Bio 2 Exam

bio 2 exam
Chapter 40 Exam – Student Copy 40.1 Multiple–Choice Questions 1) Trees are rare in the savanna biome because of A) insufficient annual
precipitation. B) acidic soils. C) extreme winter temperatures. D) large variations in seasonal rainfall. E) permafrost. 2) Which of the following
statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution? A) Average annual temperature and precipitation are sufficient to predict which
biome will be found in an area. B) Seasonal fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual
temperature and precipitation means. C) Not only is the average climate important in determining biome distribution, but so is the pattern of climatic
variation.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A) Labrador does not get enough rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's End. B) Regions such as Labrador are actually colder than
England because colder arctic air is pulled down to eastern North America and not to England. C) Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England; rainfall is
consistently high in Labrador. D) Labrador is too windy to support tall plants, such as palm trees. E) Labrador receives sunlight of lower duration and
intensity than does Land's End. 11) In mountainous areas of western North America, north–facing slopes would be expected to A) receive more
sunlight than similar southern exposures. B) be warmer and drier than comparable southern–exposed slopes. C) consistently be steeper than southern
exposures. D) support biological communities similar to those found at lower elevations on similar south–facing slopes. E) support biological
communities similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south–facing slopes. 12) Deserts typically occur in a band around 30 degrees north
and south latitude because A) descending air masses originating from the tropics tend to be dry. B) trade winds have little moisture. C) moisture–laden
air is heavier than dry air and is not carried to these latitudes. D) ascending air from these regions tends to be moist, removing available water and
creating a desert. E) these locations get the most intense solar radiation of any location on Earth. 13) Which of the following events might
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Effects Of Smoking On The United States
Smoking is established as a recognized cause of cancer, lung disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke(US Public Health Service,1964,Doll R
1976,1994, US Department of Health and Human Services,1989).it is considered to be the single most important avoidable cause of premature
morbidity and mortality in the world. WHO has estimated that there are about 1100 million smokers worldwide; this represents about one–third of the
global population aged over 15 years (WHO,1997). About 73% of these smokers (700 million males, 100 million females) are in developing countries;
in industrialized countries there are 200 million male smokers and 100 million female smokers. In the over 15–year–old population of developing
countries, it is estimated that about 48% of males and 7% of females are smokers. The corresponding figures for industrialized countries are 42% for
males and 24% for females (WHO,1997).
Logistic Regression Model: The logistic regression models has wide ranging applications from determining the population growth and its determinants
to applications for predicting and analyzing qualitative data and in epidemiological studies. Logistic regression model postulates relationship between
the log odds of a disease and the risk factors. A regression predicts the probability that an observation falls into one of two categories of a dichotomous
dependent variable based on one or more independent variables that can be either continuous or categorical.
As in univariate logistic

Education and labour skills are essential for a fully...
Education and labour skills are essential for a fully functioning logistics and supply management system. In Southern Africa there is a lack of education
and skills within the logistics system, which means unskilled labour and less effectiveness and efficiency. Education is the single most important aspect
in order for a country to achieve success and wealth, the more educated people are, the more people can make intelligent and effective decisions about
the economy and the logistics and supply chain management functions. Southern Africa does not have a strong education system in comparison to the
global market in which Southern Africa compete in, which limits its full potential that it has to be a functioning logistic powerhouse which ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another factor of logistics is inventory and inventory management. This field in logistics involves storing of the company's goods, a lack of education
and skilled labour could harm the inventory process by not being efficient enough or not knowing how the technological side of inventory management
works, this could increase the chances off 'mix–ups' or mishaps and therefore a loss of sales or even the loss of customers. Unskilled labour has been a
problem for many companies, unskilled labour consist of people who get paid a very low wage for the work that they do which doesn't consist of
any skill nor do you need an education. This is a problem for logistics because in the logistics process, there are many unskilled labour forces involved
which means companies have to manage and guide the unskilled labour or else things could go horribly wrong and the organisation could be placed in
a major deficit. The other main problem is that the skilled people who have studied in university have left the country, which leaves Southern Africa
without the correct amount of skilled labour to take on the main business operations in order to achieve what the organisation should.
Education and unskilled labour affect the economic growth and development of Southern Africa by causing many problems within the actual supply
chain, which could lead to an increase in logistics costs, an increase in the costs of logistics within Southern Africa make Southern Africa

Logistics
11.1 Logistics
In both vertical and horizontal marketing systems, systematised information contributes to the efficient flow of goods and services from the
point–of–origin to the point–of–consumption. This process of regulation begins with customer service and extends to the procurement, handling, and
processing of resources aimed at delivering customer satisfaction. All ways in which resources are procured, handled, and processed fall within a set of
activities known as logistics.
Logistics
is a process of systematising information to facilitate the efficient and cost–effective flows of goods and services to produce customer satisfaction. Each
member in the supply chain must be involved in logistics activities. Logistics flows may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not Really, Just Cutting–Edge Logistical Practice
Retailer and wholesaler sales reps having offices next to their supplier's factory floor? Wearing badges allowing them to roam wherever they want,
attend production–status meetings, or log onto sales forecasts? Independently record–ing sales orders for which their customers are billed? Welcome to
the brave new world of logistics, where channel members treat their suppliers and distributors almost like their employees.
The behaviours described above are due to JIT II, the new version of just–in–time inventory control. While the original JIT tended to cultivate hostility
by putting extreme pressure on suppliers, JIT II is designed to create harmony and efficiencies on both sides of the channel. Based on the decision to
share previ–ously guarded information such as up–to–the–minute sales forecasts, JIT II must rely heavily on trust since the companies involved could
face serious conflicts of interest. In spite of the advances, however, traditional manufacturer–distributor mistrust and hard–nosed negotiations over
price, quantity discounts, or shipping terms still linger. Customers and suppliers both worry about releasing too much confidential data or technology.
Manufacturers, in particular, expose themselves to risk by revealing their costs. Such suppliers may suddenly find themselves at the mercy of
customers trying to squeeze their margins. But some success stories are already in

Logistics Administration
Logistics Administration.
Objective: To provide the students with the basic elements of the logistics administration and the physical distribution in order to take the right
decisions.
Compendia:
a) Total Distribution Concept and logistics administration
b) Customer service, logistics and customer service and customer service vs. cost
c) Channel of distribution strategy, selection of the channel and distribution
d) Warehousing
Total Distribution Concept and logistics administration
Logistics is a broad, far–reaching function which has a major impact on society's standard of living. In a modern society, we have come to expect
excellent logistics services, and tend to notice logistics only when there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Customer service performance is a measure of how well the logistics system functions in creating time and place utility, with a focus on external
customers. The level of customer service provided to customers determines whether the organization will retain existing customers and how many new
customers will atract.
Definition of Customer Service
The definition of customer service varies across organizations. Suppliers and their customers can view the concept of customer service quite
differently. In a broad sense, customer service is the measure of how well logistics systems is performing providing time and place utility for a

product or service.
* Definition of Customer Service
Customer service can be defined as: a process which takes place between the buyer, seller and third party. The process results in a value added to
the product or service exchanged. This value added in the exchange process might be short term as in a single transaction or longer term as in a
contractual relationship. The value added is also shared, in that each of the parties to the transaction than it was before the transaction took place.
Thus, in a process view: Customer Service is a process for providing significant value–added benefits to the supply chain in a cost–effective way.
Example: KEY ACCOUNTS!!!
Theory of 80–20 /20–80
COMMUNICATION!!!!!
COMMUNICATION ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION IS VITAL!!!!

