Cognitive Development In Infants Essay

Cognitive Development in Infants Essay
This paper is going to carry out a literature review on cognitive development in infants. The paper will review cognitive development in infants at
different stages. Effects of early experience on mental development in infants will also be discussed. The research question and the hypothesis of the
research will also be given. Keywords: infants, development, experience Cognitive Development in Infants Introduction Advancement made in regard
to cognitive neuroscience has enabled a better understanding of the cognitive processes in infants. Studies have indicated that cognitive development in
infants starts before they are born. In the eighth week of pregnancy, fetuses have the ability to hear. They become accustomed to their... Show more
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This stage lasts from birth to twelve months. In this stage, infants gain knowledge about their surrounding by using their senses. (Clarke–Stewart,
Gruber, & Fitzgerald, 2007, p. 154). They recognize the faces of their caregivers and may respond to smiles. At these stage infants are generally
attracted to bright colors, and show response to sound by turning towards the direction of the sound. Studies have indicated that infants between the
ages of three and seven weeks have the ability to recognize shapes and pictures of human faces (Goswami, 1994, p. 376). Researchers have also
investigated the development of working memory in infants. It has been established that working memory, that is, the ability to retain information in
the brain increases with age. Infants aged five to seven months were found to be unable to retain more than three objects in their working memory.
Fifty percent of infants aged twelve months had developed the capacity to retain more than three objects in their working memory. Studies have also
indicated that at the age of six months, infants have the ability to memorize events. Infants, between the ages of 6 to 9 months have developed the
cognitive ability to master object performance. Object performance refers to the ability of an infant to understand that objects do continue to exist even
if out of sight. Development of object performance is also an indication that the infant has developed the ability of goal
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Parenting Interventions Are Essential For Normal Infant...
Preterm babies, also known as premature babies are born before 37 weeks' gestational age. These babies can vary in term of prematurity, from two to
three weeks, to extremely preterm at over ten weeks. Goldberg and Devitto (2002, as cited in Leman, Bremner, Parke & Gauvain, 2012) stated
prematurity is associated with low birth weight, putting infants at risk of long term issues such as faulty cognition, hyperactivity and perceptual
disorders. Werner and Smith (1982, as cited in Leman et al., 2012) stated recent developments indicate high–quality care and extra stimulation can
improve the prognosis of the infant. Parents provide this environment for the child, yet often they feel alienated and worried about caring for their
premature infant, meaning stimulation is lacking. (Leman et al., 2012) Therefore, some say parenting interventions are essential for normal infant
development. However, research is often conflicting with regards to interventions improving prognosis. Within the main body of the essay we will be
discussing some parenting intervention schemes such as massage therapy and the use of family nurture interventions, which have overall supported the
view that parenting interventions are effective. Whilst also touching upon research that indicates less positive results, including infant behavioural
assessments and intervention programs.
Parenting massage interventions are said to be effective in improving outcomes such as enhanced cognitive development and lower

Infant Development Stages
Infancy is the state or period of early childhood or babyhood during infancy an infant body goes through a lot of changes the first year. I believe
that infancy is an important time of development in a person's life of a person life because it can affect the rest of that person entire life.
Development is a progression of steps if one step is incomplete it hampers the progress of the next step. It develops different classes during this stage
such as sensory, motor, social, and language. Within moments of being born the newborn's systems for breathing, eating, eliminating, and regulating
body temperature are functional and ready to take over at the time of birth. However, because these systems are still quite immature the infant
remains completely dependent on adults for survival. You also have to be very careful with baby during this stage because a lot of health issues can
occur especially if the baby is not properly cared for.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nutritionally, all a baby needs for the first 6 months is formula and/or breast milk. Breastfeeding and formula are similar. Formula does provide for the
babies basic needs, including vitamins and minerals for good health. But breast milk has properties that cannot be reproduced in formula. For proper
growth and development an infant must obtain an adequate amount of essential nutrients by consuming appropriate quantities and types of foods.
Nutrition is important because the first 1000 days have a strong impact on a child development child to their full potential. What is eaten as infant
strongly effect their long–term body weight, health, metabolic programming, immune system and over all aging. The infant goes through many
changes physically and mentally during this time period they learn the everyday basic like thinking, eating, sleeping and

A Research Study On Infant Memory Development
"Infant memory development" is one of the topics of PSY103 lectures, and is also one of the significant issues in Psychology. Dr. Jane Herbert was
the lecturer of this topic and she drew my attention and interest to infant memory development and infantile amnesia. Infantile amnesia is the failure
to recall events from babyhood and early childhood (Hayne & Jack, 2010). In other words, according to Henri & Henri (1898 cited in Hayne, 2004),
most of the children and adults can only recollect the earliest memory between 2 and 4 years old. Early experience is a crucial element in
understanding human development as psychologists stated its influences would last for long (Hayne & Jack, 2010). The early experience plays an
important role in brain, social, behavioural development (Hayne, 2004). Many scholars and psychologists at or beyond the University of Sheffield has
conducted numerous research in this field, and they aimed to study infant memory ability and age–related changes in various kind of aspects with their
research impacting society in many ways. In this essay, the academic impacts of psychological research in connection with infant memory development
will be discussed first. This will be then followed by the discussion about the social and economic impacts, which benefit the society.
Firstly, the academic impacts of psychological research will be discussed. Psychological research in infant memory development has further developed
the existing theory and expanded the

Infant Development
This study is based on Dr. Heidi Als' Synactive Theory of Infant Development which provides a framework for understanding the behaviour of
premature infants. The infants behavior are grouped into 5 subsets which are:
A. Motor – where the infants movement, posture, activity, and motor tone are observed. Signs of stresses are generalized hypotonia, frantic flailing
movements, finger splaying, hyperextension of extremities.
B. Autonomic – which is the basic physiological functioning of the body necessary for survival. Early indicators are skin color, tremors, heat rate, and
respiratory rate. Signs of stresses are color changes, changes in vital signs, visceral responses, sneezing, and yawning.
C. States – this is a way of categorizing the level of central nervous system arousal. Signs of stresses are diffused ... Show more content on
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If an inappropriate stimulus persists the infant will no longer be able to maintain a stable balance of subsystems. If properly timed and appropriate in
complexity and intensity, stimulation will cause the infant to search and move toward the stimuli, while maintaining him / herself in a stable balance.
In healthy full term infants these systems generally work smoothly supporting and promoting each other. In the preterm infant these systems are not
fully developed and ready to function. Therefore, the preterm infant's behaviors are generally characterized by disorganization and signs of stress. The
preterm infant is more dependent, than the full term infant, on its environment to help support and maintain balanced equilibrium.
In relation to the study, the Recorded Lullaby will be perceived as the appropriate stimuli that will help a premature infant maintain a stable balance of
subsystems. However, in the study we focus on the Autonomic– Vital Signs and State – Sleep

