Application Of An Electrical Circuit

Application Of An Electrical Circuit
Introduction: An electrical circuit is defined by the ability to allow the flow of electrons in a
complete loop between two points of potential difference. This potential difference (that being two
terminals of high and low electric potential) is provided by a battery. Metals of varying electrode
potentials can be used in conjunction with an intermediary such as a potato to provide a circuit with
an electrochemical cell. The difference in potentials between zinc and copper electrodes (for
example) facilitate the movement of electrons through redox reactions. Potential difference can be
described as the work done by an electron as it passes through a component resulting in a loss of
potential energy.( Aqa as physics pg 48) A potential difference in charge between two points within
an electric field is quantified as voltage. Over the course of one second, one volt will provide
enough force for one coulomb of charge carriers to pass through a resistance of one ohm. The volt
and potential difference are the same unit in actuality. Even without the movement of charge carriers
an electrostatic field will be produced when there is a voltage. These fields become stronger if the
voltage increases with no change to separation distance. Conversely an increase in distance between
the points will result in the diminishing of the electrostatic flux density.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/voltage Current can be defined as the rate of flow of
positively charged particles
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Test Results Of Test Report
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 PURPOSE 1
2. TEST SUMMARY 1
Measurements were as follows: 4
The boards were prepared for the test as follows: 5
Purpose: 6
Measurements were as follows: 6
The boards were prepared for the test as follows: 7
R1 and R2 were changed to 68.1 Ω for power sharing purposes 7
Test points were added 7
D1 was either Transzorb or Transguard 7
Ground 7
Gas Discharge Tube 11
Transzorb 11
Steps of Tests 14
Combination 14
Resistor 14
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE
This <Project Name> Test Report provides a summary of the results of test performed as outlined
within this document.
2. TEST SUMMARY
Figure 1: Partial Transient Protection of NextGen Figure 2: 00644–7110 Transient Protection
Capture of GDT
Capture of Transzorb
Capture of TVS
Capture of 68 ohm @ 500V
Both 3 and 68.1 ohm blow at 1000V
Use two different probes to measure the voltage across the resistor. 3 Ω Wirewound Resistor–
Inductance test using LCR
Frequency Resistance(Ω) Inductance (µH) VAC (V)
50Hz 7.37 0 2

500Hz 7.37 5.32 2
1kHz 7.37 4.84 2
100kHz 7.44 3.55 1
100kHz 7.52 3.53 2
1MHz 9.61 3.28 2
68.1 Ω Thick Film Resistor–Inductance test using LCR
Frequency Resistance(Ω) Inductance (µH) VAC (V)
1kHz 70.13 0 1
50kHz 70.18 1.84 1
100kHz 70.21 1.58 1
500kHz 70.28 1.49 1
1MHz 69.71 1.29 1
Figure 3: Transient Protection
Measurements were as follows:
Voltage across R229 = TP108 – TP208
Input Current = Voltage across R229 / 10 ohm
Input Power = TP108 *

Embeed System
MINI PROJECT ON
AUTOMATIC STREET light
An introduction:
Needs no manual operation for switching ON and OFF. When there is need of light. It detects itself
weather there is need for light or not. When darkness rises to a certain value then automatically
street light is switched ON and when there is other source of light i.e. day time, the street light gets
OFF. The sensitiveness of the street light can also be adjusted. In our project we have used three
L.E.D for indication of bulb but for high power switching one can connect Relay (electromagnetic
switch) at the output of pin 3 of I.C 555. Then it will be possible to turn ON/OFF any electrical
appliances connected all the way through relay.
Principle :
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LEDs may or may not be drawn with the circle surrounding them.
e) Variable resistance:(Potentiometer)
Resistors are one of the most common electronic components. A resistor is a device that limits, or
resists current. The current limiting ability or resistance is measured in ohms, represented by the
Greek symbol Omega. Variable resistors (also called potentiometers or just "pots") are resistors that
have a variable resistance. You adjust the resistance by turning a shaft. This shaft moves a wiper
across the actual resistor element. By changing the amounts of resistor between the wiper
connection and the connection (s) to the resistor element, you can change the resistance. You will
often see the resistance of resistors written with K (kilohms) after the number value. This means that
there are that many thousands of ohms. For example, 1K is 1000 ohm,2K is 2000 ohm, 3.3K is 3300
ohm, etc. You may also see the suffix M (mega ohms). This simply means million. Resistors are also
rated by their power handling capability. This is the amount of heat the resistor can take before it is
destroyed. The power capability is measured in W (watts) Common wattages for variable resistors
are 1/8W, 1/4W, 1/2W and 1W. Anything of a higher wattage is referred to as a rheostat
Connection pin is passed through the hole and is soldered.
WORKING:
When light falls on the LDR then its resistance

Physics Isa
Introduction
I have chosen to investigate a factor that affects the output of a potential divider circuit. A potential
divider is resistors connected in series across a voltage source; used to obtain a desired fraction of
the voltage. A resistor is a device having resistance to the passage of an electric current which
affects the output voltage (Vout). The factors that I could investigate are changing the resistance of
r2 and record the output (Vout), or use a light–dependent resistor (LDR) and change the resistance of
r2 and record the output (Vout).
Theories
Resistors restrict or limit the flow of current in a circuit. The ability of a material or component to
resist current flow is measured in ohms. There are three main types of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its value decreases with increasing incident light intensity. An LDR is made of a high–resistance
semi–conductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the
semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. In intrinsic devices, the only available
electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground
state energy closer to the conduction band – since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device.
Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera light
meters. Because cadmium sulphide cells are relatively inexpensive and widely available, LDRs are
used in electronic devices that need light detection capability, such as security alarms, street lamps,
and clock radios.
References:
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/design/electronics/componentsrev4.shtml * School
science text book
Prelims:
I aim to carry out two preliminary investigations to

Lab Report Physics
Once the experiment was complete and the data was collected and graphed, it was shown a trend
was established; that an increase in current would lead to an increase in voltage. Another similarity
in the data was that as the amount of batteries increased, the voltage and current in the circuit also
increased. This is because as more energy is added to the circuit, the amount of energy per charge
increases (voltage), therefore increasing the amount of charge in one part of the circuit in one second
(current). Two of the resistors used in the circuits were very similar both in data points as well as
their corresponding resistance calculations. However, one of the resistors was different.
The line of best fit for Resistor 1 (Graph 1) had the steepest slope. The slope in this graph represents
resistance, as resistance can be calculated as voltage over current. Slope is the change in the y–axis
(voltage) over the change in the x–axis (current). Since Resistor 1 had the greatest change in voltage
over the greatest change in current, it had the largest slope. Resistor ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ohm's Law also states that resistance is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional
to current. This means that when resistance increases, so does voltage, but current decreases. This
was corroborated in the experiment as well. This experiment clearly defined the relationship
between current and voltage by applying Ohm's Law to a series circuit. This information is crucial
in a real life application as resistance can only be calculated when the values for voltage and current
are known, and by understanding the relationship between these three quantities, many conclusions
can be

