Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Explained

Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: What is the cause of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a serious disorder that someone experience after a traumatic
event. PTSD develops in about one in three people who experience server trauma. "As with post–
traumatic stress in general, work–related PTSD symptoms usually diminish with time." (Skogstad
179) After an horrible event people ay experience trauma, and most cure naturally, those that does
not cure would diagnosed with PTSD. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can be triggered by many
problems but the major studies show that physical abuse, sexual violence, or traumatic events are
the most common causes. Many people who are victims of physical abuse live in homes or ... Show
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A traumatic event engenders mental trauma when it inundates the person's capacity to cope, and
leaves that person dreading death, extirpation or mutilation. The conditions of the event generally
include manipulation of potency, apostasy of trust, frame, pain, and confusion. After the event,
shock and denial are typical, Longer–term reactions include capricious emotions, flashbacks,
strained relationships and even physical symptoms like headaches or nausea. "Trauma is not
locatable in the simple violent or original event in an individual's past, but rather in the way that its
very unassimilated nature – the way it was precisely not known in the first instance – returns to
haunt the survivor later on." (Escobar 54) Death of a doted one, divorce of medical illness can
trigger dejection. Recuperation from dejection may be affected by traumatic events. The more stress
and arduousness a person experience, the longer a recuperation from melancholy will take. Some
researchers believe "a problematic childhood may trigger an early–onset of depression (first episode
occurs before age 20)." The difficulties of experiencing depression during childhood may include:
sexual or physical abuse, a turbulent upbringing, separation from a parent, or mental illness in a
parent. Childhood may result in adult depression, one theory suggest that children that experience
sadness growing up have a harder time adapting to
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The Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )
Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder Introductory Psychology Psych 1101 – Spring Semester 2015 B.
Moser March 30, 2015 Karen C. Lewis Abstract Imagine your worst nightmare. Now imagine your
worst nightmare relived over and over again, but never being able to get away from the intruding
thoughts about it or flashbacks from it. For someone with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, this is the
everyday hell that they encounter. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD, is a silent attacker that
at one time was thought to only affect soldiers. But after years of research, doctors began to discover
that it was not just limited to soldiers. In fact, PTSD affects people from all walks of life– adults as
well as children can become victims. Men ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of these trauma survivors up to 20% develop PTSD. Put another way, approximately 13 million
Americans– 5% of the population suffers from PTSD at any given time.(Goulston, 2008 ) Post–
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of anxiety disorder acquired when a person becomes a
victim of some form of trauma. Trauma can come in the form of experiencing natural disasters such
as hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, or floods. Personal traumas such as being robbed, assaulted,
raped, physically or sexually abused, or tortured can cause PTSD. Those who have suffered extreme
illness such as Cancer and AIDS may experience it. And even those who have watched their loved
ones suffer through extreme illnesses can succumb to the disorder. They suffer what is called a
secondary trauma. It has even been recently discovered that someone viewing media coverage of a
traumatic event can even get PTSD. There were people viewing the live coverage of the 9/11 attacks
in 2001, that triggered the same types of emotional and physical responses as if they were physically
at Ground Zero! Naturally, those who have served in the military– especially those who have
survived wars and gone to combat, are highly at risk for PTSD. So what exactly is a trauma? When
we think of the word trauma we often think of something horrendous, something horrible or really,
really bad. But what actually constitutes something as a trauma and not just a normal everyday

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
"My mind is on fire as I fear that any second, another enemy round will rip into my body and finish
me off" (Johnson 2). Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) effects the lives of many soldiers after
returning home from war. PTSD is a psychiatric condition described in the DSM–IV as, a condition
that requires a specific event to have occurred as a criterion for the diagnosis. The criteria for this
disorder, according to the book Combat Trauma, can include flashbacks, times where you feel as if
you are reliving the traumatic event, shame or guilt, upsetting dreams about the traumatic event,
trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event, feeling emotionally numb or not
feeling at all, anger or irritability, poor or destructive relationships, self–destructive behavior,
trouble sleeping, memory problems, hallucinations, not enjoying activities you one enjoyed and
feeling as if you no longer know who is living your day–to–day life. James D. Johnson elaborately
explains the everyday battles of living with PTSD in the book, Combat Trauma: A Personal Look at
Long–term Consequences. Johnson describes living with PTSD as a, "lifetime sentence". There are
many ways that PTSD is being treated in the United States, including psychotherapies and
pharmacological drugs. The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) works with veterans that struggle
with PTSD to help them overcome their traumas and try to get the veterans back to living their
normal everyday lives. "I should

The And Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Abnormal Psychology Professor Alison Buckley Term Paper Scot Albert Due: May 11 at 11:59pm
Calendar: PSYCH–46–D9920–2016SP Details They used to call it shell shock. While shell shock
has evolved to PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in title, it is still the same culprit that has
caused countless devastation to those who are afflicted. The first thing to examine is what was the
definition of shell shock. According to some online research, shell shock was defined as:
"psychological disturbance caused by prolonged exposure to active warfare, especially being under
bombardment."(1)(Googlecom, 2016) The etiology of this disease is described thusly: "You can
develop post–traumatic stress disorder when you go through, see or learn about an event involving
actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation. Doctors aren 't sure why some people
get PTSD. As with most mental health problems, PTSD is probably caused by a complex mix of: –
Inherited mental health risks, such as an increased risk of anxiety and depression –Life experiences,
including the amount and severity of trauma you 've gone through since early childhood –Inherited
aspects of your personality – often called your temperament The way your brain regulates the
chemicals and hormones your body releases in response to stress."(2)(Mayoclinicorg, 2016) In my
life experience, I can speak of this from two standpoints. Over the years I have spoken to a few men
who have witnessed combat action.

