1. Ecology
Honors Biology ~ Edgar

4. N-alkanes

5. Quesitons on Article
What emergent property is discussed in the red
harverster ants?
How is this property chemically achieved?
What is the role of the control, and the positive
control in this experiment?
What information is shown in the caption of the
graph?
Why is this a bar graph rather then a line graph?
What is the conclusion of the study in this “brief
communication”?

6. Overview: The Scope of Ecology
• Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions between organisms and the
environment
• These interactions determine distribution
and abundance of organisms and their
abundance
• Ecology reveals the richness of the biosphere
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Fig. 52-1

10. Dangers of Migration

11. Eschrichtius robustus
What environmental factors
determine geographical
distribution?
How do variations in their
food supply affect the size
of populations?

12. Fig. 52-2
Organismal
ecology
Population
ecology
Community
ecology
Ecosystem
ecology
Landscape
ecology
Global
ecology

13. Fig. 52-4

14. Fig. 52-5
Kangaroos/km2
0–0.1
0.1–1
1–5
5–10
10–20
> 20
Limits of
distribution

15. • Ecologists consider multiple factors when
attempting to explain the distribution of species
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

20. Climate
• Four major abiotic components of climate are
temperature, water, sunlight, and wind
• The long-term prevailing weather conditions in
an area constitute its climate
• Macroclimate consists of patterns on the
global, regional, and local level
• Microclimate consists of very fine patterns,
such as those encountered by the community
of organisms underneath a fallen log
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

21. Fig. 52-20
Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest
30
Annual mean temperature (ºC)
Temperate
15 broadleaf
forest
Northern
coniferous
0 forest
Arctic and
alpine
tundra
–15
0 100 200 300 400
Annual mean precipitation (cm)

22. Populations

27. Fig. 53-4a
(a) Clumped

28. Fig. 53-4b

29. Fig. 53-4c

30. Fig. 53-3
irths Deaths
irths and immigration Deaths and emigration
dd individuals to remove individuals
population. from a population.
mmigration Emigration

32. Survivorship Curves

36. Isle Royale

50. Fig. 53-25
Rapid growth Slow growth No growth
United States Italy
Male Age Male Female Age Male Female
85+ 85+
80–84 80–84
75–79 75–79
70–74 70–74
65–69 65–69
60–64 60–64
55–59 55–59
50–54 50–54
45–49 45–49
40–44 40–44
35–39 35–39
30–34 30–34
25–29 25–29
20–24 20–24
15–19 15–19
10–14 10–14
5–9 5–9
0–4 0–4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 2
8 8 6 4 2 0 4 6 8
Percent of population Percent of population
Percent of population

53. Environmental Bioassay

54. Dose Response

56. Toxins in the Environment
Important Terms
•Acute versus chronic
effects
•Bioaccumulation
•Degradation
•Biomagnification
•LC50, TC50

65. Community
Ecology

66. Trophic Structure

70. Coral Reefs

72. Cnidaria

75. Acropora millipora
Orange Bushy Coral

81. Parrotfishes Conversion of primary
production to fish-based
trophic pathways
Provision of suitable
settlement substrata for
new corals
Mediation of competition
between corals and
macroalgae

84. Diadema antillarium

86. Epinephelus striatus

92. Community Interactions
Predation & herbivory
Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)

93. Intertidal Community

100. Competition and niche
differentiation in barnacles
(Connell 1961)
– Chthalamus more tolerant
of dessication than Balanus
– Balanus a more successful
competitor
– Chthalamus restricted to
upper intertidal zone
– realized niche < fundamental
niche

103. – Testing the competitive exclusion principle
• Two species of barnacles on intertidal rocks
• Remove Balanus -- Chthamalus spread
• Chthamalus distribution limited by Balanus
High tide
Chthamalus
Chthamalus realized niche
Balanus
Balanus
realized niche
Ocean
Low tide
Figure 37.2A

104. Niches: fundamental and
realized
The fundamental niche is the n-dimensional
hypervolume describing the full range of
conditions that the species can use in the
absence of competition
• defined by an organism’s adaptations to
persist in a given abiotic environment
The realized niche is often smaller than the
fundamental niche
• restricted by factors eg, competition,
predation, parasitism.

105. Modes of Competition
Intraspecific:
– Competition among members of the same species.
– e.g. density dependent factors
Interspecific:
– Competition among individuals of two or more
different species
• reduces fitness of both.
• Interspecific competition can occur only if species have
similar resource requirements
– i.e. must have overlapping niches.

108. Predation

109. Fig. 54-6

110. Cuscuta pentagona
Dodder predation

116. Batesian Mimicry

117. Mullerian Mimicry

123. Producers

124. Benthic non-motile consumers

125. Benthic motile consumers

126. Keystone
Predator

128. Ecosystem Ecology
Primary Productivity
Nutrient Cycling

136. NPP=GPP-R

141. W are the Phytoplankton?
ho
Dia tom
s
Dinofla ge l
la te s
phytoplankton
Coccolitho

143. Gulf of Maine Data: W ilkinson
and Jordan Basins
Wilk. Basin
Jordan Basin

144. The Redfield Ratio
106 Carbon : 16 Nitrogen : 1 Phosphorus
Nucleic Acids
CO2
Lipids
Light Proteins
Nutrients Carbohydrates
(N, P, etc)
Liebig’s Law:
Growth of a “plant” is determined by availability
of the single most limiting resource.
Redfield

145. Duck?

153. Nutrient Cycle