The Collective Action Problem

The Collective Action Problem
Collective action problems are very common in politics, and their solutions lead to improvements in
how our country is run. Making these improvements may often come with a cost, which is why they
are often considered hot topics of debate. There are many different ways that a collective action
problem can be solved. Some of the most popular methods are through political parties, electoral
processes, and the influence of interest groups. Some methods are more effective than others, but
each one plays a very specific role in the process of policy making. Through an analysis of the
definition of a collective action problem and how the earlier mentioned institutions work on their
own, one can see how many collective action problems are solved. ... Show more content on
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These groups "consist of individuals who bear some cost or make some contribution on behalf of the
joint goal." (Lowi et al.) These contributions generally consist of annual dues or some sort of service
in the group's activities, such as lobbying congress. According to American Government: Power and
Purpose, "each individual has, in the simplest situation, two options in his behavioral repertoire:
'contribute' or 'don't contribute' to achieving the jointly shared objective." (Lowi et al.) If a sufficient
number of individuals contribute, then the goal is achieved, but every member may reap the benefits
whether they contributed or not. Interest groups encourage all of their members to contribute by
offering selective benefits. These benefits only go to group members who actively contribute to the
group's goals. They include networking opportunities, material benefits, informational benefits, and
purposive
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Compare And Contrast Political Parties
Political parties are composed of several different parties for example; Democratic Party,
Republican Party, Libertarian Party, and Green Party. The two major parties are Democratic and
Republican Majority of Americans classify as these two. Political parties are essential institutions of
democracy. Democrats, believe that government can and should work to make everyone's lives
better. Republicans tend to take a more conservative stand on issues, and They believe that the
federal government should not play a big role in people's lives. The history of these Political parties
are as followed; Democratic party was founded in 1828 founded by Andrew Jackson, Republican
party was founded in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln, the libertarian party was founded by David Nolan
in 1971 and the Green party was founded in 1984 by Howie Hawkins. The reason for political
parties of political parties is to join people who hold similar points of view about the government
together. They bring to the table justice and a working
Community.
Political parties form a very important role in the United states of America, these political parties
usually convince people to vote their candidate, so they can practice the same rights as their
candidate and to also have their practice go into action. Most political parties for example
Republicans favor themselves whereas Democrats favor the people's decision and their voices.
Political parties have been in the United State for about decades now

Big Brother Is Watching You Analysis
1984 predicted the totalitarian government control of the media which concerns many citizens today.
The citizens of Oceania feared Big Brother as he symbolized the extent of the power of the Party.
Posters were plastered everywhere with the caption "Big Brother is Watching You" (Orwell 2), with
eyes that looked as if they were staring at you. Big Brother had control of all the media and
determined what you were told, saw, and read. In 1984, propaganda such as the "Two Minutes Hate"
was used by the Party against the citizens who had philosophical differences with the government.
Likewise, this medium was also a means to empower those who agreed. The people in charge can
"control a population by entrapping in the "crisis of the NOW," advancing their agenda without
much opposition from the citizenry" (Whitehead 4). Such a dichotomy strengthens those who are
compliant and identifies, and eventually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recently there was a study based on the influence of government control in China. All of the people
reported that in China, the air pollution was controlled by the government. However, only half of the
people reported the United States controlled the United State's air pollution. The reports are different
as the government used propaganda to control the people's beliefs (Bai 17). For the Party, their
problem to solve was to determine "what another human being is thinking" (Orwell 193). One
solution was the idea of a telescreen which "received and transmitted simultaneously" (Orwell 3)
nearly every comment and action of an individual. Could this have been Orwell's prediction of what
we now have as cell phones? Some citizens lived in fear and they knew that "it was terribly
dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a
telescreen" (Orwell 62) because the government was watching one at all

What Are The Issues Told By The People's Party In The...
The 1892 Omaha Platform of the Populist Party and the 2010 Hartford Tea Party Declaration of
Independence branched out two major political parties. The Omaha Platform held in Omaha,
Nebraska on July 1892 branched from bothered farmers and friends who launched the People's
Party. The Hartford Tea Party took place in Hartford, Connecticut on February 2010 which was
brought to action when individuals wanted independence from political parties. In the same manner,
to grow, both parties fed off the major political parties by gaining members that were originally
democrats for the Omaha Platform and republicans for the Hartford Tea Party. While the Hartford
Tea Party wanted independence, they believed in a more free market society¬–Capitalism– where
the government would not interfere with businesses. They believe ... Show more content on
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This was a major concern to them since there were many financial barriers that were stopping them
from doing so. For example, railroads would charge a great amount of fees to transport their goods.
They also had issues with the banks who were making loans really expensive to pay off, which
farmers desperately needed to be able to purchase farming materials, land, harvest their crop and
then send out to sell. They also felt that corruption was dominating them and public opinions were
silent. The Tea Party's main concerns were that the Democratic Party was being driven too much
into socialist agenda, while the Republican Party was being driven into corruption by manipulating
the masses by saying the true ways of a republic just to get elected but later betray what they stood
for. The Tea Party wanted to gain independence from all that corruption. They also wanted
independence from the media, who they believed that was only used for entertainment and to cause
fear for the masses, instead of important

Abuse Of Power In 1984 By George Orwell
George Orwell's use of corrupted logic in 1984 reveal the amount of control the Party has over the
people. In 1984, the Party is primary political party that controls the people's thoughts, actions, and
lives. The Party influences how the people will act and how they will feel through Orwell's story.
They give the people a sense of security or fear with the use of telescreens to control the way the
act, such as when Winston explains, "The telescreens receive and transmitted simultaneously–––You
had to live –– did live from habit that became instinct–– in the assumption that every sound you
made was overheard" (3). This allows the Party to keep watch over its people each day to make sure
none of them stepped out of line, always looming over