Impulse Generator and Lightning Characteristics Simulation...
Lightning as a phenomenon of electric discharge between the charged particles among the clouds or
between the clouds to earth is seen as a natural occurrence in our day to day life. The veracity and
wrath of this natures activity also has to be faced by the mankind in form of death, destruction and
total power outage. In today's world it is hard to imagine life without electricity. Also it incurs heavy
losses to the power distributors and consumers. The losses amounts from few hundred thousands to
millions like how the lightning storm caused power outage in Minnesota that lasted for 19 hours. [1]
It was Franklin in 1744–1750, who first carried out experiments on lightning [2]. From then on
significant studies have been made in the past ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impulse generator comes into business here.Studying the lightning characteristics by creating
the similar impulse using the impulse generator helps in assessing the strength of the electrical
equipment's against transient and lightning impulse. This has been practiced by industrialists and
researchers for so many years. Massive and extremely large test apparatus are used for the impulse
wave generation. To ease down the process with reliable and accurate results, here for the design
4A, a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based software for impulse generator and lightning
characteristics simulation. This would be the only prototype standalone software which caters to the
impulse waveforms studies. The GUI will have the text entry fields to input the circuit parameters
and there will be plotting space where the impulse waveform will be plotted.
The framework of the software will be the mathematical model of the impulse generator circuit. For
different input values, the corresponding waveforms will be obtained. The main focus of this
research will be towards accessing waveforms and its characteristics that corroborates the industry
standard and laboratory experimental values with expected accuracy not lesser than 60%.This
software will be made available to work in cross platform operating systems such as Windows,
android, Mac etc. so that the user can download and install the application in their favourite media
device at

Nt1210 Lab 8
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date of Submission
Analysis
Lab 8
Analysis
In Lab 8, the time constant of resistance–capacitance was measured in order to determine the charge
of a capacitor. This experiment was conducted by setting building a circuit that connects the
voltmeter across the resistor. The voltmeter was then connected across the capacitor. The above
procedure was conducted several times using different voltages. Afterwards, the results were
calculated and tabulated. The data obtained from the lab were the theoretical Tau for 5V, 4V and 3V.
In this experiment, the calculated voltage was also determined. The theoretical and the calculated
values were then compared and evaluated by determining their percentage errors. For example, in
the 5V, the theoretical value was 1.23V; calculated value was 1.434 with a percentage error of 16.6
%( for voltmeter across capacitor). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this was not the case. Discrepancies occurred between the two sets of values due to
experimental errors. Some of the sources of error during the experiment include: drift on the
voltmeter that affected the accuracy of measurements (instrumental error), rounding–off errors
during calculations and the old resistance box. However, these errors can be eliminated by using a
new functional resistance box, recording readings at right angles, and using four decimals in
calculations to avoid rounding off errors.
Conclusion
The objective of this lab was to observe the behavior of a capacitor while charging through a
resistor. Overall, the objective of the lab was achieved since an exponential curve was obtained from
a charging capacitor.
Expansion questions

Nt1310 Unit 8 Lab
The eighth lab was about the RC Circuit Analysis. The purpose of the experiment is to examine the
resistor, capacitor circuit for different voltage inputs and study circuits charging and discharging
behavior depending on the input function. To do the lab, first set up the circuit as shown in the
figure. The first part of this lab will be analyzed a resistor and capacitor circuit with a DC voltage
input (steady state). When we applied the DC voltage, the output behavior shown on the
oscilloscope was just an impulse and rest of the graph was a steady line. We clearly saw that the 5
volts drop across the capacitor which was the steady line. When in an RC circuit connected to a DC
voltage source, the current decreases from its initial value of

Speech On A Parol Circuit
Making a parol is really hard especially with lights in it. It was hard and fun at the same time. In
order for us to start doing it we designed and make our circuit plan. In doing our parol circuit we
trodden with different electronics material like resistor, capacitor, transformer and a lot more. This is
not new to me and to others but at the same time my knowledge into it widens. Our parol is one of
the biggest and widest it was really hard and we thought that we could not finish it on the allotted
time given. But with unity and team work we are able to finish it. All of us have a different role or
task to make. I still remember the time that after school we would immediately go to Jake house and
finish it. It was exhausting but it is all worth it in the end seeing it light for the first time takes away
all of the sweat and tiredness away.
Parallel Circuit
Parallel circuit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating
material called the dielectric. The capacitance is measured in units of Farad (F). The capacitor
disconnects current in direct current (DC) circuits and short circuit in alternating current (AC)
circuits. Large capacitors are used in the power supplies of electronic equipment of all types,
including computers and their peripherals.
Resistor
Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never–changing electrical resistance. The
resistor's resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit. They are passive components,
meaning they only consume power (and can't generate it). Resistors are usually added to circuits
where they complement active components like op–amps, microcontrollers, and other integrated
circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, and pull–up I/O lines. The
electrical resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms.

Peppercorn Dining
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Ohm's law From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia This article is about the law related to electricity. For other uses, see Ohm's acoustic
law. V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm's law. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor
between two points is directlyproportional to the potential difference across the two points.
Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[1] one arrives at the usual mathematical
equation that describes this relationship:[2] where I is the current through the conductor in units of
amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This application of Ohm's law is illustrated with examples in "How To Analyze Resistive Circuits
Using Ohm's Law" on wikiHow. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Other
versions Ohm's law, in the form above, is an extremely useful equation in the field of
electrical/electronic engineering because it describes how voltage, current and resistance are
interrelated on a "macroscopic" level, that is, commonly, as circuit elements in an electrical circuit.
Physicists who study the electrical properties of matter at the microscopic level use a closely related
and more general vector equation, sometimes also referred to as Ohm's law, having variables that are
closely related to the V, I, and R scalar variables of Ohm's law, but which are each functions of
position within the conductor. Physicists often use this continuum form of Ohm's Law:[31] where
"E" is the electric field vector with units of volts per meter (analogous to "V" of Ohm's law which
has units of volts), "J" is thecurrent density vector with units of amperes per unit area (analogous to
"I" of Ohm's law which has units of amperes), and "ρ" (Greek "rho") is the resistivity with units of
ohm·meters (analogous to "R" of Ohm's law which has units of ohms). The above equation is
sometimes written[32] as J = E where "σ" (Greek "sigma") is the conductivity which is the
reciprocal

Laser Tag Is A Team Or Individual Sport Or Recreational...
1. INTRODUCTION
Laser tag is a team or individual sport or recreational activity where players attempt to score points
by tagging targets, typically with a hand
held infrared
emitting targeting device. Infrared
sensitive
targets are commonly worn by each player and are sometimes integrated within the arena in which
the game is played. Since its birth in 1979, with the release of the Star Trek Electronic Phasers toy
manufactured by the South Bend Electronics brand of Milton Bradley, laser tag has evolved into
both indoor and outdoor styles of play, and may include simulations of combat, role play
style
games, or competitive sporting events including tactical configurations and precise game goals. is a
game which resembles paint ball, the only difference is that it is played using harmless laser guns.
Indoor laser tag is typically played in a large arena (may be dark or may not) run by a commercial
laser tag operator. The packs are tightly integrated with the devices inside the arena. The arena
devices, and the packs themselves may be linked into a control computer for scoring and control
over game parameters using radio equipment or infrared links. The game computer often serves to
control other game effects and to manage player scores.
Though the guns used in commercially played laser tags have lasers they are not used in actual
mechanism of the game, they actually use infrared to register hits. Infrared has its own cool
properties such as it gets scattered in very short

