This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including: - Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on whether mass and/or energy are exchanged with the surroundings. An open system exchanges both, a closed system exchanges only energy, and an isolated system exchanges neither. - Thermodynamic variables describe the state of a system and can be either extensive, depending on system size, or intensive, independent of system size such as temperature, pressure, and density. - Examples of systems include a bottle of water, a gas in a room, or hot tea in a glass with a lid. The boundary separates the system from its surroundings.

1. Basics of Thermodynamics
 Different form of energy and their inter conversion.
 Here we study energy in various forms.
 Next continuity of this chapter is Thermochemistry.
 Here we deals with energy related various chemical
reactions.

2. The first term which is familiar in thermodynamics is system.
System: Any thing which is real in universe is considered as
system.
Example:
 we are going study about the water present in bottle is the
system.
We are going to study about a pen then pen is the system
study of a gas present in a room gas is the system
In simple words system means any thing substance which is
under observation

3. Surroundings: Everything can be excluded from the system is universe
can be referred as universe
gas system
Boundary
Boundary is one which separates system and surrounding
System
Surrounding Boundary
fixed movable
Take a same jar of water keep it under the tap what happens the level of
water changes continuously, whenever the level of water changes boundary
changes.
surrounding

4.  Types of system:
 Open system:
 Take a water in a borosil beaker let us start to heat. After some
period by keep on heating the level of waters comes down.
 It indicates there is an water goes as a vapor form from system
to surrounding.
 Mass (vapour) and
energy (Heat) will exchange
with surrounding.
Water vapours
Heat

5. Hot lemon tea
Glass lid
Mass remains inside
Heat exchange with
system to surrounding
 Closed system:
 After some time the hot lemon tea becomes cool it means that
when we keep the lid tea molecules cannot Evaporate to the
surrounding hence depicts that only energy is exchanged with
the surrounding but not mass.

6.  Isolated system:
 But in reality there is no perfect isolated
system is available still.
 The heat holding capacity of an
Isolated system depends on
insulation inside the flask.
EX: Store a hot coffee in a thermos flask from morning and
when we open the flak on evening they loss some amount
of heat, hence there is no perfect isolated system.
In this system their neither exchange mass nor energy to
the environment

7. gasThermodynamic variables
 The variables which has to understand the state/ behaviour of a
system called as thermodynamic variables.
 Here we required Temp, Pressure, volume, Entropy,
Concentration, Enthalpy etc...
 Let us see different types of thermodynamic variables
 Extrensive property
 Intrensive property

8. Extensive property Intensive property
Depends upon mass Doesn't depends upon mass
Moles, Enthalpy, entropy,
internal energy, Gibbs free
energy etc.....
Temperature, concentration,
pressure specific heat, molar
heat capacity,, molar enthalpy,
boiling point, specific volume
etc....
We are very difficult to remember the above table.

9. P, V, T, C, n. m, H, S Partition of a room
Room
P, T, C,
density
𝑽
𝟐
,
𝒏
𝟐
,
𝒎
𝟐
,
𝑯
𝟐
,
𝑺
𝟐
Extensive
property
Intensive
propertyWhere C=n/v
Hence after partition C=n/2/v/2
Therefore C, is intensive property

10.  The thermodynamic properties that are dependent on the size or extent of
the system is called _____.
 A. Extensive property
 B. Intensive property
 C. Open property
 D. Closed property
Which is NOT an intensive property of thermodynamics?
A. Temperature
B. Mass
C. Pressure
D. Density