Chromic Acid Lab Report

Chromic Acid Lab Report
I. Chromic Acid Test
Hydrocarbon Observation Reaction equation and deduction
Acetaldehye Slow reaction with the forming of greenish –black solution. Heat is released during the
reaction. CH3CHO + H2CrO4 → CH3COOH + Cr2O3
Aldehyde present in the solution.
Benzaldehye No reaction occurred. C6H5CHO + H2CrO4 → no reaction.
Acetophenone No reaction occurred. C6H5C(O)CH3 + H2CrO4 → no reaction
Ketone presents in the solution.
3–pentanone No reaction occurred. CH3CH2COCH2CH3 + H2CrO4 → no reaction
Ketone presents in the solution.
Isopropyl alcohol Greenish–black solution with black precipitate obtains in a short period. Heat
release during the reaction. CH₃CHOHCH₃ + H2CrO4 → CH3COCH3 + Cr2O3
Present of the secondary alcohol.
1–propanol React vigorously with chromic acid to produce a pale green solution with black
precipitate. Heat is released during the reaction. CH₃CH₂CH₂OH + H2CrO4 → CH3CH2CHO +
Cr2O3 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unknown A No reaction occurred. May be present of ketone and benzene ring without free
hydrogen atom.
Unknown B No reaction occurred. May be present of ketone and benzene ring without free
hydrogen atom.
Unknown C React rapidly with chromic acid to form a green solution with black precipitate. Heat is
released during the reaction. It can be a primary alcohol, secondary alcohol or aldehyde.
II. Tollen's
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Isopropyl Alcohol Lab Report
For lab twelve, the molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol is 73.121g/mol. The molar mass for unknown
sample is 107.01g/mol. The molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol and unknown sample would be
different from true molecular weight because the liquid of Isopropyl alcohol is not completely
vaporized in boiling water. There is small amount of liquid left in the Florence flask that affect the
result of molar mass for Isopropyl alcohol to be different than the true molecular weight of
Isopropyl alcohol. Also, some vapors could have escaped through the pinhole. Instead of making
tiny pinhole in the middle of foil, I could have accidently make a huge pinhole that causes the
vapors to escape easily and change the result of molar mass. Lastly, I only did one

Prenatal And Infancy : Childhood Memories Of Drugs
Prenatal/Infancy
This writer's earliest knowledge of drugs or alcohol is of his grandfather. From information gained
from his parents his grandfather drank regularly near him and his siblings. This writer has no
memory of drugs or alcohol. This writers father was a heavy cigarette smoker, there was knowledge
of cigarette smoke in the house because of the smoke smell. This writer also remembers that there
was cigarette smoking everywhere. Not like now days where you can't smoke in malls, restaurants,
bars, movie theaters, and air ports. During the early 1980's you could smoke everywhere. This
writer also remembers stories from his grandmother about this writer's father. The stories where
about this writer's father was in his infancy period of development. This writer's father who was
raised in the early 1940's was surrounded by lots of alcoholic beverages, and cigar smoke. This
writer and his father had a similar upbringing.
Childhood
This writer's childhood earliest memories of drugs or alcohol is at the age of nine having his first
taste of an alcoholic beverage. This writer remembers sneaking into the basement and grabbing one
of his father's warm bears. The taste of that warm old bear you would think turned away this writer
form drinks alcoholic beverages again. This writer still remembers wanting to drink again and again.
This writer also remembers starting to experiment with cigarette's. this writer started smoking with
his two older brothers that where in their teen

Isopropyl Alcohol Research Paper
The hypothesis was proven to be correct because isopropyl alcohol had a more joules created than
either of the other fuels. It was the longest lasting which demonstrates the effectiveness of just two
milliliters, so when a liter is used, the alcohol now has the potential for inordinate amounts of
energy because the heat would continue to rise and the seconds of energy would dramatically
increase. Gasoline nor diesel do not have enough heat longevity or intensity to match the isopropyl
alcohol. There are two clear benefits from this fuel source. The first is that if alcohol were to be used
as a different fuel source is creating joules, this alcohol would be more efficient in creating more
energy as a whole, and the second benefit is that environmentally it releases less odors and CO2
emissions. Isopropyl alcohol formed by hydration reaction when water and propene combine, and
considering that propene is an organic compound, both ingredients are natural resources and more
stable overall. This liquid could be manipulated to release more heat than gasoline, and thus, more
heat means energy that can be converted as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of our sources said that alcohol burns really good and produces little CO2 and no odor.
According to our results, not only is it really efficient, but it had no odor nor did we notice the same
amount of emissions as gas and diesel. The diesel performed the least, but research has shown that
diesel performs greater with different engines. The engines are engineered to have better traction,
thrust, etc. that makes the diesel better. So, gasoline was the only real competition for the alcohol.
Gasoline lasted a little less than a minute and alcohol lasted a little more than a minute, and gas
heated the water less than the alcohol. Gas is barely better per second, but long term alcohol
performs better. The literature points to alcohol performing better and the next breakthrough in
alternative

Solubility
p. 1 Megan Ly Chemistry 231L February 20, 2013
SOLUBILITY
Purpose: To better comprehend solubility behavior by investigating the solubility of various
substances in different solvents, looking at miscible and immiscible pairs of liquids, and observing
the solubility of organic acids and bases. Reference: Pavia, A Small Scale Approach to Organic
Laboratory Techniques pp. 6–
‐9 Report: Part A 1) Results in table form Solvent: ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methyl alcohol is more polar than the other two alcohols because of the shorter carbon chain and
polar hydroxyl group. For this reason, methanol is soluble in water.
3)
p. 3
1–
‐octanol and 1–
‐butanol are both nonpolar molecules which explains why it is soluble in hexane.
Methanol is semi–
‐polar and not soluble in nonpolar hexane, even though the small bubbles indicate
that solution is taking place.
Part C 1) Results in table form Compound Water & Ethyl Alcohol O H O H O H O H H
&
H
&
Cl Cl H & O H & OH
Miscible/Immiscible Miscible
Water & Diethyl

