is a suitable way of paying for the product online or there
will be soon. I examined some of the most popular online payment options and I chose the ones that
are used the most and can be more useful to consumers.
Examples of the most popular Payment Options online would be:
Credit cards are small plastic cards that you get from a bank allowing the holder to purchase goods
or services on credit. They are one of the most popular online payment methods as they are so easy
and convenient. Credit cards electronic nature allows customers and e–commerce stores to pay and
receive payment immediately. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An advantage of PayPal is that your account is guaranteed safe against fraud. It also stops sites from
taking extra money from you which you don't know about for example you can be charged for
currency change but they didn't notify you so PayPal will stop that from been allowed. If you have
any problems with a website you used, PayPal can help you file a complaint against them within
thirty days after transaction. (Haley.A 2012)
The biggest disadvantage of PayPal is that it can freeze your account if they feel like you may have
committed fraud or violated a policy in which they have and you agreed to and they will not release
your account until the issue is resolved. (Haley.A. 2012) Another disadvantage they have is that to
pay using PayPal, you get moved onto a third party website and can't pay directly on the website in
which you are using and some people might not like that.
Google Wallet is top ranking on the top ten online payment methods according to Costill.A 2014.
Google Wallet is Google's version of PayPal; it is complete with money transfers and a Google
Wallet Card. For retail businesses, they will soon release a card to connect their users' accounts so it
can be done so much easier in the business place. (Costill.A.

Implications Of The Government 's New Regulations On...
Implications of the Government's New Regulations on Prepaid Cards and Digital Payment Services
As reported in the Los Angeles Times and the Wall Street Journal, the Consumer Financial
Protection Bureau recently announced that prepaid cards and digital mobile payment services like
Venmo, PayPal, and Google Wallet, will have protections placed on them similar to those placed on
credit cards and traditional banking transactions. These protections include clearer fee disclosures,
restrictions on card issuers like the obligation to investigate and resolve errors, and limiting
consumer financial losses when cards are lost or stolen.
There are differences in the implications for those who use prepaid cards and those who use digital
payment services. Prepaid cards are used to make financial transactions just like those carried out by
credit cards, but their market is catered toward those with lower incomes – roughly 23 million
Americans. Digital payment services, however, are more likely to be used by those in the middle–
to–upper classes. Digital payment services must be tied to credit cards and bank accounts. This
difference in market share results in different impacts for prepaid card and digital payment service
users. The implications for digital payment service users relate to fees, market share for the
companies, transaction times, and data security. The implications for prepaid card users relate to
One consequence of the new regulations is that the digital

Mobile Payments
Mobile Transactions and Payment Processing Ashok Goudar Senior Enterprise Architect White
Paper Contents Introduction Mobile Commerce – Business Context Mobile Commerce Strategy
Mobile Channel Strategy Mobile Marketing Mobile Sales Mobile Service Mobile Payment Mobile
Wallets Mobile Commerce Transaction Mobile Banking and Mobile Money Mobile Commerce
Transformation Roadmap Mobile Commerce – Payment Business Scenarios Card based Mobile
User to Business – Payments (CM2B) Mobile – Wallet – User to Business – Payments (M2B)
Mobile – Wallet Mobile Users to Mobile User – Payments (M2M) – Remittance Services Mobile –
Wallet CrossBorderM2M Mobile – Wallet Cross Border M2Account. Mobile Commerce – Payment
Processing Models Card based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping with the growth in the mobile communication technology, the software vendors, service
providers and industry forums, have been offering newer and enhanced mobile operating systems
(Windows mobile 7.0, Android OS, Symbian, Blackberry OS, Apple IOs4 etc), APIs (J2ME,
Window 7 mobile SDK, Android SDK etc), development tools (along with emulators) and
technology standards for mobile computing, making it possible to develop and host a variety of
mobile transaction processing solutions for mobile commerce. In this context, this paper further
discusses solution architecture of a target mobile transaction and payment processing framework for
mobile commerce transaction processing. The paper also briefly touches upon various mobile
commerce business models and solution architecture for business scenarios (conducted on different
mobile communication technologies), that are addressed by the target mobile transaction and
payment processing solution framework. 4 I Mobile Transactions and Payment Processing I White
Paper Mobile Commerce – Business Context Mobile commerce is not only an extension of an
eCommerce business model but also an

Malaysia Remittance And Payment Market Outlook To 2019 Essay
Malaysia Remittance and Payment Market Research Report
2015–2019
(Driven By Increasing International and Domestic Migration)
–By
Ken Research
1
© This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
1.1.
Malaysia Macro Environment and Factors
Malaysia Macro Environment Overview
1.1.1.
Malaysia GDP, 2009–2019
1.1.2.
Population and Number of Households in Malaysia, 2009–2019
1.1.3.
Export– Import and Exchange Rate Fluctuations, 2009–2013
1.2.
Personal Disposable Income in Malaysia, 2009–2019
1.3.

Internet and Smartphone Penetration in Malaysia, 2009–2019
1.4.
Household Monthly Income, 2009–2014
1.5.
Number of Mobile and Internet Banking Users in Malaysia, 2009–2013
1.6.
Remittance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.1.
4.2.
5.
5.1.
Governement Regulations and Policies in the Remittance Industry in Malaysia
GST and Its Effect on The Remittance Industry in Malaysia
4.1.1.
Overview of GST
4.1.2.
Effect of GST on Remittances in Malaysia
MSB Act, 2011 Overview
Malaysia Bill Payment Market
Payment System in Malaysia
Systematically Important Payment System (SIPS)
Retail Payment System
5.2.
Malaysia Bill Payment Market Size, 2010–2014
4
© This is a licensed product of Ken Research and should not be copied
5.2.1. Malaysia Bill Payment Market Size on the Basis of Value of Transactions,
CY'2010–CY'2014
5.3.

