Cricket Ball Throwing Machine Project Synopsis

PROJECT SYNOPSIS
ON
Cricket Ball throwing machine
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Mechanical Engineering
(2020)
BY
Submitted by:
Under the guidance of
CollegeLogo
College Name
Affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
LUCKNOW

Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 7
MECHANICAL DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................ 48
FUTURE WORKS................................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 50

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Project Name” submitted is our original
work and the report has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship,
fellowship or any other similar title.
Signature:
Name:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Project Name” is the bona fide work carried
out by students of “College Name” during the year 2019 in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of B. Tech. The report has not formed the basis for
the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar
title.
Signature of the guide:
Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude and heart full thanks to all those who are
helping me in complete this project.
I want to thank to “guide name”, who has always encouraged and help me in making
this project. In addition to this, I am grateful to other faculties too who made me in right
direction and gave me their precious time and expert guidance whenever necessary through
which I could achieve this extent.
At last but not the least I am feeling glad to say about my family whose wishes are
always with me, without which it was not possible for me to reach this extent.
I hope my work is praised and my efforts render fruitful result.
THANK YOU
Signature:
Name:

Abstract
Nowadays, cricket is one of the most popular game in India. It’s like a religion. It doesn’t
depend on colour, sex, caste, etc. This is the only game which unites the people to a large
extend.
In our project, a cricket bowling machine was designed which can provide support to the
batsmen to develop their batting skill. The machine will be capable of generating different
patterns of bowling.
The cricket bowling machine consists of two induction motors in which one rotates in
anticlockwise and the other in clockwise direction. The gap between the wheels should be
slightly less than the diameter of the ball to be thrown. A valve is welded and placed in
between the two motors. As, the motor attains the speed, the balls are inserted into the valve.
This machine transfers the kinetic energy to the ball by frictional gripping of the ball
between two rotating wheels. The rotational speed of the motor can be adjusted by using
electronic regulator independently. The machine will be able to generate different patterns of
bowling by changing the speed of each motor.
The precision and reproducibility of ball pitching distance that is required for effective
batting practice is achieved by setting precisely the rotation of the wheel. To display the
speed of each motor, a constant voltage is needed. To provide a constant voltage, regulator
and filter circuits are used.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Today cricket is one of the most popular game in India and abroad. So, it is felt
that modern technology can be utilized to develop a cricket bowling machine with
variable speed, swing and spin for the benefit of practicing batsman. The cricket bowling
machine is to provide accurate and consistent batting practice for players of all standards
like professional cricketers, amateur cricketers and club level cricketers for fine tuning
of batting as well as eliminate flaws in their batting without necessity of bowler. Also it
will be of much use at school, club and junior level where the standards of bowling are
less consistent. For this solar chargers are available but they are very costly. However, it
occupies a large floor space, high in manufacturing cost and not portable.
The main mechanism of the machine consists of two heavy wheels, between 30
and 55 cm in diameter with rubber tires, each rotated by its own electric motor. These
are fixed on a frame such that the wheels are in the same plane. The whole assembly is
fixed on an other frame so that the plane of the wheels is roughly at the height that a
typical bowler would release the ball. The motors are typically powered by an AC
source, and can be rotated in opposite directions. A controller allows variation of the
speed of each wheel, allowing the machine to be slowed down for less experienced
batsmen and swing bowling can also be achieved. But, these types of rotary wheels of
the pneumatic tire type are characterized by a number of limitations.
Principles among these are the requirement to maintain proper inflation pressure in
order to ensure consistent ball gripping action and correct wheel balancing so as to
prevent wobble and consequent erratic ball throwing. Secondly, positive and precise
adjustment of the rotational plane of the wheels at all position is not possible and hence
precise control on line and length of the bowling cannot be done. Thirdly, ball and
socket arrangement is not positive and self locking to hold the setup at a desired angle
according to the requirement. Fourthly, the device is not adjustable to accommodate
balls of different diameters and therefore a separate device is required for each different

diameter balls. Lastly, the excessive cost of such wheels and their maintenance.
Moreover, as the ball passes through

the gap between straight surfaces of the wheels, the grip is not sufficiently reliable to change
the orientation of the ball for creating variation in quality of bowling. Therefore, there is a
need for an improved cricket bowling machine that is capable of throwing a ball accurately
and adjustably to a specific, predetermined location.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
The main objective is to design an improved cricket bowling machine, which is
adjustable to throw different sizes cricket balls at various speeds in predetermined line
and length. The design of cricket bowling machine also aims to develop a cost effective
(economic) and compact cricket bowling machine which provide provision for using
various pattern of bowling style such as straight, outswing, inswing, offbreak, leg break.
1.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT
In order to achieve the objective of the project, there are several scope that has
been outlined. The scope of this project includes using of C Programming, integration
equipments like microcontroller, power supply, motors, proximity sensors, etc.
1.3 CRICKET BOWLING MACHINE
Fig 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Cricket Bowling Machine