Analysis Of George Orwell 's 1984
In the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have
complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the
ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people's freedom to have a say in
their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the
people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear
in the citizens, use an excessive amount of thought control, and promote their control to the people
through surveillance/propaganda. A major way in which the government controls people is through
the use of surveillance and propaganda. "..surveillance in the novel is a monitoring or policing
function. It works through self–censorship and surreptitious spying to police not just speech and
action but also thought and belief. Propaganda too works upon thought and belief, but differently:
propaganda instils belief, surveillance policies it" (Yeo 55). In other words, the government acts as a
sense of law enforcement when they are using surveillance to continuously watch over the people.
The Party is very similar to law enforcement because they want to enforce strict behavioral
guidelines and make people follow them at all times. The government also wants to ensure that the
people are becoming convinced by the ideas of propaganda. Propaganda and surveillance work as a
team to provide the Party with

1984 By George Orwell Use Of Technology
In George Orwell's 1984, the Party is a totalitarian government that attempts to conquer every aspect
of a citizen's life. With no rights or justice given to the majority of the nation, technology was used
to mechanize human life in the novel which controlled actions, thoughts and feelings. Technology,
an impactful feature contributing in the isolation of one's freedom, represents the watchful eye of the
Party. Moreover, readers follow Winston's battle against the Party, to become independent; Where he
hoped to make essential changes that provide an ordinary lifestyle. Technology in the dystopian
novel played a vital role in maintaining the Party's power and influencing the citizens of Oceania.
By doing so, manipulative information is sent to the citizens through telescreens to persuade them
that the Party is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, telescreens are devices which operate as televisions, cameras and microphones,
allowing full access to the Party on every detail about one's life." In the far distance a helicopter
skimmed down between the roofs, hovered for an instant like a blue–bottle, and darted away again
with a curving flight. It was the Police Patrol, snooping into people's windows," (page 6). Although
being a disadvantage to the civilians, the Party viewed the use of technology as a major advantage in
keeping a stable totalitarian government. The majority of the Party's power and influence is
developed within the use of technology. After all, the government operates technology as a strategy
to threaten citizens when disobeying the Party. Therefore, the Party refuses to suppress technology
uses, due to the fact that if people were aware of

The Representation Of Radical Right Parties Essay
In recent years, the representation of Radical Right Parties (RRPs) have immensely grown all over
Europe, as well as in countries such as Israel and the United States (Vossen 186). Geert Wilders has
been on the frontlines of populist politics in Europe, which has caused him to generate sympathy
from populist politicians all over the world (Vossen 187). But his harsh rhetoric, especially
regarding the Islam, have also brought him into difficult situations, as he is, for example, under
constant police security and rarely appears publicly without wearing a bulletproof vest, and he is
currently under trial for breaching the boundaries of the freedom of speech (Heijmans and Stoker).
The election of Donald Trump in the United States, the great victory in the regional elections in
Germany by a RRP, and the massive gain that Geert Wilders and his PVV made in the last decade
have made the establishment politics as well as scholars wonder what has caused this rise in RRPs
and this need to fight the current trend of politics set by the establishment. By utilizing election
reports as well as scholars researching the subject of RRPs and populist political parties, this paper
will identify and analyze the factors that have led to the increasing support among the Dutch
electorate of Geert Wilders and his PVV. By doing so, this paper tries to give an explanation what
triggers electorates to shift their sympathy from moderate political parties to radical right parties and
will argue that the

The country of Thailand
Thailand is located in South–East Asia that is near to the border of Burma, Laos and Cambodia.
Thailand has an area of about 513,000 km2 and the population of people is about 70 million people.
The capital city of Thailand is Bangkok.
Bangkok is one of the largest cities in Thailand. They has their own languages, which is Thai,
Northern East Thai, and Southern Thai, and they also writes in Thai language. For the religion, most
Thais are Buddhist, which is about 94.6% of people are Buddhists, 4.6% are Muslims, and 0.7% is
Christians.
Thailand is governed by a constitutionals monarchy, which a Prime Minister serves as head of a
parliamentary government. In addition, a hereditary Thai king functions as head of state. Thailand
has been rule by many kings. The current king of Thailand is, His Majesty King Bhumibol Aduyadej
(Rama IX) is the reigning monarch of the Chakri Dynasty that has ruled Thailand since the fall of
Ayutthaya and the founding of the Rattakosin Era
Although Thailand is the only country in the Southeast Asia that has never been invaded by any
outside power, chaos has always been a part of Thailand political scenes for a very long time since
the era of the previous Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. The Supreme Court has stripped
Thaksin family of usd1.4 billion in contested assets, over allegations of corruption and conflict of
interest. It almost looks like bribery and economic crisis is a never ending tragedy for Thailand.
After more than five years in

Analysis Of 1984 By George Orwell
EXAGGERATING IS UNDERSTATING Have you ever felt like you were being watched? In 1984
by George Orwell this was not just a feeling of the citizens in Oceania, it was their lifestyle. The plot
of 1984 is over exaggerated in the sense that the citizens are not allowed to partake in any
malpractice because their every move is constantly being watched, this makes 1984 a satire. 1984 is
not only a satire but it is a satire of 2016. This is because people in 2016 are pressured into a
stereotype, technology is extremely controlling over people's thoughts, and there is control over the
news and history that is portrayed through media. Peer pressure has always been an issue, but in
2016 it is worse than ever. Due to social media many people, especially teens, feel as though they
need to fit into a certain stereotype in society. They will do whatever it takes to fit in no matter who
they wind up hurting. People feel they need to pretend they are someone that they are not in order to
fit in, much like how Winston had to keep his anti–Party thoughts to himself so he would not get
vaporized. With Party slogans as outrageous as "WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY.
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH" it is hard to remain secretive about your inner rebellious notions
(Orwell 4). This slogan, along with other ideas, is drilled into the brains of all people of Oceania,
which is similar to the ideas in 2016 that are ingrained in us from a young age. Examples of this are
being forced into binary genders,

