The document provides advice for writing assignments for courses 271.151 and 271.152 on communication and swallowing disorders. It discusses researching and referencing sources, overall structure, and assignment questions. For 271.151, students must define and discuss the theoretical and practical impacts of a condition on speech production and the skills needed to work with related disorders. For 271.152, students must explain how speech language therapists can incorporate the Treaty of Waitangi and cultural aspects into practice with Māori families.

1. ASSIGNMENT WRITING
ADVICE FOR 271.151 / 152
CENTRE FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING ctlalb@massey.ac.nz
Slides are available at: tinyurl.com/271151and2

2. CONTENTS
Research & referencing
Advice about 271.152
Advice about 271.151
Structure
Research & referencing
Structure
Assignment question
Assignment question

3. ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
for 271.151

4. Introduction: Definition, prevalence or incidence of the condition in NZ
Theoretical discussion of the impact of the condition on systems of speech
production (references and specific and correct anatomical terminology required)
Practical discussion of the impact of the condition on systems of speech production:
Refer to the Youtube clips you have observed (references not required).
Personal discussion of the skills you think you would need to develop in order to
work effectively with communication and swallowing disorders secondary to the
condition? (references not required).
Brief conclusion
1200 – 1500 words

5. RESEARCH &
REFERENCING

6. Andrews, S. C., Staios, M., Howe, J., Reardon, K., & Fisher, F. (2017). Multimodal
emotion processing deficits are present in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Neuropsychology, 31(3), 304-310. doi:10.1037/neu0000323
blah, blah, blah (Andrews, Staios, Howe, Reardon, & Fisher, 2017).
Reference
First citation
If cited again
blah, blah, blah (Andrews et al., 2017).

7. OVERALL STRUCTURE

8. Introduction (1 paragraph)
Theoretical discussion (3 - 4 paragraphs)
Practical discussion (2 - 3 paragraphs)
Personal discussion (2 paragraphs)
Brief conclusion (1 paragraph)
Keep paragraphs to about six sentences each
Begin with a topic sentence, which covers the main point of the whole paragraph

9. ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
for 271.152

10. As a Speech and Language Therapist in Aotearoa/ New
Zealand you will at times need to work in a bi-cultural
setting. The Treaty of Waitangi is a founding document
that guides practice as a Speech and Language
Therapist.
Explain how a speech and language therapist may
incorporate the Treaty of Waitangi into practice when
working with whanau Maori and what cultural aspects
need to be taken into consideration. (2000 words)

11. Content
• Explanation of the Treaty of Waitangi & Treaty Principles
• Explanation of cultural aspects
• Application to SLT practice
Writing
• Introduction, conclusion, flow of essay
• Spelling, grammar and formatting
Assessment Criteria

12. RESEARCH &
REFERENCING

13. Referencing online sources
1. First consider their credibility (e.g. Is it by a
reputable organisation or expert?).
2. Then, if you are going to use an online source,
look for the name of the author and date of
publication somewhere on the webpage. If
there’s no named author, use the institution as
the author. If there’s no date, use (n.d.).
3. Even if the website provides ‘how to reference
this’ advice, don’t rely on it; it may need to be
revised to fit APA 6th style.

14. Orange, C. (2012). The Treaty of Waitangi.
Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/treaty-
of-waitangi
Example A: How would you reference a webpage,
based on this information given at the bottom of
the page:
How to cite this page:
Claudia Orange. 'Treaty of Waitangi', Te Ara - the
Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 9-Nov-12
URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/treaty-of-waitangi

15. Archives New Zealand, Te Rua Mahara o te
Kāwanatanga. (2014). Treaty of Waitangi - Te
Tiriti o Waitangi. Retrieved from
http://archives.govt.nz/exhibitions/treaty
Example B: How would you reference this
webpage, from which you’ve gathered various bits
of information:
Treaty of Waitangi - Te Tiriti o Waitangi
Archives New Zealand, Te Rua Mahara o te Kāwanatanga
Crown Copyright 2014
http://archives.govt.nz/exhibitions/treaty

16. Kingi, K. R. (2006). The Treaty of Waitangi and Maori health. A Paper
presented at the Te Mata o te Tau lunchtime lecture series, Massey
University, Wellington, New Zealand.
Example C: How would you reference this
webpage, based on this information on the title
page of a document found on the Massey
University website?
THE TREATY OF WAITANGI AND MĀORI HEALTH
Te K. R. Kingi, Te Pumanawa Hauora, School of Māori Studies, Massey
University, WELLINGTON
A Paper Presented at the Te Mata o te Tau Lunchtime
Lecture Series. March 2 2006

17. Example D: You’d like to use the following extract from the
Kingi article in your essay. How do you go about it?
Additionally, the Tribunal focuses on the “principles” or
“spirit” of the Treaty as opposed to the actual text.
The use of “principles” was designed to avoid the obvious
problem of having two different versions of the Treaty, but
also provided a more flexible framework for the
interpretation of Treaty related concerns and obligations.
Whereas in the past the Treaty had been applied to
physical resources, such as land, forest, and fisheries, the
principles were broader and therefore not as restrictive.
Summarising from a source

18. 1. Avoid quoting too much. Generally, only quote
definitions of key concepts. In all other cases,
summarise in your own words.
2. Summarise methodically by:
1. selecting key ideas.
2. writing short notes in your own words.
3. closing the original text.
4. expanding notes into sentences – either
integrating the authors into the sentence or
putting them in brackets at the end.