Environmental Science Worksheet Essay
University of Phoenix Material
Environmental Science Worksheet
Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of Environmental Science.
1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the environmental movement?
The environmental movement is closely related with the appearance of environmental awareness. Before 1960, very few people knew the term
ecology. Environmental concerns were absent in the political and social spheres. However, a groundbreaking book by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring,
was published in 1960 and large numbers of people became aware of the consequences of humans' encroachment upon the nature in terms of the use of
highly toxic chemicals like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, exponential growth does not last long in the nature. Exponential growth is bad since continuously high reproduction rate for a species places
extreme pressure on ecosystems. Logistic growth curve explains how exponential growth is stopped by limiting factors like natural resources. A
population might grow sharply at the beginning but as the limiting factors (like water, space, food, predators, and disease) come into play, the growth
levels off (Withgott & Brennan, 2009, p. 85). As for human population, exponential growth is promoted by new medicines that staved off many
diseases, dependable supply of food all around the year through scientific agriculture involving artificial fertilizers, and the eradication of predators. As
for the limiting factors, lack of urban space, collapse of habitats supporting human life, war, occasional epidemics (like AIDS or flu), and declining
fertility of overused agricultural areas are all serious obstacles to higher population growth.
3.Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing countries. Why is it difficult to predict the growth of
Earth's human population? Why should population growth be predicted?"? What will happen if there is exponential human growth?
Human population and its dynamics have very important implications for the nature. Exponential human growth would have disastrous effects on the
nature because a larger population means

Logistics Management And Supply Chain Management
Aero Marine Logistics
Tomer Dicturel
California InterContinental University
Aero Marine Logistics
Introduction
During last two decades, the importance of logistics has been noticed around the world. In global markets, the effects and further developments of
logistics and supply chain management for corporate success has increased significantly that result in a large amount of companies have taken actual
benefits in logistics, such as reducing costs, enhancing customers ' satisfaction and increasing sales. However, some people are confused with the
relationship between logistics and supply chain management. Therefore, this essay will argue that logistics management and supply chain management
are not exactly the same in operations because of the scope where utilized and some specific activities are similar, but some are different. In the end,
this essay will also talk about the reasons for logistics management is an important strategy to manufacturing or service companies.
The first argument is that they are not completely the same terms in operations because of the scope where utilized are different. CSCMP states that the
supply chain management includes all activities about planning and management, such as procurement and sourcing, conservation and all logistics
management activities according to (Goetschalckx, n.a). It is vital to notice that it also collaborates and coordinates with channel partners. Logistics
concentrates on coordination among business

The Rapid Growth Of Population Essay
Introduction:
The reason I chose this topic is because in my country Ethiopia the rapid growth of population alarmed me, just around the 1965 our population was
very low however in the past few years it has tripled form 20 million to over 100 million. This was when my interest in my countries population
developed. Population is one of the conversational topics when talking about a countries profile, in view of the fact that it plays a huge role, in a
countries work force, consumption and economy. I will be collecting data and modelling them to predict the population for the next 5 to 10 years. I
will also be doing this for Kenya to see the relationship between the two countries to prove that this rapid growth of population is happening not only in
our country but in our neighboring countries too.
The data collected is imprecise because it is affected by many variables. The mortality rate of the people in Ethiopia can affect my data highly.
During this time Ethiopia had a high rate of migration, this could also be included as one of the variables that have affected my data. I will be using
this set of data to draw a graph so that I can generate a model to represent this data so that I can use it to predict the population after five years.
Year
Population (in millions)
1
2015
99.3
2
2010
87.5
3
2005
76.6
4
2000
66.4

5
1995
57.2
6
1990
48.0
7
1985
40.8
8
1980
35.2
9
1975
32.6
These are my test values that I will use to test my every models accuracy.
year
Population

Essay about Case 8-3 Isol -Global Value Chain Logistics...
Global Value Chain Logistics Case Analysis
University of Phoenix
Global Value Chain Management
ISCOM/383
June 25, 2012
Global Value Chain Logistics Case Analysis ISOL + Group produces and sells a variety of products within France, Spain, and Italy. The general
manager Mr. Dupont has initiated a thorough rethinking of logistics matter for the group. Based on his recommendations, the management team must
identify, analyzed, discuss, and recommend the most appropriated solutions for the recommendations made by Mr. Dupont. Identify Based on the global
value chain strategies, it would be best for ISOL to "build a new manufacturing facility with one production line in France close to the firm's southern
European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, if ISOL delivery time were to be reduced to "48 hours then there would have to be an increase in inventory, and the production–per–order
would no longer be possible given the manufacturing time required" (Dornier, Ernst, and Fender, 1998). Both of Mr. Dupont's proposals would
cause an increase in ISOL's logistic budget. With the increasing of ISOL's logistics budget, it would be in the best interest of ISOL to put both of
Mr. Dupont's proposals on hold. After evaluating the situation of logistics, to meet the increase in production, it will be best for ISOL to set up a new
manufacturing facility in southern France because both markets are relatively close to the southern markets. "Reducing the quantities that a customer
can order will increase ISOL costs because 98% of ISOL customers throughout the countries make orders for at least a full truckload, which are eight
pallets" (Dornier, Ernst, and Fender, 1998). However, if ISOL implements Mr. Dupont's recommendations, its customers will start ordering smaller
sizes, and this will increase the logistics cost. With the idea of cutting the delivery time to 48 hours, this will increase its inventory cost because ISOL
will need more inventory on hand. With the current delivery time between one or two weeks, allows the plant to not have

