Territorial Disputes Within The South China Sea

Territorial Disputes Within The South China Sea
Country: Netherlands
Name: Michael Zuker and Max Myszkowski
Committee: United Nations General Assembly
Topic: Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
Background Following the cessation of the Cold War, a massive territorial dispute erupted over two island chains in theSouth China Sea (SCS), the
Paracels and the Spratleys. Those nations disputing their rightful ownership include China, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Taiwan.
The source of the conflict in this area stems from the geographical location and the natural resources to be gained through their ownership. According
to the World Bank, the sea contains approximately 900 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and seven billion barrels of oil. That roughly equates to the
amount of energy needed to power the entire world for an entire year. Furthermore, the sea is a center for fishing and provides most of the surrounding
countries with the vast majority of their total fish supply. Finally, the SCS is a major trade route, especially for petroleum products and crude oil
shipments; control of the region could easily mean absolute monopoly over shipments passing through it. China has the largest claim, with what is
referred to as the "Nine–Dash Line". This line outlines all of the disputed islands as China's historical claims, establishing China's belief that it has the
sole rights to the islands. Vietnam and the Philippines also claim to have historical reasons to impose sovereignty over this territory.
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Examine the Effects of Globalisation on China
Examine the effects of globalisation on China
The process of globalisation in China has been a rapid one. China's exponential growth since the fall of Mao has lead to increased international
influence – with China now operating on an international scale.
Economically globalisation began in 1978 following Deng Xiaoping's Open Door policy. This opened up China to foreign investment and the
international markets. This lead to an influx of transnational corporations, which was advantageous to Chinese companies who benefitted from
technology transfer. However, the TNC's moved to China for its cheap labour and manufacture, which presented an ethical dilemma for China. Leaders
had to decide whether to compromise on a lack of investment and poor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Globalisation has lead to the development of SEZ's along with Deng's Open Door policy. Globalisation has given these SEZ's both advantages and
disadvantages and has lead to rapid economic growth but often compromised on the Chinese people.
Socially, globalisation has both increased levels of Westernisation and increased development in the interior. Increased Westernisation has lead to both
positive impacts with over 100 million Chinese have internet access, with 360 million owning a mobile phone, whilst 380 million own a TV. However,
this can mean a loss of culture with the younger generation less willing to retain traditional practices like farming and rice planting, but instead want to
move into the city and enjoy a "western–style" living. Globalisation has lead to both the benefits from Westernisation eg McDonald's sponsoring the
2008 Olympics, but also the negatives including a loss of cultures and traditional Chinese practices. Development along the interior as also resulted
from globalisation. As China has been put under pressure to reduce rural–urban inequality, it has begun development in rural areas. This has lead to the
transformation of White Horse Village into a major city. This has meant that the old village was demolished and new high–rise buildings replaced rice
paddies. This has increased growth in the area and had meant an influx of migrants back

The Law Of The Sea
What do you understand by the 'Law of the Sea' in Public International Law? Critically discuss the different principles, mechanisms of the Law of the
Sea, and how they are applied.
Law of the Sea
The seas have long–standing recognition as routes linking all parts of the world and as a treasure full of resources. This has given significant rise to
established rules. The Law of the Sea central principle is that Land rules over the Sea. A state will have the right on the sea, until a certain distance,
according to the parameters of its land territory. This will be the territorial sea which forms part of a state's area subject to its authority, and any further
range will be the high sea. The high seas were not to be appropriated. International law made the high seas one of its main principle. States have been
demanding to extend the perimeter of the sea around their coasts to get more of the seas under their jurisdiction. Under these demands, developments in
International law have brought about extended zones known as contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone etc. The Law of the sea
will govern these characterised zones and see if a state should be entitled to such territorial sea extensions. The change of perception of states towards
the seas have led to each state having their own principles which gave rise to clashing principles, this has led to conferences to find a solution to the
problem. The conferences eventually led to four conventions on the law of

