Northern New England Tableau User Group (TUG) May 2024
Defining Great Places: Using data-driven storytelling to unlock the power of place
1. I have a confession to make.
I was asked to come here today because
people have come to think of me as the
methods girl, a data geek, a methodholic.
But actually, I'm a placeoholic
Methods, data, definition, rationalism, are just
my drugs of choice I use to feed my place
addiction
I very much embrace the notion that
If you cannot measure it, it doesn't exist
but not for the sake of measurement itself'
but for the sake of changing it
for the sake of convincing other people to
change it
for the sake of communicating the value of
urban design
But I didn't start out this way.
Defining Great Places
Using data-driven storytelling to
unlock the power of place
TM
Mariela Alfonzo, Ph.D.
Founder, State of Place TM
Research Assistant Professor, NYU
OU Institute for Quality Communities
Placemaking Conference, March 21st, 2015
2. This is my hometown - westchester
meeyame
Where my most exhilarating memory is
playing an ersatz game of frogger
as i tightroped down pencil thin
sidewalks
dogging cars as I crossed strip-mall
lined highways masquerading as
streets
all to get to a chicken teriyaki sub.
Growing up in Miami - especially as a
carless teenager sucked.
7. This was our best hope for place
I always say the best place to find
Miami's soul is within a tired strip mall
along an otherwise placeless artery at
the famous Versailles café.
8. This is the typical scene outside of the
Versailles Café window – la ventanita –
where all the Cubans gather around
talking about their heydays on the
island.
9. I don't blame them, I'd miss this place too.
Miamians – Cuban exiles or otherwise – are obviously starving for place; creating it out of whatever they can.
But what miami lacked in place, I made up for in passion
Ironically, I owe my intimate understanding of the power of place, or lack thereof, to Miami.
I desperately wanted to fix Miami, to help create place
I thought if you could only convince people, show them the power of place…its value…that things could change. Even
then I was convinced better places did better, all around.
I just needed to find a way to prove that to people.
for a while, I thought I would do that as an architect
I had studied psychology as an undergrad but had always been interested in design as a way to create solutions to
problems - guess that's what drew me to psychology too
but as a grad student in architecture, I was too much of a social scientist. I was less focused on the nuts and bolts of
design and more on the question -- how will this make people feel? what has been done in the past that has been
successful in producing an emotion, in facilitating a behavior...
I left architecture school as I didn't feel I was being trained to answer those questions, those questions that were most
important to me.
I was so confused. My friends joked with me – well, you could design houses for psychologists or psychoanalyze architects.
Yeah, thanks, great help!
So needing to make some money, I took a temporary detour, working at a global advertising agency. But my very first
day there, I hated it. It was quarter to 5 and no one seemed to be getting ready to go. Um, wait, what? This job is from 9
to 6, not 9 to 5? And effectively, more like 9 to 7 or 8? I don't get to be creative? I don't get to solve problems? 5 minutes
into this major life crisis, I typed into Yahoo, as this preceded the Google days, "psychology" and "architecture" and I
found a woman who had a Phd in Psychology and a Masters in Architecture. Yes, I wasn't crazy - there are other people
out there that want to "fix" places as a vehicle to "fix" people.
One year later, I was a first year PhD student at UC Irvine clamoring for research experience.