Market Segmentation of Malaysia Bill Payment Market
5.3.1.
By Purpose of Payment, CY'2013
5.3.2.
By Mode of Payment, CY'2013
5.3.3.
By Payment Channel (Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, ATM), 2010–2014
5.3.3.1.
Malaysia Bill Payment Market Segmentation by Payment Channel on the basis of Value of
Transactions, CY'2010–CY'2014
5.3.3.2.
Malaysia Bill Payment Market Segmentation by Payment Channel on the basis of Volume of
Transactions, CY'2010–CY'2014
5.4.
5.5.
Alliances in Bill Payment Market in Malaysia
5.4.1.
Maybank and TNB Team up for Online Bill Payment Service
5.4.2.
Celcom and Maybank Join Hands for Online Bill Payment
5.4.3.
U Mobile and POS Malaysia's Strategic Partnership for Bill Payment
Future Projections for Malaysia Bill Payment Market
5.5.1.
Future Projections for Malaysia Bill Payment Market Size, CY'2015–CY'2019

Mexico's Balance of Payments Problem
| Mini Case for Chapter 3 | Mexico's Balance–of–Payments Problem |
|
Chapter 3 Mini–Case: Mexico's Balance of Payments Problem
The term balance of payments refers to the accounting record of the country's monetary transaction
with the rest of the world. These transactions include the exports and imports of goods and services
of the country, financial capital and financial transfers. The balance of payment record is a way to
allow countries to recognize potential business partners for trade and to evaluate a country's
performance in the global economic competition. .
In this mini–case we will look into 4 key aspects such as Mexico's key economic indicators, the
causes of the country's balance of payment problems, policies in ... Show more content on
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Causes of Mexico's balance–of–payments difficulties prior to Peso devaluation
With the large capital surplus largely arising from foreign investments to support the huge trade
deficits in the Mexican current account, all seemed to go well for the Mexican economy until
several political crises erupted and several macroeconomics mistakes were left exposed in 1994
which affected foreign investor's confidence.
The year 1994 marks the final year of Carlos Salinas de Gotari's administration in Mexico. In order
to boost the popularity of the party in hope of garnering more votes, Salinas went a high spending
splurge which led to high deficits. Mexico's trade deficit further deteriorated due to trade
liberalization through the participation in North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1992,
Organisation for Economic Co–operation and Development (OECD) and World Trade Agreement
(WTA) in 1994. Fuelled by the overvalued peso and trade liberalization, Mexico was importing at a
rate much faster than it could, leading to rising trade deficits. Along with the large spending incurred
by the Salinas administration, the Mexican economy was further burdened by the excessive
consumer spending due to the overvaluation of the peso. The peso was left unchecked as
devaluation of the peso would weaken the Mexican citizens buying power, causing displeasure and
thus risking

Contemporary Security Issues in E-Payment Systems
Contemporary Security Issues in E–Payment Systems
A Thesis Proposal
By
Oladotun Dawodu
1. Introduction
This work is a contribution to the security of e–payments system: the efforts to make them able to
continue to fulfill their mission even in adverse environments or conditions – despite attacks failures
or accidents – and hence confidence earning. Globally, the use of non–cash payments is increasingly
being adopted. The global volume of non–cash payments has continued to grow, even quickly in
developing countries, and payments have proved resilient to the effects of the financial crisis.
Although macroeconomic weakness decreased the rate of growth in non–cash payments volumes in
2008–09, the initial data suggests that volumes resumed a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In this approach, the merchant receives all the private information of client, forwards it to the PP and
the PP connects to the issuer bank.
b. Online client authentication: Where the PP checks the client information, which is received from
merchants, by means of an online authentication mechanism (PIN, password, certificates, etc.). To
achieve this, the PP establishes an authentication channel with the client.
3. Authorization response: Where the PP sends the response (successful or unsuccessful depending
on issuer decision) of the authentication process to the merchants. If it is successful, the response is
sent to the acquirer, in order to conclude the purchase.
4. Payment clearing: An interaction between IR and AQ concludes the payment process, the goal
being to transfer the requested amount from the account of the client to that of the merchant.
Normally, this type of transaction is performed under a private banking network, once the acquirer
has received a successful authorization response. The interaction ends when AQ forwards the
payment receipt to MT through a PP.
In figure 1 the arrows represent the directions of these transactions. Work on the system has
proceeded in two directions: the e–payment model itself and the security considerations.
The former is based on the assumption that each of the interacting entities consists of a single
element; one client buying from one merchant with

A Merger Between Palm Pilot Payment Systems And The World...
Among the ubiquitous names on the internet, PayPal falls in that category. It has expanded
tremendously over a given period and continues to grow. With the expansion of internet businesses
and the amount of transactions that are performed via the World Wide Web, PayPal is considered to
be a major solution that one should not overlook when it comes to payment transactions (Balderas,
2011). A merger between Palm Pilot payment systems and X.com, PayPal was born in 1998 and has
been making headlines ever since. PayPal has risen to a meteorically massive position by
performing online payments. One thing that makes PayPal successful is because consumers and
businesses continue to need the services. PayPal holds more than a hundred million active ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, there is a possibility that the financial statements released will dubious since they might
include outdated transactions. There are several barriers that come about with PayPal. A PayPal
classic is the arbitrary freezing of accounts. An account can become frozen fast whenever there is an
indication of any type of fraud. In this case, it implies that there is a possibility of PayPal suffering
immense losses if no risk assessment and mitigation is performed in a timely manner.
Freezing the accounts should not be the only solution to fraudulent concerns. On the other hand,
freezing accounts gives them time to conduct investigations on potential troubles and correct fraud
in the name of protecting the buyer. PayPal's buyers and sellers have legal protection under the
Consumer Credit Act which provides them with protection regardless of what type of transaction is
completed.
The shares of PayPal are able to be obtained through the same channels that one is able to purchased
or trade eBay shares. With the recent split, the expected prices of the eBay shares are expected to
drop in order for the PayPal shares to come up. That being said, PayPal does not expect to pay a
regular cash dividend which many look forward to when investing in stock. This does not seem to
be a major factor affecting the sale or price of this stock. It has been made known that they do
expect the stock to fluctuate throughout its time on the market.
The