1.4 SUMMARY
In this chapter, the literature survey has been discussed and the problems faced in
building of cricket bowling machine is also described.
3

CHAPTER 2
MECHANICAL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Machine Design or Mechanical Design can be defined as the process by which
resources or energy is converted into useful mechanical forms, or the mechanisms so as
to obtain useful output from the machines in the desired form as per the needs of the
human beings. Machine design can lead to the formation of the entirely new machine or
it can lead to up-gradation or improvement of the existing machine.
2.1 INDUCTION MOTOR
AC induction motors are the most common motors used in industrial motion
control systems, as well as in main powered home appliances. Simple and rugged
design, low-cost, low maintenance and direct connection to an AC power source are the
main advantages of AC induction motors.
Various types of AC induction motors are available in the market. Different motors
are suitable for different applications. Although AC induction motors are easier to
design than DC motors, the speed and the torque control in various types of AC
induction motors require a greater understanding of the design and the characteristics of
these motors.
This application note discusses the basics of an AC induction motor; the different
types, their characteristics, the selection criteria for different applications and basic
control techniques.
2.1.1BASIC CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE
Like most motors, an AC induction motor has a fixed outer portion, called the
stator and a rotor that spins inside with a carefully engineered air gap between the two.

Virtually all electrical motors use magnetic field rotation to spin their rotors. A three-phase
AC induction motor is the only type where the rotating magnetic field is created naturally
in the stator because of the nature of the supply. DC motors depend either on mechanical or
electronic commutation to create rotating magnetic fields. A single-phase
AC induction motor depends on extra electrical components to produce this rotating
magnetic field.
Two sets of electromagnets are formed inside any motor. In an AC induction
motor, one set of electromagnets is formed in the stator because of the AC supply
connected to the stator windings. The alternating nature of the sup-ply voltage induces
an Electromagnetic Force (EMF) in the rotor (just like the voltage is induced in the
trans-former secondary) as per Lenz’s law, thus generating another set of
electromagnets; hence the name – induction motor. Interaction between the magnetic
field of these electromagnets generates twisting force, or torque. As a result, the motor
rotates in the direction of the resultant torque.
STATOR
The stator is made up of several thin laminations of aluminum or cast iron. They
are punched and clamped together to form a hollow cylinder (stator core) with slots as
shown in Figure 1. Coils of insulated wires are inserted into these slots. Each grouping
of coils, together with the core it surrounds, forms an electro-magnet (a pair of poles) on
the application of AC supply. The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends
on the internal connection of the stator windings. The stator windings are connected
directly to the power source. Internally they are connected in such a way, that on
applying AC supply, a rotating magnetic field is created.
Fig 2.1 Typical Stator

ROTAR
The rotor is made up of several thin steel laminations with evenly spaced bars,
which are made up of aluminum or copper, along the periphery. In the most popular type
of rotor(squirrel cage rotor), these bars are connected at ends mechanically and
electrically by the use of rings. Almost 90% of induction motors have squirrel cage
rotors. This is because the squirrel cage rotor has a simple and rugged construction. The
rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with axially placed parallel slots for
carrying the conductors. Each slot carries a copper, aluminum, or alloy bar. These rotor
bars are permanently short-circuited at both ends by means of the end rings, as shown in
Figure 2. This total assembly resembles the look of a squirrel cage, which gives the rotor
its name. The rotor slots are not exactly parallel to the shaft. Instead, they are given a
skew for two main reasons.
The first reason is to make the motor run quietly by reducing magnetic hum and to
decrease slot harmonics.
The second reason is to help reduce the locking tendency of the rotor. The rotor
teeth tend to remain locked under the stator teeth due to direct magnetic attraction
between the two. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the number of
rotor teeth.
The rotor is mounted on the shaft using bearings on each end; one end of the shaft
is normally kept longer than the other for driving the load. Some motors may have an
accessory shaft on the non-driving end for mounting speed or position sensing devices.
Between the stator and the rotor, there exists an air gap, through which due to induction,
the energy is transferred from the stator to the rotor. The generated torque forces the
rotor and then the load to rotate. Regardless of the type of rotor used, the principle
employed for rotation remains the same.
SPEED OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of the induced voltage is
alternating in nature. To reduce the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor

starts running in the same direction as that of the stator flux and tries to catch up with the
rotating flux. However, in practice, the rotor never succeeds in “ catching up” to the
stator field. The rotor runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is called
the Base Speed (Nb).
The difference between NS and Nb is called the slip. The slip varies with the load.
An increase in load will cause the rotor to slow down or increase slip. A decrease in load
will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip.
Fig 2.2 Typical Squirrel Cage Rotor
2.1.2 TYPES OF AC INDUCTION MOTORS
Generally, induction motors are categorized based on the number of stator windings.
They are:
• Single-phase induction motor
• Three-phase induction motor
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

