Ebola Spread

Ebola Spread
Every time you turn on the news or pick up a newspaper, there is something being reported about the spread of Ebola. The Ebola outbreaks
occurring in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia are growing larger and larger. This is the largest outbreak with more cases and deaths since Ebola
was first discovered nearly four decades ago. United States doctors and missionaries have traveled to these countries to help treat infected people.
However, there have now been cases where U.S. citizens have contracted the disease and have been brought back to the United States to be treated.
This has caused raised concerns about the disease spreading in the U.S. as well. The physical, cultural, economic, political and religious geography of
Africa have all played ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now that Ebola patients are being treated in the U.S. and missionary doctors are returning from Africa, new procedures and guidelines are being
developed.
Kaci Hickox is a nurse who recently returned to the U.S. from treating Ebola patients in Sierra Leone. She was quarantined for 21 days because she
had a slight fever, which is one of the symptoms of Ebola. Ms. Hickox stated that she is "scared about how health care workers will be treated at
airports when they declare that they have been fighting Ebola in West Africa. I am scared that, like me, they will arrive and see a frenzy of
disorganization, fear and, most frightening, quarantine." It is essential that we balance helping those in need in Africa with how we protect the health
and well being of those in
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Ebola Research Paper
The Ebola Virus is a very sensitive subject at this time, with an outbreak within Western Africa (Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia most affected)
causing panic and fear among many countries across the world. Within this essay, I aim to cover the transmission of the virus and how it replicates
within the host cells, whilst briefly looking at the symptoms and dangers of the disease.
The Ebola Virus is the most famous Virus from the group known as the Filoviruses (known for their filamentous shape). Ebola has been previously
known as Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, and is the cause for the Ebola virus disease. It has an extremely high mortality rate, ranging between 50%–90%,
causing it to be a very dangerous disease if caught. There is currently no licensed Vaccine to help prevent the disease, and has disastrous effects on the
bodies cells, vascular system and immune system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the fruit bat. The virus first attacks the cells within the fruit bat by binding to the Glycoprotein receptors on the membrane of the host cell. It does this
by having glycoprotiens on the membrane of the virus, causing it to attach to the receptors on the cell and being accepted. From there the virus releases
its contents within its membrane into the host. The virus contains nulceoprotiens, RNA, and Polymerase. The host cell is then used (using its
organelles) to replicate the viruses RNA and nucleoprotiens. The cell membrane is used to create the membrane for the virus, containing the relevant
contents for the cell. Many Ebola viruses are created in this way, causing the bat to become infected with the

Ebola In Monrovia
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa appears to be gradually slowing down in Liberia, and the spread of preventative education in that region has been
instrumental in the positive change. Some of this education has come in the form of government–commissioned music about the disease, but
unfortunately, those efforts were seeing the wrong kind of impact for some time. Now, Liberian DJs and musicians have been raising awareness by
taking a different approach.
Since the beginning of the epidemic, radio stations in Liberia have been unloading countless public awareness songs about the disease. Prompted by the
government and aid agencies, the underlying themes tended to paint a dark reality, in which there was no cure and no one should ever have physical ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some locals feel it even caused the passing of Ebola to increase in the region. "It used to be a death sentence to people, so it scared people away," said
Elliott "The Milkman" Adekoya, a 31–year–old musician and disc jockey for Sky FM, one of Monrovia's most popular stations. "That's how people
started running away, from one community to another. And people saw it worse, like a curse."
Adekoya explained that people eventually started seeing that it was possible to survive the disease. This made the downcast music even more
damaging to the cause. This disparity inspired local musicians to take a more positive approach.
"The Ebola scenario is something that people don't want to listen to anymore, because they're so fed up, so sick of it," he said. "If you're making a
song – an Ebola song that people gonna listen to now – it has to be danceable."
Now, one of the most popular songs in Liberia is a refreshingly uplifting hit by F.A. and Soul Fresh, called "Ebola is Real." The song educates
listeners on how to protect themselves from infection, while enforcing a courageous message in the chorus. Adekoya says the lyrics "The thing, Ebola,
now come / The thing now show face" have been especially empowering for

Comparing Two Studies On Estimated Hiv Incidence And...
Comparing Two Studies on estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence
Introduction
In the era of HIV global pandemic, estimating incidence and prevalence correctly is critical, as it becomes a strong tool for authorities to decide next
action, to mitigate infection rate and its multiple consequences to society. 2 studies investigated HIV estimated incidence from different approaches.
Prejean et al studied the incidence estimates in the United States, by using a four–year data obtained from HIV incidence surveillance from 16 states
and 2 cities, and expanded the estimated incidence to other areas in the United States1; they used a ratio of group–specific incidence at a measured area
to new AIDS diagnosis, to AIDS diagnosis in other areas1. On the other hand, Walker et al estimated prevalence by applying two strategies; using HIV
prevalence of pregnant women for countries suffering general epidemics, and using HIV prevalence in high–risk groups for countries with localized
epidemic to estimate HIV prevalence .2 After obtaining prevalence, they estimated prevalence using ratio of number screened against the specific
group in that country against the adult population, and estimated incidence according to estimates on how long a person with HIV can survive and
vertical transmission in the area with estimated national prevalence2. While both studies are carefully planned, some aspects pose assumptions and
asks the reader the potential direction of bias.
A.Is there a bias due to

What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day Essay
Jennifer Whitcroft
WMS 487–01
Essay 3, Option 2
Pearl Cleage's novel, What Looks Like Crazy on an Ordinary Day gives a glimpse into the life of Ava Johnson, a recently diagnosed, HIV positive,
middle–aged woman. Ava begins the novel as a single woman in transition from a fast paced, close–minded life in Atlanta, to a more open–minded, life
of opportunity in San Francisco. The transition brings her to her hometown of Idlewild, Michigan to stay with her sister for the summer. Ava's
transition ends up evolving into a permanent new life for her. The decision to stay in Idlewild, her relationship with Eddie, and all the decisions that
Ava makes after being diagnosed with the HIV virus are based around what she sees appropriate for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paralleled with the stigma of HIV and AIDs being diseases primarily linked to the gay community, makes the choice an obvious one for
someone looking to blend in and have the most normal life possible with the disease. Ava even mentions the possibility of exploring bisexuality,
"I've even been thinking that when I get to San Francisco, I might be more open to the idea of having a woman lover" (102). Ava's decision to stay
in Idlewild was not a choice she consciously made at a single point in time. Rather, several factors over the summer went into convincing her that it
was the place she should be. Involvement with her sister Joyce and the Sewing Circus was one of those factors. Working with the sewing circus
gave the two women a hand in restoring the community that had once been a thriving place to live that its citizens were proud of. Helping the
woman in the Sewing Circus gave the women a purpose and made them feel good about helping those that might otherwise have no means to better
themselves. This served as a way for Ava to take her mind off of her disease and not let herself feel sorry about it. Joyce's decision to take over
custody of Imani strengthened Ava's ties to Idlewild. At first Ava had believed that a baby in the house was the last thing that she wanted. "I am still
less than enthusiastic about spending the summer with a newborn crack baby" (49). Ava didn't hesitate to express that she herself had