Controlling The People Of Oceania
Controlling the People of Oceania In the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party develops multiple
strategies and tactics that allow them to gain complete control over the people of Oceania. As a
result, the Party has the ability to manipulate people. Through the use of this power, the Party
eradicates any and all individuality including the freedom to intervene in governmental
development. Instead of using surveillance methods to help the people, they use them to gain
control. The Party instills fear in the citizens of Oceania through the abuse of power, and thought
control as well as the promotion of big brother. A major way in which the government controls
people is through the use of surveillance and propaganda. It is clear that the "..surveillance in the
novel is a monitoring or policing function" and it comes with a negative connotation (Yeo 55). The
thought police monitor every single thought, action, movement etc. which allows the system to
"work through self–censorship and surreptitious spying, to police not just speech and action but also
thought and belief. Propaganda too works upon thought and belief, but differently: propaganda
instils belief, surveillance policies it" (Yeo). In other words, the government acts as a sense of law
enforcement when they are using surveillance to continuously watch over the people. The Party
resembles the police because they are continuously enforcing strict behavioral guidelines and want
people to follow them at all times. The

Big Brother Is Watching By George Orwell Research Paper
Big Brother is always watching. Through spies, telescreens, and microphones, Big Brother is able to
monitor every single movement and action of all of the citizens of Oceania throughout all hours of
the day. Orwell describes the terrifying reality of the constant presence of the telescreens by saying,
"The instrument (the telescreen, it was called) could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it
off completely." (Orwell,3). By stating the fact that the telescreens are not able to be turned off
further shows that people have been stripped of all privacy. Being watched by telescreens during all
aspects of their daily lives made the people completely belong to The Party. Many did not feel safe,
even in their own thoughts. Orwell cautions,

Corruption Of The Catholic Church
Corruption in the Catholic Church was real; the Church has always had a strong present in Mexico
since the beginnings. For instance, those in the strong circle of the Church who are not part of the
clergy have always been men of power who hold swayed over the government. They have passed
laws that benefit the Church, such as the example I pointed out before of Title 1. Precisely, for this
reason, was why the Mexican liberals hated the clergy. The main problem and reason why the anti–
clerical liberals wanted to remove the clergy in Government was "Fueros", which means corporate
immunities. For the Church, corporate immunities meant that if there was a transgression in the
clerical power they were subjected to a different form of justice than the Mexican people. The
Liberals saw it as the highest form a corruption because basically those part of the clergy circle who
were men of power could get away with corruption. Laws like the example that was given were
what ultimately what triggered the anti–clerical liberals to fight back, and that is why by 1861 when
Benito Juarez re–established the Mexican government. Once Benito Juarez establishes the Federal
Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857, the Catholic Church was slowly starting to lose
the control it had over the Government. The Church attempted a revival in the Mexican government
in 1911, with the founding of the National Catholic Party. There had been a lot of changes since the
19th–century Catholic Church

A Comparison Of Democratic And Republican Parties
As we all know in the past of the United States history, there were two major parties that are
Democratic and Republican party that dominant the southern and northern of America. Today, as the
two major parties' conflict has arisen, Libertarian party has formed and its views mix in the between
of both major parties. We cannot deny a great effort of increasing an American economic from all
three parties such as Democracy, Republican, and Libertarian. However, many political issues the
parties are faced which seem to shift their basic belief over the times like states' right for an
example.
In the past, the Democratic and Republican parties did not share the same views of how power
should be split between national government and states. Democratic party supported state rights
while Republican party thought that state rights limited the United States to become a strong nation.
Today, the view of state rights has switched its position between the two parties in which the
Democracy wants to be more control in the states' rights while the Republican party is opposed. For
instance, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the Republican plans to cut off taxes for business and wealthy to take back jobs that
sends to overseas. Lowering the taxes means that less money that contributes to national
government that can affect the federal finance. This planning is also meant that the Republican has
no longer interested in a strong federal government due to its less contribution to the federal
government. Besides lower tax plan, the Republican also wants to promote free markets in which
seller and buyers are making deals that both sides can able to agree on the prices and services as
they desire without any form of intervention that rules by the government. By promoting people's
freedom, the Republican party's viewpoint has shifted because of its

1984 Individuality Essay
There are many ways for people to show their individuality in the world –– whether it is being a part
of a sport, religion, music group, or hobby. If there were no options available today for people to
have their individuality, many would contemplate the question: Is life worth living if I have nothing
to live for? In George Orwell's, 1984, Winston and the other citizens of Oceania are not able to
express their individuality. The Party's ideology of a carbon copy society ensures every citizen in
Oceania lives in a world full of clones with no hope of ever becoming their own person. Totalitarian
governments threaten social progress with the annihilation of individualism.
Totalitarian governments redirect the use of technology for a mundane purpose ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The constant watch over the citizens is accomplished with the use of telescreens, microphones,
children, and the Thought Police. If anyone is found to be taking actions or thoughts against the
ideas the Party puts in place, he or she will be punished. The Thought Police keeps note of people's
thoughts, though there is "no way of knowing whether [an individual is] being watched at any given
moment" (3). If a thought comes up that is frowned upon the individual with that thought could be
vaporized, imprisoned, tortured, or killed. Today, there should be no fear over whether the
government is keeping track of peoples' personal information as it is assumed there is some privacy
from the government. In reality, every person is subject to similar surveillance as those in Oceania,
whether it is by the government, family members, friends, or strangers. The government has
surveillance cameras set up around the country, criminals are going through trash, and hackers are
breaking into computers, trying to steal people's' identities. It is impossible for any kind of
individualism to flourish if an individual or object is always watching or listening, but surveillance
is inevitable, both in Oceania's society in 1984 and in our society today, whether citizens

The Pros And Cons Of Political Reform Commissions
In early December 1999, the new PUP government announced that it was establishing a broad–
based "Political Reform Commission" to review Belize's system of governance and develop
proposals for reform. On January 13, 1999, Prime Minister, the Honorable Said Musa officially
launched the Commission in Belize City. Some of the things the Reform Commission was mandated
for are: to review the system of governance and to make recommendations for its improvement,
whether by amendments to the Constitution or laws or otherwise, with a view to achieving greater
democracy. Also, to take account of all the ideas and proposals made over the past few years by
different organizations. Some members of the Reform Commission are: Senator Eamon Courtenay,
People's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, I disagree with the commission's recommendation. I believe that Belize should change
from Parliamentary Executive to Executive Presidential. In such case, having the Parliamentary
Executive system has quite a few disadvantages. Some of them are: quick decision–making, the
system has not effectively prevented the increase of official waste and corruption, and the House
and even more so the Senate serve largely as rubber stamps for Cabinet decisions. If we continue to
use this system, the people will not be able to be a part of the decision making because this system is
of a dictatorship. It means that even if we disagree with something, it's not us who have the final say.
Also, it didn't decrease waste and corruption but I believe instead it has increased. Moreover, saying
that the House and Senate serves largely as a rubber stamp for Cabinet decisions means that the
House and the Senate are approving matters or making decisions without real power. The House
Senate aren't very important to what they