10. I began working with a team
evaluating the Safe Routes to School
program in California. It was in that
project that I first dipped my toe into
the world of methods. It was the first
time that I had heard the term
"walkability" and the first time I had
thought about health as it related to
the power of place. We evaluated 16
schools across the state using an urban
design audit tool that measured about
20 built environment features, like
sidewalks and road width. But we
encountered so many more urban
design issues that children were
battling with on an everyday basis just
to get to school
2
12. Maintenance1
a. Abandoned buildings are absent Y N N/A_________________
b. Seriously run-down buildings, lots are absent Y N N/A_________________
c. Vacant lots are absent Y N N/A_________________
d. Visible graffiti is absent Y N N/A_________________
13. Type of people1
a. “Undesirable” people are absent Y N N/A_________________
14. Type of land uses1
a. “Undesirable” land uses are absent Y N N/A _________________
15. Number of pedestrians
a. # of pedestrians on segment (NOT people at home) _________________
D. ACTUAL TRAFFIC SAFETY (observers do 16-20 together)
16. Road capacity
a. Number of lanes of traffic (for length of segment) _________________
17. Street width
a. Street width at 1st
corner, in feet _________________
18. Segment length
a. Length of segment from one end to the other, in feet _________________
19. Sidewalk width
a. Sidewalk width at 1st
corner, in feet _________________
20. Turning radii
a. Turning radii at 1st
corner (soft/med/hard) _________________
21. Intersections
a. Number of marked crosswalks originating from segment _______ of ______
b. (If 4 or more lanes of traffic)Traffic signal present* Y N N/A_________________
c. Number of stop signs at intersections for segment _______ of ______
22. The following traffic calming features are present:
a. traffic circles Y N N/A_________________
b. curb bulb-outs Y N N/A_________________
c. speed bumps, humps, or tables Y N N/A_________________
d. cul de sac or street closing Y N N/A_________________
e. median Y N N/A_________________
f. paving treatment at crosswalk Y N N/A_________________
23. The following urban design features associated with
liveliness are present:
a. Street trees Y N N/A_________________
b. Mixed land uses Y N N/A_________________
c. Public space Y N N/A _________________
d. Street furniture Y N N/A _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1
Write explanation for all “No’s” in this question.
11. Overgrown bushes making an already
tiny 3ft sidewalk effectively unusable,
forcing kids to walk along the road or
do a balancing act on the one-foot
wide sidewalk curb
12. Or in other cases forcing them to step over the
barricade that was placed between the sidewalk
and the road to purportedly "keep people safe."
I realized that this was the early days of measuring
urban design – it was 2001
but I knew we were not capturing so much that
mattered to our perceptions, safety, behavior...
I also began to realize that the whole of urban
design was bigger than the sum of its parts.
I became obsessed with understanding what
influenced people's decisions to walk. I got a lot of
personal practice at this, as I didn't have a car for
my first two years in SoCal. I have seen it all – well, I
thought so until I started working in China – but
that’s a whole other talk!
I couldn't get out of my own head. every time I took
a step, I took copious mental notes about the
design features that were influencing me - the
setbacks, the height of the buildings, the trees, the
views, the colors, the windows, the smells.
13. I thought about Malibu’s beautiful but
sidewalk-less landscapes
14. I thought about Irvine’s beautiful yet
useless sidewalks abutting the
uttermost boring of cookie cutter
shopping plazas
15. I thought about the older parts of LA
that had great bones but didn’t feel
quite safe or inviting as a pedestrian
20. That’s when I wrote the hierarchy of walking needs – my aim was to organize all these different
elements of urban design that mattered based on what was most fundamental for a walk to
occur, starting with accessibility (having somewhere to walk on and to), perceived safety from
crime (not feeling like you were going to be in danger), pedestrian comfort (not feeling like you
were going to get run over/feeling like you belonged as a pedestrian), and finally pleasurability
(the things that made a walk interesting and enjoyable).
I argued that in most cases, you needed to address the most fundamental needs first – think of
Irvine, as an example, in which many of the streets were quite aesthetically pleasing, but you
had no real reason to walk on them in terms of getting to a destination).
THE HIERARCHY OF WALKING NEEDS
21. My aim was to provide a framework for those studying the links between
urban design and physical activity – to encourage people to analyze built
environment features as a composite of various urban design dimensions, the
way they occurred in real life, instead of just evaluating the impacts of single
features, like sidewalks. My goal was to indeed produce a better
methodology…
I had begun to become the methods girl
But it wasn't until the Irvine Minnesota Inventory that I got the opportunity to
really geek out.
With funding from Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through Active Living
Research, we were tasked to establish an objective built environment audit
tool that would allow researchers to test the relationship between urban
design and health.