There are probably more single-phase AC induction motors in use today than the
total of all the other types put together. It is logical that the least expensive, low-est
maintenance type motor should be used most often. The single-phase AC induction
motor best fits this description.
As the name suggests, this type of motor has only one stator winding (main
winding) and operates with a single-phase power supply. In all single-phase induction
motors, the rotor is the squirrel cage type.
The single-phase induction motor is not self-starting. When the motor is connected
to a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an alternating current. This
current produces a pulsating magnetic field. Due to induction, the rotor is energized. As
the main magnetic field is pulsating, the torque necessary for the motor rotation is not
generated. This will cause the rotor to vibrate, but not to rotate. Hence, the single phase
induction motor is required to have a starting mechanism that can provide the starting
kick for the motor to rotate.
The starting mechanism of the single-phase induction motor is mainly an
additional stator winding (start/ auxiliary winding) as shown in Figure 3. The start
winding can have a series capacitor and/or a centrifugal switch. When the supply voltage
is applied, current in the main winding lags the supply voltage due to the main winding
impedance. At the same time, current in the start winding leads/lags the supply voltage
depending on the starting mechanism impedance. Interaction between magnetic fields
generated by the main winding and the starting mechanism generates a resultant
magnetic field rotating in one direction. The motor starts rotating in the direction of the
resultant magnetic field.
Once the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed, a centrifugal switch
disconnects the start winding. From this point on, the single-phase motor can maintain
sufficient torque to operate on its own.
Except for special capacitor start/capacitor run types, all single-phase motors are
generally used for applications up to 3/4 hp only.

Depending on the various start techniques, single-phase AC induction motors are
further classified as described in the following sections.
Fig 2.3 Single-Phase Ac Induction Motor With And Without A Start Mechanism

SPLIT-PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR
The split-phase motor is also known as an induction start/induction run motor. It
has two windings: a start and a main winding. The start winding is made with smaller
gauge wire and fewer turns, relative to the main winding to create more resistance, thus
putting the start winding’s field at a different angle than that of the main winding which
causes the motor to start rotating. The main winding, which is of a heavier wire, keeps
the motor running the rest of the time.
Fig 2.4 Typical Split-Phase ac Induction Motor
The starting torque is low, typically 100% to 175% of the rated torque. The motor
draws high starting current, approximately 700% to 1,000% of the rated current. The
maximum generated torque ranges from 250% to 350% of the rated torque (see Figure 9
for torque-speed curve).
Good applications for split-phase motors include small grinders, small fans and
blowers and other low starting torque applications with power needs from 1/20 to 1/3 hp.
Avoid using this type of motor in any applications requiring high on/off cycle rates or
high torque.
CAPACITOR START AC INDUCTION MOTOR
This is a modified split-phase motor with a capacitor in series with the start
winding to provide a start “boost.” Like the split-phase mo tor, the capacitor start motor

also has a centrifugal switch which disconnects the start winding and the capacitor when
the motor reaches about 75% of the rated speed.
Since the capacitor is in series with the start circuit, it creates more starting torque,
typically 200% to 400% of the rated torque. And the starting current, usually 450% to
575% of the rated current, is much lower than the split-phase due to the larger wire in
the start circuit. Refer to Figure 9 for torque-speed curve.
A modified version of the capacitor start motor is the resistance start motor. In this
motor type, the starting capacitor is replaced by a resistor. The resistance start motor is
used in applications where the starting torque requirement is less than that provided by
the capacitor start motor. Apart from the cost, this motor does not offer any major
advantage over the capacitor start motor.
Fig 2.5 Typical Capacitor Start Induction Motor
They are used in a wide range of belt-drive applications like small conveyors, large
blowers and pumps, as well as many direct-drive or geared applications.
PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR (CAPACITOR RUN) INDUCTION MOTOR
A permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor has a run type capacitor permanently
connected in series with the start winding. This makes the start winding an auxiliary
winding once the motor reaches the running speed. Since the run capacitor must be
designed for continuous use, it cannot provide the starting boost of a starting capacitor.

The typical starting torque of the PSC motor is low, from 30% to 150% of the rated
torque. PSC motors have low starting current, usually less than 200% of the rated
current, making them excellent for applications with high on/off cycle rates. Refer to
Figure 9 for torque-speed curve.
The PSC motors have several advantages. The motor design can easily be altered
for use with speed controllers. They can also be designed for optimum efficiency and
High-Power Factor (PF) at the rated load. They’re considered to be the most reliable of
the single-phase motors, mainly because no centrifugal starting switch is required.
Fig 2.6 Typical PSC Motor
Permanent split-capacitor motors have a wide variety of applications depending on
the design. These include fans, blowers with low starting torque needs and intermittent
cycling uses, such as adjusting mechanisms, gate operators and garage door openers.
CAPACITOR START/ CAPACITOR RUN AC INDUCTION MOTOR
This motor has a start type capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding like the
capacitor start motor for high starting torque. Like a PSC motor, it also has a run type
capacitor that is in series with the auxiliary winding after the start capacitor is switched
out of the circuit. This allows high overload torque.