Music In The Great Gatsby
Music was a very influential part of the 1920s. The 1920s was called the Jazz Age because of the
fast and happy music that was created during that time. Jazz of the highlight of that time period
because it was a new type of music. Jazz started in the black community and slowly moved to the
upper white community. There was African American Jazz and White Jazz. In the the book The
Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows how music plays an effect on people's lives. Jay Gatsby, a
wealthy white man, threw parties at his home and in these parties live bands would play. Many
strong small orchestras were created during this time and they traveled all of the country playing
their music. Music brought life to many people during that time period. People

Dispatches From The People's War In Nepal Summary
We have already known that the Communist Part of Nepal started an armed conflict against the
government in 1996 which lasted in 2006 and Li Onesto was the first foreign journalist to travel
deep guerrilla zones of Nepal. The Maoists allowed her to visit the guerrilla controlled areas to
interview political leaders, the fighters and the villagers; this book (Dispatches From the People's
War in Nepal) is the result of her experience in Nepal. She wrote every experience of her journey.
By reading this book, one can feel the same way as the writer felt when she was in Nepal. In chapter
10, writer wrote about the interviews of the central committee members. The interviews are about
the beginning of the war and the initial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this stage, the guerrilla faced various problems from the government. Governments arrested many
people and killed almost 150 people in one year. This is the time the Maoists realized that they need
to improve their warfare. The third plan was taken 18 month after the first plan. Its main goal was to
improve their military strength and main military aim was to develop different guerrilla zones in
different zones. In the first two years of the war, government thought that it was easy to defeat the
guerrillas. But they realized that the revolution was spreading and gaining popularity. So they
launched a major program Kilo Sera 2 against the guerrillas. Many people died in that program.
Government was afraid that the war would expand throughout the whole western region. So they
took that program to contain the revolution. That time the communist party made plans to escalate
revolution and build a big military. Fourth plan was to build base areas. They attacked on the police
and captured their weapons. They started to make the areas free from government influence. Most of
the areas of the western region were under the control of the party. The CC member finished his
discussion with the fourth plan of the people's war in Nepal, At the end of this chapter, writer wrote
about her next plan for the trip to visit

How Does The Great Gatsby Affect One's Life
Les Brown once said "In every day, there are 1,440 minutes. That means we have 1,440 daily
opportunities to make an impact".This relates back to the novel in that one person can have a huge
impact one or even many people around them. Which can greatly affect one's life or completely
destroy one's life just by the way one's thoughts and action affect their lives. That one should learn
that it's not all about them and what they want, that one should partition to others around them
instead just to themselves. Therefore, in F. Scott Fitzgerald novel "The Great Gatsby", it is evident
that Gatsby one of the main character has a big impact on himself and others just because he has his
mind set on one thing and one thing only.
So in the novel Gatsby ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the beginning when he was trying to impress Daisy with all the parties he threw "every week" it
affected many people that couldn't afford to get into rich parties could just come in and party. Which
helped people that wanted to go to parties to be able to go to parties without having to be super rich.
Secondly, when Gatsby actually got Daisy attention and to start liking him, he stopped throwing
parties which affected the people that came who couldn't afford rich parties. It also affected Gatsby
servants that he fired and "replace half a dozen others" so they wouldn't gossip every time Daisy
came around. Which affected the other half a dozen of them, now they have no job and can't support
their families just because Gatsby didn't want them gossiping. Lastly, when Gatsby gets into the
heated argument with Tom about how Daisy "never loved him". Which ended up killing Myrtle
driving back from the hotel where Daisy, went through an emotion event with Tom and Gatsby
fighting which killed Myrtle and left Jordon emotional unstable and they had nothing to do about it.
The effects Gatsby had on people was huge and Gatsby didn't even realize what he was doing
because he was to fixated with Daisy loving

Democrats Compare And Contrast Essay
The politics in the United States is known for its bipartidarial nature, with Democrats and
republicans ruling the nation's political scenery. These parties are both constantly shaping not only
the face of politics, but the people's dogmas and actions. After President Trump's election, the whole
nation became agitated. In the midst of all the riots, protests and controversy, the election has
provided much more information about both parties and the people's reaction to it showed how it
affects the American people. Although there are some aspects in which Republicans and Democrats
converge, their differences are the ones that show off the most. Even though it is valid that none
have succeeded in making the best decisions for the nation whenever given the chance, the rhetoric
provided by the democrats seems more fair to me, even though it cannot fulfill everyone's wishes in
the United States. While both parties are known for their differences, some core ideals seem to be
unchanged or very similar. Both parties promote the use of private prisons; after the period known
as the War on Drugs, the increasing number of inmates began to rise and costs for local, state and
federal governments began to be problematic. Even though the Obama administration stated that
private prisons were less safe, they did not completely shut it down, and the Trump ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the Democrats support that all women should have a safe and legal access to abortion, the
Republicans despise that, as they believe that an unborn child should have the right to live (although
I do believe that this ideal is deeply connected to the conservative's supporters who are known to be
formed by a majority of people with strict religious beliefs. Following the same line, I believe that
the refute of the right of same–sex marriage policy from the republicans also is a reflect of religious
dogmas of their voters and