A Research Study On Infant Motor Development
Introduction It is believed that infants who are earlier active tend to be proactive later in life. Many studies have suggested that it is acceptable for
infants who are stimulated earlier in life to remain stimulus in early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It is also understood that
perceived competence of physical activity within early childhood determine whether or not a child will remain physically active in their adolescence
years. Within the Adolescence, it is common to see boys and girls stop participating in sports. It is believe that the discontinuation may be caused by
the body going through changes, lost of interest in sports, unable to compete at the same level as their friends, peer–pressure and many other facts.
When a child continues to be physically active in their late childhood and into adolescence, it is concluded that they would live an active adult life.
Summary
In 1966 at 'Northern Finland Birth Cohort', Ridgway et al. (2009) performed a study to demonstrate the association amid the timing of infant motor
development and consequential sports participation during adolescence. Ridgway et al. (2009) argued that motor proficiency is positively
associated with physical activity levels. There were 9,009 partakers whose motor development was evaluated by parental report at age 1, walking
with support and walking unaided (Ridgway et al., 2009). A follow up also took place at the age of fourteen years. Ridgway et al. (2009) study

Characteristics And Challenges Of Infant Development
Infancy Exploration There are many characteristics and challenges of infant's development. The following topics describe and explain the different
stages of development, the reason why attachment is so important, what it means and the different styles of attachments, the different reflexes, Piagets's
theories and why breastfeeding it's so important and why it's not practice as much today which I believe are the most important factors of child
development.
Reflexes are involuntary responses or moments we get when we are born. There five main reflexes we're born with which are Grasping, rooting,
sucking, startle and stepping reflexes. Grasping reflexes is basically an automatic respond to grasp onto an object that stimulates the palm. For ... Show
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Attachment is the emotional relationship between the child and the caregiver. Attachment is important for several reasons. A child that has a good
emotional bond with their parent is more likely to have better copping skills with negative emotions in stressful moments; they are more independent
and more confident to go out in the world and explore their options. There's two particular theory of attachment id agree with which would have to be
Bowlby and Harlow theory. Attachment I believe comes from early age and it's based on how the caregiver takes care of their child and the emotional
connection they share with their child. Harlow's theory states that babies are more attached to theirs mothers for the simple reason it's the parent that
feeds them and shows protection, once they find that in a parent they become more in order to survive.
There are different styles of attachments for example secure, insecure, avoidant, and anxious–ambivalent. Secure attachment is when a child its upset
when their caregiver leaves but once the caregiver returns they are able calm down. This shows how they feel secure enough that they can count on the
parent to come back. Another type of attachment is insecure attachment is when the child shows no emotions towards their caregiver and they don't
really care whether their caregiver comes back or not. Which for a baby it's not a good sign, this style of attachment

Infant Physical Development
The infants physical development starts with the head and then moves to other parts of the body. From the very beginning babies are very curious
and are ready to start exploring. Infants necks are unable to support the weight of the head when the baby is sat up straight. They are able to turn
their heads left to right when laying down. Infants are able to close their fist. At three months of age babies are more flexible and become more
stronger. At this age babies start to try to roll over. They start to grab the edge of the crib and try to pull themselves up so that they can stand with the
support of the crib. The infants start to explore more and they are amused by little toys. An example would be a toy that lights up when they touch it,
when they discover this they realize that when they push the toy the toy will light up.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is when parents need to be aware of where their child where about are. Infants are known to start crawling at this age. They also grab things and
pull things towards them. Parents need to be very observant that their infants at this age do not put anything in their mouth that could make them
choke. The age of nine months to a year, the infants can do a lot of things without help. They can sit up by themselves. Infants can stand up without the
assistance of an adult. They can decide which toys to pick up and they can pick up the objects they would like to entertain themselves with. Infants can
also sit unaided as well, they have built enough support for their neck to support their head weight

Vocal Development In Infants
Due to lack of research on social interactions and transitions in development of vocalization, Goldstein et al developed a study to test this relationship.
Specifically, their study focused on social feedback from caregivers and resulting vocal development in infants. They wanted to know if this study
would induce more variety of vocalizations in infants. Goldstein et al took thirty infants around eight months of age as well as the infant's mothers and
split them into an experimental contingent condition and a yoked–control condition (Goldstein et al, 2003, p. 8030). Participants came for two – thirty
minute play sessions. The first was simply to allow the child and mother to adapt to the playroom. The second session consisted of three – ten minute ...
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According to Goldstein et al, other studies have demonstrated how adults perceive mature vocalization as a means of communication thus resulting in
an increased response from the adult (Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Therefore, as children begin to articulate more maturely, parents in return respond
more in hopes to increase the performance of mature vocalization by the child. These data also indicate that imitation may not be as strong of a
mechanism for the development of infant vocalization but positive reinforcement may act as a mechanism to increase babbling. The mothers
responded to the infants vocalizations by simply smiling, moving closer and touching them which acted as a positive reinforcement. Thus, the increase
in their babbling was not a means of imitating the mother (Goldstein et al, 2003, 8034). Instead, they were receiving positive feedback each time they
vocalized which was a positive reinforcement for the child to want to continue producing

InfantВґs Psychosocial Development
Your psychosocial development question, I believe, is an essential matter regarding an infant's development. Likewise, I found all of your questions to
be articulated and thoughtful. Back to the question at hand regarding an infant's psychosocial development. In your hypothetical question, it seems that
the infant is displaying two forms of an emotional reaction to the nature of social environments: stranger anxiety and social referencing. Both of which
are normal emotional reactions to strange surroundings and the strangers found within it. To begin with, stranger anxiety is an emotional state an infant
experience in which he or she is apprehensive towards unknown individuals and thereby inducing a fearful emotional reaction in the