Payment for Living Organ Donation Should Be Legalized
The first argument of those who oppose payment for living organ donation is that once money is
inserted into the issue of organ donation, it possibly creates uncontrollable and unregulated markets
in which the poor, who ultimately need money, would be obviously exploited (Delmonico 2004),
and in which the human body would become merchandise (Shapiro 20). Opponents point out that
the poor are more likely to take any jobs that have a higher risk of death and go against their beliefs
in a way they can to get money. Thus, it might be true that they would also be more likely to donate
their organs in exchange for payment. Besides, rich individuals are able to abuse that weakness to
exploit poor individuals to obtain their organs. However, these claims are highly questionable. When
the government bans on the transfer of organs for valuable consideration, the international black
markets in organs have been insidiously established and have rapidly developed (Friedman 746). In
fact, the practice of those markets defiantly exploits the poor, because most of the organs are usually
taken from the poor in indigent Third World countries (Shapiro 20). As an example, kidneys which
have come from the poor in some parts of India have been often sold to the wealth in Sri Lanka,
Bangladesh, the Gulf States, especially, the United Kingdom and the United States ("Illegal Organ
Trafficking Poses A Global Problem"). Generally, it is estimated that each year, there are 200 to 300
organs transferred

Gravity Payments Have Increased Minimum Salary
Gravity Payments have increased their minimum salary to $70,000 affecting many of its
stakeholders. Employees are definitely one of the primary stakeholders of Gravity Payments. The
decisions of Dan Price, the president of Gravity Payments, directly affect the employees. The
decisions to raise the minimum salary to $70,000 would provide 70 employees with pay increases
with 30 of those 70 to be dramatic increase of salary. Those employees we dramatically effected,
one employee went on to say, "My jaw dropped. This is going to make a difference to everyone
around me." The employees have great power within the company, the effect of this salary raise, if
the employees thought that they weren't treated fairly they could have went on strike and that would
have greatly affect the company's profitability. The urgency of the employees is also very high, and
can relate back to the power of the employees to go on strike, which would create an even greater
urgency. The customers were also affected, it said in the article that their company was having
numerous customers were looking into Gravity payments. As a customer they would have
legitimacy because they have a direct relationship with the company. The power of the customers is
very because they have the ability to give their business to Gravity Payments or take their business
elsewhere. A company needs customers in order to survive, this is why I believe that customers have
the most power of any stakeholder. They also have urgency

Innovation of Mobile Phone Payments
Innovation is a more effective and efficient way of performing tasks. It is not an invention but rather,
using a current model and simplifying it to enhance the overall experience of its users. Furthermore,
it can eliminate existing problems issues that the users are facing. As there are more than 6 billion
mobile subscriptions worldwide, countries all around the world are embracing mobile phone
payments. While developed countries are embracing this new technology, as mobile coverage and
connectivity rate is high, developed countries are also adopting the practice, as it does not only rely
on Internet access.
This essay will look at various methods of mobile phone payments and it's impact on both
individuals and the society.
Mobile phone payments allow consumers to pay for a wide range of goods and services using
phones instead of cash, credit/debit cards and cheques. One of the models for payment is by using
Short Message Service (SMS) or Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD). Consumers
can send payment requests via text messages that will be charged to their phone bill or online wallet.
This mode of payment does not require Internet access, which allows developing nations with
poorer population and inferior facilities to participate. An example would be the Nigerian mobile
pay service, Paga. Users are simply required to enter their identification number as well as the
amount necessary.
Another mode of payment is the Mobile Web Payment where users access to a

Consumer Acceptance Of Mobile Payments Essay
Consumer acceptance of mobile payments – A system dynamics approach 1. Introduction With the
rapid growth of the mobile handset market and market penetration of mobile internet, the mobile
payment industry has started to take off. While there are lots of established players in the online
payments arena, the mobile payments sector is ripe for disruption both by industry leaders and
newcomers. Mobile payments have been suggested as a solution to facilitate micropayments in
electronic and mobile commerce, and to provide an alternative for the diminishing use of cash at
point of sale (POS) (Menke and de Lussanet, 2006; Ondrus and Pigneur, 2006) With markets like
Kenya clearly shaping the future of mobile payments, most of the world is lagging behind in the
adoption of the new technology. Consumer acceptance of such new technologies, irrespective of
their potential, plays the biggest role in their adoption. A 2007 survey suggests that consumer
acceptance is the biggest hurdle for adoption of mobile payments by companies (Edgar Dunn and
Company, 2007). There are a number of different models to study consumer acceptance of new
technologies and study consumer behaviour. The Diffusion of Innovations theory (Rogers 1962),
Technology acceptance model (TAM) and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) (Venkatesh 2000, 2003) provide certain metrics to study the consumer acceptance of a
new technology. In addition to consumer acceptance, the behavioural intentions of