Alcoholism and Angela's Ashes
Alcoholism and Angela 's Ashes
Alcoholism is one of the most common disorders in the world today. It is a disease, a sickness that
harms the body and the mind in the most violent ways possible. The body is racked by a need to
suffice its desire, and this leads addicts to do anything to get the alcohol into their systems. In
Angela 's Ashes, alcoholism is a major theme, and becomes the destroyer of the families and loved
ones that are involved.
In Angela 's Ashes, the father Malachy is inflicted with the disease of alcoholism, and his need for
the drink leads him to use his paycheck to buy alcohol instead of using it for the basic needs of his
family. Countless times, Malachy 's alcoholism harms or gets in the way of his family. Not ... Show
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Alcoholism is truly crippling, and he does a great job in getting this across. And in some ways,
Malachy 's alcoholism helped his children—by showing them the tragic consequences of choosing a
life for the drink. From his mistakes, he children can learn and avoid alcohol.
Alcoholism is a demon, a disease, something reached for out of desperation. It helps with a person 's
problem by deadening their senses, and increasing his problems at the same time by destroying his
character. When you drink, you don 't have to think about all your problems, you can just let the
alcohol wash them away from your mind. But it can never take away all your problems—they still
remain, just your sense to care for them is gone. Alcoholism has a great chance to pass on to later
generations, but sometimes growing up in an alcoholic family will make the children swear off the
drink because they have seen what it can turn people into. It turns them into the basic raw human
emotion of grief. They are miserable for alcohol is the only thing that can make them feel normal
after awhile, their entire bodies ache for it. Even when they have given up drinking, their bodies can
revert back after having just one drop again. Yes, alcoholism is truly a terrifying disease of the mind
and body—not just to the addict, but also to the loved ones

Raymond Carver and his Works
Part 2
I personally believe that with any story told or movie made that you have to creator's life to see
where the story actually comes from. No matter what we do in life we all as human beings find a
way to show what we have been through in our lives. Raymond Carver was no different just he had
a really tough road that he traveled and it showed in his stories. According to an interview with
William, Stull in "Matters of Life & Death: An Interview with Raymond Carver" Carver also
understood that his life showed through in his work, "Wolff said in a review of my first book of
stories that he felt he could pick out a story of mine without seeing my name attached to it. I took
that as a compliment. If you can find an author's fingerprints on the work, you can tell it's his and no
other's." (Stull 14–17) Carver's life bled through his work and in "The Bath" we can see this. In
"The Bath" we have a couple dealing with the accident their son had been in and it seemed to push
them apart more than they already were. The fact of the couple losing touch with each other
managed to transcend the story into Carver's real life, Carver's marriage to his first wife Maryann.
But instead of an accident pushing Raymond and Maryann apart, it was Raymond's addiction to
Alcohol and the problems that came with his addiction. According to Abby, Werlock in "The Facts
on File Companion to the American Short Story" Carver's alcohol addiction was spiraling out of
control and was poised to take

Fischer Esterification
Fischer Esterification of (1,3–Dimethylbutyl) Acetate from 4–Methyl–2–Pentanol Alison Evans
Anne Richards TA: Dylan Kahl Tuesday 11:30am – 2:20pm 81807 Abstract: An ester was
synthesized during an organic reaction and identified by IR spectroscopy and boiling point. Acetic
acid was added to 4–methyl–2–pentanol, which was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. This produced the
desired ester and water. After the ester was isolated a percent yield of 55.1% was calculated from
the 0.872 g of ester recovered. This quantitative error was most likely due to product getting stuck in
the apparatus. The boiling point of the ester was 143° C, only one degree off from the theoretical
boiling point of the ester 1,3–dimethylbutyl, 144 ° C. The values of the ... Show more content on
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If necessary the centrifuge can also be used to further separate the two layers. A final means of
drying the ester product is the addition of granular sodium sulfate. The purity and identity of the
product can be determined through the use of smell, IR spectroscopy and melting point
determination. A general idea of what the ester is can be obtained by smell. Esters can have specific
smells and if the scent can be determined, one may have an idea of the ester was created. IR
spectroscopy will identify the bonds of the functional groups. The ester can be considered pure if
there are no additional peaks on the IR spectrum. For example, if a peak corresponding to an alcohol
group appeared on the IR spectrum it would mean the ester is not completely pure. Melting point
can also be used to confirm the identity and how pure the final product is. Comparison of the
experimental melting point and the literature value allows for determination of how close the
experimental value is to the literature value. If the experimental value is within the range of the
literature value, the product can be considered pure. Procedure: A 10 mL round–bottom flask was
weighed both before and after approximately 1.5 mL of the given alcohol, 4–methyl–2–pentanol,
was added. 3 mL of glacial acetic acid, one boiling chip, and 2–3 drops of concentrated sulfuric acid
were added to the flask in that order. The reflux apparatus was assembled, the

Diesel Fuel ( The Dominant Fuel )
Introduction:
Diesel (the dominant fuel) has grown in its demand in several countries. Yet, to counteract the
increased rate at which diesel is sold, we are forced to seek alternative ways to provide effective and
sustainable qualitative fuels. After researching alternative fuels based on the knowledge of how
diesel works in an engine, it was found that diesohols (blend of diesel and alcohol) were proven an
easy understudy to pure diesel. Without any major modification in an engine, diesohols have the
ability to power a car, for example, like in any normal circumstance (Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 2015).
Diesel fuel is a mixture of alkane hydrocarbons (a compound containing hydrogen and carbon).
These hydrocarbons are saturated, essentially meaning the fuel has a low density – this is important
so that the vehicle using such fuel can operate efficiently (Energy Information Administration,
2013). Furthermore, alkanes are extremely combustible, ensuring sufficient burning of the diesel
(Nave, R.). After observing these characteristics of diesel, it became essential to prove that alcohols
too had properties similar to these (despite sources supporting the change from diesel to a
combination of diesel and alcohol). Alcohols do have equivalent hydrocarbons (Chemical Industry,
2015). The alcohol molecule too contains oxygen contributing greatly to the act of combustion
(Natural Resources and Environment Department). This property, together with its saturated nature

Long Dry Natural Hair : Dry Hair
Moisturizing Dry Natural Hair
Dry hair is a universal complaint of people with natural hair. The tighter your kinks and coils, the
more likely it is for your hair to be dry. Additionally, if your hair has a low porosity, the cuticles are
tightly closed and the result is that it makes it difficult for moisture to enter the hair shaft. There are
a number of key practices that help to keep natural hair moisturised. Let's take a look a some of the
practices to boost and maintain the moisture levels of natural hair.
Deep condition
Deep conditioning is absolutely essential for maintaining healthy, moisturised natural hair. Deep
conditioning restores moisture that is lost from the hair due to environmental factors such as very
hot or very cold air. In the summer, the heat leaves the hair dry and parched and in the winter, cold
air also pulls moisture from the hair due to the fact that cold air lacks moisture. Just think of how
your skin becomes dry when exposed to cold air and you'll understand.
The tighter your kinks and coils, the more often you need to deep condition and the thicker your
deep conditioner should be. There are some lightweight, deep conditioners that can pack a powerful
moisture punch, however, in general, the thicker your deep conditioner, the more likely moisturising
and nourishing it is to your thirsty hair.
When deep conditioning, ensure that you follow the instructions as described on the product
packaging. Deep conditioners are formulated to work within a