Upon exploring multiple modalities for the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy by far was the most interesting. What intrigued the most
about this therapy was that it is directed at decreasing a client's avoidance strategies when coping
with unwanted thoughts and emotions while increasing acceptance of the past events causing
anxiety. Normally when clients are experiencing unwanted thoughts and memories of traumatizing
events, they avoid behaviors and places that remind them of those memories. However, with the use
of ACT these once avoided behaviors can finally be relieved. The main focus of the therapy is not
solely focused on symptom reduction; it is mainly used to create a commitment to ... Show more
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This process takes the focus off the so–called "symptoms" and places emphasis on more
psychological freedom.A client's progression in therapy is measured by decreasing experiential
avoidance, increasing the acceptance of internal experiences and the traumatizing event. By
targeting experiential avoidance, I think ACT will be more affective being that experiential
avoidance is mainly correlated as a PTSD symptom. Techniques/Interventions The techniques for
treating PTSD with ACT are outlined by six distinct essential methods (Thompson, Luoma, and
LeJeune, 2013). The primary target to ACT therapy is improving psychological flexibility. In other
words a technique used in this therapy involves enhancing the individuals ability to psychologically
present and participate in valued activities or behaviors. Moreover, an individual whom is a victim
of PTSD usually has a lower level of psychological flexibility, due to trauma related experiences
that affects their current behavior. With ACT, a client can practice acceptance and mindfulness
techniques to encourage more valued patterns of behaviors by implementing effective actions
(Thompson et al, 2013). For example, if a client's valued pattern of behavior was to not feel anxiety
when being in a claustrophobic area, we can implement mindfulness strategies to reinforce positive
feelings to relax the individual's anxieties. The first step in ACT process is to create comfort with
the thought of

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )
Post–traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or
experiencing a traumatic event. "PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war
veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being
kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or
natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015)." PTSD is recognized as a
psychobiological mental disorder than can affect survivors not only soldiers, but also survivors of
natural disasters, terrorists attacks like 9/11, serious accidents like car crashes, assault or abuse,
rape, or losing a loved one(ADAA,2015). PTSD was once considered a psychological disorder of
combat veterans who were "shocked" by what they had experienced and witnessed in battle(PTSD
United, 2013). PTSD was once called shell shock, or battle fatigue syndrome. PTSD was seen as a
disorder that strictly affected soldiers until victims of different circumstances were shown to be
displaying the same symptoms. It is normal to feel afraid, but when one suffers from PTSD, this
"flight–or–fight" reaction is damaged to the point to where they feel afraid even when they are not
in danger(NIMH,2015). Victims with PTSD have symptoms that last for well over a month, and
cannot function well in day–to–day life. PTSD can`t be cured, and can last for years or over a
lifetime.Over 70% of Americans experience a

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay
There are hundreds of different kinds of psychiatric disorders listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM–IV). One of them is called Post–traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Based on the research, post–traumatic disorder usually occurs following the
experience or witnessing of life–threatening events such as military combat, natural disasters,
terrorist incidents, serious accidents, or violent personal assaults like rape (Harvard Women's Health
Watch, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical
manifestation, diagnostic criteria and tests, treatment, prognosis and future research and approaches
to treat this psychiatric illness of post–traumatic stress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5). In contrast, a post–traumatic stress disorder person's system would seem to be oversensitive.
Source says the amygdala may look to be over reactive in PTSD, but it posts a question upon if the
amygdala is already over reactive in itself or it could naturally be over reactive responding to trauma
(Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). With the help of imaging techniques and its imaging
studies, it shows that the hippocampus and the anterior cingulated cortex found to be smaller in
PTSD. The two areas of the brain which help maintain the amygdala in check seem to have trouble
functioning properly in people with PSTD (Harvard Women's Health Watch, 2005). Another thought
that involves the pathophysiology of PTSD is the role of basal catecholamines. However, the subject
is controversial (Miller, 2000). There has been a hypothesis made that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
corticotrophin–releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations increase in people with PTSD from a study
comparing combat veterans and normal volunteers (Miller, 2000). As with any disorder of the brain,
the complexities of PTSD are extensive and require a lot of integrating components. Therefore, the
pathophysiology of PTSD is unclear.
Clinical Manifestation Post–traumatic stress disorder falls into three general categories of
symptoms: Intrusion,

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder "Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is a psychological illness in which
people repeatedly remember relive, or dream about a terrible experience" ("Post–Traumatic Stress
Disorder" 710). Explanations of PTSD mainly focus on the way the mind is affected by traumatic
experiences. The mind is unable to process information and emotions properly when one is faced
with overwhelming trauma (Cohen Web). Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder changes the body's
response to stress by affecting the stress hormones and chemicals that deliver information between
the nerves (Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder Web). The "fight–or–flight" response is damaged in a
person with PTSD. They are constantly feeling stressed or freighted ... Show more content on
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In addition, Exposure therapy exposes the survivor to aspects of the trauma so they can re–
experience the feelings and fears that overwhelm them. By doing this in the safe surrounding of a
therapist's office patients can face their fears and gain control of their emotions so the trauma is no
longer as stressful. The patient is exposed to the traumatic event repeatedly and carefully. They may
orally tell their experience, listen to someone else recite the event in the order they happened, or be
shown detailed images of the event (Thomas 56). Another form of talk therapies is Group therapy.
Group therapy is when a survivor can meet with others who have experienced the same type of
trauma (Thomas 53). In addition to talk therapies, there are other forms of therapy available. One of
these therapies is Stress Inoculation Training (SIT). This therapy trains the patient how to manage
the anxiety that they encounter. It teaches the patient how to relax their muscles and control their
breathing during stressful times. Practicing thought stopping allows the patient to block intrusive
thoughts and nagging anxieties (Thomas 59). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a
form of 4 therapy in which the patient is asked to recall the event. As the patient recalls the event,
the therapist moves his finger from left to right and back again. The patient follows the therapists
finger with his eyes. During this process the patient is told to replace the negative

The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Dr. Shiraldi states in his book, The Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook Second Edition: A
Guide to Healing, Recovery, and Growth, that PTSD is "a normal response by normal people to
abnormal situation" (2009). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–III)
recognized Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a mental disorder in 1980 (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013). It is a long–term reaction to exposure to severe traumatic events in
an individual's life. These exposures might include rape, war, abuse, natural disaster or other
extreme stressors. Man–made, intentional causes are usually the most complex situations to recover
from, with those caused by nature being the least emotionally impacting long–term. In the 4th
edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) it gives certain
criteria to be met in order for someone to be diagnosed with PTSD. For instance, an individual must
have had an experience to where their own or another person's well–being was in jeopardy. Also, the
individual must have had a response of feelings of intense fear, helplessness or horror (1994).
Losing their grip on reality they may not be able to separate the real from unreal and they might
develop dissociate amnesia. Re–experiencing and hyperarousal are further criterions according to
the DSM. All of these symptoms may lead to a negative impact on the individual's life. War–related
and related trauma disorders were first