Electronic Payment of Salaries of Staff to Nigerian Civil...
ELECTRONIC PAYMENT OF SALARIES OF STAFF TO NIGERIAN CIVIL SERVANTS
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
T. A. NGEREBO–A,Ph.D
DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE,
RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
PORT HARCOURT,
E–MAIL: oniminp2002@yahoo.com
AND
SUNDAY C. NWITE
DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE
EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY – ABAKALIKI
E–mail: nwitewhite2006@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Electronic payment of salaries to staff is a new development in the country. Electronic payment is a
process of making payments online through the use of ATM, Debit cards, credit cards, electronic
cheque conversion. Electronic payment of salaries was introduced so as to monitor ghost workers
among the civil servants, to prevent unnecessary expenses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This has been due to four related factors:–
1. Proprietary closed network were developed by banks to handle large and increasingly
internationally based payment system.
2. Large value payment are increasingly associated with foreign exchange and global security
transactions thereby becoming divorced from underlying world trade.
3. Large value payment system were not designed nor are they cost effective for small value
payments.
4. Paper – base–non–automated payment systems remain an established part of accepted business
practice for varying institutional reasons thereby remaining in grained in economic system.
REASONS FOR ELECTRONIC PAYMENT
The reasons for making use of electronic payment to pay staff are:–

1. It helps in reducing the traffic in banking halls:– This is one of the reasons for introducing E–
payments because it helps in reducing corruption and misconduct in the civil service world e.g.
workers bribing accountants because they want to collect their salaries. (Nwite; 2000).
2. It also makes the work easier and relieves the banking staff of much work to be done since people
can now withdraw their money through other means e.g. ATM, Debit card etc. (Jhingan 2004).
3. It saves time: Instead of queuing up in the bank to check account balance and to withdraw money,
an SMS alert would have been sent and the customer can make withdrawal anywhere. (Becks;

Bitcoin Is A Payment System
Introduction
Bitcoin is a payment system that was published in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin can be "used
to make online payments that do not include financial institutions" (Mazzei, 2015). Bitcoins can be
used all over the world at many restaurants, law firms, and other online services. Bitcoins can
revolutionize the entire world's payment system and take over our cash–based society
(Wonglimpiyarat, 2015). It may be the payment system of the future but the vulnerability that it
possesses is dangerous. In a recent event that resulted in the loss of around 1.8 million dollars,
BitPay, an Atlanta–based bitcoin payment processor, was hacked. It was done by email and the
modifications of a Google document. This is a huge security risk. Not ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is unlikely any other form of currency that has an equivalent amount to existing fiat
currencies (Meiklejohn, et al., 2016). There is no overruling administration which has led to the
anonymous transactions that are present with the use of Bitcoins.
Bitcoin is an independent online system that uses features of both cash and online payment methods.
Similar to the use of cash, Bitcoins allow the individuals to be anonymous with their transactions.
The transaction is cryptographically signed to transfer the amount from one individual to another. At
the same time these transactions are irreversible. This is similar to the no charge back risk that is
found with credit cards. All Bitcoin transactions require a "third–party mediation: a global peer–to–
peer network of participants validates and certifies all transactions" (Meiklejohn, et al., 2016). This
decentralization entails each transaction of the entire system to be stored by each individual who
uses Bitcoins. In 2012 this amounted to over three gigabits of compressed data (Meiklejohn, et al.,
2016).
Comparison to Standard Payment Systems
The payment system that the United States uses is the dollar. The dollar like other global currencies
has no worth besides what people are willing to pay for it. The United States dollar is backed by the
government, meaning there is a form

Global Payments, Inc. Has Been In The Merchant Processing
Global Payments, Inc. has been in the merchant processing and acquiring business for over 40 years
and has been the leader in the US market since the 1960's, when its former parent company,
National Data Corporation (NDC), pioneered electronic processing. In 2001 Global Payments, Inc.
spun off from NDC, and went public as its own entity. Global Payments, Inc. (GPN) offers payment
processing and consumer money transfer services around the world. The Merchant Services segment
provides credit and debit card transaction processing services, check–related services, proprietary
software products for the gaming industry, merchant accounting, card issuing services, and Internet
tax payment services to financial institutions, gaming, government, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Creativity is just as important to strategic management as having formal is. Mastering strategy is
therefore part art and part science (Saylor Academy, 2012). With a tag line of "We are committed to
exemplary Service to our employees, customers and communities. Driven by passion to innovate,
we meet the needs of our customers. As payment technology experts, we bring our expertise and
global perspective to Commerce," Global Payments is a financial technology leader. Global
Payments' strategy is to leverage the adoption of, and transition to, card, electronic and digital–based
payments by expanding share in our existing markets through our distribution channels and service
innovation, as well as through acquisitions to improve our offerings and scale, while also seeking to
enter new markets through acquisitions, alliances and joint ventures around the world (Global
Payments Inc., 2016). Global Payments also invest in their technology infrastructure and their
people to increase their advantage in existing markets. According to their 2016 Annual report the
key objectives include:
Grow and control our direct distribution by adding new channels and partners;
Deliver innovative services by developing value–added applications, enhancing existing services
and developing new systems and services to blend technology with customer needs;
Leverage