We visited dozens of neighborhoods. My job was to literally jot down every
possible item you could think of that would influence our choices to walk –
ironically enough, I had to buy a car to do so! I remember driving through
Barstow and thinking, oh, yeah, a jail. That might impact our decision to
walk…It didn’t make it to the final version though!
Throughout this process, I combed through
22. The good
Dynamic public plazas encased by engaging
retail within buildings full of character
23. Organized chaos, with various forms of
mobility living side by side, that prioritized the
pedestrian
28. The provision of bicycle infrastructure,
How a couple of chairs and tables transform
streets into buzzing centers of activity
You know those people are having fun and that
feeling is infectious – that’s what amazing
about just going for a walk in a city filled with
places
49. And finally, the ugly.
I think this was the no-turning back point for
me. I officially became that girl who could not
help but indulge in incessant commentary
about the built environment and the public
realm every time she stepped foot outside –
and mostly framed as what needed to be fixed!
I call it advanced people-watching (a al William
Whyte); it’s the one key skill I try to impart
onto my urban design students. But if you’re
not an urbanist…ah, my poor fiancé. Bless his
heart. The funniest thing is I’ve caught him
now several times starting a sentence with
“From an urban design perspective…” Yes! I’ve
done my job. We do try to incorporate some
non-urban spots when we go on vacation for
both our sakes! I have a lot less to say about
fields and mountains!
50. So in the end, we identified 241 items and
after reliability testing, 162 ended up in the
original IMI.
It was GREAT! We had done it. We had
measured urban design!
BUT
We had built a tool for measurements sake.
I’ve since fielded dozens of calls from
researchers and practitioners asking us how to
use this thing – and as the grad student on the
project, I was really the only one who knew
what to do with it!
IRVINE MINNESOTA INVENTORY
Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
Observer
Segment #
Answer questions 1-6 based on this end of the segment
Intersection
Neighborhood Identification
1. Are there monuments or markers including neighborhood entry
signs that indicate that one is entering a special district or area? 1 yes = 1; no = 0
Street Crossing
2a. Consider the places on the segment that are intended for
pedestrians to cross the street. Are these places marked for pedestrian
crossing? Mark N/A if there are no intended places to cross. 2 all = 2; some = 1; none = 0; NA = 8
2b. What type of marking do the crosswalks have? Mark all that
apply. Mark N/A if 2a= 0 or 8
White painted lines 3 yes = 1; no = 0; NA = 8
Colored painted lines 4 yes = 1; no = 0; NA = 8
Zebra striping 5 yes = 1; no = 0; NA = 8
Different road surface or paving (e.g. tiles, colored concrete, marble,
etc) 6
yes = 1; no = 0; NA = 8
Other 7 yes = 1; no = 0; NA = 8
3. Are there curb cuts at all places where crossing is expected to
occur? Mark N/A if there are no intended places to cross.
8 all = 2; some = 1; none = 0; NA = 8
4. What type of traffic/pedestrian signal(s)/system(s) is/are provided?
Mark all that apply.
Traffic signal 9 yes = 1; no = 0
Stop sign 10 yes = 1; no = 0
Yield sign 11 yes = 1; no = 0
Pedestrian activated signal 12 yes = 1; no = 0
Pedestrian crossing sign 13 yes = 1; no = 0
Pedestrian overpass/underpass/bridge 14 yes = 1; no = 0
5. For an individual who is on this segment, how safe (traffic wise) do
you think it is to cross the street from this segment? 15
pretty/very safe = 1;
not very safe/ unsafe = 0; cul de sac = 8
6. For an individual who is on this segment, how convenient (traffic
wise) do you think it is to cross the street from this segment?
