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Pertemuan ke-5
KESEIMBANGAN PEREKONOMIAN
DUA SEKTOR
Samuelson Ch. 24
PENENTUAN OUTPUT
1. Menggunakan
Konsumsi (C) dan
Investasi (I)
Secara matematis:
Y = C + I
Y = C0 + bY + I
Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I)
C+I
C + I
E
C
I A
45o
0 Yp Y (GDP)
Ya Ye
Lanjutan…
2. Menggunakan
Tabungan (S) dan
Investasi (I)
Secara Matematis:
I = S
I = - C0 + (1 – b)Y
Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I)
S,I S
E I
0 Yp Y (GDP)
Ya Ye
GDP EKUILIBRIUM DAN
MEKANISME PENYESUAIAN
• Ekuilibrium (keseimbangan) menggambarkan
situasi dimana kekuatan-kekuatan yang berbeda
berada dalam kondisi seimbang (balance).
• Perekonomian mencapai ekuilibrium jika:
(a) pengeluaran yang direncanakan (planned spending)
sama dengan output yang direncanakan (planned
output) atau
(b) tabungan yang direncanakan (planned saving) sama
dengan investasi yang direncanakan (planned
investment).
Lanjutan…
• Perbedaan antara planned spending dengan
planned output atau antara planned saving
dengan planned investment mendorong
terjadinya perubahan terhadap output dan
kesempatan kerja apakah bersifat kontraksi
ataupun ekspansi.
Contoh
GDP
Planned
Consumption
Planned
Saving
Planned
Investment
Y C S I
4200 3800 400 200 4200 4000 Turun
3900 3600 300 200 3900 3800 Turun
3600 3400 200 200 3600 3600 Ekuilibrium
3300 3200 100 200 3300 3400 Naik
3000 3000 0 200 3000 3200 Naik
2700 2800 -100 200 2700 3000 Naik
GDP
Total
Spending
Tendensi
Output
Y = C + I
<
<
>
>
=
<
CONTOH
• Misalakan : C = 100 + 0,8Y dan I= S = 200
• Tentukan Keseimbangan Pendapatannya atau Y
keseimbangan dan buatkan kurvanya
Penyelesaian : Syarat Keseimbangan : Y = C + I
Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 200
Y- 0,8Y = 200 + 100
0,2Y = 300
Y = 1.500
Jadi pndapatan (Y) keseimbangan adalah 1.500
MODEL PENGGANDA (multiplier model)
• Pengganda (multiplier) menjelaskan
bagaimana shocks yang terjadi pada
investasi, pajak dan pengeluaran pemerintah,
dan perdagangan luar negeri berpengaruh
terhadap output dan kesempatan kerja dalam
perekonomian, dengan asumsi:
Upah dan harga tidak berubah
perekonomian terdapat pengangguran
sumberdaya
Tidak ada perubahan dalam pasar uang
PENGGANDA INVESTASI
(investment multiplier)
Contoh (1): anggaplah bahwa di dalam
perekonomian terdapat tambahan investasi (I)
sebesar 1000, sedangkan diketahui juga bahwa
MPC sebesar 2/3. Berapakah perubahan yang
terjadi pada output (Y/GDP) ?
Analisis aritmatika sederhana dapat digunakan
untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, yaitu
sebagai berikut:
Analisis aritmatika
1000 = 1 X 1000
+ +
666,67 = 2/3 X 1000
+ +
444,44 = (2/3)2
X 1000
+ +
296,30 = (2/3)3
X 1000
+ +
197,53 = (2/3)4
X 1000
+ +
. .
. .
. .
3000 = 1/(1 – 2/3) X 1000
Lanjutan…
Perubahan output (GDP)
= (1 + 2/3 + 2/32 + 2/33 + 2/34 + 2/3n) 1000
= 1/(1 – 2/3) x 1000 = 3000
tidak lain adalah sebesar
= 1/ (1 – MPC) x 1000 atau
= 1/ MPS x 1000
Contoh
• Dikethaui :
• C = 100 + 0,8Y
• I = 200
• Tentukan
• 1. Pendapatan (Y) dalam keseimbangan
• 2. Apabila terjadi penambahan Investasi (∆𝐼) sebesar 50,
tentukan pendapatan keseimbangan yang baru.