Fig 2.7 Typical Capacitor Start/Run Induction Motor
This type of motor can be designed for lower full-load currents and higher efficiency.
This motor is costly due to start and run capacitors and centrifugal switch.
It is able to handle applications too demanding for any other kind of single-phase motor.
These include wood-working machinery, air compressors, high-pressure water pumps,
vacuum pumps and other high torque applications requiring 1 to 10 hp.
SHADE-POLE AC INDUCTION MOTOR
Shaded-pole motors have only one main winding and no start winding. Starting is
by means of a design that rings a continuous copper loop around a small portion of each
of the motor poles. This “shades” that portion of the pole , causing the magnetic field in
the shaded area to lag behind the field in the unshaded area. The reaction of the two
fields gets the shaft rotating.
Because the shaded-pole motor lacks a start winding, starting switch or capacitor,
it is electrically simple and inexpensive. Also, the speed can be controlled merely by
varying voltage, or through a multi-tap winding. Mechanically, the shaded-pole motor

construction allows high-volume production. In fact, these are usually considered as
“disposable” motors, meaning they are much cheaper to replace than to repair.
Fig 2.8 Typical Shaded-Pole Induction Motor
The shaded-pole motor has many positive features but it also has several
disadvantages. It’s low starting torque is typically 25% to 75% of the rated torque. It is a
high slip motor with a running speed 7% to 10% below the synchronous speed.
Generally, efficiency of this motor type is very low (below 20%).
The low initial cost suits the shaded-pole motors to low horsepower or light duty
applications. Perhaps their largest use is in multi-speed fans for household use. But the
low torque, low efficiency and less sturdy mechanical features make shaded-pole motors
impractical for most industrial or commercial use, where higher cycle rates or
continuous duty are the norm.

Fig 2.9 shows the torque-speed curves of various kinds of single-phase AC induction
motor
2.2 ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Fan regulators have an important place in the electrical switch boards. Fan
regulators are very similar to light dimmers. Their function is to regulate/control the
speed of the fan and provide a convenient environment for the residents.
The traditional regulators which are bulky use a resistance having taps and
connected in series with the fan. When we move the knob different amount of resistance
gets inserted in the circuit. Although cheap the biggest problem with such a regulator is
that a considerable amount of energy is lost in form of heat through the resistance. When
the fan is operating at low speed the power loss is significant.
The technologically superior electronic regulators overcome these problems by
using electronic components to control the speed of the fan.

2.2.1 OPERATION OF ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Series resistors are switched in with the motor to slow it down. Doing so reduces the
voltage at the motor and it turns more slowly. However there is power dissipated in the
resistor a significant fraction of the total power so it wastes 20, 30 or 40% of the power
depending upon the speed and if the fan is on 24 hours a day it adds up.
An alternate speed control can be effected by using capacitors whose impedance
matches that of the resistors. The voltage drop at the motor and the same speed drop can
be obtained. However, the capacitor returns power to the power line out of phase thus
dissipating no power in the capacitor except its DCR component. Thus it should be more
efficient, saving a few watts in apparent power.
Fig 2.10 Front and Back View Of Electronic Regulator
2.2.2 TRIAC
The heart of the electronic fan regulator is TRIAC. TRIAC is a semiconductor
device belonging to the family of thyristors. It is a generic trademark for a three terminal
electronic component that conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its formal
name is bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. A thyristor is analogous
to a relay in that a small voltage and current can control a much larger voltage and
current. The illustration on the below shows the circuit symbol for a TRIAC where A1 is

Anode 1, A2 is Anode 2, and G is Gate. Anode 1 and Anode 2 are normally termed
Main Terminal 1 (MT1) and Main Terminal 2 (MT2) respectively.
Fig 2.11 Triac Schematic Symbol
TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and are related to silicon controlled rectifiers
(SCRs). However, unlike SCRs, which are unidirectional devices and only conduct
current in one direction, TRIACs are bidirectional and conduct current in both
directions. Another difference is that SCRs can only be triggered by a positive current at
their gate, but, in general, TRIACs can be triggered by either a positive or negative
current at their gate, although some special types cannot be triggered by one of the
combinations. To create a triggering current for an SCR a positive voltage has to be
applied to the gate but for a TRIAC either a positive or negative voltage can be applied
to the gate. In all three cases the voltage and current are with respect to MT1. Once
triggered, SCRs and thyristors continue to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until
the main current drops below a certain level called the holding current.
TRIAC’s bidirectionality makes them convenient switches for alternating current
(AC). In addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase angle of the AC in the main

circuit allows control of the average current flowing into a load (phase control). This is
commonly used for controlling the speed of induction motors.
2.2 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC REGULATOR
Some of the advantages of electronic fan regulators are:
1. They provide a continuous speed control.
2. Power saving at all the speeds.
3. Smaller size and weight.
2.3 BEARINGS
Bearings permit smooth, low-friction movement between two surfaces. The
movement can be either rotary (a shaft rotating within a mount) or linear (one surface
moving along another).
Bearings can employ either a sliding or a rolling action. Bearings based on rolling
action are called rolling-element bearings. Those based on sliding action are called plain
bearings.
Bearing Materials
Babbitts
Tin and lead-base babbitts are among the most widely used bearing materials.
They have an ability to embed dirt and have excellent compatibility properties under
boundary-lubrication conditions.
In bushings for small motors and in automotive engine bearings, babbitt is
generally used as a thin coating over a steel strip. For larger bearings in heavy-duty
equipment, thick babbitt is cast on a rigid backing of steel or cast iron.