16
pretty/very convenient =1;
not very/inconvenient= 0;
cul de sac = 8
Answer questions 7-11 while standing at the beginning of the segment
Neighborhood Identification
7. Does the segment have banners that identify the neighborhood? 17 some/a lot = 2; few = 1; none = 0
Street Characteristics
8a. Is this a pedestrianized street? 18 yes = 1; no = 0
8b. Is the street a … 19 one way = 1; two way = 2
9. Is this segment an alley? 20 yes = 1; no = 0
10. How many vehicle lanes are there for cars? (Include turning lanes).
21
six or more = 6; five = 5; four = 4;
three = 3; two = 2; one = 1;
NA (no lanes for car travel) = 8
Views
11a. Is this segment characterized by having a significant open view
of an object or scene that is not on the segment? The view must be a
prominent one. 22
yes = 1; no = 0
11b. How attractive is the open view?
23
attractive = 3; neutral = 2; unattractive =
1; NA (no views) = 8
Begin walking along segment to answer questions 12-68
12a. What types of land uses are present on this area? Mark all that
apply.
Residential
Single family home - detached 24 yes = 1; no = 0
Single family home/duplex - attached (2 units or fewer) 25 yes = 1; no = 0
Town home/condo/apartment housing (3 units or more) 26 yes = 1; no = 0
Mobile homes (includes manufactured homes) 27 yes = 1; no = 0
Residential, other 28 yes = 1; no = 0
51. But even before the ink was dry on the IMI, I met a group of “urban brokers” – renegades – from
Houston that wanted to tell the story of place, or lack of thereof in their case. They planned to
rank several neighborhoods in Houston based on their sense of place. As the purported
methods girl, I asked them how they planned to do that. They had no clue – they were planning
to have a group of “experts” subjectively judge these places. Enter light bulb moment – so hey, I
have this tool… I was forced to come up with a quick and dirty methodology – the very first
version of my State of Place algorithm (which I’ll get to later) – to use the IMI to tell a story
about neighborhoods' Sense of Place! We gave each of the 12 neighborhoods grades and
everything. In 2005!
Now I really thought I had my eureka moment…we thought this would incite these
neighborhoods to think about Place, to compete on the basis on Place. But again, this was 10
years ago. Even if we had begun to define the nuts and bolts of great places
It couldn’t just be about health. It couldn’t just be about sense of place. I STILL had to show
them the money if I wanted them to consider place in the equation.
I realized I had to learn a whole new language – and method. The language of real estate
economics and finance.
I audited a real estate development class, jumped feet first into an intense relationship with the
Urban Land Institute, got countless headaches from trying to figure out all of the jargon and oh
my God, the acronyms. If you think we urban planners and designers have acronyms. Wow.
52. As I was slowly absorbing the concepts of
mezzanine finance and cap rates, I had one
pivotal conversation with one of my many new
real estate friends who worked for a large
insurance company about how they chose
which deals to invest in. He rattled off a whole
bunch of jargon but none of them had to do
with place. Far from it. They didn’t even know
what most of these buildings actually looked
like! I was floored.
I made it my quest that day to measure the
value of urban design – to truly use methods
to feed my place addiction – no actually, to
convince others they should feed my place
addiction.
53.
54.
55.
56. And then came Brookings! I finally
had the opportunity to truly tie built
environment features not just to
walking, health, sense of place and
community, but to economic value.
We gathered IMI and real estate data
from over 60 neighborhoods in the
Washington DC Metro area that were
sampled from over 240
neighborhoods along a continuum of
walkability, from the auto-dominated
exurbs to the highly walkable core. A
meta-analyses examining the results
of dozens of studies evaluating the
relationship between the built
environment and walking guided the
development of the first official State
of Place algorithm – finally! I created
a comprehensive index, ranging from
0 to 100, to make sense out of the
162 data points we were gathering
with the IMI. I’ll go into that more in
just a little bit, but first the real
Eureka moment:
57. Very Low
State of Place™ Index
Tied to Economic Value
0 - 20 Low
Moderate
Good
Very
Good21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 -
100
*PREMIUMS FOR EACH
LEVEL INCREASE
+ $9 SF OFFICE RENTS
+ $7 SF RETAIL RENTS
+80%
RETAIL
REVENUES
+ $300 UNIT RES. RENT
+$81
SF FOR-SALE
RES. VALUE
58. When you aggregate what that means in terms
of going from the lowest to the highest level of
State of Place, the numbers are quite startling.