What Is The LA Silks Case Study
The L.A. Silks case study is a frustrating example of having the right idea and going about it the wrong way. L.A. Silks imports fine silk fabrics,
prints designs on them, and sells the screened silk fabrics to fashion designers around the world, including Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Italy, although the
major market is still in the U.S. They are looking to expand the production aspect of their business into china as it low operating costs, sits in a free
trade zone and has more relaxed rules on chemicals used and imported in the region.
Helen Martin founder and creator of L.A. Silks tasks George Liscomb with reaching out to the Chinese government and considering setting up a
factory there. Eventually Liscomb gets in contact with Li Fuming a director in the Buildings Department in the Shenzhen District Government. This is
the point at which the commutations struggles begin. This is the point in the case study in which is clearly becomes an example to look at a
completely unrealistic to how something would happen in the real world. Liscomb's first letter is a short one page letter with very little explanation of
exactly what he needs or what his intentions are. Before this letter would have even been drafted there are so many people who he could have reached
out to for more information. He could have contacted other business with factories in china. He could have contacted the Chinese embassy to try and
get more information with regards to the governments positions on foreign

Questions On The Spratly Islands Dispute
Research Proposal
By: Caroline De Guzman 11558344
Submitted to: Ms. Orchid Cabatuando
TECWRIT HFI12
March 1, 2016
Ms. Orchid Cabatuando
Lecture Professor
TECWRIT HFI12
De La Salle–College of Saint Benilde
Dear Ms. Cabatuando:
Here is a copy of my research proposal regarding the Spratly Islands dispute. I am to enumerate the claimant countries and tackle all the bases of their
claims to be able to showcase which country has the heaviest claim over the sovereignty of the Spratlys.
Respectfully,
Caroline Stephanie C. De Guzman
11558344
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summaryp.4
I. Background of the studyp.5
II. Review of Related Literaturep.6–8
III. Research Questionsp.9

IV. Research Designp.10
V. Procedurep.11
Executive summary
This research aims to critically analyze the dispute over the Spratly Islands. By enumerating the claimant countries, laying out all their claims, and
carefully weighing each to come up with the most sound and diplomatic solution to the dispute that has been going on for decades.
I.Background of the study
"The Spratly islands in the South China Sea are composed of more than hundreds of islets sparse over 360 thousand square miles, mostly made up
of coral reefs, rocks, sand banks, shoal, sea mounts, atolls and cays located 650 km from Vietnam, 1000 km from China's Hainan island, 250 km
from the Sabah Coast of Malaysia and 100 km west of the Philippines' Palawan Island. It is key

Foxconn In China Case Study
China's success in consumer electronic manufacturing can be traced to the creation of special economic zones in the early 1980s, intended to increase
"foreign capital and boost exports as the means to integrate regional and global economies" (Chan and Seldon 2013, 103). This capitalism was a sharp
departure from the previous Communist based economic policies that dominated the country for decades (Ya and O 'Donnell 2017). The Shenzhen
Special Economic Zone (one of four) was established in May 1980 adjacent to the border with Hong Kong, which was experiencing its own economic
boom (Ngai and Chan 2012, Ya and O 'Donnell 2017). Manufacturing in the Shenzhen Economic Zone grew exponentially after the Chinese
government began offering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grain dependent Henan Providence, which has the largest population of any providence, is largely excluded from the financial support provided to
coastal areas of the country with large ports (French 2008). The Zhengzhou factory, however, is an outlier: a global symbol of foreign capitalism and
economic prosperity in a region of China otherwise extremely poor (Barboza 2016). Zhengzhou is inseparably linked with the Chinese government; the
Foxconn factory there provides a case study of exclusive economic incentives provided by the government to the company. Based on documents
obtained by the New York Times, these benefits are unlike anything else in the world. For instance, the Zhengzhou government spent $1 billion dollars
on housing for "iPhone City's" six million people, most of them Foxconn workers. The $600 million factory itself was largely financed by the
government, and taxes were eliminated for Foxconn for five years. To facilitate rapid exportation of electronics, customs is located directly outside the
factory's perimeter. An airport is nearby, in which the Zhengzhou government will be pumping $10 billion into. To staff this 2.2
–mile factory site, the
government assists in recruiting workers and providing formal training. Ultimately, state recruited workers in state subsidized housing not only benefits