Ohm's Law Lab Report
Physics 132
Cassidy Grace
Section MZ– Mondays 4:40pm
DC Circuits and Ohm's Law
Abstract
Throughout this experiment we looked at basic principles of DC circuits and electrical currents by
measuring the voltages and currents in simple currents. We used Ohm's law R=V/I and R=E/I and
the values of current and voltage to find the resistance of an electric circuit. We also found that the
SI unit of volt are Joules/Coulomb and that power is measured in Watts.
Questions and Answers
1. State the equation for Ohm's law. What do the variables V, I, and R stand for, and what are the
units of each? Of the units listed, which one is equivalent to coulomb/second?
The Ohm's law is R=V/ I where R is resistance which is measured in Ohm's, V is voltage in the units
of Joules/Coulomb and I is current with a units of Amps or coulomb/second.
2. From Part 3.1.1 (Power Supply): Produce a graph of output voltage Vout as a function of the
sliding contact position x, measured from the bottom end of slide wire resistor. Verify that the data
points fall on a straight line rather than a curve (don't actually compute the slope). Did the current
change while you varied the sliding contact position x? (hint your current meter was switched off
during this part, but this question can be answered using Ohm's law and your graph).
Based on the graph, when we varied the contact position x, the current did change even as the
current meter was turned off. The voltage also changed in a linear

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A RESISTOR-INDUCTOR (RL)
CIRCUIT Essay
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF A RESISTOR–INDUCTOR (RL) CIRCUIT
TOM CARNEY
Table of Contents
1. Introduction..............................................................................................Page 2
2. Theoretical Analysis.................................................................................Page 3
3. Questions related to constructed circuit..............................................Page 5
4. Conclusion.................................................................................................Page 6
5. Works cited................................................................................................Page 6
6. Illustrations.................................................................................................Page 7–8
Transient Analysis of a Resistor– Inductor (RL) Circuit
1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical circuit analysis is done in order to allow the designer to verify his design and to predict
the response of the system under varying conditions of load and excitation. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its formula looks like this: T= L/R. Tau or lowercase t. Five time constants are required for current
to reach 100% of its value. The time constant of t for the circuit in Figure 7.1 is 470 micro seconds.
The Current value of IL, through the inductor at the beginning of the charge cycle is 0 Amps, while,
the end of the charging cycle was 10 mA. The voltage at V1 across the inductor and resistor in the
beginning stages is 10 V and end with 0V. The inductor acts like an open circuit at the beginning of
the charging cycle, ending appearing like a short circuit.
3. Calculation's verified through MultiSim Program

a. What is the Time Constant for the circuit in Figure 7.1?
470 micro Seconds
b. What is the Transient Time for Figure 7.1? t=0 c. What is the value of the current IL,(should be
lowercase L), through the inductor at the beginning and end of the charging cycle?
Beginning is 0 Amps
End is 10^3, 10 mA
d. What is the voltage VL across the inductor and resistor at the beginning and end of the charge
cycle?
Beginning is 10 Volts
End is 0 Volts
e. What is VL and IL at 1t, 2t,3t ,4t, and 5t?
1 tau
2 tau
3 tau
4 tau
5 tau
3.67 seconds
1.35 seconds
4.97
micro seconds
18.3
Micro seconds
67.38
Micro seconds
3. Questions related to Constructed Circuit.
a. How does self–resistance of the inductor affect the results?
The magnetic field created by a charging current in the circuit induces a

Lab Report On Ohm 's Law
Lab Report 3
Ohm's Law
Physics 262–003
Author: A. Coughran
Lab Partners: E. Ortiz, H. Barham
Date: 3/29/17
Lab Report 3 A. Coughran 3/29/17
Objective:
The objective in Lab 3 is to experiment with different voltage and current values for series and
parallel circuits under given circumstances.
Theory:
For both series and parallel circuits, resistors have an effect on the voltage and current going through
the circuit without changing their own values. Equation 1 shows how the resistance value is related
to the current and voltage in the circuit.
V=iR Equation 1
V represents the voltage in the circuit, i represents the current in the circuit, and R represents the
resistance value in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedure A: Current and Voltage for a Single Resistor
The power supply was set up and the multimeter was set to the 2A DC ammeter setting. The 33 ohm
resistor was placed in series with the voltmeter and the ammeter. A sketch of the circuit is shown
below.
The power supply was turned on and 0.5 Watts were passed through the circuit with the ammeter
and voltmeter initially turned off as to prevent any damage. The maximum voltage was calculated to
be V_max=4.062 V by using Equation 3 and the current and voltage readings, as well as a 33 ohm
resistance value.
Next, a linear graph of voltage vs. current was collected by turning the voltage between 0.25 V and
0.50 V, then increasing it to slowly approach the maximum voltage value. By doing this, current
values were collected for several voltage intervals. All values for this procedure were recorded in a
table and plot and are shown in the data section. A linear regression of the voltage vs. current data
was then taken to find the experimental resistance value.
Procedure B: Current and Voltage for Series Resistors
The same steps from Procedure A were repeated, but a 100 ohm resistor and a 33 ohm resistor were

set up in a series circuit together (shown below). The peak voltage was slightly higher for this
procedure, so the starting

Social Media And Its Impact On Writing And Receiving...
Part A: Email /Text Problems
The current technological age that uses the social media has led various problems in writing and
receiving emails/texts. The biggest problem is not getting any part of a message from the text or
email; understanding of the message is the greatest problem. This can be attributed to the receiving
of incomprehensible and poorly arranged words and messages. The problem of using slang in
writing and receiving texts is a menace. The use of such slang terms like SMH (shaking my head)
among others, makes communication unofficial and only understood by a certain group of people
(Heather & Graves, 2012).
Making a right choice of a message tone for a text or email is a problem. Proper punctuation of texts
and emails is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of components made using this process include gears and bearings (Kaushish, 2008).
The steps involved in powder metallurgy include production of powders, powder mixing,
compaction, sintering and finally secondary operations. Powder production is the first step, and it
involves the application of different methods (such as grinding or atomization) to obtain powders
from metals or non–metals. The powder's chemical composition, size and shape are analyzed
(Kaushish, 2008). Powders are usually potential hazards, such as being flammable, and thus they
should be handled with safety precaution.
Mixing of powders usually involves the addition of alloying elements, pressing lubricant, binders,
and other substances. The uniform distribution of the particles is emphasized in order to obtain a
processed part with uniform density. Compaction involves forming the mixed powder into a
compact of desirable shape and size. Whereby, the powder is pressed in a rigid enclosure which
comprises of die and punches. Sintering involves using a protective atmosphere to heat the compact
to a temperature below the melting point of the major constituent. The secondary operations are
finally used to obtain a good finish.
Conclusively, powder metallurgy is a crucial manufacturing process that enables the production of
components which cannot be produced