Ebola Outbreak Paper
Ebola is a virus that is transmitted to other individuals through direct contact with blood and body fluids of those infected (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention [CDC], 2015). In the most recent outbreak in 2014, the video Ebola Outbreak (2014) illustrated that the virus quickly became a
worldwide epidemic. As the virus became so widespread throughout Africa, Ebola–infected so many people in such a short time frame. While the
organization, Doctors without Borders was intimately involved early on, they quickly learned that the manpower they had to offer was not nearly
enough. The group identified that they had no way of performing contact tracing, which is a way of following patients that were contaminated and
quickly led to additional cases of infection in astronomical numbers. According to the follow–up video, Outbreak (2014) the organization Doctors
without Borders communicated to the World Health Organization (WHO) made a valiant... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the epidemic started the CDC, WHO and other U.S. government agencies coordinated a uniform response to the affected areas to gain control
over this horrific occurrence. During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa, the CDC was organizing Ebola treatment centers in the United States (Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). These designated hospitals were spread throughout the U.S. and began receiving patients, many whom
were doctors, aid workers, missionaries and one reporter. These centers received specialized training, as well as dedicated areas for the infected
individuals. As the Ebola became more evident throughout the United States, medical staff became more informed of the illness and specialized
training was necessary for front–line staff. Even though community hospitals were not likely to have been affected by patients being transferred from
Africa, they too were receiving additional Ebola training for this

Underestimated Due With An Inadequate Surveillance System
underestimated due to an inadequate surveillance system. Though this was partially a result of basic failures of the surveillance system (such as a lack
of timely reporting and a lack of laboratory confirmation or serotyping), it was also due to a lack of economic interest. In the 1990s, increases in
tourism (driven by cruise ship lines, etc.) stimulated interest in identifying and preventing outbreaks, which could be bad publicity and thus
economically devastating. Likewise, although Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) has ravaged communities in West Africa since the 1970s, only recently
has the disease captured the attention of Western mass media (CDC, "Outbreaks," 2014). A lack of mobility in the impoverished rural areas typically
affected by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of this, American economic stimulation in the Caribbean demanded surveillance increases; the possibility of travel by EHF victims/contacts
from West Africa caused hysteria in the Western world and stimulated intervention from world and American health care authorities.
2.A case study outline for salmonellosis involves the identification of the source and the surveillance of the disease. Then, a study method is chosen
(here, a retrospective case–control study) to determine risk factor and more. Data is collected and assessed to aid officials in introducing measures to
prevent the spread and correct the behavior that causes it (ranging from improper egg handling to improper farming techniques). A case study outline
for EHF would begin similarly. EHF has its origins in the jungle, but it is still key to identify a source. After a source is found, all contacts must be
identified. Thus, we see that the case study for EHF is more human–centric. A case–control study would be the practical study design, as it is less
intensive and less expensive. Treating EHF requires a large amount of money and resources (medical personnel, PPE, etc.). In contrast, individuals
with salmonellosis require adequate fluids to heal and little else. A salmonellosis outbreak would have a case study outline very similar to that of a
norovirus outbreak. One major difference is person–to–person transmission is possible with norovirus but not

Ebola. Everybody knows what it is. Everybody is fearful of it. Nobody wants it. Americans and many others in the world have the luxury of being
far away from the horrible reality that Ebola is. However, some people, try as they may, are not able escape its deathly grip. Ebola, a disease that
attacks the kidneys and livers of mammals, first surfaced in 1976, near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then,
there have been about nine outbreaks of Ebola throughout Africa, however, no outbreak has been as large as the most recent. An outbreak usually
begins when one person, commonly known as "patient zero", begins to display flu–like symptoms, such as bloodshot eyes, rashes, chest pain, a chough,
or stomach ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most facilities have five sections; the patient entrance, the Low Probability Ward, the High Probability Ward, the Ebola Ward, and the Mortuary.
At the patient entrance, people with symptoms of Ebola are inspected and tested for Ebola by medical staff. After the initial testing, patients are
moved to the Low Probability Ward. Here they await the test results that will show if they are or are not infected with Ebola. Once their test results
return, they are moved either out of the facility or to the High Probability Ward. They are moved out of the facility if their test results show no sign
of Ebola, but if they test results are positive for Ebola, they are moved to the High Probability Ward. When patients in the High Probability Ward
become very ill, they are moved to the Ebola Ward. Here the volunteers comfort the patients emotionally and provide what little relief they can
physically. If the patient does not survive, they are moved to the Mortuary. However, if a patient survives the 90% fatality rate, they are given an
antiseptic shower, a change of clothes, and affirmation as to how lucky they are to have survived

Informative Essay On Ebola
In September 2014, during my military drill reserve weekend while waiting for our influenza stand down, someone in my unit made a comment,
"Soon we will be getting an Ebola vaccination?" Another reservist asked me if the Ebola virus is airborne like the influenza virus. Few military
personnel would choose to be deployed in Afghanistan with constant mortar attacks rather West Africa. What is the Ebola virus? Key facts: Ebola
formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever Background Ebola virus first appeared in 1976 in Nzara, Sudan and Yambuku, Democratic Republic of
Congo, later occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which he disease takes its name. Current out break West Africa cases as early as March
2014 in Guinea, Sierra Leone and