• 3. Penambahan Pendapatan (∆𝑌)
• 4. Apabila pemerintah ingin meniakan penadapatan sebesar
300 berapa investasi harus ditambahn
PENYELESAIAN
1. Diketahui : C = 100 + 0,8Y dan I = 200
Syarat Keseimbangan : Y = C + I
Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 200
Y- 0,8Y = 200 + 100
0,2Y = 300
Y = 1.500
Jadi pndapatan (Y) keseimbangan adalah 1.500
2. Jika terjadi penambahan investasi (ΔI), sebesar 50, maka pendapatan
keseimbangan yang baru adalah :
Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 250
Y – 0,8Y = 100 + 250
0,2 Y = 350
Y = 1.750
PENYELESAIAN
3. Penambahan Y ( ΔY) adalah sebesar 1.750 – 1.500 = 250
4. Jika pemerintah ingin menaikan pendapatan ( ΔY ) sebesar 300,.maka
besarnya penambahan investasi adalah ΔY =
1
(1−𝑚𝑝𝑐)
Δ I
300 =
1
(1−0,8)
Δ I
300 =
1
(0,2)
Δ I
300 = 5ΔI
ΔI = 60
Jadi Penamabahan Investasi adalah 60
Matematis
Y = C + I
Y = C0 + bY + I
Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I)
Y+ Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I +I)
Y = 1/(1-b) I
dimana: Y = perubahan
GDP, I = perubahan
investasi, dan 1/(1-b) = koef.
pengganda investasi.
I = S
I = - C0 + (1 – b)Y
I+I = - C0 + (1–b) (Y + Y)
I+I = - C0+(1–b)Y+(1–b)Y
Y = 1/(1-b) I
Lanjutan…
Contoh (2):
Diketahui fungsi konsumsi C = 100 + 0,8Y, dan
investasi otonom (I) sebesar 250. Berdasarkan
informasi tersebut, maka:
GDP ekuilibrium (Ye) = 1/(1 – 0,8) (100 + 250) = 1.750
Jika terjadi kenaikan investasi (I) sebesar 50,
maka GDP akan meningkat sebesar:
Y = 1/(1-0,8) 50 = 250 sehingga:
GDP ekuilibrium baru = 1.750 + 250 = 2.000

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Keseimbangan perek dua sektor

  • 2. PENENTUAN OUTPUT 1. Menggunakan Konsumsi (C) dan Investasi (I) Secara matematis: Y = C + I Y = C0 + bY + I Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I) C+I C + I E C I A 45o 0 Yp Y (GDP) Ya Ye
  • 3. Lanjutan… 2. Menggunakan Tabungan (S) dan Investasi (I) Secara Matematis: I = S I = - C0 + (1 – b)Y Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I) S,I S E I 0 Yp Y (GDP) Ya Ye
  • 4. GDP EKUILIBRIUM DAN MEKANISME PENYESUAIAN • Ekuilibrium (keseimbangan) menggambarkan situasi dimana kekuatan-kekuatan yang berbeda berada dalam kondisi seimbang (balance). • Perekonomian mencapai ekuilibrium jika: (a) pengeluaran yang direncanakan (planned spending) sama dengan output yang direncanakan (planned output) atau (b) tabungan yang direncanakan (planned saving) sama dengan investasi yang direncanakan (planned investment).
  • 5. Lanjutan… • Perbedaan antara planned spending dengan planned output atau antara planned saving dengan planned investment mendorong terjadinya perubahan terhadap output dan kesempatan kerja apakah bersifat kontraksi ataupun ekspansi.
