2.  We all begin our journey in our mother’s bodyWe all begin our journey in our mother’s body
just as one tiny cell .just as one tiny cell .
 This tiny cell in known as an egg.This tiny cell in known as an egg.
 The egg ,when fertilized by male sperm dividesThe egg ,when fertilized by male sperm divides
into more cells to from a very tiny baby calledinto more cells to from a very tiny baby called
fetus .fetus .
 The fetus then grows very fast into a baby withThe fetus then grows very fast into a baby with
arms legs, and internal organs.arms legs, and internal organs.
 After 9 mouths comfortably staying in theAfter 9 mouths comfortably staying in the
mother’s womb , the baby is ready to be born .mother’s womb , the baby is ready to be born .

3.  $ Mother and the baby develop a special$ Mother and the baby develop a special
bond during these nine mother . $bond during these nine mother . $
 The baby stay in a watery world inside theThe baby stay in a watery world inside the
mother but when it come out into the worldmother but when it come out into the world
it starts breathing normally .it starts breathing normally .
 $ Baby in the mother’s womb . $$ Baby in the mother’s womb . $
 Despite being separated from its mother aDespite being separated from its mother a
baby still relies on her .baby still relies on her .
 $ A newborn child can easily recognize its mother$ A newborn child can easily recognize its mother
by smell and touch . $by smell and touch . $

4.  The baby come into our world afterThe baby come into our world after
spending nine comfortable months in itsspending nine comfortable months in its
mother watery womb . The baby ismother watery womb . The baby is
small and cannot communicate so, itsmall and cannot communicate so, it
need lots of care and attention of bothneed lots of care and attention of both
the parents .the parents .
 A newborn cannot east food like us. It only sackA newborn cannot east food like us. It only sack
milk from its mother breast .It is called breastmilk from its mother breast .It is called breast
feeding .feeding .

5.  The breast milk contains many vital andThe breast milk contains many vital and
protective element the protect the baby toprotective element the protect the baby to
recognize its mother ‘s smell and establishesrecognize its mother ‘s smell and establishes
a special bond between mother and thea special bond between mother and the
child.child.
 The baby has to be protected from manyThe baby has to be protected from many
diseases ,so it has to be given vaccination .diseases ,so it has to be given vaccination .
 To keep a tack of this , parents keep aTo keep a tack of this , parents keep a
vaccination chart .vaccination chart .
 AllAll babies are very cute . At six month’sbabies are very cute . At six month’s
some of them start making short sounds andsome of them start making short sounds and
can sit . At around 9-12 months, they startcan sit . At around 9-12 months, they start
crawling or sometime walk clumsilycrawling or sometime walk clumsily

7. Our body is made up of different organs .Our body is made up of different organs .
Do you know what are these organs made up of ? TheDo you know what are these organs made up of ? The
are made up of tissues and the space between theseare made up of tissues and the space between these
tissues in filled with tissues fluid. But don’t you wish knowtissues in filled with tissues fluid. But don’t you wish know
what are the tissues made up ? They are made up ofwhat are the tissues made up ? They are made up of
cells . Cells are the basic building and vein in our body iscells . Cells are the basic building and vein in our body is
made up of cells.made up of cells.

8. The cells in our so small that they can only be seen with aThe cells in our so small that they can only be seen with a
microscope . There are around 200 different type of cells in ourmicroscope . There are around 200 different type of cells in our
body . The center of a cell is known as its nucleus . One type ofbody . The center of a cell is known as its nucleus . One type of
tissues is always made up of cells . For example : a nerve tissues istissues is always made up of cells . For example : a nerve tissues is
made up of cells known as neurons .made up of cells known as neurons .
$$ The neurons are connected to each other for proper working $$$$ The neurons are connected to each other for proper working $$
Nerve cell @ Dendrite @ Nucleus @ AxonNerve cell @ Dendrite @ Nucleus @ Axon
Muscle cellMuscle cell
Liver cellLiver cell
Fat cellFat cell
Sperm cellSperm cell
Bone cellBone cell
Skin cellSkin cell
DendriteDendrite