Electric Current Lab
New York City College of Technology
Ohm's law & resistors in parallel & in series
Lab 4
Class: PHY 1434–E475
Due date: March, 13 20144
Group Names: Hisham Sageer
Objectives:
Our object is to confirm Ohm's law by analyzing the dependence of the electrical current as a
function of voltage and as a function of resistance. Also, we studied the current flow and voltage in
series and parallel. Finally, the lab determined the equivalence resistance of series and parallel
combination of resistors and compared the results with theoretical data.
Theoretical Background:
The first thing that needs to be described in this lab is what the electric current I:
I =. The electric current is defined as charge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Set the ammeter to the range of mA and the voltmeter across the resistor the range of 25V. b After
the instructor has checked the circuits, turn on the power supply. c Vary the output voltage of the
power supply from 4 V to 10 V in the increment of 1 V and record the readings of the voltage V
across the resistor and the corresponding current I through the resistor in Table 1. d Using the same
circuit setup, set resistance of the variable resistor box to R = 1200Ω and repeat the steps 2 and 3.
2 Investigate the variation of the current with resistance when the voltage is constant. a Use the
same circuit setup and set the output voltage of power supply to 12V. b By keeping the output
voltage of the power supply constant, vary the resistance of the resistor box from 700 Ω to 1700 Ω
in increments of 200 Ω. Record values of the current I through the resistor and the corresponding
resistance R in table2.
Data:
Attached to report.
Calculations:
1 Use the data from table 1 to plot a graph of current Vs. voltage for both values of the resistance.

Determine the slope of the graph. From the slope of the graph find the resistance using:
a) R = R = R =1000 Ω
% diff = = 0%
b) R = R = R =1250 Ω
c) Slope = 12.7
V = 12 v
Questions:
1. Does your resistance follow Ohm's law? Base your answer on your

Research Link To Report Exemplar
Link to Report Exemplar (see notes for extra information) Results Data Table Figure 1. Data table
with the collected results showing resistor value vs signal strength. The signal strength (last column)
was calculated using the following formula. V = counted squares (Second column) * (CRO volts per
cm (Third column) * 10 ^–3) 10^–3 can also be written as E–3. E–3 is used since the results are
being changed from millivolts to volts. An example of this is as follows. V = 0.2cm*(5mV * 10^–3)
V = 0.001V Graph Figure 2. Graph showing the data results with a logarithmic scale of 10 on the
horizontal axis. Figure 2 uses a logarithmic scale to show the data collected in a way that can be
visualized. If the graph does not have a logarithmic scale, most of the data bunches up onto the left
side of the graph. This makes it very hard to see what the data is showing. Discussion Interpretation
(explain your results using science concepts) LiFi is the sending and receiving of information in the
form of light (LiFi, n.d.). This experiment replicated this by making two circuits. The circuit which
sends the information can be as simple as an LED, this can be seen in figure 3. However, to control
the information which the LED is sending, a different circuit needs to be made. This circuit is
similar to figure 3 but with the addition of an audio lead. This circuit can be seen in figure 4. Figure
3. Sending Circuit with only LED. Figure 4. Sending circuit with audio

Nt1310 Lab 9.1
dBW=Measurement [dBm/√Hz]–30
W= 〖10〗^(dBW/10)
Output Noise= √(Resistance*W) (eq.1)
One more important parameter is the Noise figure (NF), it is defined as a degradation of the signal
to noise ratio as it passes through a device, for example, a spectrum analyzer. It could be defined
with the Noise Factor (F) which is given as:
F= (S_In⁄N_In )/(S_Out⁄N_Out )=(S_In⁄(k_b TB))/((S_In G)⁄Out)= N_Out/(GTBk_b )
Where, N = Noise power output, G = device gain, kb = Boltzmann's constant, T = Temperature in
Kelvin B = Bandwidth F = Noise factor
To convert this formula to the Noise Figure:
NF=10〖log〗_10 (FGTBk_b )–10〖log〗_10 (G)–10〖log〗_10 (TBk_b )
It is necessary to accommodate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to R1=3 kΩ and R2= 150 Ω, the gain of the amplifier is:
G=1+R_1/R_2 =20
The resistor noise (er) generated by a resistor can be expressed in the voltage noise and is given by:
e_r= √(4*k_b*T*R) ≈0.13√R nV/√Hz
Where, kb is the Boltzmann's constant in joules per kelvin, T is the resistors absolute temperature in
Kelvin and R is the resistor value in ohms (Ω). The noise produced by an R1= 3 kΩ resistor at 300
K is 7.12 nV/√Hz and the noise for R2= 150 Ω is 1.59 nV/√Hz. Since the Op–amp is in the inverting
configuration, therefore the noise induced by this particular resistor is:
R_2=G* (1.59 nV)/√Hz≈(31.8 nV)/√Hz
The input current noise (in–) depends on the specified values given in the datasheet of the Op–amp
and is amplified with the gain of the amplifier depending upon the equivalent circuit of the two
resistors.
Input Current Noise Density *Eq. Circuit*G≈7.42

Inventions In The 1920's
There was a lot of invention in the 1920s that still are used today. From something as simple to a
band aid all the way to something complicated like a radio/television transmission tower. All these
things are in our daily life to make life easier then every. Now a lot of the inventions have evolved
so much all we have to do is press a button and your light and TV will turn off even though you're
not even close to your house. All these inventions have been reinvented over the time of their life.
So one of the things that was invented that have been reinvented is a traffic light. The traffic light
was invented in the 1920s by an inventor named William ports. He used the three main colors green,
amber, and red. The first traffic light was put ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hair dryer was invented by Alexander F. Godefroy. They used to use the exhaust of a vacuum
cleaner. If i had to use the exhaust of a vacuum cleaner i wouldn't be too happy. When the first hair
dryer came out it overheated frequently, i wouldn't have something over heat in my hand that's kind
of scary. But since it is been in everyone life it has gotten a lot safer, no more burning your house
down. But the girls in that day still used the overheating hairdryer and I'm glad they did cause could
you imagine girls smelling like the last thing they vacuumed something that wouldn't be pleasant.
One thing that all the kids know and love today is the jungle gym. The jungle gym was invented by
a man name Sebastian Hinton. He made the first ever jungle gym and ever since it has been a
necessity in a playground ever since. if you lived under a rock a jungle gym is the big circle made
out of bars that kids climb on and around. I remember when i used to go to playgrounds and just
climb all round. Those haven't been reinvented they gotten more safety features like painting them
so they don't rust and give kid tetanus. They also gave the jungle round rivet so no kid would cut
their