Examples Of Totalitarianism In 1984
Irrationality of Totalitarianistic Control
Oftentimes, people become so addicted to power and the ability to control others, that they go to far
extremes to keep it. In the nineteen–hundreds around the same time, two examples of this developed
under Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. After Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union, he conducted
a reign of terror in which he purged anyone who represented a threat to his power. In addition, when
Hitler came into power in Germany he eliminated all opposition through execution. He also took
over control of all aspects of society with the use of censoring the media, spying, and having a secret
police. These events were witnessed by the author George Orwell who claimed to view them as
horrid. Orwell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To begin, the government regulates all private actions with the use of telescreens watching people at
all times. To illustrate, Winston fears that the telescreens will pick up on an out of the ordinary act
and accuse him of doing something he did not do. He explains that, "A nervous tic, an unconscious
look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself–– anything... of abnormality, of having something to
hide... to wear an improper expression on your face itself was a punishable offense" (Orwell 62). To
explain, the Party's control of every aspect of its people's lives down to the expressions of their faces
reveals irrationality in totalitarianism. Literary critic Stephen Ingle explains the goal of the Party to
be the destruction of its people's privacy and elimination of their personal identity so they don't
stand separate from the state (127). In addition to the Party's control of private actions, they also
dictate people's emotions to further control and corrupt them to the aim of the Party. In the process
called two minutes hate, the Party subjects its people to images that put them in a rage against the
country they are at war with and the main conspirator Goldstein and increases their love for Big
Brother. As Ingle puts it, " ... a totalitarian elite would... seek to control human emotions... All
feelings of passion would henceforth be directed towards the Party... The love of Big Brother
represents its positive manifestation, hatred either directed to the external threat of Eastasia or
Eurasia; the internal threat of Goldstein and the brotherhood represents the negative" (125). More
specifically, as the Party redirects the people's emotions, it corrupts the people's beliefs showing an
unjustifiable rule to control its people. Moreover, the Party develops control over the intelligence of
its people. For instance, the developments

The Reds Invade Afghanistan
The Reds Invade Afghanistan
In late December of 1979, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) troops began streaming
into Afghanistan by the thousands, marking the beginning of what would turn out to be a 10–year
attempt to support the Afghan Communist party that had taken power (Britannica, Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan, 2015). This paper demonstrates failures by the intelligence assets of the United States
of America(U.S.) regarding the U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan. The U.S. did not have a good
understanding of the U.S.S.R.'s early involvement in Afghanistan; additionally, they failed to
understand that by giving training and aid to the Afghani insurgency, they were forcing the U.S.S.R.
to commit to military occupation, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7) "Soviet personnel also appear to be stationed in considerable numbers at Bagram Air Force Base
north of Kabul, where they apparently service the airlift from the Soviet Union." The U.S.S.R had
increased the number of military and civilian advisors dramatically since the coup; the civilian
advisors had taken managerial positions in the Afghan ministries (CIA, 1979, p. 8). These facts
point to the possibility that the U.S.S.R.'s dedication to controlling Afghanistan was steadfast and
the military invasion would happen no matter if the U.S. supported the insurgents or not. On 19
December 1979 intelligence revealed the U.S.S.R. began moving massive amounts of men, supplies,
and equipment (MacEachin, 2007). They were also conducting operations to secure routes into
Afghanistan with troops that were already in the area (MacEachin, 2007). Reports began coming
into the U.S.; however, analysts still doubted a massive invasion by the U.S.S.R. was possible
(MacEachin, 2007). 22 December 1979 National Security Agency Director Vice Admiral Bobby
Ray Inman reported to U.S. officials that the U.S.S.R. was undoubtedly going to invade Afghanistan
within the next 72 hours (MacEachin,

U.s. National Security Strategy 2014
Introduction This paper is to serve as an analysis of the country of MONGOLIA using the
operational variables of PMESII–PT and its role in the U.S. strategy in the Pacific Command
(PACOM). With the the majority of attention being given to a more aggressive China or perhaps
violent extremist organizations (VEO's) in Southeast Asia, it is easy to forget about Mongolia.
Although, those threats in Southeast Asia and the growing tensions with China cannot be ignored, it
would be foolish of the U.S. to ignore the country of Mongolia. In fact, further developing relations
with the Mongolian government could prove to be a huge factor in our success in the region going
forward. Given its geopolitical location and unique political and economical ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In times of war the MAF can also absorb the Border Protection Services, a government paramilitary
organization, to conduct military operations. Global Firepower gives the Mongolian Armed Forces a
power ranking of 87 out of 126. Its military equipment is comprised almost entirely of outdated
Russian equipment including everything from T–54/55 main battle tanks to old shoulder–fired
surface–to–air missiles to small arms. Some specialized units use the Israeli made Galil rifle. The
Air Defense Forces have an extremely small amount of aircraft with about 5 MiG–29 fighters and
10 Mil Mi–24 attack helicopters being the highlight of the inventory. On its website,
GlobalSecurity.Org stated "The Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF) are a relatively small but
disciplined, pro–western force... Its unique geopolitical position also makes the MAF worth
developing as a DOD/PACOM asset". Mongolia's foreign policy states that "unless being faced with
a military threat, it will pursue a policy of refraining from joining any military alliance or grouping,
[and] allowing the use of its territory or air space against any other country". Mongolia World, their
.org website on geopolitics, explains that it is also a priority for Mongolia to have "open and equal"
cooperation with China and

George Orwell's Use Of Control In The Novel 1984
In the novel 1984 by George Orwell Big Brother is portrayed as a main leader of the party . He
controls the citizens of Oceania and sees that the citizens are obedient to the policies of the party.
With the help of the telescreens , posters , Big Brother spied on each and every citizen .These were
not only meant to control over the citizens , it was to make the people control themselves . One of
the ways was the thought crime , as all the evil starts from mind , so the people that thought
something bad were considered criminal and were arrested . The other factor that contributed in
manipulating people's thinking was Newspeak , it was invented as it could eradicate the rebellious
thoughts of the citizens . The main purpose of this was that the people cannot think bad and if they
don't think bad they cannot take any rebellious action . Telescreens were present in each member of
the inner house party as well as the members of the outer house party , except the proles as they
were not considered important by the party , it was due to their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The new words were invented and the old undesirable words were eliminated . It was beneficial for
the party as it kept the secrets of the party and anticipated the political movements . No negative
terms were there in the Newspeak . There were no such words by which rebellious thoughts arise ,
all of them were eradicated . Double think is mainly the concept that makes people bound to two
decisions . It manipulated the people to allow the control of the government on their past and
memories . It enabled the party to change the historical records , the people were brain washed and
they considered the rule of the party as a good thing. .As a result of double think it was possible that
Winston started loving Big Brother in the end