Math 30 IB Standard Level Body Mass Index Portfolio...
This portfolio is an investigation into how the median Body Mass Index of a girl will change as she ages. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a comparison
between a person's height (in meters) and weight (in kilograms) in order to determine whether one is overweight or underweight based on their
height. The goal of this portfolio is to prove of disprove how BMI as a function of Age (years) for girls living in the USA in 2000 can be modeled
using one or more mathematical equations. This data can be used for parents wanting to predict the change in BMI for their daughters or to compare
their daughter's BMI with the median BMI in the USA.
The equation used to measure BMI is:
The chart below shows the median BMI for girls of different ages in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That can be fixed by adjusting the horizontal phase shift value of _c_ to 12.4 to compensate.
There is also a noticeable discrepancy between the function graph and the scatter plot in the domain {} and {}. A slight stretch about the y axis would
fit the curve closer to the data points in those areas, therefore the _b_ value should be changed from ПЂ/15 to ПЂ/14. The number ПЂ/14 was chosen
because reducing the denominator's value by 1 will increase the b value by a slight amount, and an increased b value will shorten period and compress
the graph about the y axis, resulting in the values within domain to be closer to that of the data points.
Making these changes, the revised formula for the sinusoidal function is as follows:
Using TI InterActive!в„ў to graph that function, overlaid with the original data, and restricting the graph of the function to the same domain and range
as the domain and range on the scatterplot, the graph is as follows:
The refined equation fits the data much more closely at the beginning, yet around the Age = 13 mark it starts to deviate again. Looking at this graph,
one can come to the conclusion that it will take more than one mathematical function to graph the entirety of the data.
If one were to relate the concept of human growth with the measurable

Gaining Competitive Advantage Through Outsourcing
Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing
Authors:
Sarah Tagliapietra
Peter Platan
Ng Seow Li
Ralph Schneider
Executive Summary
Today 's escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in the marketplace to be more efficient, to emphasize on a leaner
organization and continuously innovate new procedures to keep ahead of competitors. Adding final consumer value to the product or service in the
form of lower prices, quality and better service has become an essential requirement in the global marketplace.
Logistics outsourcing has become an attractive option in order to take advantage of global opportunities, to acquire state of the art logistics capabilities,
significantly improve customer
service ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10
3.3.2 Warehousing............................................................................................................ 11
3.3.3 Inventory management ............................................................................................ 13
3.3.4 Information systems................................................................................................. 14
4.0 CASE EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................ 15
4.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 OUTSOURCING SOLUTION ................................................................................................ 16
5.0 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 18
6.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 19
Gaining competitive advantage through outsourcing
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Outsourcing today
Today 's escalating, competitive and demanding environment has forced players in the marketplace to be more efficient and to emphasize on a leaner

organization. Enterprises must adapt with increasing speed to market pressure and

Logistics Management
MBA 4.2: LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Module 1
Introduction to Logistics and its interface with production and Marketing; Measures of Logistics; Physical distribution and logistics.
Introduction to Logistics
When total supply chain system is integrated over a firm, it is known as logistics
It is an integrated effort aimed at helping customer value at a lower cost.
Without logistical support, marketing and manufacturing departments cannot accomplish product in timely or fresh manner.
The value of logistics is evaluated when the inventory is correctly positioned to facilitate sale. It is very costly to create a logistical value.
A firm gains competitive advantage by providing customer with superior service through quality logistics.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Components
In order to achieve logistics operational objectives, while achieving its mission, a large no. of individual activities are required to perform, which
constitutes functions of logistics management system. Different components constitute differently in the achievement of logistics mission and
objectives which can be grouped in 3 broad categories.
a.Generic components
b.Primary components
c.Supportive components
Generic Components
Primary Components
Supportive Components
Components of a typical logistical system

Purchasing, packaging, inventory control, material handling, order processing, customer service, demand forecasting, distribution communications,
parts & service support, plant or warehouse selection (location analysis), return goods handling, salvage & scrap disposal, traffic and transportation, and
warehousing and storage.
Definition
Logistical management includes the design and administration of system to control the flow of material, WIP and finished inventory to support
business unit strategy.
Overall goal of logistics is to achieve a targeted level of customer service at the lowest possible total cost.
LOGISTICAL TOTAL COST– includes the cost of physical distribution system and cost of logistical supply chain
PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM cost

The Impact of Globalisation on Logistic Service Providers
Biographical Note Dr. Seyed–Mahmoud Aghazadeh
is in the Department of Business Administration, School of Business, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA.
How to Choose an Effective Third Party Logistics Provider by Seyed–Mahmoud Aghazadeh Abstract The purpose of this article was to identify the
steps that need to be taken when choosing an effective third party logistics provider. Based on the research completed, it was determined that third
party logistics are beneficial to many companies. The use of third party logistics provides a competitive advantage in today's business world. The
optimal solution for a company choosing a third party logistic provider would be a five–step process. Introduction The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The focus of the present article is on identifying the steps involved in choosing a good TPL provider, and these steps will be mostly related to the
retail and service industries. Every industry has its own unique needs and so it is important that the TPL provider is right for the particular company.
This research shows that TPL can be very effective if the proper tools are used in implementing one. Background Logistics is the process of strategically
managing movement and storage of material or products and related information from any point in the manufacturing process through consumer
fulfilment. Many articles and abstracts focus on how TPL are being used more often. TPL has become a more popular technique for managing
transportation, warehouse and inventory management. TPL are often seen as providers of the integrated supply chain, which uses many value–added
services to work with the customer. The market for TPL services is growing by 18 to 22 per cent a year. TPL originally began as public warehousing
during the 1970's. Managers of warehouses began selling space to businesses in the area that had run out of space or were in need of additional space
during the busy seasons. During the 1980's TPL expanded into selling not only space but also offering throughput to physical distribution managers
who wanted to improve customer service with their current customers. By the 1990's TPL saw the consolidation of both warehousing and
transportation organisations to offer

The Competitive Advantages Of SME In Malaysia
SME in Malaysia can be determined based on employee head count and their sales turn over. By definition, SMEs are easier to manage than large
companies in many aspect of the management. By this, logistic can be a great tool for SMEs to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in business
activity. Logistic in SME can be divided into customer service, demand forecasting and planning, inventory management, procurement, material
handling, packaging, warehousing, transportation or even more. All of these aspects in logistic can increase the competitive advantage for SME to
create more business opportunities:
Customer Service Customer service is crucial part for every small and medium enterprise as customer is their sources of revenue. Components ... Show
Their logistic services included packaging, warehousing, distributing, transportation, material handling or reverse logistic. A 3PL can be a single
service provider which only transportation or warehouse storage. SME can outsourcing their logistic service based on their need requirement and
request. Some of SME may require for packaging while other SME may require for warehouse storage. There are several advantages for SME to use
third party logistic. Frist is cost and time saving, this is the greatest advantage for manufacturing or selling product SME. Third party logistic has
greater knowledge and equipment to support their logistic service compared with non–logistic based SME. Thus, SME do not need to purchase more
equipment, storage place or increase human resource to process their products. Second advantage is focus, 3PL will prepare and solve all the logistic
problem for SME so that SME can focus on their core business. Thirdly is flexibility, 3PL can be more flexible in distributing the products to different
region since they have a strategic location for their warehouse and distributing centre. SME business can expand and grow in different region when
their products are able to distribute to other region or market without

