XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - Phasing out HCFCs and phasing down FCs without increasing greenhouse gases emissions

Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning - XVI European Conference Milano, 12th - 13th June 2015
XVI EUROPEAN CONFERENCE
MILAN, ITALY
JUNE 2015
Didier COULOMB
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION ― www.iifiir.org
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CFCs and HCFCs
are mainly
replaced by HFCs.
HFCs generally
have a high GWP.
Source UNEP
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Source UNEP
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HFCs currently represent
less than 1% of CO2
equivalent emissions.
In 2050, they will
represent 7 to 45% of
CO2 equivalent
emissions. (more likely
7%)
HFC emissions in 2050
could offset the
achievements of the
Montreal Protocol
related to the phase-out
of CFCs.
Source UNEP
HFCs are mainly used in refrigeration and air conditioning
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International context
– The European Union: A F-gas regulation and a MAC directive in 2007 +
a new F-gas regulation starting in 2015 with a phase down of HFCs.
– Additional taxes and bans in various European countries
– New measures in the USA and in Japan
 Increasing international pressure
 Development of alternative technologies
 Key negotiation: Paris 2015 United Nations Conference on climate change
 Phase down of high global warming refrigerants in the near future with or
without an international decision
 HCFCs must not be replaced by high GWP HFCs
 Alternative solutions are needed
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1) Without any refrigerant
Magnetic refrigeration, electrocaloric cooling …
Cryogenics
Absorption / adsorption, including solar refrigeration
Numerous technical developments,
However, still problems of cost, efficiency, capacity
niche technologies at the moment
Various technical solutions
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• Magnetic refrigeration :
- Thermag IIR Conferences (next one in Torino, Italy, September 2016)
- Working Group on magnetic refrigeration: work on standardization
- ELICiT project: a demonstration project for domestic refrigeration; other
sectors in preparation
We need to involve worldwide users companies
• Absorption /Adsorption including solar refrigeration
- Cosponsored conferences
- Research and demonstration projects in preparation with the EU, the IEA
Focused on warm countries
• Evaporative cooling
A new IIR Informatory Note just published (still IIR members only)
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2) Reducing leakage solutions
Because of important variability within similar equipment working under similar conditions, there
are margins for progress.
The F-gas regulation in the European Union will strengthen controls on leakage. Reducing leakage
would avoid an increase of the global warming impact of refrigerants in Europe but not a reduction.
Training is the biggest obstacle. However, reducing leakage has clear advantages in terms of savings
and safety.
The efficiency of the equipment will also be better: improvement of the reduction of leakage is in
any case necessary.
IIR Informatory Note 2014
(data and recommendations following the work of an IIR Working Group)
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3) Reducing the refrigerant charge
This concerns both the safety and the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions.
Research and development thus focus on all
refrigerants, secondary refrigerants and
microchannels…
IIR Informatory Note 2014
(technical recommendations following the work of an
IIR Working Group and IIR workshops)
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4) Secondary loops
IIR Working Group on ice slurries and phase change materials
Next IIR Conference in Karlsruhe (Germany) in May 2016
District cooling (small or large scales): would represent 40% air
conditioning in Dubai (vs 16%)
Already existing in Europe and Eastern Asia
An interesting solution for stationary air conditioning in towns
5) Choosing a lower GWP refrigerant
A sector by sector approach
Depending on outdoor conditions (hot climates…)
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In a perspective of a phase down and not a phase out of HFCs (current proposals and
negotiations):
 high GWP HFCs can still be used but only in very limited applications
Other solutions:
lower GWP HFCs: R32 is developing in Eastern Asia and would soon be worldwide
available: simple, well known, low cost but mildly flammable and GWP 720
 HFOs: unsaturated HFCs: very low GWP, similar uses as HFCs but mildly flammable
and costly (+ breakdown products)
Blends HF0s – HFCs – HCSs – HCFCs now developed for a lot of applications with a
moderate GWP, non or mildly flammable.
Do not need many changes in equipment but not drop in solutions
(efficiency/flammability)
IIR Conferences
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Natural refrigerants:
 Ammonia: GWP=0
Very high energy efficiency toxic
Can be ignited (15-30% vol. in air)
Steel or alloys (corrosive to copper)
Largely used in industrial refrigeration
possible for indirect systems in public access areas or cascade with CO2
More possible solutions if regulations evolve
IIR guide (safety issues, plant design, applications for various uses,
standards and regulations …)
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 CO2: GWP=1 (but near 0: waste product)
toxic in high concentrations
high pressure  stronger materials and/or larger wall
thicknesses
many new technical improvements and uses; good efficiency in
moderate climates or in cascade systems with for instance HFCs in the
upper stage
Technical improvements underway for warmer climates
IIR guide: paper and e-version
(technical issues, applications, conditions…)
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 Hydrocarbons: (isobutene R600a, propane R290, propane R1270)
low GWP
Flammable
Ideal for low charges (household refrigerators, stand alone cabinets)
For higher charges because of a need of high capacity, sensors, air
removal devices… are needed  new design, maintenance and training
 Water, air
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LATEST TECHNOLOGIES IN
REFRIGERATION AND AIR
CONDITIONING
MILAN, ITALY
JUNE 12TH 2014

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LATEST PUBLIC PROTOTYPES OF COOLING APPLIANCES
EMBEDDING MAGNETIC COOLING ENGINE PROTOTYPE
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February 2015Sept 2014 Year 2014 Feb. 2014
Magnetic refrigeration at room temperature after
many years of development started to be shown
with final appliances thanks also to the increased
industrial availability of magnetocaloric bulk
material.

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ELICIT DEVELOPMENT
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE ELICIT NEWSLETTER TO BE UPDATED
SEE YOU IN YOKOHAMA ON AUGUST 2015

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CONTACTS:
elicit-project.eu
#MagneticCooling
….

XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - Phasing out HCFCs and phasing down FCs without increasing greenhouse gases emissions

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XVI CONVEGNO EUROPEO D. Coulomb - Phasing out HCFCs and phasing down FCs without increasing greenhouse gases emissions

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