Bronzes and Copper Alloys
Dozens of copper alloys are available as bearing materials. Most of these can be grouped
into four classes: copper-lead, lead-bronze, tin-bronze, and aluminum-bronze.
Aluminum
Aluminum bearing alloys have high wear resistance, load-carrying capacity, fatigue
strength, and thermal conductivity; excellent corrosion resistance; and low cost. They
are used extensively in connecting rods and main bearings in internal-combustion
engines; in hydraulic gear pumps, in oil-well pumping equipment, in roll-neck bearings
in steel mills; and in reciprocating compressors and aircraft equipment.
Porous Metals
Sintered-metal self-lubricating bearings, often called powdered-metal bearings, are simple
and low in cost. They are widely used in home appliances, small motors, machine tools,
business machines, and farm and construction equipment.
Common methods used w hen supplementary lubrication for oil-impregnated bearings is
needed are shown in Fig. 2.12.
Fig. 2.12 Supplementary Lubrication For Oi -

Impregnated Bearings.
Plastics
Many bearings and bushi ngs are being produced in a large variety of plastic materials.
Many require no lubricatio n, and the high strength of modern plastics l ends to a variety
of applications.
2.3.1 PLAIN BEARIN GS
A plain bearing is any bearing that works by sliding action, with or without lubricant.
This group encompasses es sentially all types other than rolling-element bearings.
Plain bearings are of ten referred to as either sleeve bearings or thrust bearings, terms that
designate whether the bearing is loaded radially or axially.
Lubrication is critic al to the operation of plain bearings, so th eir application and function
is also often referred to according to the type of lubrication principle used. Thus,
terms such as hydrodynamic, fluid-film, hydrostatic, boundary-lu bricated, and self-
lubricated are designations for particular types of plain bearings.
Mostly bearings are oil-lubricated. The designs shown in Fig.2. 13 illustrate
simple, effective arrangements for providing supplementary lubrication.
Oil H ole in Shaft Oil Groove in Bearing
Fig. 2.13 Common Methods of Lubricating Plain Bear ings.

2.3.2 JOURNALS OR SLEEVE BEARINGS
These are cylindrica l or ring-shaped bearings designed to carry radial loads. The
terms sleeve and journal are used more or less synonymously since sleeve refers to the
general configuration while journal pertains to any portion of a shaft supported by a
bearing. In another sense, however, the term journal may be reserved for two-piece
bearings used to support the journals of an engine crankshaft.
The simplest and most widely used types of sleeve bearings are cast-bronze and
porous-bronze (powdered- metal) cylindrical bearings. Cast-bronze bearings are oil-, or
grease-lubricated. Porous b earings are impregnated with oil and often h ave an oil
reservoir in the housing.
Plastic bearings are b eing used increasingly in place of metal. Ori ginally, plastic
was used only in small, lightly loaded bearings where cost saving were the p rimary
objective.
More recently, plastics a re being used because of functional ad vantages, including
resistance to abrasion, and they are being made in large sizes.
2.3.3THRUST BEARING
This type of bearing differs from a sleeve bearing in that loads are supported
axially rather than radially. Thin, d isk like thrust bearings are called thrust was hers.
Fig.2.15 Thrust Bearing

2.3.4 ANTIFRICTIO N BEARINGS
Ball, roller, and nee dle bearings are classified as antifriction be arings since
friction has been reduced to a minimum. They may be divided into two main groups:
radial bearings and thrust bearin gs. Except for special designs, ball and roller bearings
consist of two rings, a set of rolling elements, and a cage. The cage separates the r olling
elements and spaces them evenly around the periphery (circumference of the circle). The
nomenclature of an antifriction bearing is given in Fig. 2.16.
Fig. 2.16 Antifriction Bearings Nomenclature (SKF
Company)
2.3.5 BEARING LOADS
Radial Load
Loads acting perpendicular to the axis of the bearing are called radial loads. Although
radial bearings are designed primarily for straight radial service, they will withstand
considerable thrust loads when deep ball tracks in the raceway are used.

Thrust Load
Loads applied parallel to the axis of the bearing are called thrust loads. Thrust bearings
are not designed to carry radial loads.
Fig.2.17 Types of Bearing Loads
Combination Radial and Thrust Loads
When loads are exerted both parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the bearings, a
combination radial and thrust bearing is used. See Fig.2.17(C). The load ratings listed in
the manufacturers’ catalogs for this type of bearing are for either pure thrust loads or a
combination of both radial and thrust loads.
2.3.6 BALL BEARINGS
Ball bearings fall roughly into three classes: radial, thrust, and angular-contact.
Angular-contact bearings are used for combined radial and thrust loads and where
precise shaft location is needed. Uses of the other two types are described by their
names: radial bearings for radial loads and thrust bearings for thrust loads. See Fig.
2.3.6.