Wheattone Bridge Essay
Introduction In the 19th century, Samuel Hunter Christie invented the diamond method for circuits,
the initial idea to the Wheatstone bridge. However, bridge circuits, circuits with parallel resistors,
bridged by a branch between them, were used to measure small voltages; but, the Wheatstone bridge
is used to measure an unknown resistance using all the others three known resistance in the circuit.
During the lab, the Wheatstone Bridge concept for a bridge circuit was used to determine the
unknown resistor in the circuit, see in figure 1. The objective was to measure the voltages between
points on the branch between the first two resistors in series on top and bottom ones, in which were
connected in parallel. Thereafter, test the voltage calculated at different temperatures, those being
room temperature, ice water and hot water; by using a thermistor in the circuit, that helps calibrate
the Wheatstone bridge as a thermometer.
Methods
Firstly, the protoboard was powered with 1 volts coming from the power supply. The circuit was
assembled by connecting two resistors in series on top and one resistor and the thermistor in series
on the bottom connected to the top branch in parallel. The left end of the circuit was powered by 1 v
from the power supply and the rightmost end was grounded. The thermistor was placed on the
bottom branch of the circuit by two wires that connected to the protoboard and to the thermistor in
which were long enough to allow the thermistor to be

Iaem
®
CA3140, CA3140A
Data Sheet February 10, 2005 FN957.9
4.5MHz, BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET Input/Bipolar Output
The CA3140A and CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that combine the
advantages of high voltage PMOS transistors with high voltage bipolar transistors on a single
monolithic chip. The CA3140A and CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate protected
MOSFET (PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very high input impedance, very low
input current, and high speed performance. The CA3140A and CA3140 operate at supply voltage
from 4V to 36V (either single or dual supply). These operational amplifiers are internally phase
compensated to achieve stable operation in unity gain follower ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (V+ +8V) To (V– –0.5V) Input Terminal Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1mA Output Short Circuit Duration∞ (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite Operating
Conditions Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –55oC to 125oC
Thermal Information
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) θJA (oC/W) θJC (oC/W) PDIP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 115 N/A SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 N/A Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic
Package) . . . . . . . 150oC Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . –65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC (SOIC – Lead Tips Only)
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent
damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and operation of the device at these or any other
conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTES: 1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity
test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for details 2. Short circuit may be applied to ground or
to either supply.
Electrical Specifications
VSUPPLY = ±15V, TA = 25oC TYPICAL VALUES

PARAMETER Input Offset Voltage Adjustment Resistor
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS Typical Value of Resistor Between Terminals 4 and 5 or 4

Iot Essay
CHAPTER– 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. INTRODUCTION TO SMART LIGHTING INNOVATION
 Everyday people expect new device and technology to simplify their day to day life. Lighting
devices are operated by the mechanical switches. In this system necessary operator is physically
present to operator the switches and operate cannot control the switches from any other places.  So
to overcome this type of problem we can design IoT technology based system for lighting
appliances which can be control from any remote places though web based graphical user interface.
 This system is a means that allow users to control electric appliances of varying kind. The goal of
this project is to operate home appliances smartly through a web server using IoT. IoT is the
network of "things" or physical objects which includes electronics, software, sensors, actuators and
network connectivity. All these things collect and transfer data between themselves. People have
more knowledge about these technologies and are more comfortable with its use.  We have two
blocks in our system. Transmitter block client and Receiver block user respectively.  In the
transmitter block, the client is check and control appliances like bulb. Microcontroller is control the
appliances with Feedback unit. Client is operating different lights a different mode like morning,
evening and night.  In the receiver block, server is connected to Wi–Fi and receives the signal. As
well as perform to the received signal with return feedback.

Designing A Systems With A Integrated Design Essay
Foreword
Our team had worked on a catapult prototype from October 13 to October 25, 2016, to create a
system with a functionally autonomous design. You have requested details on our prototype in order
to model your labs for next semester based on the design and experience from our project. This
report, which was originally assigned by Walburga Zahn on November 1, 2016, includes the design
and building processes of the catapult, and the results of the catapult's performance in several tests.
Summary
For our project, we had to create a system that uses a microcontroller to launch a ball from a
catapult. Our project had specific design requirements and constraints including the use of a prebuilt
catapult, rubber bands, and paper clips. With our design, we then had to complete several tasks.
First, we needed to create the system using a schematic to build the circuit and connect the servos
(see Figure 1, page 2). Then, we programmed the microcontroller to ensure the accuracy of our
launches. In our next two tasks, we used a photo resistor to make our catapult a fully autonomous
system and a photo diode to control the ball launch. Lastly, we completed the accuracy challenge,
hitting the target 3 out of 10 times (see Table 1, page 5). When we analyzed the sources of error for
our accuracy challenge, we realized there was a mechanical error causing the angles of our launch to
be off.
Discussion
In our lab, we had several tasks to perform. The first task we needed to fulfill

Led Lab Report Essay
When LED & CO., an extremely interactive business on both social media and through their
cooperation with the press, became inactive, many were shocked. Just days after announcing their
newest project which would allow them to learn a lot more about LEDs, they refused to talk about
the results of the experiment. However, after six months of secrecy, the head researcher at LED &
CO. , Dr. Lucy Hales, finally sat down with us to explain what exactly occurred. Q: To clear our
doubts, our first question has to be why were there no updates on the company or the project? A:
During our research and experiments, we found a lot more than we had originally expected, such as
new formulas and theories. Although we were extremely excited to share this information with the
public, we had to run many other tests and experiments to be assured that the data we would present
would be precise. Q: The months you spent testing your predictions must have been exhausting, but
was your discovery worth it? A: I have dedicated a lot of time towards the experiment, however, the
findings my team and I identified will be extremely valuable. Although we had started this project to
find out how the resistance of an LED is found, so that we can build a tool which ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This one had red wires which transmitted current to two LEDs in parallel in order to light them up.
Each LED had two 220Ω resistors through which the current exited the LED and green wires that
led the current to ground. After calculating this circuit's values, we used both the resistance equation
and Ohm's Law the same way we had for the first circuit (separating the two LEDs into different
circuits and for Ohm's Law using only the current which passed through the branch). This gave us
106Ω as the resistance of the red LED and 107Ω as the resistance of the green

Essay about ECET 110
44. Why do you never apply an ohmmeter to a live network? (Boylestad 98)
Boylestad, Robert L. Introductory Circuit Analysis, VitalSource for DeVry University, 12th Edition.
Pearson Learning Solutions, 11/2012. VitalBook file.
Answer: It will be an inaccurate measurement because there is already a current flowing inside of it.
An ohmmeter measures the current from the voltage that's been being put out. So by applying an
ohmmeter to a live network it will have an confusion between the live network and an ohmmeter
voltage.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_should_an_ohmmeter_never_be_used_on_an_energized_circuit
1. What is the voltage across a 220Ω resistor if the current through it is 5.6 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which will have the least?
b. Which resistor will have the most impact on the total resistance and the resulting current? Find
the total resistance and the current.
c. Find the voltage across each element and review your response to part (a).
FIG. 5.93 Problem 9.
(Boylestad 178)
Boylestad, Robert L. Introductory Circuit Analysis, VitalSource for DeVry University, 12th Edition.
Pearson Learning Solutions, 11/2012. VitalBook file.
Answer: A) will have the most voltage. B) will have the most impact. C) Problem 9 C)
Problem 9 C)
13. For the circuit in Fig. 5.97, constructed of standard value resistors:
a. Find the total resistance, current, and voltage across each element.
b. Find the power delivered to each resistor.
c. Calculate the total power delivered to all the resistors.
d. Find the power delivered by the source.
e. How does the power delivered by the source compare to that delivered to all the resistors?
f. Which resistor received the most power? Why?
g. What happened to all the power delivered to the resistors?
h. If the resistors are available with wattage ratings of 1/2 W, 1 W, 2 W, and 5 W, what minimum

wattage rating can be used for each resistor?
FIG. 5.97 Problem 13.
(Boylestad 179–180)
Boylestad, Robert L. Introductory Circuit Analysis, VitalSource