9. (1)Red blood cell .
(2)White blood cell .
(3) Platelets
``

14.  All organism on this earth are equipped with a completed a neAll organism on this earth are equipped with a completed a ne
work of different organs which work in harmony . These network of different organs which work in harmony . These net
work are known an systems . The human body is mechanizedwork are known an systems . The human body is mechanized
with several systems . Many systems are invalid to performwith several systems . Many systems are invalid to perform
particular function . The function assure the properparticular function . The function assure the proper
functioning and mobility of the human .functioning and mobility of the human .
 The skeletal system sets the frame work of the body and itsThe skeletal system sets the frame work of the body and its
mobility depends on the muscular system . Themobility depends on the muscular system . The
communication of the body net work is per formed by thecommunication of the body net work is per formed by the
nervous system food is taken in and digested to producenervous system food is taken in and digested to produce
energy by the digestive system.energy by the digestive system.

@ Circulatory system@ Circulatory system
@ Muscular system@ Muscular system
@ Nervous system@ Nervous system
@ Digestive system@ Digestive system
@ Skeletal system@ Skeletal system

16.  The system of bone that serves as a frame work for the body isThe system of bone that serves as a frame work for the body is
known as the skeletal system . This system provides protest ion toknown as the skeletal system . This system provides protest ion to
internal organs like the heart , the stomach ,the lungs the liver andinternal organs like the heart , the stomach ,the lungs the liver and
the intestines . This frame work consists of many individual bonethe intestines . This frame work consists of many individual bone
and cartilages . There are bands of fibrous connective tissue alsoand cartilages . There are bands of fibrous connective tissue also
the ligaments and the tendons , connected with the parts of thethe ligaments and the tendons , connected with the parts of the
skeleton .skeleton .
 The protective function of the skeleton is perhaps the mostThe protective function of the skeleton is perhaps the most
conspicuous in relation to the central previous system ,although it isconspicuous in relation to the central previous system ,although it is
equally important for the heart and lungs and some other organ .equally important for the heart and lungs and some other organ .
 *Front view of the human skeleton **Front view of the human skeleton *
 The human skeleton consists of three sub-division these are ;The human skeleton consists of three sub-division these are ;
A) The axialA) The axial
B) The visceralB) The visceral
C) The appendicuularC) The appendicuular
D) The ribcageD) The ribcage

22.  *Bones are the rigid body tissues consisting of*Bones are the rigid body tissues consisting of
cells embedded in an abundant, hardcells embedded in an abundant, hard
intercellular material . *intercellular material . *
 $ The function of the bone include structural$ The function of the bone include structural
support for the action of soft tissues such assupport for the action of soft tissues such as
contraction of muscles , expansions of lung. $contraction of muscles , expansions of lung. $
 ! Protection of soft part such as the brain. !! Protection of soft part such as the brain. !
 @ Provision of a protective site for specialized@ Provision of a protective site for specialized
tissues such as the blood forming system. @tissues such as the blood forming system. @
 @ As we grow up the bones too grow longer@ As we grow up the bones too grow longer
and thicker making us taller and heavier thanand thicker making us taller and heavier than
before. @before. @
 # A bone tissues in young adults has high# A bone tissues in young adults has high
resistance to mechanical deformation. #resistance to mechanical deformation. #

25.  Digestive system is the system thatDigestive system is the system that
is meant for the process ofis meant for the process of
digestions of food.digestions of food.
 The human digestive systemThe human digestive system
consists of digestive structures andconsists of digestive structures and
organs through which food passesorgans through which food passes
and some other organs thatand some other organs that
contribute juices necessary for thecontribute juices necessary for the
digestive process.digestive process.
 Mouth , teeth , tongue , salivaryMouth , teeth , tongue , salivary
glands , pharyux , esophagus ,glands , pharyux , esophagus ,
liver , stomach , bile duct , pancreasliver , stomach , bile duct , pancreas
, small intestine , large intestine ,, small intestine , large intestine ,
appendix , anus .appendix , anus .