Naming Alcohols in Chemistry
In chemistry, an alcohol is in the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In
particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms.
Important alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the type of
alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to
ethanol. When it comes to alcohol reactions the functional group of the alcohols is the hydroxyl
group –OH. Unlike the alkyl halides, this group has two reactive covalent bonds, the C–O bond and
the O–H bond. The electronegativity of oxygen is greater than carbon and hydrogen. The covalent
bonds of this functional group are polarized so that oxygen is electron ... Show more content on
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In the monohydric alcohol group there is Methanol (wood alcohol), ethanol (alcohol), isopropyl
alcohol (rubbing alcohol), Butyl alcohol (butanol), pentanol (amyl alcohol), and hexadecan–1–ol
(cetyl alcohol). Another group of alcohols would be the polyhydric alcohols. With these alcohols
there are ethane 1,2–diol (ethylene glycol), propane 1,2–diol (propylene glycol), Propane–1,2,3–
triol (glycerol), Butane–1,2,3,4–tetraol (Erythritol, Threitol), Pentane–1,2,3,4,5–pentol (xylitol),
Hexane–1,2,3,4,5,6–hexol (Mannitol, Sorbitol), Heptane–1,2,3,4,5,6,7–heptol (volemitol). Another
group of alcohols would be the unsaturated aliphatic alcohols. In this group would be Prop–2–ene–
1–ol (allyl alcohol), 3, 7–Dimethylocta–2, 6–dien–1–ol (geraniol), and Prop–2–in–1–ol (Propargyl
alcohol). The last group of the alcohols would be alicyclic alcohols. In this group there is
Cyclohexane–1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6–hexol (inositol) and 2 – (2–propyl)–5–methyl–cyclohexane–1–ol
(menthol) (Britannica). The names above are just a list of some of the alcohols that can be found
within the big range and different types of alcohols. The alcohols above use the same formats as
alkanes to be named. When it comes to alcohols and naming them they will end with the letters –ol
at the end of the name, which means that they are alcohols. When it comes to alcohol reactions the
functional group of the alcohols is

Reac 714 Studying Sn1 and Sn2 Reactions: Nucleophilic...
REAC 714 Studying SN1 and SN2 Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution at Saturated Carbon Date
of Experiment: February 6, 2008 Objective: The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study
both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1–bromobutane from
1–butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared
spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors
influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br –
versus Cl–; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the
solvent, 40 percent 2–propanol versus 60 percent 2–propanol. ... Show more content on
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The 2–bromobutane is a crystal–like white layer The final appearance of the 2–bromobutane was a
clear liquid that is transparent Reaction Scheme SN2 Substances Formula Weight, g/mol Weight
Used Moles Used Mole Ratio Melting Point °C Boiling Point °C Density g/mL Solubility (g per 100
mL) Water Ether 1–bromobutane 137 Product N/A 1 to 1 N/A 102 1.276 Not soluble in H2O

Borneol Lab Report
Borneol; An Oxidation–Reduction Scheme Nicolas Gibson Lab Time: Tuesday 11:30 am Abstract:
In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation
reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction.
Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and
isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the
oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The
products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4–DNP test and
13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four main regions of IR absorptions: region 4000 – 3000 cm–1 corresponds to N–H, C–H
and O–H stretching, region 2250– 2100 cm–1 is triple–bond stretching , region 2000– 1500 cm–1 is
double bonds and the region below 1500 cm–1 is the fingerprint region where a variety of single
bonds are absorbed.3 The chromic acid test is a test for oxidizability and gives a positive result for
primary and secondary alcohols as well as aldehydes2. A positive result in the chromic acid test is
indicated by a color change and the formation of a precipitate. Tertiary alcohols give negative
results for the chromic acid test since there must be a hydrogen present on the alcoholic carbon for
oxidation to occur. The 2,4 DNP test, tests for a carbonyl and is therefore a dependable test for
aldehydes and ketones. Finally, 13C NMR spectroscopy is a test to determine the structure of a
compound. 13C NMR detects the 13C isotope of carbon. Each carbon has a different chemical shift.
A carbon's chemical shift is affected by the electronegativity of nearby atoms. Carbons that are
bonded to highly electronegative atoms resonant downfield because the electronegative atom pulls
electrons away from the nearby carbons and cause those carbons to resonant downfield1 (John
McMurry, 2008). A general trend is that sp3–hybridized carbons absorb from 0 to 90 ppm, sp2–
hybridized carbons resonant between 110

Effects Of Alcohol On Women 's Drinking
Alcohol is very popular amongst all ages of women whether they drink before or after 21 years old
or. Women are seen as vulnerable and weak, which is a typical stereotype society defines. A reason
why women may drink is indefinite. There is not an exact reason why women drink, but there are
many reasons why may one drink. Reasons may consist of positivity and/ or negativity for alcohol;
however, there are many negative effects on women. Women drink in order to have fun and get
loose, or if they are stressed and feel overwhelmed. Consumption of alcohol is every day, but people
may not know what it is composed of. There are ingredients that people do not realize that would be
in an alcoholic beverage. It is important for women to know what they are putting into their bodies.
As women drink more, the more likely women are known to have a disorder. Eating disorders can
play a big factor in drinking. Many people do not realize how alcohol is broken down, however,
according to Kolander, "alcohol takes place through the stomach, where about 20 percent is
absorbed directly into the bloodstream, and from the small intestine where 80 percent is absorbed
and moves into the bloodstream and to all parts of the body" (p. 322). There are many types of
alcohol; the three additional types of alcohol are methanol, isopropyl, and butyl. These ingredients
are dangerous for the body. Methyl alcohol, also called wood alcohol, is an ingredient in such
products as glass cleaners, turpentine,

Nightlife 's Second Year Female Management Students...
Nightlife and S.U Second Year Female Management Students Attitude towards Studies
Nightlife, it is defined as source of entertainment especially during late night. We asked students on
how they would define nightlife for them and some answered that "Nightlife for me is a source of
fun"(Jaelyn Gavina) "for me nightlife is an experience you'll missed when you get old" (Danica
Lopez). People define night life in different terms and ways as how they see it. Considering that
nightlife is also a major part on how students socialize. They gain more friends with nightlife and
meet new people. Regarding the fact that bars, nightclubs and other social places are involve. As we
wonder what is really the source of nightlife where did it came from, ... Show more content on
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The following are most common alcohol abuse, smoking, drug abuse and cheating. We also
considered the health risk factors student can get from nightlife. Class performance is also being
discussed in this research on how nightlife affects academic performance of students, why they
become lazy in class and lessened focus on studies. The final part of our research is about the
changes of attitude among students because of nightlife. Survey and interview results are also being
displayed at the bottom part of this research. We surveyed on 30% of the female management
students. We interviewed two experts and two resource person as well.
Social life of students is being improved by nightlife. Just like increased self confidence among
peers, higher self esteem and way of enjoying life. The thing is that it isn't bad to learn to socialize
with others but on how you control yourself from being influenced by the negative things it has,
especially on your health and your studies. Learn to prioritize them first. That's why we argued on,
even though nightlife helps students relationship with others grow, it actually promotes negative
attitude towards studies.
One of the merely talked negative effects of nightlife is vices and violence. The youth vices and
violence has several effects on student's life. Most of the youth vices and violence begins when they
engage into nightlife survey shows