Analysis of Special Economic Zones in India
BBM 301
Uday pratap
SEMINAR AND GROUP DISCUSSION
ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN INDIA * INTRODUCTION:
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free–market oriented than a country's typical
or national laws. "Nationwide" laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone.
The category 'SEZ' covers the following: * free trade zones (FTZ), * export processing Zones (EPZ) * free Zones (FZ) * industrial parks or industrial
estates (IE) * free ports * free economic zones * urban enterprise zones
Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Access to a large well–trained and skilled work force * Incentives which include 100% income tax exemption for a period of five years and an
additional 50% tax exemption for two years thereafter. * 100% FDI is also provided in the manufacturing sector. * Exemption from industrial licensing
requirements and no import license requirements is also given to the SEZ units.
Attractive incentive and great investment opportunities have attractive many business tycoons to step into the SEZ all over the country. The first step
was taken by the Mahindra World City at Chennai. The SEZ was promoted by Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd and

Rebalancing In China Essay
Conflicting views
Under the Obama administration, the term rebalancing has been stated when it comes to the relationships in the South China Sea. The point of
rebalancing has come up when speaking about the confrontation in the South China Sea. The idea is that the United States wants to restore the
original agreement by UNCLOS in order to give its allies a fair piece of the South China Sea and its resources. China views this not as rebalancing, but
as suppression. China has stated that the United States just wanted to subdue China in the South China Sea and stop it development so it cannot
compete. This along with other factors has created greater tension between these two powerful nations.
In terms of the military, both of these nation boast the as one of the strongest militaries in the world, but fir different reasons. China has one of the
world's largest military's in sheer numbers, mainly based on the ground. With the current confrontation and placement of the nine–dash line, China is
quickly building its navy capable of moving around the world. All though they have the numbers china does not have the extensive reach that the
United States has. China cannot move troops as far and as quickly. In addition china lacks the relationships with nation to build military bases around
the world. What china does have are technological advances. For example the ASB missile that posses a great threat to US carrier groups. With the
current and continuing growth of its military

The Great Tuna Boat Chase and Massacre case Essay
The Great Tuna Boat Chase and Massacre Case has Ecuador claiming that the United States is in violation of its 200–mile territorial sea. From it's
inception, Ecuador had accepted the customary three mile limit as the demarcation of its territorial waters. However, after 130 years, Juan Valdez
achieved power in 1952. Under his regime, he proclaimed that the three mile boundary was never meant to be considered a fixed and unalterable
boundary, and that historical practices as well as the natural features of the area justified a 200–mile territorial sea. Each Ecuadorian president since
Valdez claimed this as well.
Under the UN 1982 treaty, a state's territorial sea extends twelve nautical miles from the national coastline (Slomanson ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The possession of this territory is not optional, not dependent upon the will of the State, but compulsory" (Slomanson 306).
In saying this, the ICJ ruled that a State must accept these waters as part of its jurisdiction and enforce it. As the UN 1982 Treaty states, 12 miles is the
furthest distance territorial waters may extend to. Ecuador can not claim a 200–mile territorial sea. They must accept the 12 mile zone granted to them.
Ecuador can not construe the rules to their liking.
Ecuador's actions are not exclusive and have been seen before on the international level. In the past, certain costal states have staked a claim much
wider than the customary limit (Slomanson 308). The majority of these cases were put forth by "lesser–developed nations with significant fishing or
seabed resources adjacent to their coasts–while lacking the superior technology possessed by developed nations to take advantages of these resources"
(Slomanson 308). Ecuador has used as justification the claim that fishing resources act as the primary source of exports and national wealth. In 1952,
the same year that Ecuador claimed a 200–mile territorial sea, two other South American countries, Chile and Peru, also adopted this stance.
On February 17th, 2004, Donald Thomas began sending his vessels into the vicinity of Ecuador's coastal waters to fish for tuna. Thomas and his fleet
of three tuna boats were fishing approximately 185