Essay on Transportation and How it Affects Logistics
Transportation is one of the largest industries in the world. It is the most costly and time consuming of the supply chain. Transportation refers to the
movement of products and raw materials from one destination to another. This process begins from the supply chain to the shipping of the finished
product to the consumer. For we know that products are rarely produced in the same location. We as people depend on transportation because it moves
goods and people from one place to another.
Transportation is a key element in the logistic chain. It joins together those components that are considered to be separated. In order for transportation
and logistics to work together successfully, there must be good management between them. It plays a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To achieve the lowest total cost means that financial and human assets committed to logistics must be held to an absolute minimum (Pieplow, Daniel,
& Calhoun [Pg. 29]).
SCM can be divided into three main groups: purchase, manufacture, and transport (Thomas et al., 1996). The focus is on transportation. There are
different modes of transportation. These modes of transportation fall under three basic types and they are: land (road, rail and pipelines), water
(shipping) and air. Transportation plays a connective role among the several steps that result in the conversion of resources into useful goods for the
ultimate consumer. It is the planning of all these functions and sub–functions into a system of goods movement in order to minimize cost and
maximize service to the customers that constitutes the concept of business logistics. The system, once it's put in place, must be effectively managed
(Fair & Williams, 1981). What are the advantages and disadvantages of these modes of transportation in logistics?
Initially, there is the mode of land transportation. Roads, rails and pipelines fall under this category. These land logistics are very important because
they extend the delivery services for air and water transport from airports and seaports. The main transport mode of land logistics are railway, road
freight and pipeline transport. The advantage of railway transport is that it has carrying capacity and lower influences by weather conditions

Ways And Advantages And Disadvantages Of Third Party...
Abstract this paper introduces ways and advantages of third–party logistics enterprise servicing manufacturing enterprise, analyses supply–chain of
manufacturing enterprise and further studies for the organization structure of third–party logistics enterprise servicing manufacturing enterprise, to
seek to the enterprise organization structure which has the best combination in third–party logistics enterprise with manufacturing enterprise. Keywords:
Third–party logistics enterprise, Manufacturing enterprise, Organization structure 1. Current Situation of Foreign Funds in China Insurance Industry
Following the rapid development of third–party logistics enterprises and industrial structure entering the mid–term of industrialization in our country, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.3 Distributed Network Type Virtual Logistics Organization Structure Distributed network type virtual logistics organization structure is shown in
figure 3. From the figure, we can see that managers take the logistics basic activities to external forces. The organization core consists of cost control
center and information center of the alliance which conposes of third–party logistics enterprise, carries out design, organization, surveillance and
control directed at logistics activities. Non–assets logistics service is better at enhancing profit ability and profit speed than assers logistce service.
Investigation and study going deep into manufcturing enterprise is in favor of realizing the co–operation with manufcturing enterprises from strategic
level. This kind of structure is mini–scale, not hardware facilities, but have advanced logistics management technology and information technology. It
can help manufcturing enterprises working out marketing plan, transportation plan, order plan, production plan; even to carry out reforming enterprise

China Third Party Logistics Analysis
CHINA THIRD PARTY LOTISTICS SURVEY AND BETTER LOGISTICS COMPANY STUDY
BY
S.guo
Business Logistics Management
Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen HAN University.2009
6/9/2009
1 Acknowledgements3
2 Executive summary:4
3 Introduction6
4 Company description and problems of company7 4.1 Company description7 4.2 Problems of BTL9
5 Problem definitions10
6 Research objectives and research questions10 6.1 Research objectives:10 6.2 Research questions11
7 Research methodology11
8 Chinese logistics market and development of 3PL12 8.1 A Chinese logistics market analysis:12 8.1.1... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as one looks to the future, technology will play an essential role in enabling the desired changes. Technology will help make feasible the new
logistic capabilities needed to support future industrial concepts and the type of efficient, responsive logistic system that business forces will
demand".[1] Traditionally, China is a country with relatively weak formal institutions; more importance is given to informal constraints, e.g. personal
relationships. As a result, Chinese companies rely upon a network–based strategy of growth, based on personal trust and informal agreements among
managers. These are important considerations for managers when forming business relationships and designing their supply chains in China. "Although
customers are spending more on average for logistics outsourcing, the percentage of budget devoted to outsourcing logistics, and the services
outsourced, haven't changed dramatically over the past several years. Companies continue their general tendency to outsource relatively commoditized

services".[2] As a result of the market shift from cost–driven to quality–driven in the near future, the strategies for logistics service providers will
include: more flexibility, quicker handling, better price stability, higher transparency and increased professionalism, in order to meet the challenges.
"The next five years will see a significant increase in outsourcing activity. 3PLs will be the main beneficiaries of this process and as the

Essay on Environmental Science Worksheet
University of Phoenix Material
Environmental Science Worksheet
Answer the following questions in at least 100 words. The answers are found in Ch. 1–4 of the text. 1. Provide a brief summary of the history of the
environmental movement?
2. Explain the main point concerning exponential growth and whether it is good or bad. Compare exponential growth to a logistic growth curve and
explain how these might apply to human population growth. What promotes exponential growth? What constrains population growth?
3.Compare predictions for human population growth in developed countries versus developing countries. Why is it difficult to predict the growth of
Earth's human population?
4. Explain how principles of system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In terms of applying it to population, exponential growth is flawed, because population growth does not depend strictly on birth rate. Mortality rates,
life expectancy, disease, natural disasters, and many other variables affect the rate of population growth.
While exponential growth is proportionate to one variable alone – birth rate – a logistic growth curve is an S shape curve that resembles exponential
growth at some points, but is also governed by other variables, including an upper limit. Applied to population growth, logistical growth factors in
variables other than just birth rate, and shows that as the population grows and other factors increase disease, death, etc., the population growth slows,
even if the birth rate doesn't. Exponential growth is promoted when the environment can hold and support a growing number of inhabitants, and when
health conditions are good, enabling the death rate to be steady and, as a result, population growth can happen in direct proportion to the birth rate.
Population growth is constrained by environmental reasons natural disaster, pollution, etc., medical reasons disease, etc., natural death, and ideology or
personal reasons birth control, etc.
One big reason is that developing countries tend to have much faster population growth than in developed countries.
Developing countries have poor access to birth control, often practice religions which prohibit birth control and value large families, and often have a

lot of

Essay about Case Study
1. Table 8.1 shows results of an eight–center clinical trial to compare a drug to placebo for curing an infection. At each center, subjects were
randomly assigned to two groups. Table 8.1 Clinical Trial Data for Problem 1 a. Perform two different tests (Breslow–Day, and likelihood ratio test)
for whether the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over eight centers. i) Breslow–Day test: The B–D test of homogeneity tests for whether
the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over eight centers gave a chi2 = 8.0 with df=7 and p–value = 0.333. Therefore since the p–value is
> 0.05, we fail to reject the null that the drug effect on curing an infection is the same over the eight centers. The drug effect... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What is your conclusion with regard to the effect of the drug on curing the infection? What is the odds ratio using the CMH method? The OR for
curing the infection comparing drug with placebo, adjusting for the centers is 2.175, with a p–value of 0.011 which is less than 0.05 and therefore
significant. We can conclude that the drug is 2.175 times better at curing the infections after adjusting for centers compared to the placebo. Using the
CHM Method: From the CMH method above, the combined OR=2.13, with a p–value of 0.0115 which is significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore the
drug is 2.13 times more effective at curing the infection after adjusting for centers compared to the placebo d. Perform a new logistic regression to find
the odds ratio for curing the infection without adjusting for the centers. Which measure, adjusted, or unadjusted odds ratio, do you prefer to use when
you investigate the drug effect on curing the infection? From the output above, the OR without adjusting for centers is 1.5 with a p–value of 0.108
which is not significant at the 0.05 level. Therefore, I will prefer to use the adjusted measure when investigating the drug effect on curing the
infection. e. (Extra Credit) Perform a likelihood ratio test on whether the treatment is different among the centers, using the deviance measure. data
medtreatment; input center drug treatment count; datalines; 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 25 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 27 2 1 1 16 2 1 0 4