26.  The digestive tract begins at the lips and endThe digestive tract begins at the lips and end
at the anus .at the anus .
 It consists of the mouth , teeth for grinding theIt consists of the mouth , teeth for grinding the
food , and tongue which serves to break thefood , and tongue which serves to break the
food in to a simpler form and mix it with thefood in to a simpler form and mix it with the
saliva .saliva .
 The food start its way down at the throat , theThe food start its way down at the throat , the
esophagus , the stomach ,the small intestineesophagus , the stomach ,the small intestine
and the large intestine .and the large intestine .
 Digestive of food takes up to 18hours fromDigestive of food takes up to 18hours from
biting a banana and its ting part ideas passingbiting a banana and its ting part ideas passing
into the blood stream takes about this muchinto the blood stream takes about this much
time .time .
 Food stays in stomach for about 3 hours .Food stays in stomach for about 3 hours .

28.  Males and females have differentMales and females have different
reproductive parts or organs like plantreproductive parts or organs like plant
the reproductive parts in animals alsothe reproductive parts in animals also
produce gametes that fuse to form aproduce gametes that fuse to form a
zygote .zygote .
 It is the zygote which develops into aIt is the zygote which develops into a
new individual type of reproductivenew individual type of reproductive
beginning from the fusion of male andbeginning from the fusion of male and
female gametes is called sexualfemale gametes is called sexual
reproduction .reproduction .
 Part of human .Part of human .

31. MALE REPRODUCTION ORGANSMALE REPRODUCTION ORGANS
 Organs include a pair of testes [singularOrgans include a pair of testes [singular
testis] two sperm duct and a penis thetestis] two sperm duct and a penis the
testes produce the male gametes calledtestes produce the male gametes called
sperms .sperms .
 Millions of sperm are produced by theMillions of sperm are produced by the
testes .testes .
 Though sperm are very small in size eachThough sperm are very small in size each
has a head , amiddle ,piece and a tailhas a head , amiddle ,piece and a tail ..

35. FEMALE REPRODUCTIONFEMALE REPRODUCTION
ORGANSORGANS
 Female reproduction organs are a pair of ovariesFemale reproduction organs are a pair of ovaries
oviducts [fallopian tubes] and the uterus the ovaryoviducts [fallopian tubes] and the uterus the ovary
produce female gametes called ova [egg] .produce female gametes called ova [egg] .
 In human beings a single matured egg is releasedIn human beings a single matured egg is released
into the oviduct by one by one of the ovaries everyinto the oviduct by one by one of the ovaries every
mouth .mouth .
 Uterus is the part where development of the babyUterus is the part where development of the baby
take place . Like the sperm an egg is also a singletake place . Like the sperm an egg is also a single
cell .cell .

38.  The first step in the process ofThe first step in the process of
reproduction is the fusion of a sperm andreproduction is the fusion of a sperm and
an ovum .an ovum .
 When sperm come in content with anWhen sperm come in content with an
egg ,one of the sperm my fuse with theegg ,one of the sperm my fuse with the
egg .egg .
 Fusion of the egg and the sperm is calledFusion of the egg and the sperm is called
fertilisation .fertilisation .
 During fertilisation the nuclei of theDuring fertilisation the nuclei of the
sperm and the egg fuse to form a singlesperm and the egg fuse to form a single
nucleus the new indivilual pherits .nucleus the new indivilual pherits .
 Results in the formation of a fertilisedResults in the formation of a fertilised

40.  Fertilisation which takes place inside theFertilisation which takes place inside the
female body is called internal fertilisation .female body is called internal fertilisation .
 Internal fertilisation occurs in manyInternal fertilisation occurs in many
animals including human , cow , dog andanimals including human , cow , dog and
hen .hen .
 Many animals fertilisation takes placeMany animals fertilisation takes place
outside the body of the female .outside the body of the female .
 These animals fertilisation taken place inThese animals fertilisation taken place in
water .water .

42. FROGSFROGS
 During spring or rainy season frogs andDuring spring or rainy season frogs and
toads move to ponds and slow flowingtoads move to ponds and slow flowing
streams .streams .
 when the male and female come together inwhen the male and female come together in
water ,the female lays hundreds of eggswater ,the female lays hundreds of eggs ..
 Unlike hens egg frogs egg is not covered by a shellUnlike hens egg frogs egg is not covered by a shell
and it is comparatively very delicate a layer of jellyand it is comparatively very delicate a layer of jelly
holds the eggs together and provides protection toholds the eggs together and provides protection to
the eggsthe eggs ..