Child Development : Infant And Toddler Development
This research paper is written on infant and toddler development from birth to three years of age. I chose this topic to research because I am an
aspiring Neonatal Intensive–Care Unit (NICU) Nurse. Neonatal nursing is a subspecialty of nursing that works with newborn infants that are born with
a variety of problems ranging from prematurity, birth defects, infection, cardiac malformations, and surgical problems. The neonatal period is defined
as the first month of life; however, these newborns are often sick for months. To successfully pursue this career, I must understand the process of birth,
and how the infant develops.
Pregnancy lasts for approximately 40 weeks, but it is possible to have the baby sooner or even later than the due date. When a woman is preparing
to give birth, a Midwife, Family Doctor, Obstetrician, Nurse, Respiratory Therapist, and Anesthesiologist may be available to make sure the delivery
goes as smooth as possible. Some women do not go into labor on their own, sometimes there are complications with the fetus and the labor needs to
be induced. An induction of labor may be required if the pregnancy has gone past 42 weeks, if the mother has high blood pressure, diabetes, an uterine
infection, or if the water has been broken but contractions have not began. Labor can be induced by ripening the cervix, which includes inserting a
small tablet into the vagina that helps start the process of labor. Medications such as oxytocin are given to start uterine

The Infant And Toddler Is Very Important For Early...
Introduction: Reading to an infant and toddler is very important for early development. However, reading to an infant is different than reading to a
young child. In terms of an infant, you frequently do not get through the entire book. An infant won't be able to fully comprehend what is being read.
Infants may want to hold the book and chew on it or try turning pages themselves. All of these actions are appropriate and help your child become
well–known with books and how to handle them. Reading out loud to your baby is an ac activity that can enhance their vocabulary among other skills.
General Information: On Wednesday, October 5th, I read to aninfant during my placement time at the Cortland Child Care Center. The children in
the infant number two room varied from ages 3 months to 11 months old. I chose to read to Bentley, who is our oldest infant in the room at 11
months. We read The Very Hungry Caterpillar designed, illustrated, and written by Eric Carle. I chose this book because I resonate this book strongly
with my childhood. The book contains a variety of concepts necessary early learning such as colors, days of the week, and numbers. A lot can be
understood when reading this book to an infant or toddler. It took about 15 minutes to read The Very Hungry Caterpillar to Bentley. We began the
reading at 1:45 until about 2:00 o'clock to finish our book. During this time the younger infants were down for their nap, which was a perfect time to
read to Bentley

Physical activity is vital for the healthy growth and...
Physical activity is vital for the healthy growth and development of toddler and infants. For toddlers, play is an essential part of learning. It's how
they develop physical skills, confidence and life skills for the future. There are many available options for infants to go and play and develop those
skills, like GymbaROO or Kids Aquatic Survival School (KASS) that provide lots of opportunities and benefits for the kids.
The GymbaROO provides many benefits for young infants as they offer a range of physical activites and appropriate exercises that enable toddlers
aged 0–5 to explore, develop and practice skills that will aid them into a healthy lifestyle. All the activities are focused on nurturing children who are
progressing through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a child I young and between the ages of 0–5, they are very shy and reliant of their parents, so not allowing them in the water to hold their hand,
help them or encourage them is consequently letting the infant not reach it's full potential.
Physical activity can also be identified in dancing, which is what OZ TOTS tries to embody whilst still making it fun and enjoyable for the toddlers. OZ
TOTS embraces all the elements of music & movement whilst incorporating preschool skills, it is a fun and playful environment that integrates
specially tailored classes in different dance styles coached by older students. The program not only encourages your child to develop their coordination
through music and dance. It also makes significant contributions to, developing creativity, building social skills and enhancing their physical
development. On the other hand, there are many faults to the physical activity that OZ TOTS provides including the fact that the staff members are
older students, not specially trained professionals who can deal with very young children. Older students cant provide the learning capability and
techniques needed to teach the young students, control them behavior wise as well as provide them with a healthy and active activity.
To conclude, I believe that there are many sufficient options provided for this age group that will help the toddlers

Piaget's Theory of Infant Development
Piaget's Theory of Infant Development Author: Elizabeth Purling Renton Technical College Developmental Psychology Instructor: Leta Berkshire
May 30, 2007 Piaget's Theory of Infant Development At almost 32 weeks gestation, my little one constantly brings about questions and ideas
about what my life will be like when I become a parent. What will she look like? Will she be a loud baby or a quiet one? How long before she
sleeps through the night? What cognitive abilities does she have now, in the womb? How will she grow and change as her life progresses? Many of
these questions cannot be answered anytime soon but I have been trying to learn as much as I can before she is born. It is this reason that I chose to write
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intentionality appears in interactions with the environment and the infant is moving towards goal–directed behavior. The child now has an
understanding of cause and effect relationships, and is sharpening its hand–eye coordination. Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions, Novelty, and
Curiosity 12 to 18 Months As with stage four, this stage is characterized by a means/ends differentiation. The infants are no longer restricted to the
application of previously established schemata to obtain a goal. They can make the necessary alterations to their schemata to solve problems; this
reflects a process of active experimentation. These differences in cognition coincide with improved locomotive abilities as the child becomes more
physically active. In this stage, causal inferences are still unavailable to the infant – it must see an action occur before it has any understanding of the
causal relationship. Substage 6: Internalization of Schemes 18 to 24 Months The earlier stages of the sensorimotor period appear to be set on a
continuum but the transition from the fifth to the sixth stage is more disjointed. Symbolic function and mental representation first appear during this
stage, which runs parallel with the development of language. Language is an expression of symbolic function and mental representation and it is at this
stage that children begin to string words together in pairs as they begin to understand the concept of forming a sentence. Children in this

Anxious Mothers And Infant Development
Anxious Mothers' Impact on Infant Development
Women go through a major life transition during pregnancy and early motherhood that is physically and mentally demanding making women more
susceptible to stress and anxiety (Henrichs, Schenk, Schmidt, Velders, Hofman, Jaddoe, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2009). I have had personal experiences
observing anxious young mothers interact with their infants and children. I have seen these children eventually display developmental delays, poor
eating and sleeping behaviors, and even their own anxieties. I am unsure about whether this maternal anxiety accounts for these problems. How do
anxious mothers impact infant development?
Researchers have studied many different forms of maternal stress and anxiety