The Characteristics Of Grizzly Glies
Grizzly bears are very interesting creatures. There are several grizzly bears in this world, but not as many as people think. There are several grizzly
bears in this world. To be specific there are roughly 50,000 still in this world. Grizzly's are very mean creatures, when you mess with these creatures
they get very defensive. Grizzlys are also very territorial when it comes to their homes, they also get defensive when you come near their cubs. Grizzly
bears are lonely creatures. Grizzlys like to be alone unless they just had their cubs, or there cubs are growing up. After having cubs and they grow
up momma bears leave there kids and they start to fin for themselves. When you see two bears with each other you better take a picture of it
because you don't see that very often. Like i said they are lonely creatures and like to be alone. My survivorship curve belong to type one. For this
reason it belongs to type 1 is grizzlys don't have a lot of babies and live a longer time. Grizzlys and humans are they same in type one. They have
fewer babies and better parental care for there young. Usually grizzly bears only have one or two babies in there life span. For this reason they take
care of their kids longer and better. Grizzlys are reminded by humans, humans do the same thing as grizzlys they are so much alike. By doing this
and taking better care of them they have a better off spring and their babies are more likely to live longer. Grizzly bears like to immigrate from

A Critique Of Service Quality Models
Regarding the various service quality models discussed in section 2.3.1 to 2.3.9 the gap model considers the perceptions and expectations of the
customers, the gap being the difference between expectations and perceptions (P–E). The model resulted in five dimensions that are generic in nature.
However, other models such as 'Technical and Functional Quality Model', 'Perception–only Model' and 'Evaluated Performance and Normed Quality
Model' consider only the perceptions of the customers. Technical and Functional Quality Model describes three components such as technical quality
(the quality received by the customer), functional quality (how the quality is received by the customer) and corporate quality (how quality is delivered
by the organization). In the Perceptiononly... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EFQM Excellence Model helps for benchmarking and improvement of overall performance of organizations focusing on key factors of TQM and
assures quality service to its customers in turn. 2.5 A Critique on Service Quality Measurement and Evaluation SERVQUAL is a widely used
instrument to measure customer evaluations of service quality [48]. Despite a leading instrument in measuring service quality, a number of studies
have raised concern about it [156,168–171]. These criticisms relates to conceptual, methodological and analytical issues in SERVQUAL. The primary
issue raised in the literature is the conceptualization of service quality as the difference between perception and expectation [159]. Cronin and Taylor,
reiterate their views against the disconfirmation based SERVQUAL scale of measuring service quality and continued to be proponents of their
perception–only approach to service quality measurement. Further, the use of the perception and expectation gap measure of service also raises related
analytical concerns about its low reliability, poor discriminant validity and spurious correlations [168–170]. Parasuraman et al. indicate that on the issue

Logistics and Supply Chain Management
1a.What logistics management?
b. State the six rights in an effective logistics management system.
Logistics is defined as process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient flow and storage of goods, services, and related information
from point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose conforming to customer requirement, which also includes the inbound, outbound,
internal, and external movements and return of materials for environmental purposes.
Logistics Management is the governance of supply chain functions. Logistics management activities typically include inbound and outbound
transportation management, fleet management, warehousing, materials handling, order fulfillment, logistics network design, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The goods must also be delivered at the right time that is the goods must be provided as and when it's needed. For example for a time bound or
seasonal product like daily graphic, rain coat, the product will be of no use to the customer when it is supplied late.
Lastly, the goods must be provided at the right cost. Thus the cost of acquiring the product should be what the consumer will be sure of achieving value
for his money. The six rights should be rightly blended to ensure better customer satisfaction.
ASSIGNMENT
INDEX NUMBER: WBLSC/080003
CLASS: LEVEL 400 WEEKEND
COURSE: LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
QUESTION: Define retail logistics and explain its functions.
SOLUTION
Logistics is the function of making goods and other resources physically available for use as and when required. This generally includes two basic
activity of moving or transporting these resources and storing them at different location till required for use or further transportation.
Retail logistics is the organized process of managing the flow of merchandise from the source of supply to the customer. Gibson G. Vedamani.
Retail logistics performs numerous functions and among these are as follows;
Inbound and outbound transportation. Retail logistics conduct physical movement of goods from the wholesalers point to their premises and

Supply Chain Management : Tesco And Safeway
Supply Chain Management Supply chain management has emerged as an important aspect in the modern business environment in light of the
challenges businesses face because of rapidly changing customer expectations, inefficient product development processes, and increased cost of
operations and human resources. This concept is increasingly considered as a new means of managing businesses and increasing performance and
profitability. However, business enterprises must consider various aspects related tosupply chain management during its implementation to gain
performance and increase profitability. These elements include supply chain strategies and policies, suitable infrastructures or technologies, and logistics
function.
Infrastructures/Technologies for Tesco and Safeway Tesco is currently regarded as one of the largest food retailers across the globe given its huge
workforce and customer base. The company provides an assorted range of products and services to customers, which has contributed to its tremendous
growth and profitability in the past few years. In contrast, Safeway is one of the leading companies in the grocery industry that has been built on the
principle of providing everything to its customers in one store. Despite the increased competitiveness of the grocery industry, Safeway has relatively
maintained its dominance in this market or industry. Given the nature of their businesses and need to enhance the effectiveness of their operations,
Tesco and

Logistics Management : Logistic Management
"Logistic is the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow of goods storage of goods, services and related
information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements"
Logistics exists to satisfy customer requirements by facilitating relevant manufacturing and marketing operation. The main responsibility of logistic is
the geographical positioning of raw materials, work in process and finished inventories at the lowest possible cost.
Creating logistics value is costly. Logistics accounts for one of the highest costs of doing business. Logistics expenditure normally ranges from 5% to
35% of sales depending on the type of business. Thus logistics even though very important for any business success is expensive.
VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Logistic management encompasses all materials flows management, from the inflow of purchased materials into works (i.e. materials planning of raw
materials components and other products, transport of materials from suppliers to works, receiving and inspection and storage of materials) materials
flow through manufacturing processes (i.e. materials issues and materials handling) and material (flow to customers (physical distribution (Refer fig.1
for these relationships)
Materials Logistics physical distribution
Management Management
Fig.1
(Relationship between logistics and other)
Schmidt