Phlebotomy Venipuncture Procedure Essay
MLS Week #2 Pre–Lab Phlebotomy Venipuncture Procedure Write up a phlebotomy venipuncture
procedure that you can use for the rest of the year and beyond. You may use textbooks, the internet,
videos, pictures, and other laboratory procedures as examples. Make sure your procedure is in your
own words and is easy to read and understand for use in a clinical setting. Please take a look at other
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in order to see an appropriate format for writing laboratory
procedures. This will be a "living document" that will change and grow once you learn and
experience more situations that will give you more "tricks" to utilize in the art of phlebotomy. This
procedure should be typed and handed into the Moodle pre lab assignment by 0700 on ... Show
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– Verified person's First, middle and last name. – Date of birth. – Social security number. – Verbally
or in writing, screen the individual for sexual transmitted diseases, recent unprotected sexual contact
with prostitute or individual who has numerous contacts with other individuals of an unprotected
individual. – Verbally or in writing, screen the individual for blood components, transfection factors
deficiencies, which are critical to the cascade of the clotting of blood after injury. – Screen/query the
individual for all drug use which integral to problems with STD, Hepatitis, chronic pain, and use of
drugs of abuse. – Screen the individual for any and all drugs which interfere with clotting of blood
and would cause strokes or interferences with cascade of the clotting factors. – Screen the individual
for any recent surgeries or injuries or blood loss. – If all the above are answered so the individual's
I.D. is verified answered appropriately for all the questions then have the person sit in blood
drawing chair. – Cut pieces of tape, check the labels match individual I.D. for blood tubes and/or
unit bags. – Label tubes and place in order sample tubes, and unit bags. –Blood

A Look Into Moonshining
A Look into moonshine Hooch, white lightning, mountain dew, moonshine, etc, they are all names
for the illeagally made liquor brewed in the mid–Atlantic and southern rural regions of US. The idea
of making moonshine came about because the government put such high taxes on liquor it was more
cost effective just for the citizens to make their own. There are many variations of the liquor, and
just about anything can be thrown into the mix. The styles of making the liquor and the taste change
with each region you go even though the makers use practically the same ingredients and the same
base of producing the product. The making of illegal liquor has been around the US ever since the
colonists first came over, but with them came the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The carbon dioxide is lost to the environment and what is left is a wine like drink with fairly low
alcohol content, between 6–20%. The strength of the mash is determined by the yeast used and the
sugar content (higher sugar higher alcohol content). From there the shiners (makers of moonshine)
will use a process of distillation to separate the alcohol from the mash to make the product more
potent. In distillation the fermented mash is heated to evaporated the Ethyl alcohol which evaporats
at 173 degrees farenheight. The vapor is then in a cold tube and comes out more potent. The reason
it becomes more potent is because the alcohol that is produced in the mash is being condensed into a
smaller size with the same amount of alcohol. The stuff that comes out can be anywhere from 50–
99% depending on how well it is made. Distilation may be the only way to produce a strong
finished product there are serious dangers that the process brings. First, there is a dangerous
chemical in the mash that is produced, and boils at a lower temperature than ethyl alcohol,
methanol. Although methanol is an alcohol, it is not the good kind and is the reason people would
go blind from drinking it. Methanol boils at 143 degrees farenheight and is usually the first to start
flowing, so the first few gallons are discarded. Another important danger is because during
distillation there is an open flame and

Effects of Advertising on Positive and Negative
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report will cover the role of advertising in society in New Zealand. I will introduce what is
advertising, what type of advertising use often in New Zealand with diagram to explain. What is
process of change for advertising.
There are positive and negative points of advertising, which means effects of advertising for people
and organization in society. And describe detail for the positive and negative. Advertising must be
two sides of the argument. It was a commercial measure of advertising, we cannot introduce
something or products without advertising, that's advance technology all over the world, that's
communication would be fast transfer information in the marketing. Good advertising will profit for
organization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So many same products come into the market, just different brand. And good advertising will
straight tell customer which one would be best choice.
5. Positive our life, nurture emotion. Actually, good advertising is art. Some creativity and
innovation will be show up. Lovely background, music, amazing skill of design, influent people
better. We can learn new ideas and innovation from advertising.
2.2 Negative
1. Cheating. Some provider and advertiser didn't show true information of products to people,
overstate product's capability, misdirect customer trade, and some advertising in order to cheating
for people. Actually, it's totally different when you purchase, is not reality description of advertising.
2. Is not good for society when the advertising has bad concept and disgusting behavior. Not only
exist lovely pictures and words. Influent people whom fewer than 18.
3. Advertising easily lead to vicious competition, waste of corporate financial and material
resources. In order to expand sales and marketing, competition among enterprises in the commodity
economy in the inevitable economic and social.
4. Increase fee of advertising, and put the fee on cost of product, people will be burden. In order to
profit in the market for organization, they are going to invest advertising more and more, but
customer feel burden.
5. Abuse advertising will be pollution. The same advertising of products show on TV, Internet,
newspapers so many times. Waste of time and

How The Atoms Are Arranged Within A Molecule
Description
When we just look at the molecular formula, we don't know how the atoms are arranged within a
molecule. Different arrangements of atoms are possible in one formula and these are called
structural isomers, which we will focus on for this lesson.
!!!Structural Isomers
Did you love playing with building blocks when you were young? I remember taking the blocks
apart and putting them back together. Each time, I create different shapes and structures, all the
while, using the same set of blocks.
Let us think of atoms in a molecular formula as building blocks. __Molecular formulas__ tell us
how many atoms of each element there are in a molecule. Just like the building blocks, these atoms
can be bonded together in different ways. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, we can say that butane and isobutane are structural isomers.
!!!Types of Structural Isomers and Examples
Now that we know what structural isomers mean, let's discuss the different types of structural
isomers. These are chain isomers, functional group isomers and positional isomers.
!!Chain Isomers
__Chain isomers__ are a type of structural isomers that differ in terms of the branches in their
carbon chains. For chain isomers, we can imagine removing one carbon and its attachments in a
chain and sticking it together with another carbon within the chain.
For instance, for pentane, which has a molecular formula of C sub ''5'' H sub ''12'', has three different
chain isomers. In the illustration below, it shows that pentane and isopentane are chain isomers of
each other. The CH sub ''3'' group (circled in red) of pentane is switched with a hydrogen atom on
the carbon chain. Once this is done, it produces a chain isomer, isopentane.
Pentane and Isopentane Are Chain Isomers