Electrical Engineering Concepts And Not Mechanical...
As a second year BEng Electronic and Electrical Engineering student a project had to be devised
which would consist of Electrical Engineering concepts and not Mechanical Engineering. Groups
were made so that tasks could be carried out by each member.
Several project ideas were then made by each group member. The ideas which were thought of by
myself included a hybrid solar and wind battery charger, a parking sensor and also remote control
blinds (Appendix A). Research had to be carried out on each project idea to see if it would be
beneficial for the group to construct the project. After much consideration and setting up multiple
meetings with the group, a decision was made that the best option would be go ahead with a home
automation system which would run over the internet and Wi–Fi. Several factors were vital in
choosing why this project was chosen ahead of other ideas. The project had to be something which
had not been chosen previously or chosen by another group. Costing, limited amount of knowledge
on tasks which needed to be completed, and the time availability which was given over the course of
the year were reasons as to why other project ideas were not chosen and why the home automation
suggestion was selected. 1.1 The home automation system ( – include a lot more detail here – this is
where your research goes – the real thing)
A home automation system is one that is designed for home owners to have the ability to control
electrical circuits wirelessly

Is Art Like A Statue Or Painting Move Or Respond When It...
Responsive Art Creating art has always been an interest to me. However sometimes I would like to
see art become more than a still picture, painting, statue, etc. More recently the way in which a
person can make still art come alive is even more interesting. When looking into a project to explore
I went to Sciencebuddies.org and answered questions that reflected my interests. By answering these
questions the website was able to recommend this subject to me. The more I learned about it the
more it fit the interest I have in creating new aspects of art. Art reflects a lot of a persons
imagination, but making something move gives the observer even more to reflect upon. My goal
with this project is to create a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On each side of the valley there are a series of rows that have five holes each (or more, depending
on the breadboard you have). Each of the holes in each one of the rows is connected together, so
putting wires in that row is like twisting them all together. 2. Start with the 555 timer chip. Look at
the top of the chip (pins pointing away from you). Do you see the small indentation at one end, or a
small dot in one corner? If your chip has the indentation, hold it so that the indentation is up. The
upper left corner is called pin 1. Counting down the left side will be pins 1, 2, 3, and 4. Go back up
the right side, starting with the lower right corner. The pins on that side are 5, 6, 7, and 8. Pin 1 is
opposite 8, 2 is opposite 7, 3 is opposite 6, and 4 is opposite 5. Knowing which pin is which is
critical to making your circuit work. If your chip has a single embossed dot instead of an
indentation, that dot is pin 1. Proceed with the pin numbering as is explained in step 2.a. 3. Plug the
chip into the breadboard near the middle. If it does not immediately plug into the board, gently
squeeze the pins closer and try again. The chip should have four pins on one side of the valley and
four on the other. You can look at Figure 5 for a diagram of where to place each part of your circuit,
including the 555 timer chip. 4.Pick a few empty rows on each side of the breadboard to serve as
positive and negative battery connections. Decide which side of the breadboard

Measure The Potential Difference ( V ) And Current ( A )...
Physics Lab Report SIXTO LEONEL GUANO ROBAYO [ Group S–13] 05/12/2015 MEASURE
THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (V) AND CURRENT (A) VALUES BY USING A VARIETY OF
RESISTORS, REMAINING CONSTANT EMF TO FIND OUT ITS INTERNAL RESISTANCE.
Academic year: 2015–16 Title Measure the potential difference (V) and current (A) values by using
a variety of resistors, remaining constant EMF to find out its internal resistance. Introduction
"Batteries and cells have an internal resistance (r) which is measures in ohm's (W). When electricity
flows round a circuit the internal resistance of the cell itself resists the flow of current and so
thermal (heat) energy is wasted in the cell itself." (physicsnet.co.uk,2010).  = electromotive force
in volts, V I = current in amperes, A R = resistance of the load in the circuit in ohms, Ω r = internal
resistance of the cell in ohms, Ω  I Based in the previous statement we can establish that in the real
world the EMF of a battery or any other power supply, considered as the maximum potential
difference, actually is not the same potential difference we measure across the external circuit, this is
due to the presence of an internal resistance in our power supply. Plotting the data we collect about
the potential difference and current

Batteries, Resistance And Current Lab Report
PHYS 1112/2212 spring 2016
LAB #9
Batteries, Resistance and Current
Introduction: Voltage can be thought of as the pressure pushing charges along a conductor, while the
electrical resistance of a conductor is a measure of how difficult it is to push the charges along.
Using the flow analogy, electrical resistance is similar to friction. For water flowing through a pipe,
a long narrow pipe provides more resistance to the flow than does a short fat pipe. The same applies
for flowing currents: long thin wires provide more resistance than do short thick wires. The
resistance (R) of a material depends on its length, cross–sectional area, and the resistivity (the Greek
letter rho), a number that depends on the material. The resistivity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What is the difference between resistivity (ρ) and resistance (R)? What are the units of each?
Lab Activity: Log on and go to the PhET website (PhET.colorado.edu) Go to simulations, then
"electricity" then to the following:
"Battery–Resistor" available at: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/battery–resistor–circuit
Check "show battery" and "show cores", watch what happens, adjust some variables
1. Why do electrons (blue dots) move? Draw a diagram of the battery, label the flow of electrons.
The flow of current (+) is opposite; draw this and note if toward or away from + terminal of the
battery.
2. What does the Ammeter (on the left) measure? How is this shown in the simulation?
3. What role do the "green dots" in the resistor play in the simulation? What do you think they
represent? What does this tell you about the effect of resistors in a circuit?
4. Increase the resistance (# green dots). What affect does this have on temperature? WHY?
5. When the circuit gets hotter, what affect does this have on current? Explain using kinetic–
molecular theory.
6. To make the circuit "cold", what do you need to do? WHY?