Case Study Of Jamjoom Pharma
The Jamjoom Group is a well–respected business conglomerate with over a hundred years of history in Saudi Arabia. The healthcare sector has been
one of the major areas of focus for the Group. The Group set–up Jamjoom Pharma as a 100% Saudi owned company headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia. The company received manufacturing & sales operations in late 2000. The initial focus was to establish a firm base in the domestic market in
Saudi Arabia, which was followed by progressive expansion of operations into several export markets in the Middle East, Africa, and CIS region.
Jamjoom Pharma mission is to be a center of excellence in healthcare and wellness sectors providing high quality, safe and effective products to meet
customer needs, to give ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, Jamjoom Pharma factory has appointed well–established distributors to handle the distribution logistics around the Kingdom. The distributors
have effective nationwide coverage through the branches set up in all important cities in the Kingdom. The distributors are responsible for collecting
and servicing the orders placed by hospitals, pharmacies and health centers (resellers) and providing these orders from the Jamjoom Pharma factory.
This is an outbound distribution of the marketing logistics. In addition, Jamjoom Pharma has its own direct presence with branch offices and sales
teams operating in all major centers. Qualified and well–trained pharmacists in the company sales teams handle the medical detailing and promotion
targeted at the medical

Murphy Contemporary Logistics 10e
PART III
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 1: AN OVERVIEW OF LOGISTICS
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Logistics clearly contributes to ___________ and ___________ utility.
a. time; place
b. form; time
c. place; form
d. possession; time
e. none of the above
(a; p. 3)
2. ___________ utility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer being able to take possession of a product.
a. Time
b. Place
c. Form
d. Possession
(d; p. 3)
3. ___________ utility refers to having products available where they are needed by customers.
a. Possession

b. Time
c. Place
d. Form
(c; p. 3)
4. All of the following are types of economic utility, except:
a. Time
b. Production
c. Place
d. Possession
e. All of the above are types of economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marketing; production
d. Finance; logistics
(d; p. 12)
21. A common interface between production and logistics involves:
a. the use of plastic versus wood pallets
b. the mode of transportation
c. shipment pricing
d. the length of production runs
(d; p. 13)
22. ___________ refers to the delay of value–added activities such as assembly, production, and packaging to the latest possible time.
a. Building blocks
b. Deferral
c. Demurrage
d. Postponement
(d; p. 13)
23. The four basic components of the marketing mix include all of the following except:
a. price

b. production
c. product
d. place
(b; p. 14)
24. Branding alliances allow customers to purchase products from two or more name–brand retailers at one store location. Which of the following
statements about branding alliances is false?
a. They offer potential customers convenience by satisfying multiple needs at one place
b. They boost brand awareness
c. They don't create any logistical challenges
d. They increase customer spending per transaction
e. All of the above are true
(c; p. 14)
25. Landed costs refer to:
a. a product that is shipped via surface transport
b. a product that is quoted cash on delivery (COD)
c. a prepaid shipment
d. a price that includes both the cost of the product plus transportation to the buyer
(d; p. 15)
26. ____________ refers to being out of an item at the same time there is demand for it.
a. Intensive distribution
b. Stockout
c. Rhochrematics
d. Supplier

Logistics Strategy
Content
1. Logistic also plays a role in customer satisfaction
1.1 Overview
2. What is a logistic strategy?
3. Why implement a logistics strategy?
4. What is involved in developing a logistics strategy?
5. What is involved in developing a logistics strategy?
5.1 Strategic
5.2 Structural
5.3 Functional
5.4 Implementation
6. Components to examine when developing a logistics strategy
1. Transportation
6.2 Outsourcing

6.3 Logistics systems
6.4 Competitors
6.5 Information
6.6 Strategy review
7. Strategic logistics planning
8. Risk profiles
9. Strategic logistics planning options
10. The strategic logistic plan
11. Developing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are now also assisting their clients in inventory planning and forecasting. As a result, many services organizations no longer believe that they
need to perform these activities themselves in addition to the various manufacturing, sales and marketing, and customer service activities that they are
already performing on a day–to–day basis.
However, as more services organizations realize that the increasing costs of inventory management and logistics are likely to impact both their bottom
lines and their ability to support customers – especially if they are presently running either an outdated or otherwise inefficient operation to begin with –
they may have some strong reservations with respect to outsourcing some of these key activities. The greatest fear among most organizations is that
outsourcing will almost immediately result in the lessening of customer service performance, either real or perceived, and therefore, loss of control
over an historically critical component of their overall customer service and support equation.
Those organizations that have already moved toward outsourcing suggest that there are still many ways in which to ensure that the organization retains
control over these critical areas. It is true that some still believe that there are no outsource vendors that are truly global in terms of their inventory
management and logistics capabilities – that

Limitations of Population Growth
Introduction There are a number of factors that can contribute to the growth of a population and these trends can be seen in a number of species. It is
generally believed, from an ecological perspective, that populations will display either an exponential of logistic growth rate. If optimal environments
are consistently maintained with no biotic or abiotic limiting factors (excess food, excess space availability, optimum climactic environment, no
predation, etc) then a population will grow in an exponential direction. Species with high maximal relative growth rates do not occupy infertile habitats
because their physiologies are more sensitive to suboptimal habitats and so their relative growth rates decrease more rapidly as fertility ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each bottle was filled 3/4 full with spring water from the San Marcos River. The water levels in the bottles were marked for future reference. Ten
large Daphnia magna were carefully placed n each bottle along with a pinch of Spirulina (powdered algae). For the duration of the experiment, only
the supplemented group of Daphnia magna received food weekly, the unsupplemented did not. Spring water was added periodically to the bottles
when the water levels were below the line marked previously. Each week the numbers of Daphnia were counted utilizing a light source in order to
illuminate the Daphnia and allowed them to be visible. The daphnia were placed in the designated lab area that maintained at room temperature. The
data for a total span of 8 weeks was pooled and recorded. The data was then used for various types of statistical analysis including weekly means, per
capita growth rates, t–tests, etc.
Results According to the data collected, the Daphnia magna population in neither the supplemented treatment nor the unsupplemented treatment
portrayed either the exponential or logistic growth model. The supplemented group showed a steady decline in the population while the
unsupplemented group at first began with a significant drop off at first but then also became a steady decline. The week with the highest maximum
growth rate for the supplemented group was week 7 and for the unsupplemented group was also in week 7. The