Below, we can see another chain isomer of pentane, which is neopentane. Neopentane results from
switching the CH sub ''3'' on the left and the H atom (circled in red) with each other, and the other
CH sub ''3'' group on the right and the H atom (circled in blue). Pentane and Neopentane Are Chain
Isomers
By switching the hydrogen and CH sub''3'' groups on the pentane chain, we change the way the
atoms are

How Alcohol Is An Important Aspect Necessary For Human...
Alcohol presents an important aspect necessary for human survival owing to its wide–ranging
benefits in the clinical context. Ideally, alcohol acts as an effective germ killer owing to its great
potential of coagulating a germ's protein. Indeed, the use of alcohol is not new to the clinical setting
as way back in the 1800's, alcohol alongside specific herbs were in surgical operations used for the
major purpose of reducing pain. As studies reveal, lately there has been an increasing trend of using
alcohol in surgical operations in theatre to prevent the possible occurrence of infections. As Lobley
(72) states, "this relates to the aseptic technique that comprises of practices that aim at ensuring
patients do not acquire any infections when undergoing surgical operations." Notably, clinical
professionals use alcohol in various ways such as the sterilization of theatre linen and equipment,
patient preparation, and theatre preparation alongside surgical team preparation. As Josephson (18)
suggest, "dedicated surgery nurses should make the use of alcohol in line with the aseptic technique
not only an everyday practice but rather a normal way of life implying that the process ought to
become second nature." The use of alcohol in theatre operations is sterilization, without alcohol, the
essential need of sterilization would not result good safety measures. "Not all types of alcohol are
suitable for use in theatre operations" (Josephson 22) so it is good to have a good

Comparing The Heat Combustion Of Different Fuels
Transport – A Necessary Evil: Comparing the Heat Combustion of Different Fuels
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to test each fuel (Ethanol, Hexanol and Octanol) by using a spirit
burner, tripod and beaker filled with water to determine which fuel produces the most effective heat
of combustion that is also safe to take camping. This will be conducted by using a stopwatch to time
the combustion of each fuel to determine which fuels heats the water quickly, and what materials
can be used to minimise loss of energy when heat is being transferred from the flame to the water.
Hypothesis:
If 1–Octanol, Ethanol and 1–Hexanol are combusted with air to heat up water then Octanol will
produce the greatest heat of combustion (the largest change in enthalpy using q=mc∆T). This is
because Octanol has the longest carbon chain and therefore more energy required to break the bonds
equals more energy being produced when bonds are made.
Introduction:
Fuels are materials such as coal, gas, wood or oil that store potential energy as when combusted in
air, produce heat energy. The energy used every day comes in many different forms from many
different sources, a main source being fuels. Chemical energy found in fuels and foods is changed
into heat energy by combustion (burning in oxygen). Since the camping trip is at a National Park,
materials such as wood, charcoal and peat cannot be used as all these substances provide natural
habitats for native wildlife in the area, therefore the fuels

Underage Drinking in Australia
Underage drinking is rapidly becoming a widespread matter within Australia. It is considered to be a
serious problem not only nationally, but also globally wide. Underage drinking has climbed its way
up the ladder to one of the most common forms of substance use. "The health risks that accumulate
over a lifetime from alcohol increase progressively – this means that the more young people drink,
the greater the risk" (Windle, Spear, Fuligni, Angold, Drown, Pine, Smith, Giedd, Dahl 2009). Some
states within Australia do not have to deal with this problem nearly as much as others. These
teenagers are classified as underage drinkers because the national legal drinking age in Australia is
18 years of age – meaning they are still considered to be minors (Australian Alcohol Guidelines,
2009). For the purposes of this essay, the focus will be set on adolescences and alcohol. It will be
argued whether parental influence has an impact on teenagers present or future drinking habits.
Some research studies show relation from parental influence and upbringing of a child to underage
drinking (Ary, Tildesley, Hops, Andrews 1993). In this study conducted by Ary et al., 173 families
with two children were questioned. The object of the examination was to explore the attitudes and
beliefs parents were teaching their children about the consumption of alcoholic substances. Within
the study a mother, father, sibling and the target teenager undertook a self–assessment to measure
their alcohol

Isopropanol Research Paper
Many people assume alcohol is nothing more than liquor or rubbing alcohol; however, this is not the
case. There are many different types of alcohol including some of the alternate fuels we put into our
vehicles. Over the course of my working life I have come into contact with many different alcohols,
but Isopropyl Alcohol, or 2–propanol, was one of the ones that I encountered the most and I have
always wondered exactly what it is. 2–propanol is a very interesting molecule and has a lot of uses
for products in many different markets. Because of this, many people come into contact with it and
do not even know it. There are many important advances going on with the development of
isopropanol that could potentially change our lives. Although, it is important to know and
understand the products that you are coming into contact with because some of them might be ...
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Typically isopropanol is found in its liquid form because it is not easy to freeze with a freezing point
of –88.3°C. Not only does 2–propanol have a low freezing point, but it also ignites easily with a
flash point, the temperature in which a liquid can ignite in air, of 12° C, but it also denser than air
when vaporized (ILPI). So, if there was a fire and some became vaporized, it could potentially cause
a large explosion. Another interesting thing about isopropanol is how it is soluble in many different
liquids such as alcohol, water, ether, chloroform, benzene, and most organic solvents. This means
that you can create many different substances out of propanol that could potentially be used in
places that you would not expect. Such as a chemical we use at my work that we call blanket wash
(mixture of 2 propanol and petroleum) and it is used to clean excess ink off of a printing press and it
is used because the ink is a different type than others and harder to remove than the ink on other
types of

Alcohol and Drugs are Passed from Parents to Children
Children are introduced to drugs and alcohol at a very young age. Many of them see alcohol and
drugs in their homes, used by their parents on daily bases. Some of these children don't even realize
that it is wrong, "not normal", and not accepted in other homes until they are old enough to
understand that situation in their home is a problem and that it is wrong. Minors usually begin using
alcohol at around age 13. Statistics show that by the time they are high school sinners, 81 percent of
teens have used alcohol. Alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse are more widespread among young
people than many adults realize.
According to Webster's New World Medical Dictionary, 3rd Edition, "Addiction is a chronic
relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug–seeking and abuse and by long–lasting
chemical changes in the brain. Addiction is the same irrespective of whether the drug is alcohol,
amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, or nicotine. Every addictive substance induces pleasant
states or relieves distress. Continue use of addictive substances induces adaptive changes in the
brain that lead to tolerance, physical dependence, uncontrollable craving and, all too often, relapse.
Dependence is at such a point that stopping is very difficult and causes severe physical and mental
damage from withdrawal (WILLIAM C. SHIEL JR., 2008).
Over the past two decades, many researchers have identified subgroups of alcohol and drug user
based in similarities like drinking style