  • 6. Contoh GDP Planned Consumption Planned Saving Planned Investment Y C S I 4200 3800 400 200 4200 4000 Turun 3900 3600 300 200 3900 3800 Turun 3600 3400 200 200 3600 3600 Ekuilibrium 3300 3200 100 200 3300 3400 Naik 3000 3000 0 200 3000 3200 Naik 2700 2800 -100 200 2700 3000 Naik GDP Total Spending Tendensi Output Y = C + I < < > > = <
  • 7. CONTOH • Misalakan : C = 100 + 0,8Y dan I= S = 200 • Tentukan Keseimbangan Pendapatannya atau Y keseimbangan dan buatkan kurvanya Penyelesaian : Syarat Keseimbangan : Y = C + I Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 200 Y- 0,8Y = 200 + 100 0,2Y = 300 Y = 1.500 Jadi pndapatan (Y) keseimbangan adalah 1.500
  • 8. MODEL PENGGANDA (multiplier model) • Pengganda (multiplier) menjelaskan bagaimana shocks yang terjadi pada investasi, pajak dan pengeluaran pemerintah, dan perdagangan luar negeri berpengaruh terhadap output dan kesempatan kerja dalam perekonomian, dengan asumsi: Upah dan harga tidak berubah perekonomian terdapat pengangguran sumberdaya Tidak ada perubahan dalam pasar uang
  • 9. PENGGANDA INVESTASI (investment multiplier) Contoh (1): anggaplah bahwa di dalam perekonomian terdapat tambahan investasi (I) sebesar 1000, sedangkan diketahui juga bahwa MPC sebesar 2/3. Berapakah perubahan yang terjadi pada output (Y/GDP) ? Analisis aritmatika sederhana dapat digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, yaitu sebagai berikut:
  • 10. Analisis aritmatika 1000 = 1 X 1000 + + 666,67 = 2/3 X 1000 + + 444,44 = (2/3)2 X 1000 + + 296,30 = (2/3)3 X 1000 + + 197,53 = (2/3)4 X 1000 + + . . . . . . 3000 = 1/(1 – 2/3) X 1000
  • 11. Lanjutan… Perubahan output (GDP) = (1 + 2/3 + 2/32 + 2/33 + 2/34 + 2/3n) 1000 = 1/(1 – 2/3) x 1000 = 3000 tidak lain adalah sebesar = 1/ (1 – MPC) x 1000 atau = 1/ MPS x 1000
  • 12. Contoh • Dikethaui : • C = 100 + 0,8Y • I = 200 • Tentukan • 1. Pendapatan (Y) dalam keseimbangan • 2. Apabila terjadi penambahan Investasi (∆𝐼) sebesar 50, tentukan pendapatan keseimbangan yang baru. • 3. Penambahan Pendapatan (∆𝑌) • 4. Apabila pemerintah ingin meniakan penadapatan sebesar 300 berapa investasi harus ditambahn
  • 13. PENYELESAIAN 1. Diketahui : C = 100 + 0,8Y dan I = 200 Syarat Keseimbangan : Y = C + I Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 200 Y- 0,8Y = 200 + 100 0,2Y = 300 Y = 1.500 Jadi pndapatan (Y) keseimbangan adalah 1.500 2. Jika terjadi penambahan investasi (ΔI), sebesar 50, maka pendapatan keseimbangan yang baru adalah : Y = 100 + 0,8Y + 250 Y – 0,8Y = 100 + 250 0,2 Y = 350 Y = 1.750
  • 14. PENYELESAIAN 3. Penambahan Y ( ΔY) adalah sebesar 1.750 – 1.500 = 250 4. Jika pemerintah ingin menaikan pendapatan ( ΔY ) sebesar 300,.maka besarnya penambahan investasi adalah ΔY = 1 (1−𝑚𝑝𝑐) Δ I 300 = 1 (1−0,8) Δ I 300 = 1 (0,2) Δ I 300 = 5ΔI ΔI = 60 Jadi Penamabahan Investasi adalah 60
  • 15. Matematis Y = C + I Y = C0 + bY + I Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I) Y+ Y = 1/(1-b) (C0 + I +I) Y = 1/(1-b) I dimana: Y = perubahan GDP, I = perubahan investasi, dan 1/(1-b) = koef. pengganda investasi. I = S I = - C0 + (1 – b)Y I+I = - C0 + (1–b) (Y + Y) I+I = - C0+(1–b)Y+(1–b)Y Y = 1/(1-b) I
  • 16. Lanjutan… Contoh (2): Diketahui fungsi konsumsi C = 100 + 0,8Y, dan investasi otonom (I) sebesar 250. Berdasarkan informasi tersebut, maka: GDP ekuilibrium (Ye) = 1/(1 – 0,8) (100 + 250) = 1.750 Jika terjadi kenaikan investasi (I) sebesar 50, maka GDP akan meningkat sebesar: Y = 1/(1-0,8) 50 = 250 sehingga: GDP ekuilibrium baru = 1.750 + 250 = 2.000