Systems And Logistics Support Management
Gregory Long
MG 5061: Systems and Logistics Support Management
Third Party Logistics Providers
Dr. Janice Spangenberg
April 10, 2016
Introduction Blanchard (2006) defined third party logistics as, "A single entity that coordinates all the logistics requirements for a given company
/agency." Today's world business environment has become so competitive that companies in order to be successful in the market must deal with
different resources for satisfying their customer need. In the past decade or so the competitive global market has made a big influence in the growing
for external business. Third party logistics providers are more and more employing external companies for inventory management, transportation,
warehousing, and other value added activities for customer services. Third party logistics ultimate goal is to provide a competitive advantage to the
organization for which they are serving. According to Cardinal Logistics (2012), "Third–Party Logistics is an effective way to reduce operational costs,
and allow a company to focus on their core competencies.
Overview of Third Party Logistics Between the year of 1970 and 1980 it was recognizes as the first generation of the third party logistics for
providing services for shipping and transportation. By the 1980's through the 1990's were non–asset and asset based organizations by increasing the
services level of contribution and by the

Compare And Contrast The Fragmented And Unified Logistical...
9.Define what is meant by a cost trade–off. Do you believe that this concept is workable? Why or why not?
Cost trade–off occur when there is a change in some activities change in the organization. These activities can either increase or decrease the costs.
Integration of all activities should minimize distribution costs in a manner that supports an organization's customer service objectives. There are
different levels of cost trade–offs; within the distribution components, between distribution components, between company functions, between the
company and external organizations.
Yes, cost trade–off can be good and workable. For example, between company functions if the company has a trade–off for lower finished goods stock,
then the inventory and storage cost will be reduced for the distribution sector but for the production department, there can be situation where the ...
Fragmented logistics structure is where multiple departments handle the logistics activities in the organization. In such a structure the functions of
each department tend to concentrate in their own areas and there is isolation from rest of the departments. Hence, this structure has communication
issues which can reduce the efficiency of the overall system.
Whereas, unified logistical structure is one in which all the different departments handling the activities combine into one single department and
manage the activities. In this structure it emphasizes the need for improvement, the planning and control of overall activity as one. Hence, there is
better c–ordination and good communication in the department.
11. From a logistics perspective, how is network organizational design manifested in terms of relevancy, responsiveness, and flexibility? (give
examples)
From a logistics perspective is designed in such a way that the organizational design reveals the relevancy, responsiveness and

The Exponential Model Coordinates Population Growth Essay
Discussion
Commonly speaking, the theoretical and practical outcome of corresponding experiments done before should be similar with the results of this time.
"The exponential model approximates population growth in its early stage. Table 3.4.1 shows the numbers generated by an organism that doubles at
each cycle.
Table 3.4.1:
Number of Generations: 0 1 2 ... 10 ... 25 ... 40 ... 72
Number of Organisms: 1 2 4 ... 1024 3.4 x 10^7 1.1 x 10^12 4.7 x10^21." (Yeagers et al. 1996).
Similarly, the first two growth graphs drawn above are also in acceleration phase in the beginning, except the fact that there is a sudden decrease of P.
caudatum on the 12th day. However, as on the following two days the number does not continue to go down, there must be some errors when sampling
and counting. Despite that the person who conducted the experiment might operate inaccurately during some steps, one of the most common error
could happen when counting. Moving swiftly here and there, not all paramecium would slow down obviously, which easily triggers counting mistake.
"But as the density of the population increases, certain resources such as food and space become scarce, predation and disease increase, and waste
begins to accumulate. These negative conditions generate a feedback effect: Increasing population density produces conditions that slow down
population growth. An equilibrium situation results, in which the population

Future Technology For E Health Systems
Abstract Lot of research has been done on Human Activity Recognition(HAR) in the last decade and HAR is expected to be future technology for
e–health systems. Here, I discuss various models built using SASВ® Enterprise Minerв„ў 14.1, on a free public domain dataset containing165,633
observations and 19 attributes and compare each model with another. Data used in this discussion, represents the metrics of accelerometers mounted
on waist, left thigh, right arm and right ankle of 4 individuals performing five different activities recorded over a period of eight hours. Finally, I
propose a Stepwise Logistic–fed–AutoNeural model to recognize human activity. The accuracy of the model is 98.73% Introduction The advances in
medical care and rise in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are prospects of developing assistive technologies to support care of the older adults using research work on HAR. E–Health systems like AAL
can be developed by using patients ' routine data provided by activity recognition. The most common methods used to recognize human activity are
image processing and usage of wearable sensors. Though image processing doesn 't require patient to wear any equipment, it has some major
problems such as requiring installation of cameras and good light. In addition, its operations are restricted to indoor environments and users have
privacy concerns. The use of wearable sensors has addressed all these problems, but requires wearing of equipment by the user for long durations[1].
In this paper, I discuss various models built using SASВ® Enterprise Minerв„ў 14.1, on a free public domain dataset containing 165,633 observations
and 19 attributes and compare each model with another . Data used in this discussion, represents the metrics of accelerometers mounted on waist, left
thigh, right arm, and right ankle of 4 subjects performing five different activities. These activities, such as sitting–down, standing–up, standing,
walking, and sitting, recorded over a period of eight hours of four healthy subjects is used for our analysis. Data Data was collected from
accelerometers mounted on waist, left thigh, right arm, and right ankle of 4 subjects while they were performing five different activities. This data was

Understanding Logistics Management and Supply Chain...
Discuss this proposition. Do the terms, logistics management and supply chain management have the same meaning in operations Briefly explain how
logistics management adds value to the operations of a manufacturing or service organisation. Introduction Logistics management and supply chain
management are similar terms in business logistics, but these two terms are not the same (Murphy and Wood 2011, p22). In different decades, scholars
made use of their knowledge and experience to define logistics management and supply chain management (SCM). In my opinion, currently logistics
management is part of the supply chain management. This minor difference between the two can be supported by scholars in the industry. In this essay,
we will discuss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Ballou 2007, p.338) The definitions of SCM and logistic management put emphasis on coordination, collaboration and relationship building among
channel members that are missing from logistics management. Ballou (2007, p.340–341) also explained that logistics is now being viewed as a subset
of SCM. The scope of logistics is being limited to the boundaries of the function within a firm and is primarily concerned with activity administration.
Interfunctional and interorganizational management seem to be within the purview of SCM rather than logistics. Logistics as an identifying name
supersedes physical distribution. At the most basic level, logistics management is concerned with the effective movement and storage of product,
approximating the traditional economic utilities associated with creating value through time and place transformation (Chase, Jacobs, Aquilano 2006).
In 2007, CSCMP offered the following definition Logistics management is that part of Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls
the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of consumption in order to
meet customer requirements. Logistics, therefore, involves managing facilities, transportation, inventory, materials, order fulfillment, communications,
third party providers and information within the firm in a way that contributes to customer