19. Step 1: Highlight key ideas
Additionally, the Tribunal focuses on the “principles” or “spirit”
of the Treaty as opposed to the actual text.
The use of “principles” was designed to avoid the obvious
problem of having two different versions of the Treaty, but also
provided a more flexible framework for the interpretation of
Treaty related concerns and obligations. Whereas in the past
the Treaty had been applied to physical resources, such as
land, forest, and fisheries, the principles were broader and
therefore not as restrictive.
Step 2: Turn these into short notes in your own words
Principles – avoid difficulties arising from discrepancies
between two versions of the Treaty
more flex. broader. not just related to physical resources

20. Step 3: Close the original document
Step 4: Expand your short notes into sentences
Principles – avoid difficulties arising from discrepancies
between two versions of the Treaty
more flex. broader. not just related to physical resources
As Kingi (2006) points out, the formulation of Treaty Principles
avoided difficulties arising from discrepancies between the
different versions of the Treaty and created broad, practical
guidelines which can be applied to a wide range of contexts
and practices.

21. Example E: You’d like to use this explanation of cultural safety
from a Nursing Council publication. How do you go about it?
The nurse delivering the nursing service will have undertaken a
process of reflection on his or her own cultural identity and will
recognise the impact that his or her personal culture has on his
or her professional practice. Unsafe cultural practice comprises
any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the
cultural identity and well being of an individual.
Quoting from a source
Details of the publication from the website:
Guidelines for Cultural Safety, the Treaty of Waitangi and Maori
Health in Nursing Education and Practice
Nursing Council of New Zealand, PO Box 9644, Wellington 6011
www.nursingcouncil.org.nz First published March 2005
Last amended July 2011 © Nursing Council of New Zealand 2011
ISBN 978-0-908662-38-8

22. Step 1: Strip away the ‘leaves’ and ‘twigs’ leaving just the
cherry
The nurse delivering the nursing service will have undertaken a
process of reflection on his or her own cultural identity and will
recognise the impact that his or her personal culture has on his
or her professional practice. Unsafe cultural practice comprises
any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the
cultural identity and well being of an individual.
Step 2: Put the cherry in your bowl
In order to ensure cultural safety, practitioners need to be
aware of how their own culture may affect those in their care,
in order to avoid “any action which diminishes, demeans or
disempowers the cultural identity and well being of an
individual” (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2011, p. 7).

23. Which source to cite?
You’ll find Treaty Principles, the Whare Tapa Wha model etc
mentioned in many different books, articles, websites etc.
So which source do you cite when you mention it in your
essay?
Generally, cite the original creator of models, concepts, theories
and the book or article in which it first appeared in. For instance:
Durie, M. H. (1994). Whaiora: Māori health development.
Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
Royal Commission on Social Policy. (1988). The April report.
Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Alternatively, refer to a book or academic journal article which
refers to it. For instance:
Kingi, T. R. (2007). The Treaty of Waitangi: A framework for Māori
health development. New Zealand Journal of Occupational
Therapy, 54(1), 4-10

24. OVERALL STRUCTURE

25. PARAGRAPH PLANNING
So for this essay, start off with a rough plan for:
10 - 15 paragraphs
Average words per paragraph: 100 – 200 (in other
words four to eight sentences)
Word limit: 2000 words

26. How do you create a paragraph plan?
Step 1: Set aside one paragraph each for the introduction
and conclusion. You can worry about those later!
Step 2: Identify the parts to the question.
• The Treaty of Waitangi & Treaty Principles
• Cultural aspects
• Application to SLT practice
Step 3: Decide on a model, made up of different parts, that
you can use as an overall framework for most of the body of
your essay. For instance:
• Treaty Principles
• Whare Tapa Wha

27. Step 4: Allocate paragraphs to each part of the framework
you’ve chosen – for instance
Example Paragraph Plan 1
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Treaty (1 paragraph)
Treaty Principles (1 paragraph)
Whare Tapa Wha (1 paragraph)
Taha tinana (2 paragraphs)
Taha wairua (2 paragraphs)
Taha whanau (2 paragraphs)
Taha hinengaro (2 paragraphs)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
Each of these sections
would first explain the
concept (and any related
Maori concepts) and then
apply it to a particular
aspect of SLT practice

28. Example Paragraph Plan 2
Introduction (1 paragraph)
Treaty (1 paragraph)
Treaty Principles (1 paragraph)
Protection (2 paragraphs)
Partnership (2 paragraphs)
Participation (2 paragraphs)
Conclusion (1 paragraph)
As with plan 1, each of
these sections would first
explain the concept (and
any related Maori
concepts – and then
apply it to particular
aspects of SLT practice

29. AN INTRODUCTION
PARAGRAPH
… puts the issue into a context that shows why
it’s both important and problematic
... includes a brief definition / explanation
of the topic
... briefly summarises the purpose of the
essay
... presents the main argument of the essay
in a thesis statement

30. A CONCLUSION
PARAGRAPH
… rephrases the thesis statement
... summarises the key points in each section
... comments briefly on the implications for the
present or future (eg for people entering the SLT
profession)

31. © 2018
This PowerPoint Presentation and the accompanying
handouts are copyrighted by Centre for Teaching and
Learning, Massey University and may not be used, except
for personal study, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
References and arguments are provided for illustration of writing principles
only – not for their content!
Slides are available at: tinyurl.com/271151and2