Advantages And Disadvantages Of E-Payment In Nigeria
E–PAYMENT; CHALLENGES AND EXPECTATIONS IN NIGERIA PUBLIC SECTOR
INTRODUTION
Trade generally involves the exchange of goods and services for corresponding abstract value like
money. [1] Money is been used as an abstract way to represent value and a system for making
payments. Development brought about new abstract ways to represent value, [2] this progressive
trend started from the barter through bank notes, payment order, cheques and later on credit cards
which climaxed to the electronic payment system. A payment system is one used for the transfer of
money. The emergence of computers and information systems brought about other alternate
electronic payment systems such as debit cards, credit cards, Internet banking and e–commerce
payments. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various risks associated with carrying huge sum of money, such as threat from armed robbers, fraud,
thefts and others.
Improves the quality of financial reporting system in the public sector.
Realization of an economy with a more efficient financial transaction system by government. Types
Of e–Payment
Dankwambo [3] identified that there are two types of e–Payment in the Nigerian context, which
includes:
1.End–to–End Processing Here, all the processes from approvals to the receipt of value by the
beneficiary are completed electronically.
2.Manual e–Payment or use of Mandate. It is the combination of manual and electronic process
where the infrastructures present cannot support the End–to–End processing. Challenges of e–
Payment in Nigeria.
The glitches militating against e–Payment as registered by Sumanjeet [4] mostly rotate around.
Integrity: to determine that transmitted financial information is unaltered in transit.
Non–repudiation: to determine that each party has a non– deniable evidence of receipt.
Confidentially: to ascertain that transactions are safeguarded from potential

EPARC Scope Decision: Electronic Payment Posting
EPARC SCOPE DECISION: ELECTRONIC FILE PROCESS GOAL: DETERMINE HOW TO
PROCESS ELECTRONIC FILE EDITS (ERRORS) IN EPIC BACKGROUND AND ISSUE
EXPLANATION: Once the dollars are received to the bank, the current process of Electronic
Payment Posting entails the file being processed through the system, the system accepts all items
that are clean and items that are not clean (with issue) fall into an edit to be reviewed/amended by
staffed and processed manually. Epic standard entails not processing the file unless all the items
errors are remediated, and once the file is 100% clean, then the file would process through the
system. However, there is the option for the current process to remain static. OPTION 1:
MAINTAIN LEGACY PROCESS IN EPIC Summary: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The team is only taught the standard process in training Not epic standard practice Has not been
tested with build team OPTION 2: EPIC STANDARD PRACTICE Summary/Description: Ensuring
a clean file is processed by remediating all edits before the file is accepted. Pros/Cons: Pros: Cons:
Files would post clean in Epic Reconciliations would be timely with little to no issues. Other
organizations Epic has business with are doing this Epic standard recommendation Tested by build
team Depending on the number of edits there is potential the file run could be delayed by the
volume of edits (Epic states errors will reduce in epic and will be minimal). Possible impact to AR if
there is a high volume of edits that cannot be remediated same–day. OPTION 3: USE EPIC
RECOMMENDED PROCESS INITIALLY; REVERT IF NECESSARY Summary: Using EPIC
standard process initially to gauge the positive/negative impact to processing and revert to old
processing practices if EPIC standards do not meet expectations. Pros/Cons: Pros: Cons: Provide
opportunity to utilize epics standard practice to determine whether effective/efficient Option
available to revert to legacy process if not effectively

Heartland Payment Systems : Transaction Fee
Heartland Payment Systems
Transaction Fee: Undisclosed – interchange plus pricing
E–Commerce/Online Payments: Yes, Undisclosed – interchange plus pricing
POS Payments: Yes, Undisclosed – interchange plus pricing
Mobile/Wireless Payments: Yes, Undisclosed – interchange plus pricing
Mobile App Ratings:
Google Play Store: 4.1
Apple App Store: 4+
Time in Business: 1997
BBB: Accredited, A+, http://www.bbb.org/new–jersey/business–reviews/credit–card–processing–
service/heartland–payment–systems–inc–in–princeton–nj–9002353
Introduction
Heartland Payment Systems, Inc. was founded in 1997 by Robert O. Carr. They are a Fortune 1000
company with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey who offers debit and credit cards, prepaid
cards, credit card processing, mobile commerce, eCommerce, check processing, payroll services,
billing services, marketing services, lending services and state–of–the–art security technology.
Additionally, they have a growing line of industry–specific business facilitation options for small
and mid–sized merchants.
Heartland is a NYSE–listed company (HPY) and they employ approximately 4,000 people around
the country. Heartland is also the founder of the Merchant Bill of Rights proposed by Senator
Richard Durbin (D–IL) as part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
of 2010 that places a cap on interchange or transaction fees.
Heartland is one of the largest credit card processors in the country and the ninth

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Electronic Payment System
Payments are always an important of any business, whether it is traditional or online. In online
business cash cannot be used as there is no direct contact between buyer and seller, therefore we use
electronic payment systems. There are several methods using which one can pay for goods and
services bought by buyer.
Some methods are:
Electronic funds transfer
Electronic checks
Electronic credit cards
Purchasing E–cards
E–cash smart cards
Pay at ATMs
B2B special methods
Electronic bill presentment and payments
The most common methods used are electronic funds transfer and electronic credit cards.
Electronic Funds Transfer:
Electronic funds transfer is the method where money is transferred from one bank account to
another through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The entire amount due is to be aid at end of billing period eg: American Express
The second most used payment method is Electronic bill payment. In this there are three methods,
they are:
Online banking
Biller direct
Bill consolidator
ONLINE BANKING:
In this the user has a account in any bank and registers for online bill pay service and pays all his
bills using banks websites. The user is given user id and password by which he logins into bank's
payment website and then he will be asked to type his transaction password. After which bank will
deduct amount from his account and pay to seller with help of payment gateways. Payment
gateways act as bridge between user's bank and seller. Eg.: CC Avenue
BILER DIRECT:
In this the consumer makes payments at biller's website by using credit card or debit card. The biller
makes the billing information available to customer on website after which consumer initiates

payment using Automated Clearing House transfer system. This method is also known as electronic
bill presentment and payments. Eg: yahoo bill