A Study Of Ecology And Its Effects On The Environment
Competition in ecosystems has become central to the study of ecology, and has been implicated as a major factor behind the patterns of species
abundance and distribution. Though often studied together, abundance and distribution are two distinct designations, abundance being the density of a
species in a given area, and the spatial arrangement of that species in an area is referred to as the distribution (Brown, 1984). In ecological terms
competition refers to a fight between two organisms, of the same species or different, for a limiting resource, leading often to an adverse effect on one
or both organism (Birch, 1957). When one of the organisms in the competition out competes the other for the desired resource this results in a negative
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to emphasize that exploitation and interference competition mechanisms can be intraspecific or interspecific, thus are classified as real
competition, while apparent competition is typically only of the interspecific type (Birch, 1957). With that said, of all forms competition, interspecific
competition, the competition between two or more species, has been studied most intensively as cause behind patterns of distribution and abundance
within populations of species. However, there has been much disagreement regarding the prominence of interspecific competition in natural
environment, and whether it actually effects the abundance and distribution of species. In this paper the history and application of interspecific
competition, along with a common model used to illustrate it will be evaluated, through their use in various ecological researches.
History of Interspecific Competition Though the study of ecology is a relatively new science, the earliest records of competition in biology and in the
environment can be traced back to Charles Darwin (Park, 1954). Darwin, the father evolution, placed great emphasis on the importance of competition,
specifically interspecies competition, in the process of natural selection and species

The Lotka Volterra Predator Prey Model
Introduction The Lotka–Volterra equations are used in biology, chemistry, and many other sciences that deal with two populations whether that be in
our case animal, or chemical, where two species both rely on a single source to stay alive, called a Competitive model (Appendix A), or where one
species relies on another species to stay alive, called a Predator/Prey Model (Appendix B). Initially, the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey model was stated
by Alfred K. Lotka. This was a similar equation to the logistic equation which was proposed by Pierre–FranГ§ois Verhulst in 1838. By 1926, Vito
Volterra, who was a physicist and a mathematician, also had published the same set of equations identical to that of Volterra. Later on the model was
...
In this case we have a saddle point where if both species use the resources in the same proportions, they can coexist but any small change to the
system, which in reality is perfectly normal, will push the point to either side and allow one species to overtake the other, and this saddle point is
also represented by the point at: We also have two stable steady states at (K1,0) and (0,K2), and an unstable steady state at (0,0): (See Appendix E
for a graph with various initial conditions applied under this system) Beta1 Beta2 K1 K2 5 1 250 100 Now in our second scenario, we have two
species also on an island, the Rabbits and the Foxes. The fox relies on the rabbit for food, and the rabbit relies on grasses (a constant unchanging
source) to survive. The growth rate of the rabbits and foxes can be modelled by

Supply Chain Management And Logistics Essay
Supply Chain management and logistics are an extremely important functions of an organization. In this research paper, we will be discussing an
aspect of supply chain and logistics that I am interested in, how both are related and different, key activities in supply chain and logistics, and the
ethics and social responsibility in both supply chain and logistics management.
Logistics is a vital component of supply chain management. Both involve the planning, carrying out and management of goods, services and
information from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Logistics aligns the multifaceted pattern of traffic and transportation, shipping and
receiving, import and export operations, warehousing, inventory management, purchasing, production planning and customer service. Organizations,
like the one I work for, see logistics as a critical design of the supply chain. When organizations incorporate logistics as a key component of the
business plan, they can use it to manage, coordinate and monitor resources needed to move products in a smooth, timely, cost effective and reliable
manner.
Like Logistics, Supply Chain Management is an essential element of operational efficiency. The impact that supply chain has on our organization is
substantial and exponential. Two of the main ways SCM affects business include: boosts customer service and our overall bottom line. Supply chain
impacts our customer service by making sure the right product assortment and quantity are

Escherichia Coli (EPEC)
Escherichia Coli, or E. coli, resides in the large intestine where it assists digestion and make up essential molecules like Vitamin K. For the most part,
E. Coli poses no threat although there are few disease causing strains that can cause mild to severe food poisoning by finding its way into food supply
(Timmons, Trzepacz, Duboinis–Gray). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, or EPEC, is a strain of diseasing causing E. Coli that is the leading cause of
death in children with diarrhea in many parts of the world. EPEC colonizes in the intestine allowing the host to be invaded which can spread from
person to person (Pearson, Wong fok Lung, Hartland, Giogha). Another strain of disease causing E. Coli also causes diarrhea in children is the DEC...
L–broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is
then placed into three separate shaking incubators set for specific temperatures of twenty–five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty–seven
degrees Celsius, and forty–two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer
is also used to estimate the density of the culture. A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor
(Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The
spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a 600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a
cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While
the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E. Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the E.
Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance readings were collected during each lab period
throughout the

The Impact Of Logistics Innovations On The International...
Introduction
Nowadays, logistics are constantly developing for meeting the growing requirements of international business. The innovations in logistics are crucial,
which can not only stimulate the emergence of international business around the world, but also further promote its efficiency and scale.
This essay will focus on the innovations in modern logistics, taking 3PL as an example to discuss the impacts of logistics innovations on the
international business. It will firstly make a brief introduction of 3PL, then followed by the analysis of how 3PL promote E–commerce, one typical
model of the modern international business. Theoretical Background
International business refers to the exchange of goods and services among individuals and businesses in multiple countries and areas which origins
even in the 14th century. Logistics comprises the activities of transporting goods and services between these countries and areas. The term 'logistics'
became widely used after 1985, which was derived from the logistics organizations of US army in WWII. Their success of delivering a steady stream
of strategic supplies around the world during the wartime was later studied by many companies and then widely introduced into business activities.
Based on the Comparative Advantage Theory (David Ricardo) and Division of Labour Theory (Adam Smith), firms in different countries and areas
are willing to utilize comparative advantages to produce goods and services for exchanging some goods

Dynamic Biological Processes Influence Pop, Density,...
53.1 Dynamic biological processes influence pop. density, dispersion, & demographics Density & Dispersion Density – # of individuals per unit area or
volume: the # of oak trees per square kilometer in the Minnesota county or the # of Escherichia coli bacteria per milliliter in a test tube Dispersion –
pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the pop. Density: A dynamic perspective Pop. ecologists estimate density from an
index (indicator) of pop. size, such as the # of nests, burrows, tracks, or fecal droppings Density isn't a static property but changes as individuals are +
to or – from a pop. + occur through birth & immigration, the influx of new individuals from other areas – occur through death & emigration, the... Show
Some plants secrete chemicals that inhibit the germination & growth of nearby individuals that could compete for resources Animals often exhibit
uniform dispersion as a result of antagonistic social interactions, such as territoriality–the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by
other individuals Aren't as common in pop. as clumped Random dispersion – unpredictable spacing, the position of each individual is independent of
other individuals Occurs in absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals of a pop. or where key physical or chemical factors are
relatively homogenous across the study area Plants established by windblown seeds, dandelions, may be randomly distributed in a fairly consistent
habitat Not as common in nature; most pop. show tendency toward clumped Demographics – study of the vital statistics of pop. & how they change
over time Birth rates & how they

Bio 2 Exam

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Bio 2 Exam

Similar to Bio 2 Exam (10)

More from Mellisa Hedeen

More from Mellisa Hedeen (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Bio 2 Exam