7. Describe the relationship between voltage and temperature.
"Resistance in a Wire" available at: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/resistance–in–a–wire 1.
In this simulation, what variables are you seeing the relationship of. Write the

Investigating The Charging And Discharging Abilities Of A...
The objective of the experiment was to measure the charging and discharging abilities of a resistor
capacitor circuit. In a RC circuit the voltage is an asymptomatic function of the charging time. If a
battery were connected in series in a circuit with a resistor, there would be a constant current. In
contrast, if the battery were connected with a capacitor in series, the current would be time–varying,
decaying to zero as the capacitor charges up. The results of the experiments verified the properties
of the RC Circuits, confirming that voltage is a function of the product of resistance and
capacitance. The experiment produced results that agreed with expectations confirming the electrical
theory of RC circuits.
Sources of error ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Capacitors are considered nonlinear devices because their charging and discharging rate depends on
the charge already there on the capacitor. The higher the charge on the plates of the capacitor, the
slower its charging rate. This is because the slow buildup of electric charge poses resistance to the
addition of extra charge as voltage starts to build across the plates. As a result, the flow of current
gets smaller. In contrast, while discharging, the higher the charge on the plates, the faster it
discharges. On the application of a voltage source to a circuit, the capacitor attempts to reach the full
voltage asymptotically, even though it never reaches the full voltage. The mathematical formula that
represents the voltage across the capacitor is:
V(t) = V0(1–et/RC)
For a charged capacitor, the mathematical formula that represents the voltage across the capacitor as
it is discharging:
V(t) = V0(et/RC)
Where:
RC is the time constant Ƭ of the circuit;
V0 is the potential difference in volts (V) of the voltage source;
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω);
C is the capacitance in the circuit in farads (F); and
T is the time measured in seconds (s).
After one time constant, the voltage is (e–1) x (V). It takes almost 3 times RC for a capacitor to get
charged to 95% of the voltage. Ƭ (seconds) = R (ohms) x C (farads)
From Ohm's Law:
R = V/I;
Capacitance = Q/V (charge stored per voltage applied); and

I = Q/t (amount of charge flowing per time).
As such:
RC = R x

Task 2 Developing A Performance Assessment
Task #2 Developing a Performance Assessment The manufacturing standards from electronics
technology selected to be assessed in this task are: Construct, test, troubleshoot, and analyze DC
electrical circuits and Demonstrate oral communication skills of technical data through discussion of
completed lab activities. As I reflect on these standards, student learning of these standards is best
assessed by a performance assessment in the form of a lab activity. First, the response to a
performance assessment is in the form of a process or product. To assess the selected standards,
products and processes are required responses. In constructing a DC electrical circuit, the students
will build a product. Once the product is built, it must be tested, troubleshot, and analyzed which are
all processes that ensure proper operation of the circuitry. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
During lab, we have designed circuits proving each of these electrical principles. Now, let's apply
this knowledge to a real world application. Scenario You are an engineer working for an equipment
company. Your manager, Mrs. Jackson, comes from her weekly meeting and discusses a problem
occurring in the field with you. She has learned the company's switchboards are overheating. She
asks you to design a new motor controller for the fan to cool the switchboards. Your job is to
develop a schematic for your design, determine the values of the resistive circuit, build your design,
and test your design. Once your design is complete, you must present the design to Mrs. Jackson.
The presentation to Mrs. Jackson must include the following: the purpose of each element in the
circuit; a discussion on the design process in accordance with the basic electrical principles; and a
demonstration of a complete, functioning motor control system. Technical

Ohm 's Law & Series Circuits
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
10 February 2017
Lab Report: Ohm's Law & Series Circuits Introduction
Theory:
Ohm's law defines the relationship between three important electrical properties namely: voltage,
current and resistance. Mathematically, ohm's law is expressed as: V=IR. By understanding the
importance of conduction, one is able to determine the total resistance and visualize how resistors
are connected in parallel circuits. In parallel connection, each resistor provides a separate path for
current [I] so that the total resistance of a parallel circuit is reduced as more resistors are connected
in parallel. In contrast, the resistance in series circuits increases when more resistors are introduced
into the circuit. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In effect, the resistor was aligned horizontally with the first end. A black wire extension (from the
negative polarity of the power supply) was connected vertically from one end of the last resistor
plugged into the first set of holes just below the blue line albeit aligned differently from the red wire
(Figure 1). Figure 1: Circuit diagram
A digital multimeter was used to measure voltage by connecting it in parallel and series with the
components.
Analysis
Resistors connected in series are observed to share one current path. A breadboard effectively builds
a testing electrical and electronic system model. It also holds electrical components together
conveniently for practical applications.
Part 2: Measuring Resistors in Series A multimeter was connected across individual resistors and
resistance measurements were recorded. The multimeter was then connected across all the resistors
whereby measurements recorded. The values are tabulated in Table 1:
Table 1: Resistance values
Resistor Color–Code Measured Value
Ex. Brown Red Yellow Silver or Gold 119kΩ
120kΩ
R1=1kΩ Brown Black Red Silver 1kΩ
R2=2.2kΩ Red Red Red Gold 2.2kΩ
R3=330Ω Orange Orange Brown Silver 330Ω

R4=10kΩ Brown Black Orange Silver 10kΩ
For the branches shown in Figure 2, the total resistance was calculated and recorded. Afterwards,
each resistor branch was built on Multisim and the total resistance of each branch was measured and
recorded. Screenshots of each

Design of Electronic Circuits Lab Report
ZEIT 1206 DEC1 Lab Report 1
DC Circuits – Analysis and Design
Alexander Glover, z3422512
Abstract
DC circuit analysis and design, play a massive role in electrical engineering and without the correct
application of theory and practise in unison, nothing can be achieved in a true engineering sense.
Engineering requires theory to develop and test constraints while also requiring practical application
of theory in order to determine tolerance and practical results for industry purposes. The ability to
analysis a circuit gives a potential electrical engineer the ability to learn how to problem solve in a
theoretical and practical sense which in turn develops industry skills in which will follow them for
life, and allow a solid knowledge base ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
KCL is defined as: The algebraic sum of the currents into any point of the circuit must equal the
algebraic sum of all the currents out of that point. Otherwise, charge would accumulate at the point,
instead of having a conducting path [ (Grob, 1977) ].
KVL is similarly defined as: For each mesh followed continuously in its tracing direction the
algebraic summation of all the instantaneous voltage drops is zero (Pike, 1971).
Where a mesh is defined as "a loop that does not contain any other loops" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and a
loop is defined as "a path whose last node is in the same as the starting node" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ] and
a node is defined as a point where two or more circuit elements join" [ (Nilsson, 2011) ].
KVL, KCL and Ohm's Law are all important tools for circuit analysis, especially using the node
voltage method. A worked example for KCL and Ohm's law is included for Figure 1 next; which can
also be directly applied to that of KVL in the same manner in place of KCL.
Figure 1: Simple dual voltage source (V1 and V2) circuit, with three resistors (R1, R2 and R3) and
four nodes (N1, N2, N3, N4).
From Figure 1, using KCL it can be said that at node two:
i1+ i2= i3 (A) (2)
Which can then be substituted for Ohm's law to give:

Va–VbR1+Vc–VbR2= VbR3 (V) (3)
When values are then substituted into equation three,