Profit Based Payments And Financial Asset
Introduction
Share based payments are one of the popular way to compensate executives, directors and other
senior management employees. Some companies are also paying its suppliers and professional by
issuing options or shares. IFRS 2 was introduced to define the way a company should account these
transactions. It was initially implemented in January 2005 and has been amended several times.
According to IFRS 2, share based payments are applied when a company acquires or receives goods
and services such as inventory, property, plant, equipment, and other non–financial asset for equity
based payments. The entity should recognize a corresponding increase in equity if goods are
received under equity settled share based payment transaction or record a corresponding liability if
goods or services are received under in cash– settled share–based transactions. However, if the
goods or services received in a share–based transaction do not falls under the definition of qualified
asset then payment should be expensed.
First step is determining whether a transaction falls under share based payment. According to IFRS
2, not all transactions, which include share–based payments, are covered by IFRS 2. For example,
IFRS 2 does not cover following transactions:
Transactions with shareholders that are acting in their capacity
Shares issued in a business combination are not considered as share–based payments. Those
transactions are handled in IFRS 3, Business Combinations.

rrent situation of Balance of Payments in Malaysia (until...
rrent situation of Balance of Payments in Malaysia (until 2013)
The Balance of Payments is defined a country transactions with other countries and the difference of
total value between payments inflows and outflows of the money over a period. In other hand, there
is a statement to summarize an economic transactions that be recorded by balance of payments
related to consumers, businesses and the government in each country. Whether a company is
successful in exporting to other countries or not that the BOP will represent to us. The domestic
consumers and firm have been spending on imported goods and services which were recorded from
BOP as well. The balance of payments classified with transactions into three accounts: the current
account ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.)
1. Current Account
Current account is amount of the balance trade about exports deducts imports of goods and services.
In recent years, the current account reported the exports have been great than imports, as well as the
savings and investment surplus in an economy. The current account balance represented the figure
of RM9.8 up to RM 16.20 billion during the period of 2013. The current account of Malaysia is
reported by the Malaysia's department of statistics that showed us an averaged RM 17.4 billion from
1999 until 2013 and during 2013 current account also recorded the surplus of RM37.3 billion from
RM57.3billion of 2012.
1.1 Goods and Services Account
Goods and services are relative with the international transaction representing from the current
account balance of changed in the exports and imports. Through the stronger domestic demand,
imports of 16% growth have increased since 2009; subsequently import of goods grew with an
average of 13.4% over 2010 to 2012. The goods account excess to RM102.7 billion for the year
2013, but still decline of RM22.9 billion from RM 125.6 billion of 2012's record. Meanwhile, there
is the lower exports balance from RM703.1 billion of 2012 to RM690.9 billion this year and higher
imports balance from RM577.5 billion of 2012 to RM588.2 billion this year.
In the end of 2013, the 8.2% of the growth that exports of services up to RM 33.8 billion. The
services account

International Finance, Exchange Rates And Also Balance Of...
In this paper I will be going over and discussing what international finance, exchange rates and also
balance of payments. I will be talking about what they are, what they do, and how they affect us an
economy and country. I will be discussing the basic definitions, and the basic concepts of their
duties. First I will be going over international finance and the role it plays in our daily lives. Then I
will discuss the price differences between items in the United States and Germany. I will add and
compare them together. I will also go over what the concept balance of payments are.
International Finance International finance is defined the study of international monetary economics,
which involve the interaction of international transactions. (Investopedia, 2015) These transactions
consist of factors, such as national income, money and prices. The international monetary system is
made up of institutions, international organizations, governments, and private economic entities that
all participate in the exchange of financial assets worldwide. (Smith, 2012) With international trade,
international finance is the result of the fact that economic activity is affected by the existence of
nations. If there weren't any national economies, then we would not have this field. If we didn't have
international trade, we would not need international finance. Countries do trade with each other.
Some countries, not all but many of them use their own currencies we have to wonder about how

Balance of Payment
BALANCE OF PAYMENT (BOP)
Introduction:
Balance of payments (BOP) is a record of economic transitions between the residents of one country
and the rest of the world during one year. The balance of payment like all balance sheets must
balance. The items, which lead to, an inflow of foreign earnings are placed on the credit side of the
balance sheet, whereas the items, which give, rise to an outflow of foreign currency are placed on
the debit side.
Definition:
"Balance of payment is a systematic record of a nation's total payments to foreign countries,
including the price of imports, the outflow of capital and gold, and the total receipts from abroad,
including the price of exports and the inflow of capital and gold."
According to Pas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Less Production of Value Added Goods
The share of industry in the GDP is 25.8 %. The production of value added goods is at basic stage in
Pakistan that leads to adverse BOP. * Devaluation
The repeated devaluation of rupee against US dollar has not helped in the increase of exports. The
demand for our goods in the international market is elastic. As such, due to devaluation, as tool for
boosting, exports are not effective. * Tough Competition Stiff competition in the foreign market
particularly of our value added goods has reduced the volume of foreign trade in Pakistan. It causes
reduction in exports, which result in deficit in BOP. * Increase in Prices of Inputs
The inflationary impact of the rise in the prices of inputs are not helping in achieving the export
targets set in each financial year. * Anti–dumping Duties
Japan, Hong Kong and some other nations imposed antidumping duties on our cotton yarn, fabric
and bed linen. Such types of duties on our exportable goods are also a big hurdle in the way of our
exports. * 10. Technical Barriers
Pakistan will have to upgrade the standard of purity and quality to compete for its products in the
international market. * Political Uncertainty
The political uncertainties in the industrial units have considerably affected