Ebola Disease Occurs In Humans And Nonhuman Primates
EBOLA FACT FILE
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe and often fatal disease that can occur in humans and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). The
outbreaks of EVD occur predominantly in remote villages in Central and West Africa, near tropical rainforests and where contact with animals is more
likely to take place. EVD is transmitted into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of
infected animals (typically nonhuman primates and fruit bats). Once a human is infected it spreads in the community through skin–to–skin contact,
direct contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual, or contact with environments that are contaminated with such fluids. The incubation ...
Diagnosing Ebola in an individual who has been infected for only a few days is difficult, as the early symptoms such as a skin rash and fevers are
nonspecific to the Ebola virus and are seen often in patients with more commonly occurring diseases. This can cause the virus to develop so much
that it can no longer be treated and the high death toll is a direct result of this. Death of Ebola victims usually occurs during the second week of Ebola
symptoms and is mostly due to extreme blood loss.
Pathogenesis of Ebola
Treatment of Ebola
The standard treatment for Ebola is still limited to supportive therapy as no vaccines are yet available for clinical use. The supportive therapy consists
of balancing the patient's fluids and electrolytes, maintaining the patient's oxygen status and blood pressure, and treating the patient for any
complicating infections. Treatment from the day the virus is contracted is important but extremely challenging due to the fact that Ebola is very
difficult to diagnose in its early stages of infection. However, if a person has the early symptoms of Ebola and there is reason to believe that Ebola
should be considered it is extremely important that the patient is isolated

Ebola Outbreak Of Ebola Virus
Quisheana Rembert Professor Pearce English 1301 November 23, 2014 Ebola Discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River, Ebola's first two outbreaks
in Sudan and Zaire killed the majority, over half, of the people infected with the disease. Although the natural host reservoir of Ebola has yet to be
found, the virus is believed to be animal–borne. A person gets Ebola from a wild animal and then is spread throughout the human population through
person–to–person transmission. Healthcare workers providing aide for Ebola victims know that they have a high possibility of contracting the disease
because they are exposed to infected blood and body fluids. It could take from two to twenty–one days for the Ebola Virus to show symptoms in
humans, and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(National Geographic)" Also, healthcare workers could potentially not want to go to Africa to help if they are going to be quarantined on arrival
back in their home country. Frieden says, "health care workers might be unwilling to help out in West Africa, making it more likely the disease
will keep landing on American shores. (National Geographic)" Over the short term, some cases of Ebola in the united states could be prevented,
CNN states, but for the long term, it could back fire if highly trained personnel have more incentive not to go to west Africa to help with the
disease. Dr. John Carlson spent four weeks working with Ebola patients and says that, "healthcare workers already sacrifice their time to those who
need it, and that quarantining them might seem like a punishment, discouraging people like him to do it again. (CNN)" Some individuals also claim
that Ebola is no worse than other illnesses, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, or bacterial infections. They claim that at one point in
time these illnesses had once sparked a fire of fear in hearts of people around the world and that today are looked at as not as serious when people
are still also affected by these diseases daily and also die from them daily. Quarantining people coming from African countries with Ebola is not only
for the health and wellness of the individuals trying to enter back into the United States but

The Ebola Virus In West Africa
Introduction In 2013, the most widespread epidemic of the Ebola virus in history broke out in West Africa. My first introduction to the virus was in
the following year, when popular media and news outlets across the United States picked up the story as Ebola became less of a foreign illness and
more of a true threat to the nation's health in the event that someone happened to carry it back from Africa. For years, I have had a fascination with
medicine and pathology, and when I first read the news, my thoughts went first to how the virus had managed to spread so quickly. Now, as the threat
has faded from the news and the concerns of the domestic United States, my attention has turned to the nature of the spread of infectious diseases. I was
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an aspiring doctor, I have long been attracted to the study of medicine and how to combat the diseases that plague our planet. Through this
investigation, I have been able to greater understand the methods used by doctors and researchers in predicting the spread of disease and how to
begin to prevent them from causing unmanageable and decimating damage to the population and the lives of those affected. I have also gained an
appreciation for the precision of researchers with models that can be completely changed by the smallest of computational errors. I was also able to
recognise the application to historical studies of diseases, real–life applications of derivative calculus, and the modelling of logistical curves in regards
to

Ebola Disease Epidemiology
The Epidemiology of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
Erin Hicks Murrill
Southeastern Louisiana University Introduction The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is currently the largest outbreak recorded in history with over 5,000
deaths in the country of West Africa, as well as to overseas countries, including the United States and Spain. It is characterized by a combination of
flu–like symptoms and extreme vomiting and diarrhea, which makes it hard to diagnosis without extensive blood testing. Many individuals who are
infected with the virus do not overcome it due to the unavailability of proper equipment and medicines. Unfortunately, this is believed to be one of the
factors in the beginning of the outbreak. Facilities in West Africa did not have the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
G., & Schafer, I. J., (2014). Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak – West Africa, 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 63(25), 548
–551.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm
Gostin, L. O., Lucey, D., & Phelan, A., (2014). The Ebola Epidemic: A Global Health Emergency. Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA), 312(11), 1095–1096. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/
article.aspx?articleID=1897089&utm_source=Silverchair%20Information%20Systems&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=MASTER%3AJAMALates
Gullond, A., (2014). WHO hopes Ebola incidence will decline after peaking in December. The British Medical Journal (BMJ), 349, g6255. http:/
/www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6255.long
Servick, K., (2014). What does Ebola actually do? American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). http://news.sciencemag.org/health
/2014/08/what–does–ebola–actually–do?intcmp=collection–ebola
Update: Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak – West Africa, October 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), (63)43, 978
–981. http:/
/www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6343a3.htm
World Health Organization (WHO). September 2014.

The Ebola Virus Disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe often fatal illness that causes bleeding and organ fatal illness that causes bleeding and organ failure. It was first
discovered in 1976, in which is transmitted through blood contact and/or other bodily fluids; someone who has died and was infected by the virus;
contaminated objects; and/or through invasive treatments (Eckes, 2016). There are many challenges and risks with the Ebola virus. Not only does it
affect every human being but it is a bigger risk to those in the healthcare setting. When an individual contracts the virus or is exposed to the virus, he
or she is watched for 21 days for signs and symptom. If an individual catches a fever or have other signs, he or she is immediately isolated, tested,

Persuasive Essay On Ebola
Ebola has been around for quite awhile. There's been multiple outbreaks of the Ebola virus throughout the years. The most recent outbreak happens to
be going on right now, it's spreading throughout New Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone (Rupp). This outbreak is considered to be the biggest
yet, thousands of deaths have occurred in this recent outbreak. Since the number of deaths Ebola has caused is huge many people are afraid that it'll
eventually kill off the human race, but there are many factors that make it obvious that Ebola isn't going to kill off every single human. The Ebola
Virus will not end the human race because it can be treated, it is only contagious through bodily fluids, and most countries have advanced medical
facilities to treat Ebola. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people are unaware of the actual information on Ebola, they just hear a few things about it and think of the worst case scenario. If more
people were informed of the actual facts about it then they would think differently of it. Even though a cure hasn't been found, there is still some
form of treatment for Ebola, "Treatment of Ebola patients consists of replenishing lost fluids and providing blood transfusions" (Leduc). There has
been 14,000 total cases of Ebola during this outbreak, 5,000 of these patients have actually died from the Virus. (Green) That means that 9,000
people have recovered from Ebola! This is a perfect example of why Ebola isn't going to wipe out the human race. Also out of all the patients that
have had Ebola in the United States only one has died. The others have either recovered or are undergoing the treatment. The ones that have recovered
are now back in they're homes, living their normal