The Canadian Arctic
What is the federal government's strategy to support its claims to sovereignty in the high Arctic?
The Canadian Arctic, one of the defining features of our vast landscape. It spans more than 40% throughout our country and is home to more than
100,000 Canadians (Arctic, 2013). There is a variety of climate and terrain throughout this region. The Arctic in general has ownership claims by many
countries including Canada, Denmark (including Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States
(Member States, 2011). All these countries claim that they own parts of the Arctic but how valid are those claims? What and why does our
government want to claim parts of the Arctic? How valid are Canada's and other nation's claims to the Arctic?
Our claims to the north do have a basis and the law dictates that. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),
FranГ§ois CГґtГ© and Robert Dufresne a nation has the right to claim 12 miles off the coast as that country's territory, however ships maintain a
right to innocent passage meaning that all ships can travel freely in those waters as long as there engaged in peaceful passage (ex. Commercial
ships). This means that 12 miles of the Arctic Archipelago belong to Canada (2008). So legally we do own parts of the Arctic but what about after 12
miles? Well there is another set of laws in the UNCLOS act. There is a 200 nautical–mile Exclusive Economic Zone around

The Spratly Islands Dispute
Swaine's article makes the point to ask whether man–made features should be allowed territorial integrity, but doesn't answer the question. His
solutions to the Spratly Islands dispute all assume that China will be able to claim EEZs and territorial waters around Mischief Reef and its man–made
"features." However, what these features are, exactly, can't be overlooked when examining this issue. China began by dredging and dumping sand on a
small portion of the slightly submerged reefs and, over the past few years, have transformed it into a full–blown and developed island. The sand has
been cemented and paved in order to ensure sturdiness so that vehicles could be transported and buildings erected. "The Chinese are seeking to
reinforce their claims to the Spratly Islands, rocky outcrops in the South China Sea, by dredging and building installations there such as lighthouses and
a runway."
Having structures on a sandbar doesn't necessarily give it territorial integrity, however. Though China claims ownership of this part of the Spratly
Islands, it is not the only claimant. Vietnam, among others, may even have a better claim, as its coast is closer in nautical miles. If simply dumping
sand and paving afforded territorial rights to a country, then theUnited States could easily build man–made islands in every sea and harbor in the world
in order to have a monopoly on naval activity. The ridiculousness of this example proves why China will not be able to gain EEZs around the

China 's Impact On China
Thailand is an area that sits in the heartland of mainland Southeast Asia. The climate has a great diversity with mountains in the north, rivers and
tributaries drain into the Gulf of Thailand. The country is divided into four main zones and the population is relatively homogenous. The background
of the special economic zone is not another idea for Asia. There were a couple of past endeavors drove by developing Asian economies a couple of
decades ago including Tiger East Asian Miracles and India in receiving and executing this idea as an open door for industries. In any case, it appears
that China is depicted as a capable country with the right systems set up to build up and convey this idea effectively. As China is not the main nation to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of it is the joint administration between private division and government. Moreover, it can be presumed that the SEZ can be separated into 6
sorts that are incorporated in different segments.
Thailand and Myanmar marked a memorandum of understanding in 2008 in the Dawei special economic zone stage (DSEZ) ascending from the
ocean nearly 100 meters from shore. A large portion of the area on the main stage that will see car parts, hardware, and pharmaceuticals processing
factories assembled has been furrowed however development endeavors have been irrelevant. New submits have come up after Japan asked for
alterations made to the first drafts. The basic street join associating Myanmar to Thailand 's Kanchanaburi booked to start in March has been
suspended. Burrows should be tunneled into a portion of the mountains along the way.
The SEZ in Thailand was affirmed by the administration in 2014 and is required to be a powerful apparatus to make the nation 's economy move in a
positive bearing with the forthcoming local economic drivers. In the previous five years, the exchange esteem amongst Thailand and the four nations
has become consistently to a normal of 900,000 million Baht, and will keep on growing. At present, broadcasting areas and commercial ventures are
starting to take interest in putting resources into these nations. Keep in mind the end goal to get to labor and to disperse products to neighboring
nation's needs to be taken