Factors That Impact The Adoption Of Mobile Payment System
1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1Research Design
Before assessing the research paper, the secondary data from previous researchers was used to
obtain the background and history of the research topic – Factors that impact the adoption of Mobile
Payment System. From assessing the previous articles on this topic it can be found that many
developing and developed countries had a study on the factors that impact the adoption of Mobile
Payment System, Kenya (Morawczynski, 2010), China (Zhao, Y & Kurnia, S. 2014) and etc.
The quantitative research method is being used in this research study. Quantitative research methods
are a number of statistical and mathematical tools that can be used to capture and analyze
information on quantitative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.2 The Survey Instrument An eight–section self–administered questionnaire was developed
(Appendix B). The first section of the questionnaire was designed to collect the demographic (e.g.
gender, age group and education level) of respondents. The second section of the questionnaire
measures the convenience of mobile payment system which may influence the customer intention to
use mobile payment systems. It consists of 9 statements which address the convenience features of
mobile payment systems. Respondents are asked to rate the agreement on a 5 point Likert scale
ranging from "(1) strongly disagree" – "(5) strongly agree". In the third section of the questionnaire
include a criterion statement pertaining to price of using mobile payment system which will
influence the customer intention to use mobile payment systems. It consists of 4 statements which
address the price features of mobile payment systems. Respondents are asked to rate the agreement
on a 5 point Likert scale ranging from "(1) strongly disagree" – "(5) strongly agree". The fourth
section of the questionnaire measures the customer service of mobile payment systems which may
influence the consumer's intention to use mobile payment systems. It consists of 5 statements which
address the customer service features of mobile payment systems. Respondents are asked to rate the
agreement on a 5 point Likert scale ranging from "(1) strongly disagree" – "(5)

Electronic Payment Methods
Electronic Payment Methods
Contents
Introduction 3
Sizes of Electronic Payments 3
Electronic Means 3
Critical Issues 3
S.W.O.T Analysis 4
Problem Statement 5
Options 5
Recommendation 5
Feasible Solutions 6
Monitoring 6
Evaluation 7
References 8
Introduction Payment systems that use electronic distribution networks constitute a frequent practice
in business sector, especially for banking industry. The term of electronic payments includes any
payment to businesses, banks, and public services from citizens or businesses through a
telecommunications or electronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Lower levels of confidentiality. | Opportunity | Threat | * Has created new financial needs that in
many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by the traditional payment systems. * Variety of payment
cards * Micropayments * Online cash storage * Electronic Cash Systems * Internet Technologies
and the Banking Industry | * Threat of security problem of banking industry * Functioning in a
Global Market * Competition ease of entry * Shared Customer Data * Market Penetration * Small
Market Adoption * Internet security |
Problem Statement
Viewing the critical issues, the main problem statement is: "The problem with electronic payment
methods is the security risks to merchants from consumer purchase on the Internet in a B2C
relationship."
Options
1. A merchant can require consumers to use a secure method of purchase. Security is determined by
the consumer. One secure method is digital wallet or e–wallet. This method stores e–cash and other
sensitive information which is protected by a password or digital certificate. Also know as digital

cash, it is an option to transfer money between accounts (savings and checking) into an online cash
account used for purchases. Consumers remain anonymous and it is similar to using real cash.
Protection is through public–key encryption. Companies such as Neteller provide the service for free
instant transfers to merchants, cash withdrawals and secure online shopping, and money transfers. 2.

The Rate At Walmart 's Checkout Points Use Payment Cards...
Use of payment cards at stores.
For my ethnography project, I chose to study and compare the rate at which shoppers at Walmart's
checkout points use payment cards to cash. For the purpose of this paper, I will refer to the people as
shoppers, and medium of exchange to represent payment cards and cash. The main focus of this
ethnography is to compare two media of exchange at checkout points. (Wicksell [1906] 1967, p. 17)
defined a means of payment, as "an object used to pay for purchases and settle debts, and a general
means of payment, which is an object that can always be used to pay for any purchase or settle any
debt". How fast is it to check out when payment cards are used compared to when cash is used at
checkout points? Although the medium of exchange is the main focus of the ethnography; type of
checkout and gender roles also play very important roles when using or choosing a medium of
exchange.
Advantages of using payment cards
It's convenient to use in a wide variety of places – in stores, on the phone or online.
You can better manage your budget using your monthly statement with the details of all of your
purchases.
It is safer than carrying a lot of cash.
You can use it as either debit or credit cards.
When used, you may not be debited immediately, payments can be made in instalments depending
on the bank.
You are not responsible for charges if your card is stolen as long as you report it immediately.
You can build your credit history.
You can

Mobile Payment Technologies By Robert Warner
Mobile Payment Technologies Robert Warner ISM3011 Florida Atlantic University April 9, 2016
The advent of the internet–connected smartphone has opened up a whole new world for the
consuming public as they now have access to the world of ecommerce in the palms of their hands.
As more personal data became transferred to these mini computers, the competing interests of more
intrusive applications continue to clash with the need for greater security and data integrity. One of
these areas of conflict has been in the field of mobile payments where there has been the desire to
use the personal financial information stored on a smartphone to conduct business transactions in a
convenient yet secure manner. Recently, technological advancements ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
NFC devices can simultaneously support the following three modes of operation. Reader/writer
mode which allows the NFC device to read and/or write passive NFC tags and stickers P2P mode
which allows the NFC device to send and receive data to and from other NFC peers which has been
used for several years as the Android Beam file transfer feature Card emulation mode allows the
NFC device to act as an NFC card. This can now be accessed by an external NFC reader such as an
NFC–enabled point of sale terminal. Magnetic secure transmission employs the technology of
electromagnetism to transmit payment card data to payment terminals that are equipped with
traditional magnetic stripe readers. This essentially turns every traditional point of sale terminal
that's used for swipe card transactions into a potential contactless payment system without the need
to modify or upgrade the hardware. The MST technology was developed by LoopPay, a small
development company that was acquired by Samsung in February 2015 and is the driver behind
Samsung Pay. Electricity is passed through a small metal coil inside the smartphone which generates
a magnetic field that can now communicate with standard magnetic payment card readers. The
phone can now emulate the physical process of swiping a card through the point of sale terminal
allowing for the same familiar transaction process without the need to produce and swipe the actual
card. The