+ $37 sq. ft. Office Rents
+ $30 sq. ft. Retail Rents
+340% Retail Revenues
+ $1281/Unit Residential Rent
+$347 sq. ft. For-sale Residential
State of Place™ Index: 90, Very Good
State of Place™ Index: 5, Very Low
59. And all in all, these premiums have serious
implications for economic development in
terms of retail and property tax bases
WASHINGTON, DC
60. If you were to apply these numbers – in terms
of magnitude of impact – relative to Oklahoma
City, if it were to move up four levels, it really
starts to weave a tale of why place matters.
If this slide doesn’t create an objective
narrative for the power of place, I’m not sure
what else can.
OKLAHOMA CITY
61. And if you extrapolate out what this means in
terms of economic development, even when
just talking about moving up two State of Place
levels, there is considerable unlocked potential
throughout this city, at least with respect to
value that can be generated from the built
environment.
+ $37 sq. ft. Office Rents
+ $30 sq. ft. Retail Rents
+340% Retail Revenues
+ $1281/Unit Residential Rent
+$347 sq. ft. For-sale Residential
State of Place™ Index: 90, Very Good
OKLAHOMA CITY
65. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
DENSITY
FORM
CONNECTIVIT
Y
PROXIMITY
PARKS & PUBLIC
SPACES
RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
PEDESTRIAN & BIKE
AMENITIES
TRAFFIC SAFETY
AESTHETICS
PERSONAL SAFETY
URBAN
FABRIC
DESTINATIONS
HUMAN
NEEDS &
COMFORT
LIVELINESS &
UPKEEP
STATE OF PLACE™ INDEX & PROFILE
66. For Density, we are measuring building
compactness and height, not so much
population density – this is particularly
important in terms of making it feasible to
have enough destinations to walk to within a
reasonable walking distance. It can also
influence the scale of city – is it for cars or
people?
DENSITY
Compactness &
Height
67. Related to that is Urban Form. Here we are
measuring streetscape continuity, so we take
into account building setbacks, how the
building meets the street, the siting of
buildings, and the number and width of
buildings. This is what I like to call the
hugability of a street. If the form is off, a street
can feel aloof or it can feel suffocating. You
know you’ve achieved the right proportions of
setbacks, street width, and building height
when it feels like the street is hugging you.
FORM
Streetscape
Continuity
69. Proximity refers to the diversity of the land use
mix – the number of non-residential land uses
there are to walk to. So literally, how many of
your daily needs, services, and amenities are
present within a certain distance of you
PROXIMITY
Land Use Mix
Photo Credit Nakeva Corothers
70. With parks and public spaces, we include the
presence hard and soft scape public spaces, as
well as their quality and accessibility. These are
often the soul and life of neighborhoods, they
are the city’s living rooms. Along with
museums and monuments, these are the
places you bring your friends and families to
when they come visit. I can tell a lot about a
city based on how people use their public
spaces.
PARKS & PUBLIC
SPACES
71. We also look at recreational facilities –
separately. This is getting a bit more at
recreational walking, but the literature found
this to be an important determinant for
physical activity, so we measure the presence
of outdoor and indoor physical activity
facilities.
RECREATIONAL
FACILITIES
Photo Credit Bill Cotter
72. Pedestrian and bike amenities refer to aspects
of the built environment that make it
comfortable or pleasant to be a pedestrian, so
sidewalk presence and quality, seating, bike
lane presence and type, street trees, etc. Along
with form, these are the features that truly
help distinguish car-focused neighborhoods
from people-first places – they are the things
that make you want to linger…
PEDESTRIA
N
& BIKE
73. Along with that, we look at traffic safety. Here
we are mainly focusing on the quality and
safety of the intersection as well as the
presence of traffic calming features. These
include the presence of curbcuts, crosswalk
markings, traffic standards, and on-street
parking. These are the features that help
manage all of the mobile members of the
public realm – people, strollers, bicyclists,
scooters, cars, and buses.