Musical Infant Development
My reaction to the musical infant and their musical abilities is that in spite of the studies already made, still there are unresolved questions. One issue
in discussion for example is if an infant can hear in the womb. Indeed, even in the womb there is proof that babies react to a wide range of sound.
Medical studies have concluded that a fetus can hear from the third semester. In a 1980 testing Anthony J. De Casper and William P. Fifer found that
some rudimentary cognition starts at this point and a close connection with the mother as well.
Besides, the inclination that infants have for music have a hereditary component and an additional environmental factor (Trehub, 2001). There are
behaviors present in the baby that demonstrate that they are not inactive audience members, they deliver their own particular coordinated sounds
moving head and limbs in light of specific sounds. This is particularly genuine when there is communication with ... Show more content on
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The similarities, assuming any, between the two are that both are sound–related and musical to some degree. Both language and music have rules that
must be followed in order to make musical and communicative thoughts understandable to others. Researchers explain that in both music and in
discourse patterns there are two components that work together – rhythm and pitch. There is an association then in the minds of numerous individuals
that there is prosody in speech (a characteristic ascent and fall of the voice and rhythmic qualities). This is like components in music. As per Jusczyk
and Hohne, "The latter half of the infant's first year is a critical point in acquiring a language" (p. 1984).The infant needs to perceive the speech of
people around them, picking up patterns and sort out them in a manner that it makes sense and can be retrieved. Finally, infants should be translators of
what they listen, so that when they are capable, they can express and

The Effects Of Postpartum Depression On Infants Development
Postpartum depression, a period of deep depression following the birth of a child, affects some 10 percent of all new mothers. Postpartum depression is
associated with withdrawn infants with fewer positive emotions. In this essay, I will discuss the two articles found on postpartum depression.
In the article, "The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development" the impact of postpartum depression on the emotional development of an
infant was studied in three ways: infant's interpersonal functioning, the quality of infant attachment, and behavioral problems. In the article,
"Postpartum Depression and Mother–Infant Relationship at Three Months Old" a sample of 570 women and their infants were examined 3 months after
delivery. The focus of the study concerned the postpartum depression effects on the mother, the infant, and the mother–infant relationship.
In both articles, there were a concern for functional disorders such as eating or sleeping difficulties. This was new information compared ... Show more
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In the article "The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development", a study suggested that there's no association between attachment status and
maternal depression. However, the article suggested we take note that high rates of insecurities were present in both the test and controlled group. In
the article "Postpartum Depression and Mother–Infant relationship at Three Months", the study suggested that the mother–infant relationship presented
less vocal and visual communications, less corporal interactions, and less smiling. This article also suggests that depressed mothers are often not seen
by psychiatrist because they usually present mild symptoms that are frequently minimized by themselves or their environment. This article focuses
both on the mother and the infant, as well as their relationship, where the other article focuses predominately on the

HPA Axis Role In Infant Development
This article hit home for my research, start at the beginning explaining some concerns with the early life of an as a foster child. The significant period
in an infant growth is programmed of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA axis is vital for managing a homeostatic balance in the face
of stressors(Lupien, McEwen, Gunnar &Heim, 2009). According to ( Lupien et al., 2009), the social environment operates as a critical role in HPA
axis of development during the infants period of heightened plasticity. Noteworthy, there is evidence that in infancy andchildhood, the social
environment typically comprises of a primary caregiver, which is the important external regulator of HPA axis activity. The caregiver regulates the
"Social buffering

The Development And Constant Change Of Infants Essay
The development and constant change of infants is mind–blowing and incredible. Each infant develops at approximately the same, quick pace, but each
small life in the grand scheme of infant development could vary greatly (Santrock, 2016). There are many different factors that must be considered in
the first years of life that are extremely crucial for development and change. In order to better understand infant development, it is important to consider
how each of these factors will affect the baby; three examples of these factors are sleep patterns, eating habits, and motor development, all which impact
the general health of the infant overall.
It is relatively general knowledge that infants tend to sleep much more than the average child, adult, or adolescent. My virtual child, Margo, in between
three and eight months, was sleeping six hours out of the night, and taking a few two–hour naps during the day, consistently sleeping about 12 hours
per day (My Virtual Child, 2014). The average amount of sleep that an infant will get on any given night is anywhere in between ten to twenty–one
hours per day (Santrock, 2016). Based on this knowledge, it can be concluded that Margo's sleeping habits are not necessarily abnormal for her age.
Margo was also strictly breastfed. In the study Infant Sleep Development from 3 to 6 Months Postpartum: Links with Maternal Sleep and Paternal
Involvement, it was stated that there was correlation between infants that were strictly breastfed at

Development Of Infants
According to Psychologist Erik Erikson, the social and personality development of the infant includes trust versus distrust. Throughout the first two
years of life, an infant goes through the first stage: If an infant stands well–nurtured and loved, trust will develop as well as a feeling of security plus a
positive outlook upon their lives. If they stand not well nurtured and loved, they convert towards self–doubting and acquires toward mistrust others
(Personality Development, n.d.). Infants develop attachments toward their caregivers whether being parents, other relatives or nannies. If the caregiver
responds positively towards the child, they sense a conscious of security that the parent will provide encouragement when required. Insecure

Child Development Paper : Infant Development
Infant Development Paper
Denicia Bowers
OTA 1002 Human Occupation Through the Life Span
Summer 2017
Infant Development Paper
Infants go through different developmental stages. It is a part of the human life cycle. The beginning stages of an infant's life is the most developing
(Payne & Issacs, 2012). One of the stages that infant go through is the Late Infancy Stage. During the Late Infancy Stage, infants between 7–9 months
reach many different milestones. As the infant grows and becomes aware of their surrounding the more developed they become. Infants discover new
things daily and it is important to support their growth. Late Infancy stage involves the gross motor, fine motor, oral– motor, cognitive language,
personal and social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fine motor control allows infants to exercise their hand muscles which helps them to play with toys. Some atypical behaviors are keeping hands closed
without opening them and not grasping when objects are placed in the palm of the hand.
While infants have a growing interest in the world around them, putting things in the mouth is normal. Oral motor development is an important
milestone, many foods are introduced during this stage. Infant has more control over the tongue, lip, jaw, teeth, soft and hard palate, this permits
infant to eat soft and mashed up food like mashed potatoes and apple sauce. Mouth movement and coordination is significant when eating and
swallowing. A parent may give her infants a cookie and the infant will eat it, biting off small pieces at a time. When spoon fed an infant can eat from
a spoon and when drinking from a bottle the seal is stronger which prevents less spillage (Koontz –Lowman &Lane, 1999). Difficulty swallowing and
chewing food is a sign of atypical behavior.
During late infancy stage, an infant's abilities to process, understand and produce language is important and begins as soon as the child is born. Infants
recognize sounds in their environment, such as a mother's voice. Infants also become aware of their native language, those babbling sounds become
clear. "Ma–ma" or Da–da is usually heard and is often repeated. Babbling sounds may not refer to anything specific, "Ma–ma" can be signified as