Synthesizing Triphenylmethanol Using A Grignard Reagent
The objective of this experiment is to synthesize triphenylmethanol using a Grignard reagent. A
Grignard reagent is a carbon–magnesium halide, where the carbon acts as a nucleophile. As shown
in Mechanism 1, it is formed by reacting an alkyl halide, in this case a bromide (bromobenzene),
with magnesium metal in anhydrous ether. During the preparation of the Grignard reaction, another
by–product, biphenyl, will be formed; this is caused from the rapid addition of bromobenzene to the
Grignard reagent solution. However, the by–product will later be removed with petroleum ether. It is
also important to have no traces of water as the Grignard reagent is very reactive with water. A
reaction between the Grignard reagent and water will result in an

Alcoholism : Native American Youth
Alcoholism: Native American Youth Alcoholism is a prevalent social epidemic for Native
Americans, especially among youth between the ages of 13 to 18 that reside on the reservations.
Alcoholism and chronic substance abuse among Native America youth is increasing at a rapid rate
in the past few years. Alcoholism is risk of substance abuse or dependence is consistently elevated
in adolescents who had been victims of assault or who had witnessed violence (Kilpatrick, Acierno,
Saunders, Resnick, Best, & Schnurr, 2000). Inherent risks associated with substance abuse range
from minor poor judgement errors to life–threating events, for example dose overdose or acute drug
hypersensitivity (Beauvais, 1992). Studies have not yet found a clear biological mechanism that
would explain alcoholism and excessive drinking, but a number of them have suggested a
possibility of some kind of predisposition to the condition (Clinard & Meier, 2015). This paper
presents an analysis of family structure, alcoholism diagnosis criteria, and psychological effects
associated with chronic alcohol abuse among Native American youth.
Family Structures
Native Americans on the reservations are at socially and economically disadvantage compared to
persons who reside in metropolitan cities. Life advancement opportunities and individual
accountability for better living standards are almost non–existence in many Native American
communities. The environment that is around young adolescents are very

Acetic Acid Vs Isopropanol Essay
Acetic acid and isopropanol, often called isopropyl alcohol, are very similar, but also have their
differences in many ways. The acetic acid structure is made up of two different central atoms:
carbon and oxygen. There is a total of three central atoms for this certain structure: two carbon and
one oxygen. One carbon has four bonds connected to it with zero lone pairs, making it a tetrahedral
shape. The second carbon has three atoms bonded to it with two lone pairs, making it a trigonal
planar shape. The oxygen atom only has two atoms bonded to it with two lone pairs causing it to
have a linear geometric shape. The isopropanol structure is also made up of two different central
atoms: carbon and oxygen. There is a total of four central atoms ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This oxygen atom has 4 atoms bonded to it with two lone pairs making it's molecular shape linear.
The similarities in these two molecular structures are that they both are composed of carbon, oxygen
and hydrogen. At least one of their central atoms has the tetrahedral shape and also a linear shape.
Both of the oxygen atoms in each structure are the atoms with the lone pairs. The differences
between the two structures are that the isopropanol molecule has more bonds than the acetic acid.
The oxygen atom in the isopropanol molecule is bonded to hydrogen while the oxygen atom in the
acetic acid molecule does not bond to hydrogen. Polarity has an affect on the physical property of a
chemical by giving the compound characteristics of a cohesion or an adhesion. A cohesion is the
sticking together of particles of the same substance. An adhesion is when dissimilar particles stick
together. Acetic acid is a cohesion because it is able to stick to other objects and itself due to it's
polarity. Isopropanol is an adhesion because it is nonpolar and has the tendency to stick to dissimilar
substances. The polarity of a substances affects is

Alcohol As A Common Phenomenon Essay
INTRODUCTION In this modern era alcohol has become an inevitable ingredient in all our
festivals and holiday parties. It is hard to find a get–together party or a family function without
alcohol. Beverage shops are crowded not only in weekends but also every evening. Addiction to
alcohol has become a common phenomenon. In this chapter we see the brief history of drinking and
about the chemistry of alcohol, characteristic features of an alcoholic, the meaning of alcoholism
etc. In our society we can see that people are taking alcohol without considering their age and
gender. Certain misleading wrong concepts about alcohol make us think that alcohol is somehow
good and thus we may fall in the black hands of alcohol. It is good to study about the uses of
alcohol, different kinds of alcohol, different patterns of drinking, different stages of alcoholic
addiction etc. This very first chapter gives a brief exposition on all these aspects.
1. HISTORY OF DRINKING "The first alcoholic beverages were fermented. Scenes showing
fermentation appear on pottery made in Mesopotamia as early as 4200 B.C. Brandy is probably the
oldest distilled beverage. It may have been made as early as A.D. 100. By the 1400's, whisky had
been distilled in Ireland and Scotland. Gin was first made by a Flemish doctor in the 1600's." We all
know that alcohol is a chemical compound. Its consumption is injurious to health. So in the history
there were attempts to limit the use of alcohol. Alcohol is

The Effects Of Alcoholism On The World Health Organization
Introduction
People in Australia are among the most prolific alcohol drinkers in the world according to the World
Health Organisation's report published in 2014. Australians over the age of 15 drink in average of
12.2 litres per capita per year which puts us at quite at a high level by world standards, even more
than the Britons (11.6 litres) and the Americans (9.2 litres) respectively.
Australians take pride in its drinking culture reputation and accept it as a social norm; not
acknowledging the harm it could cause. As opposed to the using of illegal drugs directly governed
by law to maintain social order, alcoholism is still considered more of a personal behaviour
problem, and therefore, is only considered as a personal responsibility ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The cultural functions of alcohol consumptions then will be explored; and lastly, alcoholism as a
social problem that causes dysfunction and social disorganisation/disorder will be discussed.
Discussion
A social problem can be defined as some conditions or set of events or group of persons that is
undesirable/unfavourable (that violate certain values or beliefs about how a society should function)
to a significant proportion of population (Mooney, Knox, & Schacht, 2000).
The structural–functional perspective is mainly based on the Herbert Spencer's, Emile Durkheim's,
Talcott Parsons' and Robert Menton's works. These theories view society as interrelated and
interconnected parts of a system that work harmoniously to maintain a state of balance as a whole,
and focuses on how each part influences and be influenced by the other parts. Beliefs, culture,
structure, function and adaptations are the key elements that need to be maintained to achieve social
order. Society becomes dysfunctional when these elements of society disrupt social stability
(Mooney et al., 2000, p. 10). While the culture of consuming alcohol should have functioned as a
social part of society, current excessive level of consumptions at harmful levels have created
problems in society, such as alcohol–fuelled violence (bar–fights and domestic violence), medical
conditions (like heart and circulatory problems), alcohol–related accidents (drink–driving),
complications in pregnancy