Too Many Political Parties in America Essay example
At first, some of the Founding Fathers did not expect American government to be full of multiple
political parties after creating the Constitution in the late 1780s. Even George Washington stated in
his Farewell Address, "However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are
likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines by which cunning, ambitious, and
unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the
reins of government." In simpler words, Washington was stating how political parties may lead to
the corruption of the government the Founding Fathers envisioned. Despite what some Founding
Fathers originally thought, political parties did develop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an Election advertisement for the Democratic–Republicans, it states that Federalists have the
"power to enslave you." Jefferson's followers used the Federalist's support and loyalty to Britain as
an advantage to win the election, which ended up dividing the parties even more. This struggle
between the two parties further led to undemocratic actions. In 1798, the Federalists passed the
Sedition Act which prohibited printing, speaking, or publishing of harmful accusations against
government officials. This act was mainly passed to stop the Republican newspapers from
publishing insights about Federalist government leaders because after it was passed, many
Republicans were convicted of violating this act. Another example of an undemocratic action is
Gerrymandering. It's when a particular party redraws voting districts to their own party's advantage.
It was created by Governor Gelbridge Gerry to help win the elections for his party, the Democratic–
Republicans. These new ways of giving an advantage to the party you support Using the previously
stated points, parties are generated through people's individual thoughts on government, but even
then political parties created dilemmas for the citizens. When people in the early United States can
voice their view on government freely, it creates parties that divide up the government. When they
were developed, it created rivalry between the two, further

The Role Of Political Parties In The United States
One of the dynamic and ongoing parts that occur in the United States is people's ability to
participate in public affairs through political parties. It is convenient that there are more than two
political groups because there are times when people disagree with the two major parties' positions
but still want to get involved. Having the flexibility to choose or change what party people want to
affiliate with helps them deal with their personal interests and changes throughout the course of their
lives. This shows that people's personal choices matter and that the government is not all about
leadership and power. Moreover, being in a party affiliation gives people a sense of engagement and
involvement with the government which can result in mutual benefits. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. party system also links diverse groups of its population. I really like how similar–minded
individuals come together to support or rally for their

Essay on Hitler's Rise to Power
Hitler's Rise to Power In 1919 The Weimar Republic encountered harsh economic, social and
political problems. After the new Democratic Republic signed the armistice it put Germany not only
into an economic crisis, it also caused Ebert's Republic to get off to an unpopular start. The new
government were branded 'The November Criminals' even though they weren't to be blamed, and
were left little choice. Some people felt the government should be based on communism, and the
Spartacist uprising in 1919 caused major political problems. In 1923 problems became more
difficult, and it was seen as a major success to maintain political stability under these circumstances.
Also in 1919, Hitler joined the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bavarian state commissioner, Gustav von Kahr, was addressing a meeting in the largest beer–
hall in Munich. Hitler took over and attempted to persuade those present to adopt his plans for a
government takeover. Hitler's supporters in the Bavarian government abandoned him, and the event.
Meanwhile Hitler's troops marched into the city centre, but the police fired on them and the
attempted putsch ended in a fiasco. Hitler was tried for treason, the outcome being his imprisonment
for a five year sentence. The Newspaper, Völkischer Beobachter, was banned along with the party
itself. Hitler only served nine months, during which he wrote Mein Kampf, which contained Hitler's
beliefs and ideas, although it was originally ignored. During his time in prison Hitler also revised his
strategies. He realised he could only obtain power legally, and to do so he would have to persuade
the German electorate to vote for him. After his release Hitler reaffirmed his control over the re–
established National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). Despite other challenges, Hitler
remained the undisputed Führer of the party. The party built on its recruitment, canvassing,
organisation and fundraising. Hitler also established the Hitler Youth and the SS his own personal
bodyguard. Hitler divided the country into

Authoritarianism In 1984
Orwell's 1984 is a fictitious dystopian novel which depicts a society under an authoritarian rule. The
general theme of Orwell in this novel is to alert readers to the dangers of Fascism and the damage
that it can inflict on societies. However, the more important reason for writing such dystopian novel
is to display how manipulating language in Authoritarian societies can be used not only to control
people's minds, history, and memories, but also for shaping their ideas and emotions. Language
manipulation is apparent in the names of the Government ministries that reveal the opposite of their
functions completely; the Ministry of Love is for torture, the Ministry of Peace is for war affairs,
and the Ministry of Truth is for propaganda and promoting

The Machine Stops, 1984, And The Circle
Whether ancient or modern, people have never stopped the illusion of changing the world. Some
people always hold the hope that their own power can rule the world, become an autocrat, which is a
person that having unlimited right and can control everything. Therefore, many rules and laws were
established. Not only that, many inventions slow invented that lead the direction of the world. New
technology and science has changed the way of people live. Throughout the three literary works,
The Machine Stops, 1984, and The Circle, technology has been altered human's fundamental rights
and privacy. Privacy is a heavy word that each person can have their own view on it. But, there is a
privacy problem appear in these three literary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH" (Orwell, p. 6) versus
"Sharing is caring. Privacy is theft. Secrets are lies" (Eggers, p. 305). Orwell sets up the book by
place the main character Winston stood in front of the slogan in the prison. Readers can suppose
from this slogan that everyone in the prison must change their real self in order to survive under
totalitarianism. War is peace is given a sense of anxiety that the Party can control the war anytime
since they have well enemy. Freedom is slavery, this seem to be ironic because the people only can
get their while they are a slavery, which mean that the have freedom when they are being a slave. As
we noticed, "slavery" is not a positive word to use for describing a free person. Since having a title
of being a slave is already taken away their freedom and human rights. And ignorance is strength,
which shows that the Party wants to control people's ability or right to learn. The Party thinks that
no education is the power, which they might afraid of anyone who was educated and try to go
against them. Therefore, the Party also create the language called Newspeak. The main aim of
Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought, it is the only language that destroys words instead of
adding new ones, and the vocabulary continually gets smaller. In this way,