Emotional Development In Infants
Chapter 4 discussed the emotional development developed in the first two years of infants and how it deals with the social world. Infants show
different emotions according to their ages. Newborn infants are happy and relaxed when fed and they cry when they are hungry or hurt. About 6 weeks
they start to express happiness through the social smile. The different emotions developed through different stages. I remember some of my childhood
memories. When I was 6 years old, I started to learn riding motorcycle but one day I felt down and was badly injured. After that, I was scared to ride a
motorcycle. This shows that fear is developed inside me. In addition, in the same age, whenever I was alone, I always act as doctor and used to make
my Barbie

Research Paper On Infant Development
Infant Development
Infant development is inseparable from the progression of the infant's relationship with caregivers. Contemporary accounts of the early comments
highlighted the role of parents and other guardians in supporting infants gradually (Lyons–Ruth & Zeanah, 1993). This is because the infant needs
parents who can help her negotiate the developmental task. Thus, there are 4 stages to develop which is birth to 4 weeks, age 1 to 3 months, 3 to 6
months and 6 to 12 months. Birth to 4 weeks
The development of the first stage is birth to 4 weeks. This point is likewise recognized as the Neonatal Period. Infant are held with a number of
abilities that become the foundation of future growth. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They would more involve in attachment relationships. The infant begins to shift away from the focus on objects or figures to an external environment
at about six months. The infant's confidence in the attachment is established and developing internal 'schemas' or representations of the parents and the
attachment relationships that allow him to 'keep the parent in mind' even when he is not interacting with her (Stern, 1983). When the infant wakes in
the morning, they might not cry immediately for the parent to come but they would play with the object for the first 30 minutes before become fussy
and started to cry.
Conclusion
As a conclusion, there are four stages of infant development. Which are birth to 4 weeks, age 1 to 3 months, age 3 to 6 months and age 6 to 12
months. Different stages of month discussing difference type of behaviour. It shows how the way to develop attachment for maintaining the baby or
infant. There are also several steps that should be taken by the parents as to know their infant's behaviour better. The infant has different types of
behaviour as they were grown up and these behaviour should be acknowledged by all parents in order to raise up their children in a good

Infant Sleeping Arrangements And Development
For mothers everywhere, having a newborn baby requires them to seek the most healthiest route of taking care of them (newborn). The first thing, or
things, that are thought of is when and how to feed them, how to hold them carefully, and most importantly, how and where they sleep. Where a
newborn baby sleep has a huge impact how the baby will grow up in a more psychological way. Infant sleeping arrangements and development both in
the short term and long term, whether having positive or negative outcomes, is anything but simple and the traditional habit of labelling one sleeping
arrangement as being superior to another without awareness of family, social and ethnic context is not only wrong, but possibly harmful
(Mckenna,2005). With a newborn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are few more common sleeping arrangements that are used here in the US. One of these sleeping arrangements is called co–ed
sleeping, where the newborn baby sleeps with his or her parents in the same bed. According to an article on WTE, experts suggest that "family
bedding works comfortably and beautifully, building a stronger bond, making nursing easier, and increasing physical attachment between parent
and baby" The article also state that other experts suggests that this arrangement "prevents babies from sleeping on their own, discourages the
independence factor, and may up the risks of sleep disturbances", which isn't good for a newborn's sleep duration. However, all sleep arrangements
for newborns has its pros and cons, whether it's a psychological or physical factor. One pro to this arrangement that both the parent and baby can
benefit from this is that it can help a nursing mom get her sleep cycle in sync with her baby's. The mother wouldn't have to be unprepared for when
the baby wakes up expecting food right away, the mother would already be prepared not worrying about the her newborn having malnutrition
throughout the night. However, one particular can that stands out is this can mean less sleep for the baby. The article states that super intintive
tendencies, such as picking up a newborn baby can actually do more harm than good when it comes to a good night sleep. This is not just negative
for the baby, but also negative to you because there is potential risk on throwing of one's sleep cycle which has or is yet to become

Infant Eye Development Book Report
Growing up we use our key senses to understand and live in the world around us. After birth newborns eyes are still developing and cannot make out
fine details far away. Newborns vision is around 20/240, but by 6 months their vision clears up to around 20/40. At birth infants are genetically
programmed to know who their mother is and by three months they can match voices with their gender and ethnic groups. Along with being better to
distinguish voices, newborns sense of colors also enhances with age. Perceptual vision is very important for infant eye development. This is necessary
because without this ability they would see an "object at a different distance or in a different orientation, they would perceive it as a different object"
(Santrock 161). There are two main factors for this size constancy,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The book uses the example of how infants were placed on a surface with just glass and the appearance of a drop off. They then would put their
mother on the other end calling the babies names, but none would crawl to their mothers. In childhood, the child's ability to see more colors
increases. Along with a color increase perception, young children start to develop the ability to overcome gravity bias. After childhood, vision no
longer increase, but starts to actually decrease around the age of 40 to 59. Presbyopia happens because there is a decrease of blood supple to the
eye and the retina becomes less sensitive to different stimulus. Because the retina is not as active as previous years, it becomes hard for older people
to see that well in the dark, and especially driving at night becomes especially dangerous. Color and depth perception also decrease with age. Older
adults have a harder time distinguishing closely related colors, especially the green–blue–violet colors (Santrock 163). As you age, your eyes become
more susceptible to different