TRAFFIC
SAFETY
74. Aesthetics goes beyond the visually pleasing; it
also includes aspects of urban design that
make places more dynamic and inviting. We
look at the transparency of buildings, colors,
outdoor dining, street trees, building
maintenance, ground floor uses, etc. This is
charm, character, the wow factor – the things
you’ll most remember about places.
AESTHETIC
S
Liveliness &
maintenance
75. Finally, personal safety refers not to actual
crime data but rather the aspects of the built
environment that influence our perception of
safety – these are called physical incivilities
and include features like graffiti, litter, broken
windows, abandoned buildings and lighting.
These features actually influence walking rates
more than the rates of crime incidents.
PERSONAL
SAFETY
76. So what does all of this mean for Oklahoma?
How can these methods, this amount of
definition, actually be weaved into a data-
driven story that will help enhance your State
of Place?
77. When you look at a street like this in Norman,
where do you start? How do you convince
others to want to start? How can you use
methods to feed your place addition?
79. Platform conducts “multi-criterion assessment” to
identify top priorities.
Example, Walkability as a Goal:
Dimension Performanc
e
Ranking for Goal
(Walkability)
Impact* Feasibilit
y
Communit
y
Score
Density 76.5 9 .432 1 4.3 91.4
Form 65.4 9 .543 1 7.1 169.1
Connectivity 55.8 9 .342 1 6.3 136.0
Proximity 74.3 9 .765 2 9.5 353.9
Parks & Public Spaces 23.5 9 .634 2 7.4
873.0
Recreational Facilities 13.4 9 .548 2 5.7
854.2
Pedestrian Amenities 55.4 9 .813 3 8.6
979.0
Traffic Safety 43.1 9 .745 3 8.8 1144.5
Aesthetics 58.4 9 .436 4 7.5 962.3
Personal Safety 71.3 9 .512 4 9.3 529.0
*Impact scores listed here are for explanatory purposes only;
the actual impact scores are proprietary.
80. Here we can see then see how any dimension,
in this case Traffic Safety which came out on
top as a priority, parses out within the study
area.
Traffic Safety Spatial Analysis
83. Choose Up To Three Dimensions To Compare
Density
Form
Connectivity
Proximity
Parks & Public Spaces
Recreational Facilities
Pedestrian & Bicyclist Amenities
Traffic Safety
Aesthetics
Personal Safety
✓
✓
✓
84. Parks &
Public Spaces
$80,000
Pedestrian & Bicyclist
Amenities
Traffic
Safety
Add Park
Add Plaza
New PlazaPark Maintenance
Arcades
Benches
Sidewalk Buffers
Street Trees
Sidewalk Buffers
Crosswalks
Curbcuts
Midblock Crossing
Pedestrian Countdown
CurbCuts
Enter Project Cost Enter Project Cost
Select Interventions
86. Parks &
Public Spaces
$80,000
Pedestrian & Bicyclist
Amenities
Traffic
Safety
$300,000 $150,000
$1.09/sf $0.89/sf
Park Maintenance Sidewalk Buffers Curbcuts
$1.43/sf
Predicted ROI: Retail Rents
+4.3% +3.1% +3.7%
Impact on State of Place Index
90. Neighborhood 1
$1,800,000
Neighborhood 1 Neighborhood 1
$2,700,000 $2,300,000
$1.43/sf $0.99/sf
Project 1 Project 2 Project 3
$1.56/sf
Predicted ROI: Retail Rents
+6.0% +2.0% +11.0%
Impact on State of Place Index
Map It
91. We are doing this currently for one of our
clients who is managing a $30M equity fund
focusing on underserved neighborhoods in
Boston. They are using State of Place to help
identify which development projects will have
the most impact on Place – and ultimately
informing which ones they will fund.
Predicted ROI Impact of Proposed Projects
92. We could do the same for this scenario…and
create a data-driven story to make the case for
place…
93. The good news is that if my hometown,
Meeyamee, finally has begun to figure this out,
so can Oklahoma City, believe me!