Formal Report Exp 9
University of Santo Tomas
Faculty of Pharmacy
Organic Chemistry Laboratory
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY– AND
CARBONYL–CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel
Bernice T. Wee
Group 10 2G–Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory
ABSTRACT
Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH– when it is a substituent in an organic
compound. It is also known as the characteristic functional group of alcohols and phenols. On the
other hand, carbonyl group refers to a divalent chemical unit consisting of a carbon and an oxygen
atom connected by a double bond. It is known as the characteristic functional group of aldehydes ...
Other organic compounds that contain –OH groups but are not alcohols are phenol (C6H5OH) and
acetic acid (CH3COOH). These compounds are not alcohols because they are acidic. The term
alcohol, then, is another representation of a type of electronic structure in the molecules of
substances. [3] [4]
Phenols are aromatic compounds in which a hydroxide group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring
system. They are very weak acids, and like alcohols, form ethers and esters. The main phenols are
phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and picric acid.
Phenol itself (C6H5OH), also known as carbolic acid, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline solid,
isolable from coal tar, but made by acid hydrolysis of cumene hydroperoxide, or by fusion of
sodium benzenesulfonate with sodium hydroxide. Formerly used as an antiseptic, phenol has more
latterly been used to make bakelite and other resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. [4] [15]
The hydroxyl– containing compounds used in the experiment were ethanol, n–butyl alcohol, sec–
butyl alcohol, tert–butyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol.
Ethanol also known as ethyl alcohol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor.
In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has
a burning taste. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for

What Are Alcohol Abuse?
1 What is alcohol abuse?
Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcohol despite its negative
consequents. Alcohol abuse is sometimes referred to by the less specific term alcoholism. Alcohol
abuse is associated with many accidents like, fights, drink driving, and unprotected sex. Alcohol is
responsible in the world for 1.8million.
1.1 What are the effects?
Damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from chronic
alcohol abuse. Long term use of alcohol is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in
the body. The negative effects include risk of; liver diseases, cancer, and pancreatitis. There are a lot
of psychiatric disorders, they are; major depression, panic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Continuing to drink even though your alcohol use in causing problems in your relationships. Getting
drunk with your buddies, for example even though you know your spouse will be very upset or
fighting with your family because they dislike how you act when you're drunk or drinking. Drinking
as a way to relax or de–stress. Many drinking problems start when people use alcohol to self–soothe
and relieve stress.
1.3 What is binge drinking?
Binge drinking is a heavy amount of alcohol on a single occasion, or drinking continuously over a
number of days or weeks. A person might be more likely to engage in this behaviour if they feel
peer pressure to do it, or if they're feeling awkward or uncomfortable at a party.
2 When do people start drinking?
These days a lot of people (kids) under the age of 18 drink alcohol. They start drinking about 12 to
15 years of age. It used to be you weren't allowed to drink at all until you were 18–21.
3 Who drinks it?
A lot of people with depression or anxiety use drugs or alcohol to cope, or maybe they drink to fit in
so they won't feel left out, and when their older they'll regret it because they would have turned into
alcoholics and they won be able to get their licence or have any money because it'll all go towards
their alcohol
3.1 Who does it affect?
It's illegal for anyone under the age of 18, there body isn't developed enough to process any
alcoholic drink. A few useful tips for dealing with teenagers and drinking: setting a

Topic 5-Making Alcohol
Mostly Ethanol, But Also Some Other OH– Groups
Jeff Hill
Mr. O'Donnell
SCH4U
Topic 1– composition of alcohols
Topic 2– why alcohol tastes, smells the way it does
Topic 3– behavior and alcohol
Topic 4– is alcohol addictive
Topic 5– making alcohol
Chemical Composition of Alcohol
Alcohol is typically thought of as a derivative of water. Alcohol has the same composition as water
just switching out one H atom with and element from the Alkyl group. Ethanol is what is used in
alcoholic beverages, the makeup of this is C2H60. Alcohol must be an OH group attached to a
carbon.
Qualitative
Alcohol is a clear liquid at room temp
Alcohol evaporates quicker than water allowing for distillation
Alcohol is flammable
Why does alcohol ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chemical formula IUPAC Name Common name
Monohydric alcohols
CH3OH methanol wood alcohol
C2H5OH ethanol alcohol C3H7OH propan–2–ol isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
C4H9OH butan–1–ol butanol, butyl alcohol
1. To name an alcohol locate the longest chain that is an OH group attached to carbon naming the
parent alkane
2. Replace the e at the end of the parents name with OL
3. Add a number before the root name to indicate where the OH group is. If there is more than one
OH group leave the e in the name and add a prefix

4. Number all branches from main chain, add the name of these branches to the prefix
5. Put the full name together Prefix + Root + Suffix
Citations
What Alcohol Really Does to Your Brain." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, n.d. Web. 30 May 2016.
"Is Booze Tasty, or Bitter? Your Genes Decide." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, n.d. Web. 30
May 2016
"Alcohol's Ingredients, Chemicals and Manufacture." Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2016.
"Alcohol." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 May 2016.
2"Why Is Alcohol So Addictive?" Drug and Addiction Treatment Centers Promises. N.p., 06 Dec.
2012. Web. 30 May

The Psychological Disorder Of The American Psychiatric...
Reaction Paper
Prepared by:
Xiaoying Zhang
Prepared for:
Dr. Chapman
Introduction
The fifth edition released by the American Psychiatric Association concerning the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) was announced in May of 2013. This version
differs because DSM–5 combines two disorders that have been previously identified in DSM–4,
which are alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, into one type of disorder. DSM–5 labels this as
alcohol use disorder, or AUD, which is then further subdivided into three classifications: mild,
moderate, and severe (Alcohol Use Disorder, 2015, p. 1). In this paper, I will discuss the
psychological disorder of my uncle's neighbor who is suffering from alcohol use disorder. For ...
28). This gives credence to AUD as a psychological disorder due to the attitudinal changes that can
be evidenced as a result to consumption of alcohol.
I have witnessed the effects of AUD firsthand in the person of Mr. Lee, who is my uncle's neighbor
and who lives in the same block where our family resides. He works at a local canning factory as a
supervisor in the production area for more than three decades, and is generally always seen in the
company of other Asians likewise employed in the said factory. Most probably in his middle forties,
Lee is married and has three children aged 12, 8, and 4, who are all studying at a community school
not far from our places of residence. Lee's wife works as a janitress at a nearby small arcade that
sells imported herbal goods, Asian massage services, an acupuncture clinic, and thrift shop.
Generally, it is easy to perceive Lee as a normal family man belonging to the lower middle class
whose only concern is in providing for the everyday needs of his wife and children, in terms of
food, shelter and education.
I can say that I know Lee quite closely because I often see him in the street or in one of his friends'
front lawn every time I go visit my uncle, which is only about 20–minute walk from my house.
More so, my perception of Lee is supplemented by the stories my uncle tells me, which despite of
somewhat being amusing for my uncle, is a bit unnerving on my part. In this respect, it had been
mentioned in several