Development Of Infants And Toddlers
INTRODUCTION
I. I'm sure we can all relate to the moment when you first meet a new–born, infant or even toddler and all you can say is "Awh how cute he or she is",
and how much you just want to pinch those chubby cheeks or tickle those little toes.
II. Whether you've had a child of our own, have a younger sibling, or even may have never been around young children before, we all have our own
experiences and unique ways of interacting with them.
III. These little cute bundles of joy, or maybe occasionally not so "joyful" at times have much more than just cute looks. From birth to five years of
age they are actually going through a critical period of development that is a complex and vital to their growth for years to come.
IV. Ever since I was a young girl I have always had a great interest in learning about the development of infants and toddlers. Now, as I enter my senior
year in the Family and Child Sciences Department at Florida State University, I have gained great one–on–one personal experience working with
children ranging from zero to ten years old.
As we all might know the obvious physical developmental signs an infant goes through known as growth. What many may not know is the stages a
child moves through known as, child developmental stages or milestones. This includes how the child becomes able to do more complex things as
they get older. Such as Gross and fine motor skills, Social and Language skills, and lastly Cognitive Skills.
BODY
To begin, I will first

Infant Development Research Paper
In a previous course, I learned about infant development the stages of a baby grows from the fetus to birth. The video added to my understanding that
infant development stats inside the womb. All of the baby's sensory information comes through the umbilical cord. I have read articles and watched
videos that states it is important for mothers to be calm during their pregnancy. Stress on the mother can affect the child. The mother should also be
making healthy eating choices. Whatever she eats and drinks will be given to the child. During pregnancy and right after pregnancy, it is important that
mothers maintain good health. If not, they may end up putting their child at risk for complications. During the fifth week of pregnancy, this is where

Essay on Effects of Maternal Employment on Infant...
The topic of this paper is the debate of whether or not maternal employment has any effect on infant development. Research on this described topic
has recently become popular due to the rise of working mothers over the past several decades. Their increasing numbers in the workplace and
decreasing numbers as stay at home moms are creating a number of different issues to be studied. The effects of maternal employment are determined
by a number of factors that include, the mother's job satisfaction and drive, amount of work, and the mother's opinion of quality versus quantity time
with children. The main concept at hand here is the importance of an attachment in the first few years as being vital to a child's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sometime later referring to at least after the child's second year of life; this is due to research that has also shown that children that began full–time
care for 30 hours a week in their second year functioned just as poorly as these children whose care was initiated in their first year of life.
These studies have been examined by many researchers, each of them varying and being put together a little better than the last after taking in to mind
the criticism for each. After Belsky's research was criticized another similar study was done but also took into account the background information of
the child, mother and the family. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth was used for these studies which also lead to there being a more
representative sample of children. Their research broke up the children, 4, 5 and 6 year olds, into three separate groups so they could be compared on
the emotional and social functioning being studied. There were two groups differing by when their non–parental care started, either the first or second
year of life, and a third for those children that had mothers that were employed less than 10 hours per week or not at all employed. The results were
similar but they did distinguish that a shy child would be more likely to be affected by non–parental care, having trouble coping

Infant Development Essay
How do smiles, tears, anger and fear change from birth to age 2? At 6 weeks infants develop a social smile, at 3 month laughter and curiosity develop,
at 4 months full responsive smiles emerge, from 4–8 months they develop anger, from 9014 months they develop a fear of social events, at 12 months
the are fearful of unexpected sights and sounds, and at 18 months they are self–aware, feel pride, shame, and embarrassment. In the first two years,
infants develop from reactive pain and pleasure to complex patterns of social awareness. Emotions in infants are produced from their body as opposed
to their thoughts. Therefore fast and uncensored reactions are common in infants. During their toddler years, the strength of their emotions will
increase. Does a baby 's temperament predict lifelong personality? Temperamental traits are genetic. They are biologically based difference of an
individual. A baby's temperament does predict their personality later in life. Temperament is measured on how the individual responds to the
environment in which it is stable across time. Temperament is not the same as personality. temperamental inclinations may lead to personality
differences What are signs of a secure attachment between parent and infant? Infants with secure attachment feel comfortable and confident separating
from their caregiver. In the toddler 's eyes, their caregiver is a base for exploration that provides assurance and enables experiences of discovery.
Infants with secure

Infant Learning: Brain Development Essay
INFANT LEARNING Infant learning and brain development is fragile and contingent upon numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most critical
time frame for infant brain development is from the second trimester to the first three months of life (Marshall, 2011). During this time, neural
pathways are forming, areas of the brain are maturing, and brain development is rapid. From infancy until the age of 3 years, neural pathways are still
being formed in response to stimulation and for this reason, it is extremely important for caregivers and parents to be aware of the many factors that
can influence brain development in infants (Marshall, 2011).
Popular Psychology Common beliefs regarding infant learning tend to focus on the issue of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the rapidly developing cognitive functions of infants necessitate even more rapid and consistent sleep cycles to foster their learning. Sleep
plays a role in the memory consolidation process when the baby is awake. It has not yet been determined if infants can learn while asleep (Tarullo,
Balsam & Fifer, 2011).
Environmental Factors Among the many environmental factors that can affect infant learning, prenatal cigarette exposure has proven to be a topic of
interest in behavioral teratology due to the large number of health effects it is associated with. Some of the health effects of prenatal cigarette exposure
include: lower birth weight, smaller head circumference, lower IQ, attention dysfunction, hyperactivity and other conduct problems, as well as school
failure (Mezzacappa, E., 2011, p. 881–891). There are some human studies that investigate the cognitive deficits related to prenatal cigarette exposure
which include: auditory, visual attention, and working memory issues.
Social Development Gazing plays a central role in the social and cognitive development of a child. It is documented that from the age of 3 months, a
child will begin to develop perceptual learning. An example of this hypothesis was tested with an actor holding a stuffed kitten in front a 1 year old.
The 1 year old stared at the kitten longer, therefore the infant's desire for what the actor was holding caused the infant to interpret the actor's behavior as