Fig.2.18 Ball Bearings (SKF Company)
Radial Bearings
Deep-groove bearings are the most widely used ball bearings. In addition to radial
loads, they can carry substantial thrust loads at high speeds, in either direction. They
require careful alignment between shaft and housing.
Self-aligning bearings come in two types: internal and external. In internal
bearings, the outer-ring ball groove is ground as a spherical surface.
Externally self-aligning bearings have a spherical surface on the outside of the
outer ring, which matches a concave spherical housing.
Double-row, deep-groove bearings embody the same principle of design as single-
row bearings. Double-row bearings can be used where high radial and thrust rigidity is
needed and space is limited. They are about 60 to 80 percent wider than comparable
single-row, deep-groove bearings, and they have about 50 percent more radial capacity.
Angular-contact thrust bearings can support a heavy thrust load in one direction
combined with a moderate radial load. High shoulders on the inner and outer rings
provide steep contact angles for high thrust capacity and axial rigidity.
Thrust Bearings
In a sense, thrust bearings can be considered to be angular-contact bearings. They
support pure thrust loads at moderate speeds, but for practical purposes their radial load

capacity is nil. Because they cannot support radial loads, ball thrust bearings must be
used together with radial bearings.
Flat-race bearings consist of a pair of flat washers separated by the ball
complement and a shaft-piloted retainer, so load capacity is limited. Contact stresses are
high, and torque resistance is low.
One-directional, grooved-race bearings have grooved races very similar to those
found in radial bearings.
Two-directional, groove-race bearings consist of two stationary races, one rotating
race, and two ball complements.
2.3.7 ROLLER BEARINGS
The principal types of roller bearings are cylindrical, needle, tapered, and spherical. In
general, they have higher load capacities than ball bearings of the same size and are
widely used in heavy-duty, moderate-speed applications. However, except for
cylindrical bearings, they have lower speed capabilities than ball bearings. See Fig.
2.3.7.
Fig. 2.19 Roller Bearings

Cylindrical Bearings
Cylindrical roller bearings have high radial capacity and provide accurate guidance to
the rollers. Their low friction permits operation at high speed, and thrust loads of some
magnitude can be carried through the flange-roller end contacts.
Needle Bearings
Needle bearings are roller bearings with rollers that have high length-to-diameter
ratios. Compared with other roller bearings, needle bearings have much smaller rollers
for a given bore size.
Loose-needle bearings are simply a full complement of needles in the annular
space between two hardened machine components, which form the bearing raceways.
They provide an effective and inexpensive bearing assembly with moderate speed
capability, but they are sensitive to misalignment.
Caged assemblies are simply a roller complement with a retainer, placed between
two hardened machine elements that act as raceways. Their speed capability is about
3times higher than that of loose-needle bearings, but the smaller complement of needles
reduces load capacity for the caged assemblies.
Thrust bearings are caged bearings with rollers assembled like the spokes of a
wheel in a wafer like retainer.
Tapered Bearings
Tapered roller bearings are widely used in roll-neck applications in rolling mills,
transmissions, gear reducers, geared shafting, steering mechanisms, and machine-tool
spindles. Where speeds are low, grease lubrication suffices, but high speeds demand oil
lubrication, and very high speeds demand special lubricating arrangements.
Spherical Bearings

Spherical roller bearings offer an unequaled combination of high load capacity,
high tolerance to shock loads, and self-aligning ability, but they are speed-limited.
Single-row bearings are the most widely used tapered roller bearings. They have a
high radial capacity and a thrust capacity about 60 percent of radial capacity.
Two-row bearings can replace two single-row bearings mounted back-to-back or
face-to-face when the required capacity exceeds that of a single-row bearing.
2.3.8 BEARING SELECTION
Machine designers have a large variety of bearing types and sizes from which to choose.
Each of these types has characteristics, which make it best for a certain application.
Although selection may sometimes present a complex problem requiring considerable
experience, the following considerations are listed to serve as a general guide for
conventional applications.
1. Generally, ball bearings are the less expensive choice in the smaller sizes with
lighter loads, while roller bearings are less expensive for the larger sizes with
heavier loads.
2. Roller bearings are more satisfactory under shock or impact loading than ball
bearings.
3. If there is misalignment between housing and shaft, either a self-aligning ball or
spherical roller bearing should be used.
4. Ball thrust bearings should be subjected to pure thrust loads only. At high speeds,
am,deep-groove or angular-contact ball bearing will usually be a be tter choice
even for pure thrust loads.
5. Self-aligning ball bearings and cylindrical roller bearings have very low friction
coefficients.