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a mental health condition that is generally classified as
an anxiety disorder. It is often caused by a traumatic events or emotional trauma in one's life that
leads to terrifying flashbacks, nightmares and extreme anxiety. The main cause of this disorder is the
conscious and subconscious fear–memories that have developed. In essence the 'fight or flight"
response that we all have is severely damaged, even when not in a stressful or dangerous situation
those suffering from PTSD may feel stressed and in danger. The symptoms of PTSD, while
generally not life threatening, can be very distressing and have serious effects on a person's health
and well–being. There are three classes of symptoms related to PTSD, re–experiencing symptoms,
avoidance symptoms, and hyperarousal symptoms. The re–experiencing symptoms are generally
flashbacks, bad dreams and frightening thoughts. These symptoms are produced from the persons
own thoughts and can be triggered by anything reminding them of the experience. The second
classification of symptoms are called the avoidance symptoms and they include staying away from
places and other objects that remind the person of the experience, as well as feeling strong guilt,
depression, worry, emotional numbness, and a loss of interest in the world around you. The final
classification, hyperarousal symptoms, includes being easily startled, feeling tense, having angry
outbursts, and insomnia. These symptoms are

Millions of people each year flee their country in order to escape persecution and conflict, seeking
asylum as a refugee (Amnesty International Australia 2011). Many refugees present with and
develop mental illness due to having experienced or witnessing events such as rape, torture, war,
imprisonment, murder, physical injury and genocide, before fleeing their homes (Nicholl &
Thompson 2004). Refugees are now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post–
traumatic Stress Disorder. Post–traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM–IV–TR is
"characterised by the re–experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms
of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma" (Diagnostic and ...
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The hypothalamic piturity–adrenocortical (HPA) system that allows the coping with stress is also
dysregulated in PTSD. Patients display abnormalities such as lower urinary cortisol levels, elevated
lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor levels and dexamethasone super suppression. The acoustic
startle–response is a series of muscular and autonomic responses that alert the body to a threat. An
exaggerated startle response is one of the diagnostic symptoms of PTSD. PTSD patients display a
shorter period and increased change of the acoustic–startle–eye–blink reflex, significant loss of the
normal modulation of the startle reflex, and resistance to habituation of the startle response
(Friedman 2000). Fear conditioning is a mechanism that neutral cues associated with a traumatic
event acquire the capacity to cause a conditioned emotional response in the absence of the aversive
stimulus. Appraisal discussed by Friedman (2000) is a process that evaluate whether a situation is
possibly dangerous. Coping, adaptation, and survival depend on the capacity of individuals to assess
different situations accurately as pleasant, gentle, challenging or threatening. PTSD patients have
lost this capacity and are much more likely to assess normal situations as threatening. This reaction
to

POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
Preview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD for short, is a
mental health state that is provoked by experiencing or seeing a horrifying event. Some symptoms
of PTSD can include flashbacks, nightmares and anxiety. There are many types of PTSD that will be
discussed. Along with the services these victims may receive, the various treatments they can get,
and the outcome of each of these treatments.
Often times people can experience emotional distress, hopelessness, anger, guilt or loneliness. In the
behavioral aspect, an individual may feel irritability, social isolation, aggression, self destructive
behavior or self harm. Psychologically they could have panic attacks, ... Show more content on
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This is when a healthy adult has been revealed to one single traumatic event in their adult life, that
can cause them to experience extremely horrifying memories and being cut off from relationships.
However, these individuals can fulfill completion of this in just a few weeks.
Then there is the Acute Stress Disorder. This type of PTSD is eminent by panic reactions, mental
confusion, suspiciousness, and being unable to manage basic self care and relationship activities.
Individuals (victims) of this form of PTSD have gone through more than one traumatic event in
order to have these symptoms, events that are a disaster, such as being revealed to a death, or the
loss of a home or community.
Next is the Uncomplicated PTSD, in which the victim experiences relentless reexperiencing of the
traumatic event, emotional numbing, and increased arousal.
Comorbid PTSD is next, this is of the more common PTSD. It is a stress disorder that has one other
major psychiatric problem such as depression, some form of substance abuse, a panic disorder, or
another form of anxiety.
The last of the types of PTSD is Complex PTSD. This PTSD is sometimes called Disorder of
Extreme Stress, is found in victims who have been exposed to extended traumatic situations. This
form of PTSD happens largely during the childhood of the victim. And it causes the victims to be
linked with antisocial personality disorder, behavioral difficulties, emotional difficulties, and mental

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Name: Jean–Paul Institution: TBD Professor's name: Joseph Grande
Date of submission: 8/20/2015 Introduction For a very long time, it has been recognized that
stressful life can have an emotional as well as a behavioral effect in a human being. Studies show
that 60% of men, 50% of females as well as 90% of the population go through a stressful event in
their lives that is life changing or they tend never to forget ever (Marsh, 2014). It is however true to
say that not all of the people in this percentage will eventually fall into post–traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). When an individual is involved or encounters an event that is considered as
traumatic, it is very common to experience distressing, upsetting, as well as confusing feelings in
the near future after the event. The worst part is that these feelings may not emerge or surface
immediately, the first thing that you actually go through is emotional numbness where nothing gets
to you emotionally, thus the shift in your behavior will follow. After a while, a drastic shift in
physical and emotional reactions is experienced in cases such as one being easily upset or simply
not being able to get any sleep at all. It is expected after a disastrous event that a person will go
through these tough moments and thus should be understood and they should be given time to heal
back into their normal lives. However, there are cases where these symptoms go on for more than
the expected

Formerly seen in individuals from combat, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is now seen in
civilians following traumatic events, ranging from violence, accidents, serious injury and life
threatening illness (Association, 2000). PTSD has debilitating psycho–emotional and
psychobiological effects, which can impair an individual's daily life and can be life threatening.
Consequently, individuals with PTSD often experience difficulties in maintaining relationships,
which often leads to "occupational instability, martial problems and divorces, and family dispute
and difficulties in parenting" (Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli, 2005). In some cases, PTSD
can be severe enough to hinder the individual's daily life and can lead to suicidal tendencies
(Iribarren et al., 2005). Having this knowledge, PTSD is marked as a psychiatric disorder and has
been identified as comorbid with other disorders, such as major depressive disorder (Oquendo et al.,
2005). According to recent statistics, the National Center for PTSD estimated that 7.8% of the U.S.
population would suffer from PTSD at some point in their lives, with women (10.4%) twice as
likely than men (5%) (Iribarren et al., 2005; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995).
However, given the worldwide turmoil, it is possible the numbers will increase and may even
become a significant health concern of this century, since PTSD symptoms rarely disappear
completely. Recovery from PTSD can elicit more stress, since it

The Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )
There is often an expectation that someone who has survived a traumatic event would be happy for
being alive. But there are those who have gone through a traumatic event and have developed a
condition known as survivor's guilt and/or post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and are actually
unhappy or depressed that they survived. This condition not only affects the survivors, but those
around them as well.
Some military veterans can struggle with returning to civilian life after leaving the military (one
reason are that veteran could of developed a condition called post–traumatic stress disorder which is
also called PTSD for sort. Another reason is they could have developed a condition known as
survivor's guilt. PTSD is a condition of both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It may start to cause issues or problems in marriage and might cause even more uneeded stress of
whether or not they can take care of the family. Because of this, a veteran might become depressed
and may even start to think that it would be better if they as in the veterans left their family or were
gone, or in extreme cases that everyone would be better off if the veteran committed suicide or died
by other means. some signs or symptoms of post–traumatic stress disorder are as follows efforts to
avoid thoughts, avoids activities, poor memory, feeling detached, flash backs, difficulty with sleep,
irritability, outbursts of anger, hypervigilance, difficulty concentrating and exaggerated startle
response among other things.
Some veterans afflicted with PTSD who were in bad combat situations may have a hard time after
leaving the military to stop acting or doing things that might have saved their lives while they were
in the force. Such as sitting near an exit so that they can leave easily if they need to or at least they
think they do, looks for exit points and or strategic points in a room as they are entering a room.
These habits can cause them to always be on edge or nervous that they are in danger even when they
are somewhere that they should be able to relax or feel at ease such as their own house.
PTSD does not

Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a crippling anxiety disorder most commonly in
which an individual is exposed to a traumatic event and suffer severe distress as a result of that
event. Commonly associated with combat veterans, PTSD can result from a variety of traumatic
events. Symptoms of PTSD include: reliving the event and intrusive thoughts, avoidance of
reminders of trauma, and hyperarousal (Warner, Warner, Appenzeller, & Hoge, 2013). Trauma
comes in many different forms, however some of the most common forms of trauma that juvenile
offenders will experience are loss and bereavement, domestic violence, emotional abuse, and
physical abuse. Trauma exposure for youth involved in the justice system can begin at a young age,
with one study showing that up to one–third of youth in the justice system experienced trauma
before one year of age (Dierkhising, Ko, Woods–Jaeger, Briggs, Lee, & Pynoos, 2013). Trauma and
PTSD can occur in all settings and effect various individuals, so it is important to look at
incarcerated juvenile offenders as well as those on probation and explore the differences between
male and female offenders.
Incarcerated Offenders
There is a significant portion of juvenile offenders who do end up incarcerated in a juvenile justice
facility. Researchers in Australia measured variables such as childhood abuse and neglect,
psychiatric disorders and substance use, and juvenile offending and antisocial behavior in

Ptsd Or Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD or (post traumatic stress disorder) is a relatively new diagnosis but the concept of it has
somewhat been of a long history. It was often linked to people who have been exposed to combat or
have involved in maternal disasters, mass catastrophes, and or serious accidents, Although little has
been learned about the disorder in 1952 the first diagnosis appeared in the official nomenclature
when diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. But later changed In the midst of the
Vietnam war when more cases started popping up, so much in fact provoked a more thorough
examination of the disorder. Before the name was created it was defined specifically as a stress
disorder that is a common pathway occurring as a consequence ... Show more content on
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For example, you may hear a car backfire and relive combat experiences. Or you may see a report
on the news about a sexual assault and feel overcome by memories of your own assault. But to those
who PTSD should not feel like there is no way out with plenty of treatment those with the disorder
can/will live healthy normal lives. The first treatment is Cognitive Therapy this type of talk therapy
helps you recognize the ways of thinking that are keeping you trapped. for example, negative or
inaccurate ways of perceiving normal situations, For PTSD, cognitive therapy is sometimes used
with exposure therapy. Exposure Therapy is a behavioral therapy that helps you safely face what
you find scary so that you can learn to deal with it effectively. One approach to exposure therapy is
virtual reality which allow you to re–enter the setting in which you experienced trauma. And the last
form of treatment is a combination of both exposure therapy and a series of guided eye movement
that helps process traumatic memories and change how you react to traumatic memories and this is
called Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. But to those who don 't like therapy–style
treatment there are different types of anti–depressants that can help with some of the symptoms.
Like for depression or anxiety a person would take Paxil or Zoloft. And if you don 't have
depression but a severe case of anxiety you would look more in taking

PTSD was first taken seriously when the Vietnam veterans returned from the war. Combat
experience is the most commonly linked to this disorder. However, studies have shown that there are
many different causes. These studies were applied to a wide variety of traumas that people have
experienced in various horrific events. According to The National Institute of Mental Health, "about
4% of American adults ages 18–54 suffers from PTSD in a given year. These people have served in
wars, have been raped or mugged, lived through natural disasters, terrorist attacks or car or plane
crashes" (Mitchell). Anyone who experiences an unnerving situation is at risk for Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder. PTSD is seen as more of an archaic disorder in the ... Show more content on
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It won't go away and its not helping them resume a normal life" ("War Lingers"). According to the
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, about 12%–20% of Iraqi soldiers are estimated to have PTSD
and less than 2/5ths of these soldiers will get the help that they need. These symptoms have lead
victims to dangerous coping mechanisms and many have found comfort in alcohol. This greatly
increases endangering themselves as well as everyone else around them. Although these people may
feel like they are escaping themselves, they are actually endangering everyone around them,
including themselves. Veterans with this disorder are fighting to get back to normal again because
all of the death and destruction has had such a big impact on their lives. The horrifying experience
has had a detrimental effect on their lives. Combining alcohol with the symptoms of the disorder is a
disastrous idea. People with this disorder should not have to live in this kind of pain. These victims
feel as if they are alone and that something is wrong with them. This is not true, they can get the
help that they need and stop the pain. People with this disorder can get the help in many different
ways, including different types of therapy: group, cognitive–behavioral, and exposure therapy.
There is also an option for medication. The anti–depressant pill, which is called serotonin reuptake
inhibitor, makes people feel less sad and anxious. In most cases, a combination of this

The Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Case Study on the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder of Batman
Batman is a character in the fictional DC Universe, whom without his secret identity goes by Bruce
Wayne. He is famous for fighting crime, his intelligence, mastery over various skills and being
Gotham City's superhero. However, Batman wears a mask that hides his secret identity. Without the
mask, as Bruce Wayne, he is a wealthy business man with a multi–billion dollar business. An
individual such as this can be viewed as a perfect being with no flaws. However, analyzing
Batman's history and actions reveal a different story.
Bruce Wayne was an only child born to his parents, Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, in an upper
class SES background. His father was a medical surgeon and owner of the billion–dollar company
Wayne Enterprises. His mother came from a wealthy family that owned a million dollar chemical
company. So for Bruce Wayne's life prior to the death of his parents, money was never an issue.
Money was never an issue after the death of his parents either because he inherited everything.
However his parents never chose to indulge young Bruce Wayne in the life of a celebrity. Instead
they raised him with society's ideal perspectives of family, love, and care.
At the age of nine, Bruce Wayne and his parents walked outside a theater where they were
confronted by a robber. He witnessed the robber kill his parents and then run off into the distance.
This left Bruce Wayne with a mental scar which continues to haunt

Understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Understanding Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and How it Effects Learning
Learning can be affected by many things that occur throughout a student's education career.
Therefore, has anyone ever thought of how a student's mental well–being could affect their learning
process? The fact is, approximately 4–6% of youth nationwide will be diagnosed with Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) upon meeting the specific criteria due to experiencing a
traumatic event that includes symptoms such as reduced concentration and disturbing thoughts,
which may rigorously interfere with school performance (Kataoka, Langley, Wong, Baweja & Stein,
2012). While these percentages may seem small, it is still extremely important that students and
instructors alike are made aware of PTSD, its symptoms and effective treatments in order to provide
support for one another. Comprehension of the definition of PTSD is required when it comes to
communication and providing aid to an individual suffering from it. A common misconception of
this disorder is that only combat veterans bear psychological stress that affects their state of mind.
Although, that presently is not the case, the experiences of Vietnam Veterans did lead to the
disorders introduction into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition
(DSM–III) in 1980 (Kato, Kawata & Pitman, 2006). Since 1980, PTSD, (depicted by the National
Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (n.d.) as "an anxiety disorder that some people get

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Paper
Among the most common of mental health conditions is post–traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and
depression. Furthermore, PTSD can lead to severe physiological and psychological changes that are
significantly increased when this trauma isn't caught in its early stages. These traumas have a great
impact on the patient's personalities and perceptions. Therefore, there are different types of
treatments that can be implemented accordingly to the patient to improve their psychological
condition, and avoid unfavorable results on their mental health.
Introduction Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is something that many of us have heard of before but
do not know the main details of, Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known ... Show more
This will help the family's work through these issues and connect better. Medication is occasionally
suggested to people with PTSD to get rid of subordinate symptoms of depression or anxiety. In spite
of the fact that antidepressants may help you feel less sad, anxious, or on edge, they do not treat the
causes of PTSD.
As a final point, is EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) consists of essentials
of cognitive–behavioral therapy with eye movements or other forms of rhythmic stimulation. These
work by relaxing the brain's information processing system, which is disturbed in extreme trauma
events.
Conclusion As stated in this article's explanations of causes behind PTSD, we clarified that the main
cause is referenced to a traumatic event that causes severe emotional damage. Anxiety and
depression seem to be the two main symptoms of PTSD, even though these symptoms of PTSD can
be treated with medication, the actual cause for PTSD cannot. However, many people with PTSD go
through several forms of therapy to help work through their difficulties and can help make
communication between loved ones a lot

Kaylen Balthazar–Chang
August 14, 2014
ANTH 362
Final Paper
War, tragedy, and trauma; life altering situations such as these may cause someone to feel unsafe for
the rest of their life. A symptom that may come about from these types of situations is something
known as PTSD. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a symptom that may occur after an
individual is subjected to a traumatic event in which they were exposed to physical harm or the
threat of harm. PTSD may stem from many causes and usually involves situations where an
individual does not have full control over what is occurring. Every situation is different and the
intensity of the disorder may range from a very mild case to a life–threatening situation. Individuals
with PTSD typically possess this condition throughout their lifetime with no known cure that has
yet been established. PTSD may be the sole result or contribute to an individual's outcome
depending on the scenario. Soldiers who go away to war were constantly surrounded by gunshots,
yelling, bombs, and loud noises, which may cause them to be paranoid once they return home.
Adverse effects are still haunting survivors of the holocaust who were only innocent kids at the
time. The most horrifying recent events that have affected our nation include the Boston Marathon
bombing and the terrorist attack on the twin towers on September 11, 2001. The repercussions of
these events are still evident in today's society. Although

Introduction Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a mental disorder that most people
associate with military men and women. This illness has many different symptoms and causes.
Anyone can be diagnosed and suffer from this disorder no matter what age, race, or gender. To be
diagnosed with suffering from PTSD, one must have suffered from a traumatic or life threatening
event such as death, severe injury, or sexual abuse. Such event renders the victim helpless with
intense fear. This must include one or more of the following symptoms for over a month like
repetitive stressful memories, nightmares, flashbacks, avoids certain situations, negative moods,
sleep disturbances, or some distress or impairment for more than a month. PTSD has expanded

The current criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM–IV. In the DSM–
V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The
DSM–V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four
distinct diagnostic clusters instead of three. They are described as re–experiencing, avoidance,
negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re–experiencing is the spontaneous memories of the
traumatic event, recurrent dreams related to it, flashbacks or other intense psychological distress.
Avoidance refers to distressing memories, thoughts, feelings or external reminders of the event.
Negative cognitions and moods represent endless feelings from a ... Show more content on
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People with PTSD are at much greater risk for developing other anxiety disorders, depression,
eating disorders, and substance use disorders. In addition to mental health problems, people with
PTSD are also 6 times as likely as someone without PTSD to attempt suicide. People with PTSD
also seem to be at greater risk for a number of physical health problems, including pain,
diabetes,obesity, heart problems, respiratory problems, and sexual dysfunction. PTSD can also
interfere with a person's ability to work and maintain relationships. People with PTSD miss more
days at work and work less efficiently than people without PTSD. Certain symptoms of PTSD, such
as having a hard time concentrating and problems with sleeping, may make it difficult for a person
with PTSD to pay attention at work, stay organized, or even make it to work on time. It has been
found that people with PTSD may be more likely to not make it through high school or college. In
addition, people with PTSD are more likely to have problems in their marriage than people without
PTSD. Partners of people with PTSD are faced with a number of stressors that go along with caring
for and living with someone with a chronic disease. These stressors are financial strain, managing
the person's symptoms, dealing with crises, loss of friends, or loss of intimacy. These stressors can
have a major negative impact on a relationship.
Today, there are many treatments available for PTSD. Cognitive