Гўв‚¬Вў Explain The Role Of Cognitive Development In Infants
that this first cognitive development stage encompasses six substages.10 Feeding abilities change as infants meet the development goals of the
various stages. For example, when infants gain the ability to coordinate single movements they will be able to pick up small pieces of food and
develop the ability to self–feed (Table 6.2).10 General motor skills, behavioral changes, and facial expressions also play important roles in the
development of infants' eating habits and their ability to eat food and to drink
Within the health care environment, nurses are the cornerstone of assessing infant growth and development. Generally, assessment of infant focuses on
4 areas: physical, social, emotional, and cognitive capabilities. Examples of physical assessment include gross and fine motor skills as well as strength,
how easily an infant becomes tired, and pain tolerance. Social assessment is determined by interactions with others. Examples of emotional assessment
include how the infant reacts to people and situations, and examples of cognitive assessment include thought and reasoning. It is important for the
nurse who is conducting the assessment to establish a good rapport with the family. Good rapport will form a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Parents and caregivers should be aware of the unique hunger cues of their child and respond appropriately. In some phases, infants may eat more
often than usual. This is referred to as cluster feeding and describes when a baby shifts from feeding every 2 or 3 hours to feeding every hour or
feeding in spurts. Cluster feeding is most common during the evening hours and in young babies; however, older babies who are approaching a
growth spurt or developmental changes may also cluster feed. Understanding a baby's stomach capacity, especially during the first 10 days of life,
helps to explain why cluster feeds may

Infant Development
Life. Without life there is no existence. Starting from the zygote to the embryo and then the fetus, this is a critical time for the development of the soon
to be infant. Studies have shown that the prenatal period is the most important period for neurodevelopment in the womb. For many years the aim to
promote a healthy pregnancy stemmed from the pregnant woman maintaining a balanced nutrition, low to moderate exercise, and staying away from
stress. Pregnant women are also encouraged to protect themselves against harmful toxins and common life stressors to lower the risk of the child being
under developed physically and cognitively. According to the National Institute of Health, "maternal consumption of essential fatty acids during
pregnancy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Cognition represents a complex set of higher mental functions subserved by the brain, and includes attention, memory, thinking, learning and
perception" (as cited in Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, Oddy 1). The building blocks of nutrition include enzymes and neurotransmitters that are
necessary for optimal growth and development. Many studies have shown that the lack of micronutrients such as folic acid, vitamin B12, iron and zinc,
just to name of few, are leading causes of malnutrition. "There is evidence that malnutrition can impair cognitive development, whilst breastfeeding
appears to be beneficial for cognition. (Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, Oddy

The Psychosocial Development Of Infants And Children Essay
The psychosocial development of infants and children is a topic that has been studied by many. Per the Psychology textbook by Ciccarelli, personality
and the formation of relationships begins with psychological and social development during infancy and childhood (p.328). Personality is shown
through temperament, a child's temperament in relation to their primary caregiver's temperament will determine what style of attachment the child
forms with the caregiver (p.330). Attachment is very important for infants and young children to form emotional bonds. There are four styles of
attachment secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized–disoriented. Secure attachment is the most important style of attachment. Those with
secure attachment have a developed sense of self that will carry through to adulthood, and lead to positively affected relationships.
The ability to form secure attachment begins with temperament. Temperament is the behavioral and emotional characteristics that are almost
completely established at birth and demonstrate how every person has a different personality (p.328). Researchers Chess and Thomas identified that
there are three basic styles of temperament; easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. Infants that are considered to have an "easy" temperament are those
that adapt well to change, are overall happy, and soothe easily after distress (p.328). Infants that are considered to have a "difficult" temperament tend
to be very unhappy with any degree of change,

Infant Development
"Cooing" and "Babbling" are stages in infant development when the infant begins its speech protection. Infants begin cooing by 2–3 months and
babbling around 5–6 months. Babies are very interesting as they show tremendous development in their first year of birth. They tend to produce all
kinds of sounds including squeals, giggling, growling, cry, going sounds, vowel sounds like da, la, boo, mi etc. babies speak one or two words by
their first birthday. Infants also learn a lot through gestures. They pay close attention to human voices and tend to catch them quickly. They will always
look for care and attention, especial from their mother. Their sounds like ma ma will turn into mamma once they are in line with their vocal production.
This paper... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To prove that babbling is the first and foremost of speech, deaf infants and hearing infants were compared and studied under different conditions.
Hearing infants were studied at three stages of age. Two procanonical (5 and 6 months) and one fully canonical (11–14 months). The age for canonical
babbling was 11–14 months for the hearing impaired infants and their ratio of canonical babbling was to be determined. From the study, one of the
hearing impaired infant was most verbal of all the others. Onset of repetitive production of well–formed syllables canonical syllables in monosyllabic
and in reduplicated sequences like ma ma ma or ba ba ba ba. Canonical syllables were identified by phonetically trained listeners having the following
properties. (1). One fully resonate nucleus i.e., vowel of identifiable quality, high nasalized vowels being excluded by the resonance requirement. (2).
One no glottal margin (3). Duration of syllable and formant transitions that fit within the range of mature syllable production. (4). Normal phonation
and pitch range. Canonical babbling can be identified based on a tape recorded sample of spontaneous utterances. In laboratory environments, a
50–utterance minimum is sought and vegetative or presumed involuntary utterances. Precanonical and conical utterances are counted. A single
utterance is defined as a breath group and is for about 1 second. For tape

Infant Brain Development
Healthy brain development in infants is critical during the first few moths of life. Infant brain development is a process which depends on endogenous
and exogenous stimulation and a supportive environment (Marshall, 2011). During the third trimester, a critical period of brain and neurosensory
development occurs as well as the first three months of a baby's life. If not provided, infants may suffer the consequences of permanent deficits in the
developing neurosensory systems as a result of disruption, damage, or deprivation in a social and physical environment. Marshall (2011) provides
reconmendations for caregivers to improve infant's developmenting brain while providing appropriate developmental stimulation and support. System
functions such as vision, auditory, chemosensory, somatosensory, and limbic are guided by internal and external environments (Marshall, 2011). If not
functioning correctly it may affect the development of physical and neural structures in infants. Theses five systems perform a role in producing and
responding to cognitive development. Similar to the five system functions, there are four elements that guide the development ... Show more content on
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Also their vision will be permantley damaged. They will not be able to detect shapes, orientation, color, or patterns during those critical periods. the
early hearing system of infants relies first on endogenous stimulation, and then requires exogenous stimulation to develop further. At 32 weeks a fetus
has the ability to recongnize ot smothers voice. The sound of the mothers voice is important as it helps with their babies cognitive development.
Marshall (2011) states when a mother does not speak the newborn may delayed int heir development by 2 months. during the fetal period it is important
thea tmonthers speak beacse during the pregnancy the fetus is