43.  The egg are laid the male depositsThe egg are laid the male deposits
sperms over them . Each sperm swimssperms over them . Each sperm swims
randomly in water with help of its longrandomly in water with help of its long
tail . Sperms come in contact with thetail . Sperms come in contact with the
eggs results in fertilisation . Type ofeggs results in fertilisation . Type of
fertilisation in which the fusion of a malefertilisation in which the fusion of a male
and a female gamete take placeand a female gamete take place
outside the body of the female is calledoutside the body of the female is called
external fertilisation .external fertilisation .
 Aquatic animals such as fish , starfishAquatic animals such as fish , starfish
and etc .and etc .

44.  Though these animal lay hundreds ofThough these animal lay hundreds of
egg and release millions of sperms allegg and release millions of sperms all
the eggs do not get fertilised andthe eggs do not get fertilised and
develop into new individuals .develop into new individuals .
 Because the egg and sperm getBecause the egg and sperm get
exposed to water movement wind andexposed to water movement wind and
rain full .rain full .
 Also there are other animals in theAlso there are other animals in the
pond which may feed on egg thuspond which may feed on egg thus
production of large numbers of egg andproduction of large numbers of egg and
sperms is necessary to ensuresperms is necessary to ensure
fertilisation of at least a few of them .fertilisation of at least a few of them .

52.  Fertilisation results in the information of zygote whichFertilisation results in the information of zygote which
begins to develop into an embryo .begins to develop into an embryo .
 The zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball ofThe zygote divides repeatedly to give rise to a ball of
cells .cells .
 The cell than begin to form groups that develop intoThe cell than begin to form groups that develop into
different tissues and organs of the body .different tissues and organs of the body .
 This developing structure is termed an embryo getThis developing structure is termed an embryo get
embeddable in the wall of the uterus for furtherembeddable in the wall of the uterus for further
development .development .
 Embryo help us to develop uterus.Embryo help us to develop uterus.
 Develop body part such as hands leg , head , eyes ,Develop body part such as hands leg , head , eyes ,
ears and etc .ears and etc .
 The stage of the embryo in which all the body partsThe stage of the embryo in which all the body parts
can be identified is called a foestus .can be identified is called a foestus .
 Development of the foestus is complete, the motherDevelopment of the foestus is complete, the mother
gives birth to the baby .gives birth to the baby .

53.  Internal fertilisation take place in hens alsoInternal fertilisation take place in hens also
 Soon after fertilisation ,the zygote divideSoon after fertilisation ,the zygote divide
repeatedly and down the oviduct .repeatedly and down the oviduct .
 It travel down many layers are formed around itIt travel down many layers are formed around it
hard shell and protective layer .hard shell and protective layer .
 After the hard shell is formed around theAfter the hard shell is formed around the
developing embryo ,the hens lay the egg .developing embryo ,the hens lay the egg .
 Embryo take about 3weeks to develop into aEmbryo take about 3weeks to develop into a
chick .chick .
 Have seen the hen sittings on the eggs toHave seen the hen sittings on the eggs to
provide sufficient warmth .provide sufficient warmth .
 Development of the chick takes place inside theDevelopment of the chick takes place inside the
egg shell during this period ?egg shell during this period ?
 Chick is completely developed it bursts open theChick is completely developed it bursts open the
egg shell .egg shell .


54.  In animals which under go externalIn animals which under go external
fertilisation ,development of the embryofertilisation ,development of the embryo
takes place outside the female body .takes place outside the female body .
 Embryos continue to grow within their eggEmbryos continue to grow within their egg
coverings . After the embryos ,the eggscoverings . After the embryos ,the eggs
hatch . You must have seen numeroushatch . You must have seen numerous
tadpoles swimming in ponds and streamstadpoles swimming in ponds and streams
viviparous and oviparous animal .viviparous and oviparous animal .
 The animal which give birth to young onesThe animal which give birth to young ones
while some animals lays eggs which laterwhile some animals lays eggs which later
develop into young ones are calleddevelop into young ones are called
viviparous animal .viviparous animal .