The Current Outbreak Of Ebolavirus
On the 8th of August 2014 the World Health Organisation declared the current outbreak of Ebolavirus to be an international health emergency. This
epidemic is the largest ever seen of the disease, and is located in West Africa– particularly in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. At present it has led to
over 5,000 deaths, with more than 14,000 people having been infected.
Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been portrayed by some as a major threat to health outside of West Africa, though this is disputed. There is currently no
fully tested prophylaxis nor treatment available, and the disease has a relatively high case fatality rate. The combination of these factors has resulted
in the disease being prominently discussed in the media around the world, and has generated a large amount of public interest. The question we are
addressing is what would possibly lead to an outbreak in Europe, and discussing the controls and surveillance presently employed.
Background of the virus
EVD is a disease predominantly affecting humans and other primates. It is caused by members of the Ebolavirus genus in the Filoviridae family,
which are single stranded RNA viruses. There are five species of Ebolavirus, with the current outbreak being caused by Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBV). The
different species vary in their fatality rates and geographical distributions (2).
The present outbreak began in a village called Guedecko (????) Guinea, with the disease quickly spreading to the capital, Conakry, as well

Essay on ebola informative speech
Manuscript
INTRODUCTION:
ATTENTION GRABBER: Imagine being isolated from your own family and feeling unsure as to whether or not you will ever see them again.
They do not want to come anywhere near you, for you are a threat to their health. The only visitors who come with in 10 feet of you are strangers in
full on protective gear. They do not want to expose the slightest bit of skin to you and you can not see anything besides their eyes. The world fears
what you are and no one wants to come close to you. You know death is near, and you are all alone.
TOPIC: Today I will tell you about the rare and deadly virus calledEbola.
PREVIEW: First, I will give you information about the virus itself. Secondly, I will talk about why ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SECOND POINT: Although an outbreak in America is highly unlikely, the fact that Ebola has been diagnosed on American soil brings fear to all.
Because of its infectiousness and long incubation period, and the banality of early symptoms, it can be difficult to track and contain. We also do not
have a cure for this disease, sure we have experimental drugs, but nothing official. The spread has been much quicker in this outbreak than others,
affecting both urban and rural areas. Usual protective measures to prevent the spread appear to be less effective in this epidemic. What ebola does
to the human body defies reason and is something like out of a horror movie, not a text book. Americans feel hopeless and vulnerable because
Ebola is here. The victim who flew from Liberia to Dallas, Texas on September 30th of this year did expose others and there is a risk of it spreading.
The Ebola virus is the most terrifying and least–understood virus known to man. We are witnessing the onset of a deadly mutation anticipated and
feared for almost four decades. Americans have watched fully informed and trained health care workers contract Ebola.
**3rd Transition** Now that we are aware of the amount of fear, and why there is so much of it, lets turn our attention to some methods of prevention.
THIRD POINT: There is no FDA approved vaccine currently available for Ebola. It is very important that everyone practices careful hygiene. Always
wash hands with soap and

Film Analysis: Surviving Ebola Disease
Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 2017), Ebola is a blood borne virus that is spread to
others through direct contact. Its symptoms include fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and
unexplained hemorrhage. There is no documented treatment for the Ebola disease. The best care for the Ebola disease is to provide intravenous fluids
(IV) and balancing electrolytes (body salts); maintain oxygen status and blood pressure and treating other infections if they occur. The best prevention
from the Ebola disease is to use universal precautions.
"Surviving Ebola" is a video documentary that is televised by the Public Broadcasting Service

The Ebola Virus
According to Cullinane and Park, "Hundreds of people are dead as the worst Ebola virus outbreak in history sweeps through West Africa" (Cullinane
& Park, 2014, para. 1). Spread of the potential health crisis known as Ebola can be decelerated by understanding it, learning how to treat it, and
quarantining. The Ebola virus causes a high–risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by
bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? section, para. 1). Medecins Sans Frontiers (2014) says, "It is a highly infectious virus that can kill
up to 90 percent of the people who catch it" ("Ebola Emergency", n.d.). Clearly, Ebola is a catastrophic virus which has gathered a lot of attention.
Slowing the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As reported by WHO, "If an outbreak among animals is suspected, the best practice is to quarantine the animals, cull the infected animals and bury or
incinerate the carcasses" (as cited by Lee, 2014, How can Ebola be prevented? section, para. 1). Also, the humans who have contracted Ebola should be
quarantined. Nevertheless, WHO reports, most cases are from human–to–human transmission (as cited by Lee, 2014, How can Ebola be prevented?
section, para. 2). Fortunately, the virus does not spread through the air (Mohney, 2014, How is it Transmitted? section, para. 2). An infected individual
should remain in their current location. There is a high risk in transporting an infected individual because of how easily the disease can

The Feverish Panic Summary
The Feverish Panic Escalated As you can tell from this sections title, a panic started once Ebola was found in the USA. This would seem unlikely
due to the fact that Ebola was first talked about spreading in Africa months before it was brought here. Americans didn't seem to care as much
until it as on their doorstep. Otherwise it is just another story that they hear about on the news, like terrorist jacking planes oversee, Ukraine being
invaded by Russians, or any other sad or bad coverage you can see cover. It seems like we as a people don't care until it becomes our problem, or
until we go stick our noses into someone else's business. This isn't as simple as Americans don't care, but it is more about how sensationalized we
are to a lot of news. Most very horrible stories or bad news just doesn't affect people as much anymore as it used too. Unless it sounds like an
apocalyptic event or horrible disease people don't care as much. Americans see so many bad things in movies and everyday in the news most just are
not affected by it. As the famous writer Susan D. Moeller wrote in her Book Compassion Fatigue: How the Media sell Disease, Famine, War and
Death, "Dire portraits are painted through relentless images and emotional language. A crisis is represented as posing a grave risk, not only to
humanity at large,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They tested this by having one undergraduate and one medical student. They listed 10 diseases with 5 of the diseases having been covered very
regularly in the media and the other 5 less commonly known. The test concluded that they listed the 5 diseases that was covered in the media was most
deadly even though they wasn't deadlier. The results were more surprising than what most would think. The medical student and undergraduate both
fall for it. It didn't matter the level of knowledge they had. The media has quite a large amount of influence on what people think about diseases and
recent