Developmental Development : Characteristics Of Human...
Physical:
Infants in this stage get all that they require from their mom in the placenta, which is basic to fetal survival. Our bodies are comprised of cells, each
loaded with chromosomes and DNA. Cells in our bodies experience mitosis, which makes developing conceivable. Chromosomes given from the
mother and the father decide the youngster's physical improvement. The qualities in our bodies "provide a blueprint or code to the cell for how to
produce proteins" (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010, p. 37).
Developmental:
The content associated with this course states that "humans will become at least partially channeled even before birth" (Broderick and Blewitt, 2010,
p. 68). Pre–birth mind improvements, and additionally postnatal mental health are especially imperative components of formative learning. Amid
typical pre–birth improvement, even in the initial three weeks, when implantation happens, vital advancements are happening; like the arrangement of
the neural tube. From the fourth to the eighth week is when most organ frameworks shape. From the ninth week until birth, improvement is as yet
happening with the development of reproduction system and the greater part of alternate system likewise proceeding to develop.
Spiritual:
Profound convictions of the mother does not influence the child in spite of the fact that, studies have shown that some meditation methods have
influenced the well–being of the embryo. Intellectual:
There have been many research to the impact of

Effects Of Breastfeeding On Infant Development
Balcom 1
Adreanna Balcom
Professor Alex G.
English 101
May 4, 2015
The Effects of Breastfeeding on Infant Development as Opposed to Formula Everyday about 353,000 babies are born and there are about 255 babies
born globally per minute according to Babycenter.com . Once a baby enters the world they instantly need love, care, and nurturing. Studies show that
babies need love and care from their mother figure in order to survive. One way mothers show their love and care towards their brand new baby is to
nurture them. This can be done by the natural way of breastfeeding or by baby formula. Both are very common here in the United States. Some women
say they prefer breastfeeding over formula because it not only helps the baby but also helps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breast milk contains the perfect type and amount of proteins and nutrients for a growing baby. Unlike formula, breast milk 's composition adjusts
over time to meet the child 's needs at every stage of development (American Academy of Pediatrics , 8). The AAP says that the first milk produced
is low in volume and high in protein. This make it easier for a new born to digest the milk. The first milk from the mother is called Colostrum.
This can not be found in any formula. This first milk is crucial to an infants development . After birth, the colostrum gradually gives way to make
milk with greater volume, lower protein, and higher in lactose and fat in accordance with an infants growing needs (American Academy of
Pediatric, 8). There are many important ingredients found in breast milk and one of them is fatty acids. These fatty acids, unique to human milk, are
responsible for the baby 's ability to facilitate optimal brain development . Along with nutrition and development, the infants immune system is
dependent on the type of nurturing they receive. It is simple really, if the mother gets a cold while breastfeeding, chances are her baby will also get
that cold. That sounds bad but following the cold are antibodies that are produced by the mother 's body in order to fight the cold. Now the baby not
only has a cold but also has the tools in order to fight it and because of this process the babies immune system

Essay on The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Infant Development
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was the first to develop a theory of human development with a focus on unconscious processes and
instincts. Freud believed unconscious conflicts in early childhood can determine who a person will be in adulthood. He also believed that the mind
contains three parts known as the id, ego, and superego, which govern a person's judgment (Frank, 2013). The id, which Freud believed to be present
at birth, is viewed as the childlike part of the unconscious. It is pleasure seeking and represents a person's wants, instincts, and drives. The ego, which
is both conscious and unconscious, is the adult part of a person's mind as well as the compromising component between the id and the supergo. It
serves as a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the latency stage of development, a person's energy is sublimated into activities such as school, sports, and friendships. Finally, in the genital
stage the person reaches adolescence and sexual energy is focused onto others, and it is at this stage that all prior conflicts may once again arise
(Maheshwari, 2013). Freud's theory of the unconscious sparked an interest in a man named Carl Jung. He followed Freud to America, but later began
his own theories on the mind. Carl Jung was another major traditional psychoanalyst. Jung's theory of the unconscious differs slightly than that of
Freud's in that he divided the unconscious into two parts; the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious contains
all of a person's unconscious thoughts, ideas, and memories, including those that have been repressed. Jung believed the collective unconscious
contains an innate knowledge about ways of reacting that have been inherited by human ancestry in what he called archetypes (Cherry, n.d.). Studies
that support Jung's theory found that there are a variety of emotions which correspond to every infant and are relevant to all cultures. Accordingly, a
well–known Jungian analyst named Anthony Stevens found that attachment in infancy is proof of archetypes by the way this characteristic can be
seen across the world and all cultures (p. 235). However, critics of Jung's theory argue that the emerging field of epigenetics puts a

Infant Language Development Essay
The understanding of the world can be defined as the infant's notion of other's and the surrounding. The question is whether infants are
pre–programmed with an initial concept of the world. Many experiments conducted supported the idea that a new born infant holds an understanding of
the world. Cognitive development of a human being begins during the prenatal period. Consequently, infants do have a comprehension of the world.
Infants are not mindless in fact they are born with the ability to identify voices, faces, interact and perform metacognition. An infant is preloaded with a
system designed to socially develop completely. They are able to discern their mother tongue since they have gotten a earful during the prenatal period,
similarly with their mothers' voices. An experiment was performed to prove the validity of this. Ninety–one infants from French families were tested
with English and Japanese. The infants were on pacifiers that functioned to calculate the times sucked. The French infants' sucking rate when hearing
English sentences were higher than hearing Japanese sentences. Infants can identify a familiar language by listening to the tempo the specific
language. (Nazzi et al,. 1998)
Neonates are born with perceptual constancy. They are familiar with objects with constant proportion and size despite the changes in distance ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment on infants were carried out by Albert Yonas, 1978. It is presumed that infants would reach out to the apparent nearer side which also
appears to be the longer side of the trapezoidal mirror. The assumption made was indeed right. Infants reached out for the area that was nearer to them
rather than the distant shorter side of the Ames window. Definitively, I believe that infants can make sense of pictorial depth in the surrounding

Cognitive Development In Infants Essay

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