05.05 Mixtures and Solutions Essay
05.05 Mixtures and Solutions
Background: Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and
identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and
requires small quantities of material.
Safety: Warnings: * Rubbing alcohol (or isopropyl alcohol) is flammable, so be sure to keep it away
from high heat or heat sources. * Keep pigments and solutions away from your eyes, wash your
hands carefully after coming in contact with any solutions or pigments, and clean up spills with soap
and water immediately after they occur. * This lab can be a little messy, so be sure to work at a
kitchen counter or in another area that can be easily wiped down if anything spills. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Prepare the salt solution by mixing 1/8 teaspoon of salt and three cups of water in a clean pitcher
or 2–liter bottle. Stir or shake the solution until it is dissolved. This will produce a 1% salt solution.
6. Pour the salt solution into a clean tall glass so that the liquid level is 1/4 inch (0.5 cm). 7. Tape the
strip to a pencil and rest the pencil on top of the jar so that the strip hangs into the jar. The goal is to
have the end of the chromatography strip just touching the surface of the solvent solution, with the
colored dots above the surface of the liquid. Make sure that the colored spots do not come in direct
contact with the liquid in the bottom of the glass.
1. Capillary action will draw the salt solution up the paper. As it passes through the dots, it will
begin to separate the dyes. When the salt water is 1/4 inch (0.5 cm) from the top edge of the paper,
remove it from the glass and place it on a clean, flat surface to dry. 2. Repeat steps two through nine
(using the second strip of paper and a clean glass) to test the same four colors using the alcohol
instead of the saltwater solution at the bottom of the glass.
Data:
Salt Water | Isopropyl alcohol | Went very far | went not very far |
Conclusion:
The salt water went further than the Isopropyl. When I placed the paper with the ink in the salt
water, it went up to the end of the paper. However with the

The Role Of Sulphur Dioxide On White Wine?
http://www.brsquared.org/wine/Articles/SO2/SO2.htm research question
What is the role of sulphur dioxide in white wine? background theory
Wine has been a popular beverage for many years amongst different societies. The process of
winemaking is one of the most complex and detailed processes, where every step is meticulous
towards ensuring the best quality wine is produced. However, different phenomena are able to affect
the wine even after it is bottled and stored.
Oxidation is the chemical process by which an electron is removed from an atom, or group of
atoms, through reactions that may or may not involve oxygen addition or hydrogen loss. With the
exception of some, the overall effects of oxidation in food products are considered detrimental and
can cause loss of nutritional value and development of off–flavours. (Clementine, H., 2014) Over
the years, wine oxidation has been linked to sensory and olfactory unpleasantness, with the
exception of deliberate oxidation to achieve certain qualities.
Wine has several critical components, which create its complex aroma and flavour profile, that
oxidise with air. The main oxidisable compounds in wine are phenolics, which include wine
pigments. Phenolics or a phenol molecule has a benzene ring structure with a hydroxyl or alcohol
functional group (OH) – directly bonded to the benzene ring.
Ethanol is another one of the key components that reacts with oxygen according to the equation:
CH3CH2OH + O2  CH3COOH + H2O
The ethanol

Effects Of Alcoholism On A Family
"Approximately 26.8 million children are exposed to alcoholism in the family and 6.6 million
children age 18 and younger live in households with at least one alcoholic parent" (Rachel Lohmann
P.H.D. Broken Promises). As the numbers state alcoholism is a major problem in our society. Day
after day young children, spouses, friends, and other family members are affected greatly by one
alcoholic. In order to understand the full effects that alcoholism has on a family as a whole, it is
crucial to understand what alcohol does to the body, why an alcoholic thinks the way that they do,
behavioral traits of alcoholics, how children are affected by alcoholism in the home, and finally
different forms of help that are offered for alcoholics. According to a clinical study published by
The Medical College of Shantou University "Alcohol consumption has immediate effects on
multiple cognitive–motor processing domains and leads to damage of multiple attention abilities".
In plainer terms alcohol messes with the chemicals in your brain that affects things like reaction
time. Alcohol actually alters these chemicals, increasing and decreasing some. This change in
chemicals is almost instantaneous, one of the main chemicals affected is dopamine. Dopamine is
defined by psychologytoday.com as a neurotransmitter, a chemical that is responsible for
transmitting signals in between the nerve cells of the brain. Basically, it is the chemical that is
responsible for making us feel happy.
David

Handling Procedure
Procedure:
1. Find a clean counter or table to work on. Make sure you have everything you will need and that
all of the items are clean.
2. Put on a pair of disposable gloves.
3. Make a paper towel damp with some 70% isopropyl rubbing alcohol. Wipe down the work
surface with the rubbing alcohol–dampened paper towel.
4. Using a permanent marker, label the five baby food jars #1 to #5.
5. Perform a 1:10 serial dilution of the colloidal silver. Notice that the bottle you purchased is
labeled 500 PPM. This means that the concentration of silver nanoparticles in the bottle is
approximately 500 parts per million (PPM), which is the equivalent of 500,000 micrograms per liter
(µg/L). Although you are using colloidal silver, you are interested in the silver nanoparticle
concentration, which is 500,000 micrograms in every liter. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Use the cotton swab to streak the five labeled nutrient agar plates with the E. Coli K12 bacteria from
the tube.
36. Remove a tiny bit of E. coli from the tube using the cotton swab.
37. Hold the tweezers with the cotton swab (or just the cotton swab alone if you are using extra–
long cotton swabs) in one hand.
38. Hold the swab in your right hand
39. Hold the E. coli tube in your other hand.
40. Using the hand that is holding the cotton swab, unscrew the lid of the tube against your pinky,
wrapping your pinky around the lid.
41. Hold the lid in this pinky. Do not set the lid down.
42. Using your index finger and thumb, dip the cotton swab into the bacteria tube. Rub the tip of the
cotton swab against the agar slant.
43. Get a small piece of the agar (smaller than a grain of rice) on the end of the cotton swab.
44. Visible representation of the bacteria is not needed.
45. Screw the lid back on the tube.
46. While holding the cotton swab in one hand, remove, and hold the lid of an agar plate using your
other hand.
47. Spread the E. coli over the surface of the agar plate
48. Streak a vertical line across the surface of the agar

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