Taking On The Right Path
Staying on the right path in one's classes is fundamental as this is one of the most important times in education. Rewarding oneself is one out of the
many ways that students can accomplish this difficult, but crucial task. Assignments are to be completed in a timely and organized manner. It is
essential that students take the time to grow as writers and change the necessary details to improve their writing skills and adapt to the changing
atmosphere from high school to college. During ENC 1101, I am sure that students will undergo various ways of analyzing their writing process just
as I did. I learned plenty about my writing during this journey and now I am making changes to improve my process and to become the best writer to
my fullest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recording myself while writing was quite an awkward process that took some time adjusting to. As Murray describes it, "I have rarely felt so
completely trapped and so inadequate" (231). With the camera constantly recording, I felt as if someone was watching me relentlessly. I became
self–conscious, aware of every particular detail, in hopes that I would not be judged. After some time, I eventually forgot that the camera was there
and acted as I normally would. I learned certain characteristics about my writing process that perplexed the idea of how it even applied to me. Some of
the things I learned are incubation time, listening to music, kinetic sensations, and the location where I write.
Incubation is a period of time in which one dozes off or leaves their work and returns with great information to incorporate in their essay. According to
Berkenkotter "The flashes of discovery that follow periods of incubation (even brief ones) are unexpected, powerful and catalytic..." (225). In the
videos, I frequently stare at my computer screen for minutes at a time and suddenly, I am typing away a large amount of information. This has taught
me that spending time conceptualizing and allowing those ideas to immerse in one's mind can be one of the biggest parts of the writing process.

Ebola's Legacy Summary
The recently published article, "Ebola's Legacy: After the passing," discusses the decline in new cases of Ebola across West Africa as well as the long
term effects of the viral disease on recovering African countries. The article begins with the introduction of quite controversial preventive efforts made
by the governments of countries worst hit by the disease, in particular Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia, to deter the spread of Ebola. Many of these
preventative actions, such as conducted house–to–house searches in Sierra Leone and restricted public gather in Liberia, were often seen as limitations
on civil liberties by many in the affected communities (The Economist). The article goes on to shield light on the misbehavior of many political ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the already lack of "funding and trained teachers are scare in most countries," the abandonment of children in schools in affected countries will
only help to contribute to the already high illiteracy rate, "estimated at about 70 percent population the population across the continent" (Duiker 302).
With approximately 25% of children in this region currently not attending school, this percentage can only be expected to increase due to the normalcy
of children staying home instead of attending school as well as residual fear of another possible outbreak shared in communities (Smith 82).
Consequently, the percentage of children actively working in affected countries will continue to climb from the initial percentage of 28% as many
families are turning to their children for financial support in the household

Small Pox Essay
What is smallpox?
Smallpox is a serious infectious disease caused by the variola virus that is contagious. Since 1980, smallpox has been eliminated by vaccination.
Research is still being conducted today on smallpox.
Types of smallpox
There are four types of smallpox. These are: variola minor, variola major, hemorrhagic and malignant. Variola minor caused only 1% of deaths, while
variola major caused 90% of deaths. Hemorrhagic and malignant are very rare, but almost always cause death. These four types of smallpox are now all
eradicated today, but can be known separately.
How is smallpox spread?
Smallpox is an airborne disease. This means that it is spread by sneezing, coughing, sweat, infected clothing, and face–to–face contact. Smallpox ...
Like said above, the symptoms do not show up until after seven to 17 days. This period of time is called the incubation period. During these seven to 17
days, the disease has entered the body and is growing and multiplying without the carrier knowing. At this time, the infected person is not contagious.
Smallpox is silent, but when it makes its appearance, it is deadly. Following the incubation period, the patient takes a turn for the worse. A few days
later, red spots develop on your face, then on your hands, then on your neck. Soon they turn into blisters with pus in them. This worsens as the patient
forms painful, blister–like sores in your mouth that break open.
How is it treated?
There is no cure for smallpox, but the vaccination has kept the disease away for quite a long time. Also, the advance in cleanliness can help from the
spread of this disease. If an outbreak were to happen again, the vaccination would be key, along with antibiotics that could keep the disease from
getting out of hand.
Facts and Statistics
About 3 in every 10 people with smallpox die.
This is now a preventable vaccine and there has not been a national outbreak since 1949. The last naturally occurring smallpox infection was 1977 in

Ebola Virus Disease And Its Effects
Ebola Virus Disease is often referred to as a virus that causes severe bleeding, organ failure, and can lead to death. It was formally known as Ebola
hemorrhagic fever. Ebola can cause disease in humans and also in non–human species, such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Altogether,
information about Ebola Virus Disease will include: the background, transmission, symptoms and diagnosis, and treatment and prevention.
Ebola Virus Disease was given it 's name from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The disease first appeared in 1976 in two
outbreaks occurring simultaneously. One occurred in South Sudan and the other in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the Democratic
Republic of Congo it took place in a village near the Ebola River, hence its name. The most current outbreak in occurring in West Africa. Reports say
that it is the most complex and largest outbreak since it first appeared. This current outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease has had more deaths than all
other appearances of the disease combined. The most effected countries include Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. These countries have weakened
health systems and very limited resources. With limited resources it makes it extremely difficult to stop the spread of such diseases. Therefore, Ebola
appears in mainly in underdeveloped counties with limited resources and weak health systems.
The transmission of the Ebola Virus Disease occurs in many different ways. Transmission of

The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
The Ebola Virus disease (EVD) began at in December 2013 and was announced to the public at 23 March 2014 at Republic of Guinea, then to
Prefecture of Macenta , 80 km to the east .
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with blood, organs and other fluids of infected animals.
People who care for those infected with Ebola should wear protective clothing, including, gloves, gowns and goggles. Ebola experts say that no skin
should be exposed these measures should also be given to people who handle objects that are contaminatedby Ebola victim.
Symptoms usually begin with feeling tired, fever pain in the muscles and joints, headache, and sore throat. The fever is usually higher than 38 В°C.
This is often followed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People get diarrhoea and are so weak they cant make it to the lavatories so those who look after them are easily exposed to the virus "he says "These
3 little girls had taken their mums linel and clothing to wash, and they all got infected. One died, another nearly pulled through. Only one survived."
This implies that a way to stop Ebola is to keep a safe distance away from the victim. The word "exposed" indicates that you shouldn't go to near them
or you might get the virus.
W.H.O (World Health Organisation) is a big organisation and a very reliable source because it one of the many that has actually sent workers to help
stop Ebola. Dr Saran Tata Camara said "...if we tell that it is not easy to contract Ebola and that they can protect themselves if they respect rules, they
often understand" This shows that if they understand the concept of Ebola they find it easier to keep them selves from having