Phet Lab
1. Why do electrons (blue dots) move? The flow of current (+) is opposite to the flow of the
electrons. ; note if toward or away from + terminal of the battery.
The electrons move because they are being attracted towards the positive side of the battery and thus
move because of the attraction in the battery.
2. What does the Ammeter (on the left) measure? How is this shown in the sim? It measures the rate
of electron flow in a circuit. This is showing the amps in the battery and it looks as a direct
relationship with the temperature of the battery. As the battery temp increases so do the amps.
3. What role do the "green dots" in the resistor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can you tell?
They are negative because they are flowing towards the postive side of the battery and away from
the negative side of the batter.
9. What happens when you increase the resistance of the resistor? How does the current through the
circuit, the speed of the blue spheres, the voltage across the battery, the temperature of the resistor,
and the green particles in the resistor change? Why (or why not) does each of these change as they
do?
As you increase the resistance the flow of the electrons in the battery also slow down. IF the
resistance is strong than the current flow is also slower. The blue spheres also move slower because
of high resistance. The voltage for the battery is independent of the resistance. The temperature of
the resistor increases as the resistance is decreased. The green particles are also increased when the
resistance is higher.
10. What happens when you increase the voltage across the battery? How does the current through
the circuit, the speed of the blue spheres, the resistance of the resistor, the temperature of the
resistor, and the green particles in the resistor change? Why (or why not) does each of these change
as they do?
When the voltage is increased across the battery then the speed of the electrons are also increased.
The current is faster with higher voltage. The speed of the blue spheres increases. The resistance of
the resistor is also increased. The temperature is unchanged because it relies solely off

Questions On Joule's Law Of Electric Heating
1. Which of the following is the true, where W = work done , I = current , t = time in seconds ,
V = Voltage ?
a) W= I2Rt Joules
b) W = VIt Joules
c) W = V2t/R Joules
d) All of the Mentioned
Answer: d
Explanation: According to Joule's Law of Electric Heating , the amount of work required to
maintain a current of I Amperes through a resistance R Ohms for t seconds is W = I2Rt H Joules
2. The relation between Heat produced (H), Work done (W.D), Mechanical Equivalent of Heat (J)
is?
a) H*J=W.D
b) H=J*W.D
c) W.D2 = J/W.D
d) All of the Mentioned
Answer: a
Explanation: Work is converted into heat and is dissipated away.
The amount of heat produced= Work done/ Mechanical Equivalent of Joule.
3. If a 110V heater is used on 220V supply, heat produced by it will be ______________ as much. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One K–Wh of energy is equal to?
a) 36*105 J
b) 36 J
c) 3600 J
d) 3.6 J
Answer: a
Explanation:
1 K–Wh = 1000 * 1 J/S *3600 = 3600000 J
5. What is the amount of heat dissipated when a current of 20A flows through a 30 Ohm resistor for
3 seconds?
a) 0.75 Kcal
b) 0.85 Kcal

c) 1 Kcal
d) 2 Kcal
Answer: b
Explanation:
W= I2Rt/J = (20*20)*30*3/4200 = 6/7 = 0.85

Batteries, Resistance, and Current
Battery, resistance, and current
Go to http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/battery–resistor–circuit
and click on Run Now.
Batteries, Resistance and Current
"Battery–Resistor":
Why do electrons (blue dots) move? Draw a diagram of the battery, label the flow of electrons. The
flow of current (+) is opposite; draw this and note if toward or away from + terminal of the battery.
Answer:
The electrons move because they experience a electric current force in the wire. The battery causes
an electric field and the electrons experience a force due to that field. The current flows in the
opposite direction of the electrons and the flow of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To make the circuit "cold", what do you need to do? WHY?
Answer:
To make the circuit "cold" we have to adjust the voltage, because the v is proportional to i the
current, which is proportional to the temperature.
7. Describe the relationship between voltage and temperature.
Answer:
The higher the voltage, the hotter the temperature will be.
Go to: http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/sims.php?sim=Ohms_Law
"Resistance in a Wire":
1. In this sim, what variables are you seeing? Write the formula below, and indicate the units used to
measure each one.
Answer:
The variables been shown in the simulater are the voltage, current, and ressistance. V(volts) =
I(Ampers)* R(Ohms).

2. Try increasing the resistivity of the resistor, ρ. How does this change the "look" of the resistor?
Describe how that relates to the formula you just wrote (direct, indirect relationships, etc.). What
happens to the value of "R" (Resistance)? Is this something that can be changed in a resistor that you
would buy in a store to use in a circuit?
Answer:
Increasing the resistivity the resistor gets bigger, which directly effects the current by making it
smaller. Indirectly the voltage to push the current through has to be stronger to push the current
through. The value of R gets larger, you can change the resistance, but you would have to change
out the resistor element to do this.
3. If you

Nt1310 Unit 5 Lab Report
Link to the Task Sheet
BEFORE CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT – You should already have submitted to your
teacher an EXCELLENT Investigation Design that included:
Identification of independent variable, dependent variable, and 4 factors held constant
Aim
Hypothesis
Procedure (step by step, including safety issues)
Circuit diagrams (copied from task sheet is OK if this is what you used)
However – if anything in the list above was NOT included in your pre–prac Investigation Design (or
if there was anything you think could be improved) – include it now in your report below
How does changing the resistor size affect the amplitude of signal voltage in a receiving circuit?
Aim:
To investigate how the resistor size in a receiving circuit affects

Ohm 's Law Is The Most Fundamental Rule Of Circuits
Objective:
Ohm's law is the most fundamental rule of circuits; relating resistance, voltage, and amperage
together. In this lab, we created various configurations of circuits as well as adjusted said circuits
current to get a hands–on realistic understanding of Ohm's law and its implications. This also
expanded our understanding of how properties of a resistor can change under different conditions:
such as a bulb having a changing resistance based on temperature.
Theory:
Electrical charge always wants to flow from a high electrical potential to a low electrical potential
(It follows the easiest path to ground). This flow of electrical charge is what we call electrical
current. The current flowrate is affected by the ease at which an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Take measurements of voltage and amperage at 8 different rheostat resistances. Record these values.
Do this one more time, but switch out the resistor with a light bulb. Once you have all those
measurements you can plot voltage and current to see the relationship of the resistance of the bulb
given the current and voltage.
Apparatus:
DC Power Supply: BK Precision Model 1686 DC Power Supply
Multimeters: Fluke 175 True RMS (A large amount of these were broken and lacked a serial
number)
Two Lever Switches
Two Light Bulbs
Ancient Rheostat (0–1000Ω)
Wires
Note that our Multimeter acted as our voltmeter, ammeter and a resistance measuring device
Data: Below is an array of the circuit configurations we created and tested. The title is within the
images themselves, under "TITLE", and the observations are right below the image.
This was the first setup. It was rather simple: The lamp and bulb were in series and the bulb had no
path to ground unless we closed the switch. The bulb turned on when the switch was closed.
Again, a basic circuit. However, in this case the result of flipping the switch was reversed from the

previous circuit: Closing the switch created an easier path to ground which turned off the light bulb,
which would otherwise stay on. The bulb was only on when the switch was open.

Application Of An Electrical Circuit

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Application Of An Electrical Circuit

Similar to Application Of An Electrical Circuit (20)

More from Melanie Smith

More from Melanie Smith (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Application Of An Electrical Circuit