How Does The Party Control Reality
The Party owns or controls the alleged truth of what happened in the past through constantly shifting
historical realities and the multiple "unending series of victories over your own memory." The name
given to this, Reality Control, shows how the Party is able to literally control reality and people's
perception of it; which is the most effective method of maintaining power. One's understanding of
the past influences how they act and how they see things in the present. Big Brother controls every
source of information, constantly managing and rewriting the content of all newspapers and histories
for the Party's benefit. The Party deliberately sets out to weaken people's memories to ensure the
citizens are unable to challenge what the Party

Analysis Of George Orwell 's ' The Big Brother '
Brian Trinh Truthtellers Dr. Welch 12/14/14 In 1984, George Orwell tells a story of a man names
Winston who secretly refuses to act or supports the totalitarian government that he is living under.
However, the Big Brother uses various techniques to control people's thought and action including
Winston's, into doing what they want them to do. The party member takes advantage of technology
to supervise people's behaviors all the time by placing telescreens and microphones all over the city.
Not only that, they also use psychology to restrict the Outer Party and the Proles' thoughts and
actions, ultimately manipulate them for their own benefits. This method proves to be more effective
in making people believe in the propaganda, keep them under control, and protect the party from
disruption. In the novel, the party effectively uses technology and human resources to control the
minds, behaviors and emotions of the lower class outer party. The government through the use of
telescreen and the thought police recognizes even the slightest changes in actions or thoughts in
their citizen. As Winston describes the danger of letting out an emotion, he says: "It was terribly
dangerous to let your thought wander when you were in any public place or within range of a
telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away... In any case, to wear an improper expression on
your face (to look incredulous when a victory was announced, for example) was Trinh 2

The Issue Of Child Soldiers
The stakes are high, and the risks are obvious. We must remember that we are dealing with lives of
children, not hardened criminals. Child soldiers and previous ones have a lot on their shoulders and
by granting them amnesty we will be able to provide a better future for them. Many countries have
participated in committing the atrocious crime of using children to fight in wars as part of their
armies, some of them being Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Uganda and many others. Many people
believe that previous child soldiers should be put through court to be convicted of the war crimes
that they committed, but this often leads to time in prison and hard feelings of violence towards the
government. There is nothing for these children in jail. They simply cannot thrive in that ghastly
environment and it should be a crime to stop them right in the middle of their development. We must
grant these children amnesty because what they did was only to survive and we can easily adjust
them to a new life by providing them with proper education.
We must realize that these people are first and foremost children, children who still have potential to
be good and to change from their violent past when given the education. Many children who have
fought in wars do not know what they are actually fighting for. They are not involved with politics
and sometimes are simply fighting because they know they will not survive any other way. All these
children know is survival, and that sometimes it comes at

Totalitarianism In 1984
1984 is a book written by george orwell depicts a totalitarian society of a new word order in which
three superstate are at constant perpetual wars. Here, the totalitarian government or also known as
"the party" control every aspect of the people's lives, lead by an ominous being who goes by the
name 'Big Brother". Here, "big brother' monitors the people's every move with objects call teli–
screens that monitor the people's every move. The party has created a new language called
"newspeak" to replace the inferior language called "old speak". "Newspeak" was created in order to
simplify the the language making it more straightforward, thus getting rid of double meaning in
order to control the thoughts of the people. To the party, thoughs are considered

Social Interaction Sociology
Social Interaction is the process in which two or more people act and react to those around them. A
field of study called Microsociology or Social Interaction was created by a sociologist by the name
of Erving Goffman. Goffman argued that these significant figures are important in the field of
sociology and should be consider carefully. Social interaction includes several different types of
behavior. This field called Social interaction is divided into five concepts such as Exchange,
competition, Cooperation, Conflict, Coercion. In our everyday lives we use each of these concepts,
whether it's in our schools, homes, work, etc.
Exchange
Exchange is one of the most basic concept of social interaction. Whenever an individual interacts to
receive something from another individual that, he/she has given to; That is how exchange has been
taken place. Exchange is being taken place in my school the University of Belize where by, I, the
student is being offered an education from my school and in return I should give them money.
Another example of how exchange is being made in our everyday lives where in a work site, the
employee accomplishes a role of task for their work and in return they receive a salary. Also for
instance in a competition the runner up should show case his/her talent and in return they received
an award by the person who's hosting the competition. All these scenarios are how exchange
happens in our lives. All exchanges must be equal or fair between each

China Vs America Essay
In the world there are numerous systems of government that are implemented in various ways
throughout the nations. Government in the dictionary is defined as:
The exercise of authority; direction and restraint exercised over actions of men in communities,
societies or states; the administration of public affairs, according to established constitution, laws
and usages, or by arbitrary edicts. (gov) The type of government a country abides by determines
how officials are placed into power and how legislation is passed. Two powerful countries in
particular, America and China, will be the primary focus of this paper.
The United States of America is a Federal Republic, in which citizens are responsible for electing
the members of the government at the local, state, and national level. The definition of a Federal
Republic is as follows "a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in
which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self–government;
ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives." In
America, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In America, nearly all of the political officials are directly elected by votes cast by any citizen 18
year of age or older. Most positions have boundaries that clearly define the office's power and that
there is a means by which to remove an elected official. China's citizens can only vote for the
politicians that the Communist Party approves of and the citizens can only be involved in
government if the party lets them do so. Many of the positions in Chinese Government are
appointed by the officials that are already in an office of power and not by the people, making the
"People's Republic of China" not very people oriented. Both countries have a tri–branch system but,
unlike America, China's doesn't have a system of checks and balances to make sure that everything
remains