The Perspective Of Health And The Journey Of Man By Nina...
The Perspective of Health
Melody Means
California State University Fullerton
Health is a varying form of perspective, deeply rooted in an individual's upbringing and circumstance. Health is an end to which there are multiple and
different means. There are many different aspects that make up a person's life, and all of those aspects can be attributed to that individual's health. When
considering a person's health, other facts besides just scientific numbers and statistics– are important to take into account. Some of the largest
influential aspects of health are geographical heritage, cultural background, and an individual's own personal experience. All of these factors can aid in
the study of epidemiology.
Geographical heritage can play an important role in determining the physiological limits in which an individual can survive. According to Wiley &
Allen, often beneficial traits must be acquired that are referred to as adaptions, and they are specific to an environmental context (pg. 24). In the film,
The Journey of Man, Nina Jablonski describes how the Chuckchi people were able to adapt to their extremely cold environment in Siberia; by reducing
the amount of their body surface that was exposed to freezing temperatures. Internally, this adaption prevented their extremities from prevalent
conditions such as hypothermia or frostbite. The adaption also helped by reducing the amount of body heat that was released to the environment.
Externally, this

Preparation of Penicillin
IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Process Description
The classical penicillin production process is an aerobic fermentation in fed batch fermenters made with some Penicillium strains, usually Penicillium
chrysogenum (Nielson, 1997) that transforms substrates rich in carbohydrates into penicillin. As with other antibiotic production processes (Cunha et
al., 2002), the penicillin process operated at antibiotics involves four stages. The incubation of the culture strain provides the seed that grows in seed
fermenters until a stage of maturity is reached. Then, the seed is transferred to a final–stage fermenter. These fermenters are operated in fed–batch
mode under standard conditions in order to optimize the synthesis of penicillin. After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A moisture level of 23В± 1% is suitable for 100 gm rice flask. The amount of water to be added is calculated as under 23% –x% = Z ml
Water to be added to the flask=Y+Z ml to compensate water loss.
Amount of inoculum taken = 2ml
Total volume of water required = Y+Z – 2ml
To be added/flask = C ml
Average valve of 'C 'for the entire flask is considered as the water to be added per flask.
Inoculum of colony on rice
Selected colonies are picked one by one from LCSA plate separately into a pre–sterilized tube containing 1– 2 ml sterile water. Macerate the colony by
pre–sterilized 5ml pipette in the side walls of the tube without touching the bottom of the test tube. The above suspension is inoculated as each colony
into rice flask; mix gently so that the spore suspension is uniformly distributed over the rice grains. Cover the flask with plug with sterilized gauze.
Incubate for 13 days in thermostatic chamber at 25ВєcВ± 2 Вєc and RH 6В±5%

Shake each flask on 3rd, 6th, 9th day of incubation so as to facilitate re–absorption of the moisture from the inner walls of the flask.
Harvesting of rice
Prepare 0.05% of Tween–60, 200 ml per flask the 12th day of incubation. On the 13th day observe each flask for any abnormal growth and
contaminants. Pore aseptically 200 ml of sterile 0.05% Tween–60 solution in each flask. Shake each flask

Modern World : A Global Epidemic
Advancements in our modern world are often viewed in a positive light; however, this growth and development can have a dark side to it – further
brought out in devastating medical outbreaks such as pandemics. A pandemic is a global epidemic affecting an exceptionally high portion of the
population, further highlighted through human fear and stigma surrounding these infectious diseases (Downs, 2005). Roughly three of every four
emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic diseases, both Ebola and HIV fall into this category (Wolfe et al., 2005). HIV is believed to have originated
from a species of chimpanzees in west equatorial Africa, and exposed to humans through contact with infectious blood while hunting. The first reported
case was in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DNA viruses are less prone to mutations during replication because of a key feature of DNA Polymerase allowing for the ability of proofreading
during DNA replication. This allows for us to create vaccinations against such viruses, severely limiting its devastating effect on large portions of
populations. In contrast, RNA viruses are more prone to mutations because they do not have a repair mechanism. This can give rise to several strains of
the virus as viruses replicate at very fast rates, ultimately making it much more difficult to develop protection and prevention mechanisms. Often times,
the original RNA sequence that you were infected with is not the one that continues to affect you. Even more specific, there are different types of RNA
viruses – specifically retroviruses.
HIV is a retrovirus and it differs from normal RNA viruses because they contain an enzyme known asreverse transcriptase. This enzyme transcribes an
RNA template into DNA, opposite of what normally occurs in a replication cycle (Reece et al., 2014). There is viral DNA produced through this
method; which then invades the nucleus of the cell and combines itself into the DNA of a chromosome. This differs from the typical process, as it is
a multistep process; contrary to the single step mechanism of incorporating mRNA into host cells to produce viral proteins (MCRH). HIV is a
retrovirus and has a much more complex viral replication, compared to the

Ebola Virus Disease Lab Report
Purpose
To determine if African migrants should be permitted to enter Canada given the current outbreak of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) in regions of Africa.
Issue
EVD is a serious, infectious and often fatal hemorrhagic fever that is found in both humans and animals. EVD is commonly fatal when untreated
because it affects the vascular system leading to internal bleeding and organ failure (CNN, 2014). The current outbreak of EVD is the worst in
history and has already killed hundreds (CNN, 2014); it is estimated that there will be a massive increase in EVD if efforts to curb the outbreak are
not taken (USA Today, 2014). Migrants coming to Canada from heavily infected regions may pose a significant risk.
Background
The first EVD outbreaks were in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan
There are five different strains of the Ebola virus causing illness in humans; the current outbreak in west Africa is thought to be the most deadly Zaire
strain
Ebola virus originated in wild animals; it is spread by animal–to–human and human–to–human contact with infected bodily fluids, internal organs and
contaminated objects
Countries most heavily infected have very weak health systems and lack key resources
EVD cases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was declared that this outbreak is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and the need for financial aid and sufficient health care is
essential in the struggle to gain control (WHO, 2014). Due to the infectious nature of the disease, a potentially lengthy incubation period, and symptoms
that are common of other infectious diseases, it is very challenging to detect who is infected with EDV (WHO, 2014). These circumstances make
diagnosis difficult and increase the risk that infected parties may enter Canada and expose the countries inhabitants to