History of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
First recognized in 1980 as a disorder with specific diagnosable symptoms, Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was seen as a condition where people are shocked into fear of
facing situations. Over the years, it was labeled as "Soldier's Heart" in the post Civil war era and
"Shell Shock" in the World War I. In a situation of 'fight–or–flight' an individual is triggered to
escape from danger, however in PTSD this reaction is reversed in which case the individual feels a
constant threat of danger even when there is no danger present.The person diagnosed with PTSD
can be anyone from a child to an adult. Many causes of this disorder include traumatic events,
knowing someone who is in danger, genetic factors, and more. Symptoms include ... Show more
The amygdala is known to learn from exposure to fear and store assessment of threat–related
stimuli. The prefrontal cortex is involved in extinction and the retention of fear and is connected to
the amygdala. Finally, the hippocampus encodes the context during fear learning process and sends
it to the amygdala. People with PTSD have hyper–activity in the amygdala, while having hypo–
activity in the prefrontal cortex and there is reduction of the hippocampus volume. This reduction
may limit proper evaluation and categorization of the experience. A study on Vietnam soldiers
revealed that lesions in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex resulted in the absence of PTSD. To get
further into the molecular level studies been done on the hormonal system. "Stress is known to
contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders, including the majority of psychiatric like
major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder."
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3825244/pdf/DM30–02–343616.pdf). Research has
revealed evidence that a hormonal system known as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis
is the one that gets disrupted in people with PTSD. The hormonal system is involved in normal
stress reactions, so the disruption of this system in people with PTSD creates this "false alarm". It
has been suggested by some scientist that the dysfunction of the HPA system results in hippocampal
damage in people with PTSD. Damage in the hormones is caused by damage to

"Part of the torture is that the burden of guilt feels unending because you cannot undo the past"
(Matsakis 119). In the book, Survivors Guilt by Aphrodite Matsakis, Ph. D, where Matsakis depicts
what and why living with PTSD is unbearable. Matsakis explains that guilt is the root of PTSD.
There is a never ending list of things to be guilty about after leaving a war, mainly; wishing you
could get the health back of the injured, get back the lives that were taken and closure with soldiers
you thought could have been saved. If the thoughts of these things could have closure and be let go,
the survivor's guilt would be surrendered. The quote, "Guilt demands punishment" (119), explains in
such simple terms of why the root of PTSD is guilt. If the guilt is released, then the negative
thoughts, feelings of hatred, anger and "what ifs" would all disappear. Addiction and abuse are two
common disorders that people often inherit while attempting to coupe with their PTSD. Alcoholism
and drug abuse are brought on by the tremendous amounts of stress and guilt felt when suffering
from PTSD. "The anxiety and physiological arousal (adrenaline reactions) created by feelings of
survivor guilt can play a major role in the origin and perpetuation of any form of addiction"
(Matsakis 121). The high and numbness that is associated with alcohol and drugs gives a short term
relief from the guilt and pain felt from PTSD. After the short term relief is worn off, the veterans
suffering often feel

Today we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after
seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions
that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many
problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of
events happened at that time to cause this disaster to occur and how did these events change the
lives of these occupants' forever. By the end of this paper, we will have our results and
understanding why this affects many people. We can also figure out if there ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Luckily, I didn't get injured and my car had minor damage. To get to the point, this accident didn't
cause me a massive amount of stress when I am driving. What it did was constantly make me look
at my rear view mirror when I stopped the car at a red light. It makes me remember how fast the
other guy was going and as you know objects can be farther or closer then they appear. Telling us
that the car can be close but look far or vice–versa and to me it'll feel as though the car is right
behind me. An instant accident can cause years of damage psychologically. In the same way,
military combat also known as shell shock can cause the same affect to the soldiers that protect our
country with their lives. Military combat is a strenuous twenty–four hour job, which requires one to
constantly be aware of their surroundings and of any threat that appears. There have been many
wars in this life time and many military veterans have returned from war back into normal
civilization and cannot function in their lives. Military.com states that, "About 30 percent of the men
and women who have spent time in war zones experience PTSD." The soldiers that return from
combat experience flashbacks and their lives feels as though they are still at war. For example, the
show "Criminal Minds" had an episode with a war veteran that worked as a plumber and while on

Trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event such as war, abuse, and a brutal human
encounter. If one has an emotional response to an event, the response can potentially become long–
term. This long–term response is diagnosed as posttraumatic stress disorder. PTSD is thoroughly
examined in soldiers after returning from combat. However, the US Army began screening soldiers
for associations with PTSD during World War I prior to deployment (Jones 2003). Associations such
as: family, education, personal histories, psychiatric disorder, and childhood abuse. With these
screenings being performed prior to deployment, it raises the question–is PTSD in soldiers because
of events prior to enlisting or because of combat and why do some ... Show more content on
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The latent class growth model analysis helps identify subgroups of individuals in a population that
follow a pattern of change over time on a variable of interest (Andruff 2009, pp. 11). Berntsen and
her team found 6 trajectories of PTSD symptoms that consisted of two resilient groups, one new–
onset group, and three groups showing temporary benefits of deployment. Majority of the soldiers
were in the two resilient groups. The resilience group was negatively related to depression,
neuroticism, previous traumatic events, and emotional problems prior to deployment (Berntsen
2012). The new–onset group had the same PTSD symptoms levels as the resilient group. However,
there was an increase in return from deployment through the 7 months after return. "A key variable
in differentiating the new–onset and the resilient group was the number of previous traumas they
had experienced. Traumas involving interpersonal violence in childhood appeared especially central.
The three groups that had temporary beneficial effects from deployment showed more emotional
problems, depression, PTSD symptoms, and previous traumas before deployment and by being less
educated" (Berntsen 2012). This study showed that multiple measurements needed to be taken of
one individual to be able to grasp the complexity of the disorder. By doing this, it will be easier to
identify individuals in need of treatment. MILITARY SCREENING: During World War I, 2% of US
recruits

Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )
PTSD Develops from Suicide Attempts
Attempted suicide is a highly emotional event. A large portion of the population has to live with the
after–effects of their decision on attempting suicide. Even though the general public doesn 't realize,
failed suicide attempts can often be as traumatic as violent personal attacks that lead to Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder. According to the Mayo Clinic, Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
is considered a triggered mental health condition caused by either experiencing or witnessing a
terrifying event. The symptoms range from flashbacks, nightmares, uncontrollable thoughts, to
severe anxiety ("Post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)"). This disorder corresponds with things
such as war trauma and abduction. While those traumas often cause PTSD, failed suicide attempts
can also be a stressor that leads to it.
Suicide attempts meet the requirements of a Criteria A stressor defined by the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5). Anything that meets the
requirements of a Criteria A stressor can lead to PTSD. The official DSM–5 requirements of a
Criteria A stressor is: "The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened
serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence, as follows: (one required) (1) Direct
exposure... ("DSM–5 Criteria for PTSD"). Suicide is defined as a "death caused by self–directed
injurious behavior with an intent to die as a result of the behavior,"

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform the
audience about PTSD Thesis Statement: We hear about it in the news, papers, and small town
chatter; be we don't really understand what it is. It affects the victims mind, body, and people around
them; I want to inform you all about this disorder, and what it does. INTRO 1. I am going to say a
word and just think about what pops into your head, what do you associate it with? PTSD. A. How
about anger, irritability and emotional detachment? 1. Anger, unexplained irritability, and emotional
detachment are the most common traits of PTSD. 2. These are common because of the high level of
stress that is put on the suffering person. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therein lies the problem you become numb and unfeeling. 12. When your mind blocks it out, it is
essentially just shutting down your emotions like a light switch. However, it doesn't know when to
turn it back on. It could be days, weeks, months or even years before your mind will allow you to be
capable of emotions again. H. The emotional aspect of PTSD can cause a number of issues in the
life of the suffering person. 13. When a person becomes unable to feel emotions anymore things and
people that once were extremely important become minute. 14. It can cause a rift to form in the
family, in relationships and among the friends. I. The only way that this issue can be resolved is
surprisingly by what we all used to do as little kids, pretend. 15. In a recent session at my Veterans
Affairs clinic I was told that basically one has to pretend to care about everyone and everything
around them. 16. You do that and then it eventually becomes second nature to care and feel again for
what matters to the individual BODY #3 4. Another hardship of the disorder is the constant state of
being "on guard". J. For some service members, their deployment is in such a bad section of the
world that you are forced to constantly lookout for any hidden dangers. 17. What I mean by this is
like when you're on a convoy, it doesn't matter what your job is in the

Introduction
"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our
returning soldiers." Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning
from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope
with their disorder is specially trained dogs. These dogs help veterans with everyday life and keep
them company, giving them a sense of tranquility and security. However, these dogs are extremely
expensive, making it hard for veterans to obtain them. My research proposal will investigate several
grey areas of these dogs. Are these dogs really the most effective way to treat PTSD? Why are these
dogs not utilized as much as if they are proven to work the best? My project will also touch on if
there is a less expensive way to train the dogs. This project will prove that dogs really are the best
way to treat this disorder, find an answer as to why these dogs are not utilized more, and try to find a
cheaper way to train these dogs.
Background
There are several organizations that train and sell these dogs privately to veterans suffering from
Hannah 2
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. "It costs PPH $20,000 to fully train a service dog that will be placed
with a wounded warrior." This means that these dogs retail for upwards of

The conceptualization of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was formally recognized as a
psychiatric disorder in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) and first included in the 10th edition of the International Classification of Disease (Bisson,
2007). The description of stressor Criteria (A) in the DSM–III–R "are described as rare and if
Criterion A events did occur it is suggested that initial distress should develop in the majority of
exposed individuals as a response" (Resnick, Kilpatrick, Dansky, Saunders, & Best, 1993, p. 984).
However, accounts of PTSD have existed for centuries under different names and ideologies e. g.
shell shock, battle fatigue, Da Costa's Syndrome. In the time of Freud, it's causes were attributed to
an individual's character deficit. During World War II is was understood to be a normal reaction to
persistent combat. Currently, PTSD is defined as the psychological residual effects from a profound
event or reoccurring events that are relived initially through nightmares and flashbacks that have
created blueprints that of the past seem practical but do not benefit the individual (Dziegielewski &
Turnage, 2015). These effects persist to form debilitating, acute, and/or chronic behaviors that cause
social detachment or estrangement. These behaviors frequently lead to impairment of the
individual's ability to function in social or family life. Iribarren, Prolo, Neagos, & Chiappelli

PTSD in Catcher in the Rye Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is most commonly thought of as an
illness men and women acquire from experiences while serving in the wars. Some do not even know
what it is or how much it affects people 's lives. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger
helps to convey what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder really is. PTSD is a curable condition triggered
by a traumatic event with many types, causes, and symptoms displayed by Holden Caulfield.
All of the people who suffer from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder have described the events causing
this condition as frightening and stressful. "PTSD develops in about 1 in 3 people who experience
severe trauma" ("Post–traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Causes"). It is a common disorder and
different people come upon it in a variety of ways. In most cases, events responsible for Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder occur in the person's early life and in people who have a history of mental
illnesses such as depression or anxiety. Also, most patients have always had trouble coping with
tragedies and do not have very much support around the time of the trauma ("Post–Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)"). This condition can develop in different amounts of time following the situation,
depending on the person. It can begin immediately after, weeks, months, or even years later ("Post–
traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Causes"). Examples of the causes entail witnessing violent
deaths, sexual abuse,

Our soldiers not only risked life and limb for our country while serving in the Vietnam War, but they
continue to suffer immensely. Americans as well as Vietnamese troops and civilians suffered great
losses when it comes to casualties. Witnessing first–hand the pain and death of strangers and allies,
isn't something one is likely to forget. Post–Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been one of the
many repercussions of witnessing these gruesome events (Mental Health America). Veterans, their
families, and the government have come together in combat in attempts to address the detrimental
effects of PTSD. Post–Traumatic stress disorder is a psychiatric disorder that may develop after one
has been a victim or witness of a traumatic event (What is PTSD). Men and women who served in
the Vietnam War were vulnerable to many acts of violence and death such as guerilla warfare. After
being discharged from the Armed Forces, they may experience flashbacks when a trigger brings
back a memory or they may also suffer from nightmares or insomnia due to specific rattling
experiences (Riley, Julie). Not being able to sleep can have some deteriorating effects on the body
which can make life after war very hard to adjust to. The transfer from the Armed Forces back home
life can be somewhat of a culture shock. However, anyone can develop PTSD. A person who has
been a victim of abuse, an unexpected death/accident, or even a survivor of a natural disaster is at
risk of being diagnosed with this