A Long Way Gone By Ishmael Beah
This summer, I chose to read A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah for my nonfiction book. I chose to
read this book for a very good purpose. My entire life, I have been told that I am very fortunate to
have the luxuries that I have every day. I knew this was true and that I was very lucky, but I never
really understood the full truth of how the other people lived; the people that were not as fortunate
as me. This book gave me a very good insight to the daily struggles of living in a poor, dangerous
environment. The book takes place in Sierra Leone in the 1990s. During this time, a massive civil
war tearing the country to pieces. Ishmael Beah, the author of the book who is telling his
autobiography, is born into this civil war. At the very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We know this when Beah says "It was clear from the tone of his voice that he didn't want me around
and didn't trust me. I looked at the curious and skeptical faces of the children and the woman. I was
glad to see other faces and at the same time disappointed that the war had destroyed the enjoyment
of the very experience of meeting people. Even a twelve–year–old couldn 't be trusted anymore,"
(48). Ishmael Beah's goal it to reach a city named Bonthe, where safety awaits him. On his journey,
he runs into non rebels. Because the country's military is so small, they need help in eliminating the
rebellion. They have no choice but to forcefully recruit children and minors for help. Unfortunately
for Beah, he is picked up by these non rebels and is forced to fight against the rebellion. It is at this
time that Beah realizes that he has the ability to carry out vicious and horrible acts. However, this
was not his fate. Luckily, UNICEF was able to contact him and remove him from the violence. He
eventually learns to forgive himself of what he has done and transforms into a caring, loving human
being. Beah, now twenty–six years old, is happily married and living in the United States. Even with
a hopeful future ahead of him, his past will stay with him forever. I believe that Ishmael Beah wrote
A Long Way

Michael Manley Bibliography
Autobiography Michael Manley was born on the 10th of December, 1924 in the parish St. Andrew,
Jamaica and died on the 6th of March, 1997 in the capital of Jamaica, Kingston. He was a politician
who served three terms as prime minister of Jamaica (1972–80 and 1989–92) and was a powerful
champion of Third World issues (Manley: A Legend in His Time). He was the son of noted sculptor
Edna Swithenbank Manley and national hero Norman Manley, the founder of the People 's National
Party (PNP) and Jamaica 's prime minister from 1959 to 1962 (Michael Manley Biography). While
attending Jamaica College, the colony 's exclusive secondary school. Manley excelled mostly in
athletics, but showed early signs of his rebellious nature by publicly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Michael Manley set about instituting policies for redistributing wealth, and he became a champion
of the less–developed nations ' nonaligned movement. He implemented plans to improve the
wellbeing of the country, by improving the literacy rate and reduce the unemployment rate. Manley
made a number of changes before during and after he came into power. Some of these changes were:
minimum wage for all workers, free education at secondary and university level, to the extent of
spaces available, institution of literacy campaign, subdivision of 'idle lands ' to poor blacks,
formation of agrarian cooperatives, price controls on numerous staples to benefit the poor, reduction
of voting age to 18 years, thus increasing the black vote, institutionalizing paid maternity leave &
free milk to mothers, public utilities, a large bank and part of the tourism business were rationalized,
the repeal of the Masters and Servants Act, the establishment of a National Housing Trust and the
introduction of a bauxite levy, and a Status of Children Act which ended discrimination against
children born out of wedlock (Michael Manley Foundation, n.d.). As part of the solution Michael
Manley experimented with Karl Marx 's ideas of socialism. The aim of socialism was to state–own
the country 's resources and central planning relating to the production. Manley

George Orwell 1984 Research Paper
Throughout George Orwell 1984, people in Oceania have no freedom in actions, speech and even
cannot use their minds to think or believe in certain things. The society cannot have independent
thinking since this will leads them to commit a thoughtcrime, which it causes them to be tortured to
death. Big Brother was one of the many propaganda tools used in Oceania. The face of Big Brother
is used to promote the ideal man, one who is tall and muscular living in a perfect world.
Additionally, Big Brother is the one who has absolute power to manipulate and monitor citizens
eternally. In today's world, the government is more present today than in the book as a result of
durable high–speed technology.
The society today is actually growing closer to the world ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
People have no privacy or the actual definition of freedom in their life as every move they make is
carefully scrutinized. One of the essential ways that the Party keeps citizens under surveillance is
through the telescreens; although, the people's desire is to turn it off, "but there was no way of
shutting it off completely" (Orwell 6). The telescreen is both an announcement system as well as a
surveillance network The Party can access into any individual telescreen to watches all citizens for
any sign of rebellion or thought–crime. The community in Oceania has no freedom at all since the
Party been watching them all days long, even when they are sleeping. In the same way in today
nation, one particular product similar to telescreen is the iPhone from Apple Inc. The government
can track its every use, follow each person movements, recognized his or her voice, record
conversation and even capture video and audio from the room it is in. They use the same strategy as
in the book to keep citizens under surveillance and eliminated criminals. In Orwell's words, "Any
sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it...within
the field of vision

Pros And Cons Of Article 14
INTRODUCTION
In Singapore, the government exercises political power through laws within the country known as
the constitution. The body of people within the government sets and administers the public policy.
Under the article 4, the constitution is stated to be the supreme law. If it is supreme, no laws enacted
by parliament should breach the constitution. Its main function is to protect and guard fundamental
liberties of its' citizen; collectively referred to as freedom of speech, assembly, and association. This
is specifically guaranteed by article 14.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss and examine the underlying contradictions with the article 14
of the constitution. i.e. Article 14 claims to provide fundamental liberties to Singaporeans ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subject was the suicide of The Cheang Wan (Teh), who was the Minister for National
Development, prior to his death on 14 Dec 1986.
An autopsy revealed that the cause of death was an overdose of Amytal Barbiturate. The coroner
returned a verdict of suicide.
During an election rally on 25 August 1988, the appellant challenged the PAPs claim to be an open
and transparent government and asked whether any investigation had been conducted as to how the
former Minister for National Development, Teh Cheang Wan, had obtained the poison with which
he had committed suicide in the midst of being investigated for corruption. In this speech, he spoke
the words complained of which formed the subject matter of the defamation action instituted by the
respondent.
Following this, respondent commenced proceedings for slander against appellant, alleging his words
at the election rally implied that he had committed a criminal offence by aiding and abetting Teh to
commit suicide, and thereby had tried to cover up Teh's

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