6. Deep-groove ball bearings are available with seals built into the bearings so that
the bearing can be pre-lubricated and thus operate for long periods without
attention.
2.4 DRILLING
Drilling is the ope ration of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a
rotating cutter called DRIL L.
The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.
The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is
held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck.
The most comm on drill used is the twist drill.
Fig 2.20 Drill fixed to a spindle
2.4.1 DRILLING MA CHINE
· It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
· The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to
make a hole.

2.4.2 TYPES
1) Based on construction:
Portable,
Sensitive,
Radial, up-
right, Gang,
Multi-
spindle
2) Based on Feed:
Hand driven
Power driven
2.4.3 Sensitive or Bench Drilling Machine
· This type of drill machine is used for very light works. Fig.1 illustrates the
sketch of sensitive drilling machine.
· The vertical column carries a swiveling table the height of which can be
adjusted according to the work piece height.
· The table can also be swung to any desired position.
· At the top of the column there are two pulleys connected by a belt, one pulley is
mounted on the motor shaft and other on the machine spindle.
· Vertical movement to the spindle is given by the feed handle by the operator.
· Operator senses the cutting action so sensitive drilling machine.

· Drill holes from 1.5 to 15mm
Fig 2.21Sensitive Drilling Machine
2.4.4 Up-Right Drilling Machine
· These are medium heavy duty machines.
· It specifically differs from sensitive drill in its weight, rigidity, application of
power feed and wider range of spindle speed. Fig.2 shows the line sketch of up-
right drilling machine.
· This machine usually has a gear driven mechanism for different spindle speed
and an automatic or power feed device.
· Table can move vertically and radially.
· Drill holes up to 50mm

Fig 2.4.2 Up-Right Drilling Machine
2.4.5 Radial Drilling Machine
· It the largest and most versatile used for drilling medium to large and heavy work
pieces.
· Radial drilling machine belong to power feed type.

The column and radial drilling machine supports the radial arm, drill head and motor.
Fig.3 shows the line sketch of radial drilling machine.
Fig 2.23 Radial Drilling Machine
· The radial arm slides up and down on the column with the help of elevating screw
provided on the side of the column, which is driven by a motor.
· The drill head is mounted on the radial arm and moves on the guide ways provided
the radial arm can also be swiveled around the column.
· The drill head is equipped with a separate motor to drive the spindle, which carries
the drill bit. A drill head may be moved on the arm manually or by power.
Feed can be either manual or automatic with reversal mechanism.

2.4.4 DRILLING OPERATIONS
Operations that can be performed in a drilling machine are
Drilling
Reamin
g
Boring
Counter
boring
Countersinkin
g Tapping
2.4.3 PRECAUTIONS FOR DRILLING MACHINE
Lubrication is important to remove heat and
friction. Machines should be cleaned after use.
Chips should be removed using brush.
T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, and pulley should be
cleaned. Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
2.4.4 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Do not support the work piece by hand – use work ho lding
device. Use brush to clean the chip
No adjustments while the machine is operating
Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before starting the
operation. Never place tools on the drilling table

Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.
2.5 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING
Oxy-fuel welding, commonly referred to as oxy welding or gas welding is a
process of joining metals by application of heat created by gas flame. The fuel gas
commonly acetylene, when mixed with proper proportion of oxygen in a mixing
chamber of welding torch, produces a very hot flame of about 5700-5800°F. With this
flame it is possible to bring any of the so-called commercial metals, namely: cast iron,
steel, copper, and aluminum, to a molten state and cause a fusion of two pieces of like
metals in such a manner that the point of fusion will very closely approach the strength
of the metal fused.
If more metal of like nature is added, the union is made even stronger than the original.
This method is called oxy-acetylene welding.
2.5.1Chemistry of Oxy Acetylene Process
The most common fuel used in welding is acetylene. It has a two stage reaction;
the first stage primary reaction involves the acetylene disassociating in the presence of
oxygen to produce heat, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen gas.
2.5.2 Oxy Fuel welding Gases
Commercial fuel gases have one common property: they all require oxygen to support
combustion. To be suitable for welding operations, a fuel gas, when burned with oxygen,
must have the following:
a. High flame temperature
b. High rate of flame propagation
c. Adequate heat content

d. Minimum chemical reaction of the flame with base and filler metals
Among the commercially available fuel gases such as propane, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG), natural gas, propylene, hydrogen and MAPP gas, “Acetylene” most closely
meets all the above requirements.