The Importance Of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after an individual
experiences or witnesses a traumatic event. PTSD is a mental disorder that people may develop after
experiencing one or more traumatic events such as acts of interpersonal violence, severe accidents,
natural disasters, or a military related experience (Gaskell, 2005). Exposure to traumatic stressors
does not always bring about Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder but when symptoms prevent an
individual from participating in everyday life, they have developed the mental disorder (Ford,
2015). It is important to note that those at risk of PTSD include not only those who are directly
affected by a horrific event, but also witnesses to a traumatic act, perpetrators who may commit a
traumatic act, and those who help PTSD sufferers; like first responders who may experience
vicarious traumatization after helping those in need (Gaskell, 2005).

Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder and its Relation to Military Service Members Brianna C. Smith
Paine College Abstract This paper explores post–traumatic stress and how it is seen as a disorder.
Post–traumatic stress can manifest into post–traumatic stress disorder. The evaluation and review
books and articles seem to reveal a relation to these symptoms and military member, either active or
non–active veterans. These symptoms do not manifest strictly into the full–extent of the disorder in
all cases of military, however, things such as depression and other physical symptoms are discussed
through the readings. The end result is that we discovered that through the readings PTSD will in
fact lead to suicide if left untreated. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder and its Relation to Military
Service Members This paper explores post–traumatic stress and how it is seen as a disorder. Post–
traumatic stress can manifest into post–traumatic stress disorder. According to Sareen (2014), Post–
traumatic stress disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or
DSM–5 as having 4 core features that are as follows. First, the person must witness or experience a
stressful event. Secondly, the person or persons would re–experience symptoms of the event that
include nightmares and/or flashbacks. The person or persons would also have hyper arousal
symptoms, such as concentrations problems, irritability, and sleep disturbance. The final core
feature dictates

Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post– Traumatic Stress Disorder Over the years its name has changed a few times, from war fatigue
and shell shock to current day post–traumatic stress. This is a disorder that affects veterans
especially, but it can affect anyone who has experienced something extremely traumatic. Sometimes
the condition doesn't show itself until years after the trauma originally occurred, although it is
different for everyone. It is important to understand what causes this disorder, and be able to identify
the characteristics of this disorder so you can treat it properly. Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder is
normally cause by experiencing something extremely traumatic. It is not limited to just mental
injuries sustained during a war, but it can be something ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first type of symptoms people with PTSD experience are re–living bad experiences, this can be
through dreams, flashbacks, or even just thinking about the trauma can make it worse. The next time
of symptoms is avoidance of things, this can be in different forms; guilt and depression often occur,
as well as being emotionally detached and losing interest in once enjoyable activities. Some people
also experience trouble remember the event that originally created the trauma. People will often
avoid anything that reminds them of the incident, so as to not trigger symptoms, even if avoiding
whatever it is gets in the way of a daily routine. The final category of symptoms is hyperarousal,
this can be seen often times as feeling "on edge" and being easily startled. It also can be seen as
angry outbursts as well as difficultly sleeping. These symptoms are always present, and can make it
extremely hard for someone to do things on a daily basis, and make them feel very stressed. Often
times, people can go undiagnosed with PTSD because they don't show symptoms severe enough, or
show no symptoms at all for a period of time. It is also important to differentiate the length of how
long problems have been occurring, because Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) is different than PTSD
(NIMH). It is important to get

Posttraumatic Stress Traumatic Stress Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Sacle: A Review Within the human experience, there has always
been a risk of exposure to both physical and psychological trauma. The threat of violence, personal
tragedies, and economic and social catastrophes are all possible triggers for an onset of Post–
Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). What was once reserved as a diagnosis for veterans has been
found to affect both young and old. The development of various assessment tools have been used in
diagnosing PTSD and one of the most commonly used tests is the Post–Traumatic Stress Diagnostic
Scale. It is an assessment that was developed and validated by Edna Foa to provide a brief but
reliable self–report measure of PTSD for use in both clinical and research settings (Zalta, Gillihan,
Fisher, Mintz, McLean, Yehuda, & Foa, 2014). The Post–Traumatic Diagnostic Scale is an
assessment instrument deigned to be taken by adults with at least an eighth grade reading level. This
review of will evaluate the hits, misses, false positive errors, and false negative errors of this
instrument and how to each area is applied in interpreting the construct measurement of this
assessment tool. Although the Post Traumatic diagnostic Scale has consistently ranked high with
clinicians and researchers, in self–reporting the definition of trauma can potentially become
subjective and compromise the reliability of the assessment tool. The Assessment Instrument: Post
traumatic Diagnostic Scale The Post Traumatic

Running head: POST–TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder
Student's Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017 Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder Post–
traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears
to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a
traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issues such as having a biological susceptibility
to depression or lack of social support (Yehuda, 2009, p. 24). The complications arising from PTSD
can result in anxiety, suicidal thoughts, and drugs or alcohol abuse. Post–traumatic stress disorders
has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In response, couple–based interventions have been used by clinicians to provide couples with better
communication skills used to open thoughts and feelings about the deployment; and to confront
emotional numbing related to trauma. Attitude based interventions have also been effective for
couples who find themselves in stressful situations such as divorce, depression, and bereavement.
Symptoms of Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder The symptoms of PTSD overlap between the people
who have experienced trauma related to military combat and those who have had an experience of
other types of trauma such as rape, serious accidents, or natural disasters. According to Yehuda
(2009), "one of the major symptoms of a PTSD sufferer is that he or she might have frequent
memories or nightmares that seem real to them" (67). In the event that flashbacks happen frequently,
it can influence the sufferers capacity to work in society. On account of the issues, flashbacks can
get the occasion, sufferers will start to keep away from circumstances that help them to remember
the occasion. The sufferer may likewise start to have changes in convictions and feelings. Their
feelings and convictions may turn out to be more negative. They may start to separation themselves
in relationships, and they may turn out to be less social (Cash & Weiner, 2016, p. 102). They may
experience the ill effects of hyper excitement. They will always be pushed and

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