55.  Lay eggs are called oviparous animals .Lay eggs are called oviparous animals .
 Egg of a few animal because theirEgg of a few animal because their
mothers lay them outside their bodies .mothers lay them outside their bodies .
 Example of oviparous animalsExample of oviparous animals ..
 Able collect the egg of a dog ,cow or cat .Able collect the egg of a dog ,cow or cat .
 Because they do not lay eggs . TheBecause they do not lay eggs . The
mother gives birth to the young ones .mother gives birth to the young ones .
These are examples of viviparous animal .These are examples of viviparous animal .

56. * YOUNG ONES TO ADUTS ** YOUNG ONES TO ADUTS *
 The new individuals which are born orThe new individuals which are born or
Hatcher from the eggs continue to grow tillHatcher from the eggs continue to grow till
they become adults .they become adults .
 Some animals , the young ones like theSome animals , the young ones like the
life cycle of the silkworm [egg -> larva orlife cycle of the silkworm [egg -> larva or
-> caterpillar -> papa -> adult] …….-> caterpillar -> papa -> adult] …….

57.  FROG EXAMPLE :-FROG EXAMPLE :-
 The different stages of frog starting fromThe different stages of frog starting from
the egg to the adult stage .the egg to the adult stage .
 We find that there are three distinct stagesWe find that there are three distinct stages
that is egg ->tadpole [larva] -> adult .that is egg ->tadpole [larva] -> adult .
 The caterpillar or the pupa of silkwormThe caterpillar or the pupa of silkworm
looks very different from the adult mouth .looks very different from the adult mouth .
 The features that are present in the adultThe features that are present in the adult
are not found in these young ones theare not found in these young ones the
tadpoles or caterpillars .tadpoles or caterpillars .

58.  A beautiful moth emerging out of theA beautiful moth emerging out of the
cocoon the case of tadpoles , theycocoon the case of tadpoles , they
transform into adults capable of jumpingtransform into adults capable of jumping
and swimming .and swimming .
 The transformation of the larva into anThe transformation of the larva into an
adult through drastic changes is calledadult through drastic changes is called
metamorphosis .metamorphosis .
 In human beings , body parts similar toIn human beings , body parts similar to
those present in the adults are presentthose present in the adults are present
from the adults are present from the timefrom the adults are present from the time
of birth .of birth .

63.  First aid is the provisions of initial care for anFirst aid is the provisions of initial care for an
illness or injury . It is usually performed by a layillness or injury . It is usually performed by a lay
person to a sick or injured casualty untilperson to a sick or injured casualty until
definitive medical treatment can be accessed .definitive medical treatment can be accessed .
Certain self – limiting illnesses or minor injuryCertain self – limiting illnesses or minor injury
may not require future medical care past the firstmay not require future medical care past the first
aid intervention . It generally consists of a seriesaid intervention . It generally consists of a series
of a simple and in a some cases , potentially lifeof a simple and in a some cases , potentially life
– saving techniques that an individual can be– saving techniques that an individual can be
trained to perform with minimal equiput .trained to perform with minimal equiput .
 While first aid can also be performed on animalsWhile first aid can also be performed on animals
,the terms generally refers to care of human,the terms generally refers to care of human
patients .patients .

64. HISTORYHISTORY
 The instances of recorded first aid were provided byThe instances of recorded first aid were provided by
religious knights such as the knights Hospitable formedreligious knights such as the knights Hospitable formed
in the 11in the 11thth
century providing care to pilgrims and knightcentury providing care to pilgrims and knight
and training other knight in how to treat common battleand training other knight in how to treat common battle
fields injured .fields injured .
 The practice of first aid fell largely into discuses duringThe practice of first aid fell largely into discuses during
the high middle ages and organized societies were notthe high middle ages and organized societies were not
seen again until in 1859 HERRY DUNANT organizedseen again until in 1859 HERRY DUNANT organized
local village to help victims of sulfuring , including thelocal village to help victims of sulfuring , including the
battle of first aid four years laker , four nation met inbattle of first aid four years laker , four nation met in
GENEUA and formed the organization which has grownGENEUA and formed the organization which has grown
into the red cross , with a key started aim of “aid to sickinto the red cross , with a key started aim of “aid to sick
and wounded soldiers in the field ”.and wounded soldiers in the field ”.