The outbreak of the dreaded Ebola virus is something that has brought great fear and anxieties on citizens of affected countries and the world in
general especially since it was exported from Liberia to the most populous city in Africa, Lagos, Nigeria. Efforts are still being made to come up with a
lasting cure for this disease. Meanwhile, it is very vital for all to co–operate with all efforts geared towards stopping the spread of this disease. It was
reported during the week that an Ebola center was attacked last Saturday in Liberia, which made the Ebola patients to flee for safety. The attackers, it
was reported, stole the mattresses and other equipment used for caring for the patients. It was heartwarming though that that despite the attack, some of
the patients decided to stay in the Ebola center. These patients must be commended for their cooperation. They obviously recognized the fact that if
they run into the town, their action may expose more citizens to the risk of contacting the Ebola virus and this is the right attitude everyone one must
imbibe. For the ones that run for their safety, health workers made efforts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was privilege to attend a training organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in connection with the Ebola epidemic and it was revealed to
participants that due to the Ebola virus outbreak the Osun State government has decided that the Osun–Osoogbo festival event will be a low–keyed one
for 2014. It has been restricted to only residents of Osun to reduce the crowed and that participants in the festival will not be allowed to deep
themselves into the river this year. For the government, this is a step in the right direction. It is however vital for those who will be involved in the
festival to co–operation with this

Understanding The Evolution, Life History, And Aids,...
Ebola and HIV
Ebola, and AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, are both dangerous zoonotic diseases that originated in Sub–Saharan Africa. AIDS, the
result of HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, has been an ongoing pandemic for decades. Meanwhile, the first Ebola case was recognized in the
1976 and has incurred severe sporadic outbreaks but has been controlled (Rajak, 2015). While both rapidly mutating RNA viruses, several key factors
have allowed AIDS, to become a worldwide pandemic while Ebola has been controlled at present (Calmy, 2015). Understanding the evolution, life
history, and the socio–economic factors that affect the proliferation of each disease allows us to understand how they arose when they did and why
Ebola is controlled and AIDS isn't.
To start, Ebola and HIV are both zoonotic RNA viruses that underwent evolution and mutation to emerge from the jungle and morph into the deadly
diseases they are today. It is thought that Ebola originated in Africa fruit bats, and was transmitted to humans for the first time through contact with
bodily fluids from the bats, either as blood or saliva. Transmission to humans most often occurs through hunting and preparation of infected bushmeat,
or consumption of fruit contaminated with bat saliva. This was made possible because of human encroachment on natural areas and bat habitats
(Alexander, 2015). Once present in the human population more hosts allowed for extensive mutation. This is because RNA viruses use RNA

Ebola Informative Speech
Jeffery Reid
Instructor: Mrs. McCree
Course: Comm 2200 Sec # 2200–048
Date: 10/26/2014
Speech title: Ebola: The New Plague
Specific Purpose: My purpose for this speech is to inform my audience about Ebola in West Africa and show parallelism between the reception of aid
and treatment between underdeveloped and developed countries.
Central Idea Statement: My Central ideas will focus on the history of the disease, what exactly the disease is, and the affects the illness has had on West
Africa vs. developed countries like The United States.
Introduction
I. Attention: The Ebola virus is an epidemic that is a global threat to not only our health but to life, as we know it, which in turn, if left unchecked could
eventually become a plague on humanity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ebola is starting to take its toll on the economy of African Countries with outbreaks.
A. The flow of goods across the continent is declining due to increase fear of traders carrying the disease.
1. There has been a drop in tourism and the suspension of commercial flights to West African cities as well as Nairobi, a continental hub. (Bausch)
2. The current outbreak is so severe that the IMF is now warning that stricken countries could need emergency assistance. (Bausch)
3. Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone have all been burning holes in their finances. (Bausch)
B. The epidemic is also affecting countries growth rates.
1. The World Bank and the IMF says that epidemic will shave a whole percentage off Guinea's growth rate, bringing it down to 3.5%(Bausch)
2. Businesses are shutting down, people aren't working, and kids aren't going to school causing crisis and widespread panic.
C. Though Ebola has made its way to the U.S. we have the resources to stop widespread outbreaks unlike West African Countries.
1. A trial drug is already being distributed on those being treated in the

The Spread of Ebola
Viruses have become of great concern all across the world in the last few decades. The virus Ebola has gained tremendous amounts of public and
national attention. It is thought that Ebola's effect on humans is restricted to. Viruses that kill people in large masses is a major threat to mankind.
The only way to find a cure for Ebola is through our use of science and technology. Ebola has been starting to become a worldwide issue for the last
few months but the fact is that Ebola has been around for years. It's just that people didn't know or care about it as it was in Africa. Now that is has
come to the United States of America it has become a worldwide issue.
The incubation period, which is also known as the amount of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no positive explanation as to how the virus is spread. When the virus is infects humans it causes fevers and other effect. Being able to
isolate the virus in one location can make the termination of the virus much easier. The best way to stop the virus from spreading is to study it and
that is what the CDC (Center for Disease Control) and the WHO (World Health Organization) are doing. Unfortunately, the scientist and doctors
/nurses that are trying to stop the spread of the virus and those who are close with the victims are those people that have the greatest chance of
being infected. Ebola may have infected only to approximately 7000 people but if the virus keeps growing and spreading around the world it will
become a huge problem just like HIV and AIDS. The world doesn't need more problems to solve. Ebola is still pretty small, so we can try to find the
problem right now and stop it from making it a bigger

Ebola Outbreak
The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) just got worse. In what the World Health Organization's top response official is
calling a "game changer" event, one case has now been confirmed in Mbandaka–a city of 1.2 million people about 150 kilometers from the rural
rainforest area where the other confirmed Ebola cases have been found.
The country has been grappling with 44 reported cases, three of which have been confirmed. Another 20 of these cases have been categorized as
probable, and 21 are suspected. At least 23 of these individuals have died, according to the latest WHO figures.
The Geneva–based Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, a public–private partnership that has purchased 300,000 doses of the experimental Ebola vaccine ...
Luckily there are good transport and portable transfer tools to do that. It can be used for a couple of weeks at normal, refrigerated settings on the
field–but that's a challenge, too, [because electricity can be unreliable]. Getting teams together who will ensure there is informed consent is a challenge
as well.
The vaccine only works against one of the most common strains of the Ebola virus–the one apparently circulating in the DRC. Is there concern about
this strain mutating in a way that would render the vaccine unhelpful, and are there any genome–sequencing efforts ongoing in real time to track the
viral changes?
Right now people are trying to figure out what is going on there. I don't think any real–time genome sequencing is going on right now, and you have to
understand this is one of the most isolated places on Earth–which means things have to be delivered by helicopter and boat.
Are you preemptively sending vaccine doses to neighboring