Mobile Payments Are Becoming An Upcoming New Trend
Chan, Kendra
007192003
Kendraa.chan@gmail.com
Bus 188 S01
Wireless Payment – Wallet Share
December 1, 2014
Mobile payments are becoming an upcoming new trend when it comes to technology. Mobile
payments allow its users to pay for their daily needs with their phone without having to carry cash,
let alone, their wallets around. However, the United States has been delaying the adaptation of
mobile payments due to the fact that many different retailers have developed their own form of
mobile payments as opposed to a universal approach. While many countries in Europe and Asia
have successfully adopted mobile payments, United States still are behind in the trend.
Introduction:
As technology grows, so do the consumers. Consumers rely so much on easy shopping and
simplified checking out possibilities that application developers have started to develop more mobile
payment applications. These mobile payments are the technology of the future and yet the United
States is still lagging behind in the rush to simplify shopping from a plastic card to a mobile app.
However, with such developers from Apple and Google, there are applications where the mobile
phone can stand as a wallet, but retailors do not necessarily choose a universal application to use.
With Apple Pay and Google Wallet actively used, many retailors have opted to convert their
merchandise to be payable with such applications .
George and his Wallet:
George could not ditch his wallet due to the

How A Single Physician Medical Practice Can Start A Card...
Introduction.
There are advantages and ways that a single physician medical practice can start a card payment
system. According to the research firm Javelin Strategy and Research; by the year 2017, twenty–
three percent of all point of sale or counter sales will be made in cash ( Brooks, 2014). What this
means is that over seventy percent of counter sales or point of sale transactions will be made
electronically. It is, for this reason, prudent for all forms of business to ensure that they can evolve
with the market. If the business is unable to do so, it is likely to lose its edge over its competitors.
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, regulates the way businesses or organisations
handle credit card information or data. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the patient is using a credit card payment is also deducted immediately and would be declined if
the patient 's account has no funds. If the physician received a personal check and the patient had
insufficient funds in the checking account, the physician would not know this until the check
bounced.
Other good advantage is the chances of losing funds due to a robbery are minimized. Since the
practice is accepting cash and check, payments visits to the bank are increased. The chances that one
can lose the funds in a robbery are for this reason increased. When using a card payment system, the
payments are made directly to the physicians' business account. This reduces chances of the practice
losing funds due to a robbery or employee theft. Also, research has shown that the majority of
people prefer to use a credit or debit cards instead of cash. The reason for this is that most people
find it more convenient to use an electronic payment instead of cash as it is less risky; a physician
can receive full payment at once. For example, a patient is unable to make a cash payment for an
expensive procedure or prescription; he or she can make payment with their credit card and then
make the payments in installments to the credit card company.
What to do?
The Physician should visit the bank that holds his business account. Most banks are acquirers and
can, for this reason, set up a merchant account for the physician and provide him with the Point of

Factors That Influence The Development Of Mobile Payments
More and more people before deciding to purchase goods used to check offers via smartphones or
tablets. The world 's total number of sales of such devices exceeded the number of desktops.[1]
Technological development and high availability of new solutions contributed to the increase in
customer expectations to its relations with the bank. The ability to use the money anywhere, anytime
in an easy and convenient way for customers has become natural. Mobile payments is big
innovation which has some a lot of good coins but it has some threats and limitations about which I
will consider and analyze in my literature review.
[1] http://fortune.com/2010/08/11/the–numbers–dont–lie–mobile–devices–overtaking–pcs/
Introduction:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the factors that influence the development of mobile payments,
their strengths and barriers to development. I will present several key factors such as the impact on
the environment and culture mobile payment changing environment, business or rapidly progressive
changes in technology and relevant regulations and quite often set of new standards. I will discuss
technical aspects such as safety and confidence in mobile payments, which is still not too high. So in
the beginning it should be clarified what mobile payments are. Mobile payments also called m–
payments are non–cash payments made by mobile device like smartphone or tablet and use mobile
technologies such as. SMS, NFC, USSD, WAP. If we want to use mobile payments we

Should Mobile Payments Replace Credit Cards?
Research Details and Analysis To answer my main question "Will mobile payments replace credit
cards?", I have conducted an online survey as part of the primary research. I received 92 responses
from the survey. A 2009 study by Deloitte predicts that by the end of 2015, seventy percent of
mobile payment users will be under the age of 40 and that the annual spend of these Millennials
(also referred to as Generation Y) will reach $2.45 trillion dollars in the US alone.(Dennehy D,
Sammon D, 2015). So, I have focused mainly on the age groups 18–29 which were 69% and 30–44
which were 21% of the total responses (Exhibit 1). 88% of the people were aware of the mobile
payments (Exhibit 2) and 33% were extremely comfortable with the concept of mobile payments
(Exhibit 3). The research clearly tells that people are aware of the technology and are comfortable
using it. Respondents of the survey were concerned by the security threats that mobile payments
impose, but then companies while putting this idea into implementation have to primarily take care
of the security aspect of the mobile payments concept (Exhibit 4). As per the usage of mobile
payments, respondents have primarily (52%) used mobile payments for online bill payments
(Exhibit 5) while the retail usage is 30% which clearly suggests mobile payments still have a long
way to go in future. Along the lines of secondary research, I have utilized various publications from
ScienceDirect, IEEE and Journal of Innovation Management.

China’S Balance Of Payments Analysis Report Essay

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