CHAPTER 3
COMPOSITION
3 POWER SUPPLY MODULE
Fig.3.3 Block Diagram Of Power Supply
The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that
ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a
full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce
a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if
the input dc voltage varies. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the
popular voltage regulator IC units.
3.3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Fig.3.4 Schematic Diagram Of Power Supply
3.3.2(a) TRANSFORMER

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-
9V) level. If the secondary has less turns in the coil then the primary, the secondary coil's
voltage will decrease and the current or AMPS will increase or decreased depend upon
the wire gauge. This is called step down transformer. Then the secondary of the
potential transformer will be connected to the rectifier.
3.3.2(b) BRIDGE RECTIFIER
When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier.
The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the
output is taken from the remaining two corners.
Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive
potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A
will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4.
Fig.3.5 Full Wave Rectification(Varying DC)
The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time
D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and
D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.
The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through Load, through
D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B.
One-half cycle later, the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,
forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be
from point A through D4, up through Load, through D2, through the secondary of
transformer, and back to point A across D2 and D4. The current flow through Load is

always in the same direction. In flowing through Load this current develops a voltage
corresponding to that. Since current flows through the load during both half cycles of the
applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.
One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that
with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly
twice that of the conventional half-wave circuit. This bridge rectifier always drops
1.4Volt of the input voltage because of the diode. We are using 1N4007 PN junction
diode, its cut off region is 0.7Volt. So any two diodes are always conducting, total drop
voltage is 1.4 volt.
3.3.3 FILTER
If a Capacitor is added in parallel with the load resistor of a Rectifier to form a simple Filter
Circuit, the output of the Rectifier will be transformed int o a more stable DC Voltage. At
first, the capa citor is charged to the peak value of the rectified Waveform. Beyond the peak,
the capa citor is discharged through the load until the time at which the rectified voltage
exceeds t he capacitor voltage. Then the capacitor is ch arged again and the process repeats
itself.
Fig.3.6 Filter Waveform
3.3.4 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
Voltage regulators c omprise a class of widely used ICs. Regula tor IC units
contain the circuitry for referenc e source, comparator amplifier, control device, and
overload protection all in a single IC . IC units provide regulation of either a fixe d
positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or a n adjustably set voltage.

A fixed three-termin al voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, it is
applied to one input termi nal, a regulated dc output voltage from a third terminal, with
the second terminal connected to ground.
The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5 to 24
volts. Similarly, the series 79 re gulators provide fixed negative regulated voltages from
5 to 24 volts.
This is a regulated p ower supply circuit using the 78xx IC seri s. These regulators
can deliver current aroun d 1A to 1.5A at a fix voltage levels. The common regulated
voltages are 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, and 24V. It is important to add
capacitors across the input and output of the regulator IC to improve the regulation.
In this circuit we are using 7805 regulator so it converts varia ble dc into constant
positive 5V power supply. If the input voltage goes to below 7.3Volt means the output
also varied. That is why we are using 230/9V step-down transformer. Transformer
output is higher than the regulator m inimum level input.
3.6 PCB LAYOUT:
Fig.3.7 PCB Layout Of Power Supply

4 VIEW OF PROJECT
Fig.5. 7 Front View of Cricket Bowling Machine
Fig.5.8 LCD Display Circuit

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
CONCLUSION
Thus , we have designed a cricket bowling machine for kids to improve their batting
skill without the need of a bowler.
This project is to design an improved cricket bowling machine, which is adjustable
to throw different sizes cricket balls at various speeds in predetermined line and length.
The exisiting cricket bowling machines are very expensive and therefore cricket bowling
machine was designed keeping in mind to develop a cost effective (economic) and
compact cricket bowling machine.
This project is to provide provision for using various pattern of bowling style
such as straight, outswing, inswing, offbreak, leg break for kids. The speed of induction
motor can be controlled using electronic regulator and microcontroller is used for
displaying speed measurement of induction motor.
Thus in many ways the automatic control is much higher in performance than
that of manual control and hence automatic speed control of induction motor by means
of electronic regulator which is feasible and attractive alternative to manual control by
means of accelerometer.
This project can be used in schools, parks, shopping malls and can also be used
by people who cannot afford expensive cricket bowling machine.

FUTURE WORKS
The hardware implementation work has been completed and as a future work, most
popular bowler’s bowling technology has to be implemented using neural network. Also,
height of the cricket bowling machine has to be improved and the use of obstacle sensor
for safety measures has to be done.

REFERENCES
1. S .S. Roy, A. Maapatra, N. P. Mukherjee, U Datta, U. Nandy, S. Karmakar, A.
Chatterjee.(2005) “Design of an Improved Cricket B all Throwing Machine”
2. Abhijit Mahapatra, Avik Chatterjee and Shibendu Shekhar Roy (2010)
“Modelling and Simulation of Cricket Bowling Machine”, Interna tional J. of
Recent Trends in Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3
3. Akshay R. Varhade, HrushikeshV. Tiwari and Pratik D. Patangrao
(2013)“Cricket Bowling Machine” , International Journal of Enginee ring
Research & Technology (IJERT)
4. RAZA Ali, DIEGEL Olaf and ARIF Khalid Mahmood (2014) “Robowler:
Design and development of a cricket bowling machine ensuring ball seam
position” ,Springer
5. QUT Digital Repository(http://eprints.qut.edu.au/)
6. AT89S52 - Atmel (http://www.atmel.com/images/doc1919.pdf/)
7. Leverage Cricket Bowling Machine
(http://www..bowlingmachine.co.in/pro_crikcet_bowling_machines/)

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