Ebola Virus Epidemic Analysis
The Ebola virus epidemic has been one of the most significant outbreaks in 2014. Ebola has caught the attention of many, for the infection is
life–threatening. Obtaining knowledge about the disease is imperative. There are numerous symptoms, risks, material on the subject and ways to
prevent Ebola. The malignant virus affects society greatly, yet there are various precautions that can be taken to secure yourself. Although the virus
became such an impact on recent events, Ebola originated several years prior. The virus was discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River Valley in Zaire.
The infection was named after the river nearby but the location is now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "The WHO director–general
declared the West African outbreak a public health emergency of international concern under the International Health Regulation" (Ebola Outbreak).
Since then, many cases have appeared sporadically and have left many in fear. Two imported cases were reported in the U.S. but precautions are
being taken to prevent the virus from spreading frantically. Ebola, previously known as a hemorrhagic fever, is a deadly disease... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
People remain infectious as long as they have blood that contains the virus. As the virus spreads through the body, it can cause levels of blood–clotting
cells to drop and lead to severe and uncontrollable bleeding. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in outbreaks (Ebola VD). Determining
if Ebola in a person who has been infected for a few days is difficult due to nonspecific early symptoms. If the transmission is possible, the patient
should be isolated and the public health professionals should be aware. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptom treatment improves survival.
The virus has various symptoms that could lead to any diagnosis and should take matters

In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella,...
In order to isolate bacteriophage specific for Salmonella, we will following procedures below. Firstly, we will inoculate 5 mL tryptic soy broth with
Salmonella. Then we touch a colony of Salmonella by using a sterile needle and transfer it to the tube consisting LB broth. After that, we incubate the
culture overnight at 37oC. The next day, we will inoculate another tube with 4.5 mL of water sample that we take from poultry farm nearby that we
suspect as source of Salmonella contamination on the squid water farm. We also add 0.5 mL of overnight Salmonella culture and 0.5 mL of 10X
tryptic soy broth. The mixture will be incubate for about 24 to 48 hours at 37oC. During this incubation period, we expect phage in water sample will
be able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A confluent lawn of bacteria will appear covering the agar. The phage will infect and kill the bacteria in the center of the plate. This will creates a
visible region of zero bacteria or also known as plaque. Characterization of bacteriophage.
The next step is by extract individual plaque from the overlay agar medium by using a pipette. The plaque expected to contain specific bacteriophage
against Salmonella. So, the extracted plaque will undergo several re–culture processes with Salmonella. After we get the phages, we need to do
characterization by examine their morphology and doing staining process. In this case, we use negative staining. In negative staining, we will place
a single drop of nigrosin on a clean microscope slide. By applying aseptic technique, we will transfer a little bit of our phage from the plaque and
mix it into the drop of nigrosin on the slide. Another microscope slide will be used to spread out the drop into a film. Air dry the film and observe the
slide under microscope according to correct techniques.
High purity of bacteriophage preparation can be obtained by using ion–exchange chromatography, high–speed centrifugation and other modern
purification. Besides, we also can use advanced purification techniques to purify phages and to ensure that they are free form unwanted bacteria. We
will determine the viability and titer of phages before using them therapeutically.
Laboratory testing on effect of

The closing of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa has brought attention to the successes and failures of the attempts to contain that disease. The
disease which has a limited ability to be spread stressed the ability of health agencies to contain it. One of the most important lessons learned from
the outbreak is that there needs to be a better response to a disease outbreak on hand before the outbreak starts. More virulent epidemics on the
scale of the 1919 influenza outbreak or bioterror event using something like smallpox would have overwhelmed the world's response to Ebola.
The outbreak of the disease caught the world unprepared to respond to the disease quickly. The time it took to mobilize resources to fight the
disease allowed it to entrench in the population and made it harder to fight. The lack of basic health services in large parts of the world allows diseases
like Ebola to spread due to a lack of early warning. Primary health care services, laboratories and critical care facilities are necessary to alert the world
that an outbreak of a dangerous disease is ongoing. In addition... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Local nations could have mobilized health care workers and moved them into the infected regions at the first sign of the disease to combat its
spread. Volunteers from the region were slow in coming. One of the main sources of doctors came from Medicins sans Fronteres which moved faster
than governments to combat the disease. An international agency with a supply of doctors, nurses and laboratory workers should be created and be
ready to respond to an outbreak whenever and wherever it occurs. They should be equipped with all they need to move into a region and begin
operations within a week. This would also include airlift capacity to move the resources into the region. The fight against Ebola in WestAfrica relied on
U.S. and U.K. military flights to bring doctors into the

Similarities Between Bacterial Infections And Viral Fevers
Disease has become the most common threat to mankind in the past 20 years, with scientists believing that with the world becoming more familiar
with both unnatural and natural disasters that disease will only rise. (Jasparro.C, Johnson–Freese.J, 2014) (WHO, 2014). It can be categorized into two
main species; bacterial infections and viral fevers. The two genera pose as the largest risks to humanity due to both having the ability to be contracted
through various types of transmission and cannot be treated without serious and specified medical aid. (Messenger, Ali. M, Barnes, Amber. N, Gray,
Gregory C, 2014). This review will discuss a number of studies specifically in the genetic composition of both diseases and how each attacks the body,
the approaches involved in what makes Ebola not only diverse from bacterial infections, though other types of diseases in general, and will briefly
discuss what the similarities between bacterial infections and viral fevers are.
The Ebola virus is one of few viruses labelled into the haemorrhagic fever Filoviridae and is classified as an RNA viral fever. Consequently, word filo
originates from the Latin meaning threadlike which structurally explains the physical appearance. (Weissenhorn, W. Dessen. A Calder, L. Harrison, S.
Skehel, Wiley, D. C. Molecular, 1999). Due to the highly pathogenic nature of the virus, the Filoviridae is associated with two main species; the
Marburg–like virus and the Ebola–like virus. The Ebola virus is

Ebola Spread

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