65.  This was followed by the formation of ST. JOHNThis was followed by the formation of ST. JOHN
AMBULANCE in 1877 based on the principles ofAMBULANCE in 1877 based on the principles of
knight hospitable to tread first aid .knight hospitable to tread first aid .
 And numerous other organization joined themAnd numerous other organization joined them
with the team first acid coined in 1878 as awith the team first acid coined in 1878 as a
combination of first treatment and national acid .combination of first treatment and national acid .
 In large railways centers and mining districts asIn large railways centers and mining districts as
well as with police forces . First aid trainingwell as with police forces . First aid training
began to spread through the empire thoughbegan to spread through the empire though
organization such as ST – JOHN often startingorganization such as ST – JOHN often starting
as in the Auk ,with high risk activities such asas in the Auk ,with high risk activities such as
parts and railway .parts and railway .

66.  Many development in first acid and manyMany development in first acid and many
other medical have been driven by warother medical have been driven by war
,such as in the case of the American civil,such as in the case of the American civil
war , which prompted Clara Barton towar , which prompted Clara Barton to
organize the American red cross .organize the American red cross .
 ..Today, thToday, there are he several group thatere are he several group that
promote first acid, such as thepromote first acid, such as the
military and the scouting movement.military and the scouting movement.
New techniques equipment haveNew techniques equipment have
helped make today first acid simplehelped make today first acid simple
and effectiveand effective

69.  Definition : - Snake bites occur when aDefinition : - Snake bites occur when a
snake bites the skin and are medicalsnake bites the skin and are medical
emergencies if the snake is poisonous ..emergencies if the snake is poisonous ..
 Alternative name :- Bites –Snakes ..Alternative name :- Bites –Snakes ..
 Considerations : Snake bites can beConsiderations : Snake bites can be
deadly if not treated quickly , children aredeadly if not treated quickly , children are
at higher risk for death or seriousat higher risk for death or serious
complication due to snake bites becausecomplication due to snake bites because
of their smaller body size . The rightof their smaller body size . The right
antivenod can save a person life getting toantivenod can save a person life getting to
an emergency room as quickly as possiblean emergency room as quickly as possible
treated many snake bites will not havetreated many snake bites will not have
serious effects ..serious effects ..

70.  CAUSES :- Poisonous snake bites include bitesCAUSES :- Poisonous snake bites include bites
by any of the following :-by any of the following :-
*Cobra . *Copperhead . *Coral snake .*Cobra . *Copperhead . *Coral snake .
*Cotton mouth (water moccasin) .*Cotton mouth (water moccasin) .
*Rattles make . *Various snake found at zoos .*Rattles make . *Various snake found at zoos .
All snakes will bite when threatened or surprisedAll snakes will bite when threatened or surprised
but most will usually avoid people if possible andbut most will usually avoid people if possible and
only bites as a last resort .only bites as a last resort .
Snake found in and near water are oftenSnake found in and near water are often
mistaken as being poisonous . Most species ofmistaken as being poisonous . Most species of
snake are harmless and many bites are not life –snake are harmless and many bites are not life –
threatening but unless you are absolutely surethreatening but unless you are absolutely sure
that you know the specious ,treat it seriously .that you know the specious ,treat it seriously .

71.  Symptoms :-Symptoms :-
 Symptoms depends on the type of snake but may include :-Symptoms depends on the type of snake but may include :-
 Bleeding from wound .Bleeding from wound .
 Burred vision . $ Swellings at the site of the bite .Burred vision . $ Swellings at the site of the bite .
 Burning of the skin . $ Weakness .Burning of the skin . $ Weakness .
 Convulsion .Convulsion .
 Diarrhea .Diarrhea .
 Dizziness .Dizziness .
 Excessive sweating .Excessive sweating .
 Fainting .Fainting .
 Fang marks in the skin .Fang marks in the skin .
 Fever .Fever .
 Increased thirst .Increased thirst .
 Cross of muscle co-ordination .Cross of muscle co-ordination .
 Nausea and vomiting .Nausea and vomiting .
 Numbness and tingling .Numbness and tingling .
 Rapid pulse .Rapid pulse .
 Tissues deater .Tissues deater .
 Secure pain .Secure pain .
 Skin discoloration .Skin discoloration .