The Pros And Cons Of Uncloss
United Nation Convention on the Law of The Sea (UNCLOS) is one of the efforts of United Nation to create a regime that may unify all nations
regarding the sea matters. The creation of UNCLOS started in 1956 when the General Assembly adopted the resolution 1105 (XI). During that time
only 82 states that join the UNCLOS. UNCLOS I had produce the other four separated conventions concluded in 1958. They are:
i) The Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone; ii) The Convention on the High Seas; iii) The Convention on Fishing and
Conservation of the Living Resources of the High; iv) The Convention on the Continental Shelf.
Eventhough UNCLOS I already govern variety of aspects but still there are some issues that not resolve.
In order to settle the problems in the UNCLOS I, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By becoming the member of UNCLOS, state can enjoy many advantages. The first advantage of the UNCLOS is it can advance the state members
economic interests. All state members may enjoy their rights to all the resources in a 200–nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone off the coastline. It
means by remaining outside the treaty, any coastal states cannot make any legal claims to the resources in the Continental Shelf.
Other than that, coastal state can secure its territory wider than before. If the coastal state does not ratify the UNCLOS, they may face problems when
there is dispute occurred. For example, it is difficult for the United States to preserve its rights over the Arctic resources. It is because Russia, Canada,
Norway and Denmark are making claims to the oil and mineral resources under the icecap. So, United States will have limited voice to preserve the

International Trade Is An Effective Stimulation Of...
Engaging in international trade is an effective stimulation of economic growth. David Ricardo's principle of comparative advantage argues while
nations involved in international trade, a country will become specialised in producing a product that has the lowest relative costs. (Economist, 2015)
By focusing on the production onto a limited scope of product or industries, firms or the nation will experience rise in productivity due to higher
efficiency in allocation and utilisation of resources. As the process of specialisation will cause reallocation of other less efficient resources, nations, as a
result, will import products that are less efficiently produced from other countries. While different nations specialising in different goods and services, a
greater variety and cheaper products will become available for consumption, improving the quality and quantity of consumption by all nations. To
determine whether developing nations are experiencing disadvantage in the international trade, it requires a careful examination with Porter's Diamond
factor endowments. It analysis a nation 's competitiveness under four categories: factor endowments, demand condition, related and supporting
industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry.
Factor endowments meaning the availability of resources and skills, which can further categorise into basic and advanced factor. To fully utilise the
potentials within a nation (Basic factor), it requires policy set by different parties such

Sovereignty In Canada
Despite recent International opportunism, Canada lays claim to the region through historic documents and acts of sovereignty. Canada's claim to the
area began in 1670. When King Charles II of England granted Rupert's land in a charter to the Hudson's Bay Company at the height of the fur trading
era. This charter covered a large area around Hudson's Bay, including the northern expanse above the bay (Rose 4). In 1880, Britain granted the new
dominion of Canada the Arctic Archipelago (Rose 5). Including 94 arctic islands and "all Islands adjacent to any such territories" discovered or not
(Bonikowski). To secure Canadian sovereignty, Canada sent explorers Joseph–ElzГ©ar Bernier and Vilhjalmur Stefansson to leave plaques and flags
on several islands. The symbolic significance of flag raising is questioned, as sovereignty entails taking responsibility for a region through tangible
ways. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1903, Canada setup a North West Mounted Police post on Herschel Island. 1925 marked a vital year for Canadian sovereignty, as the Canadian
government became the first to extend its boundaries northward to the pole. The claim included the sector between 60В° west and 141В° west
longitude, others followed (Haftendorn). Then in 1926, the RCMP operated a post office on Bache Peninsula. In the same year, the establishment of
the Arctic Island Game Preserve sought to protect the natural environment in the region. All four acts are proof of Canadian sovereignty (Bonikowski).
While many may stress the vagueness of historic documents and dismiss acts of sovereignty. The legitimacy of Canada's claim to the Arctic is
supported by historical rights as well as international maritime

China 's Economic Growth Mechanism
The article of Yasheng HuangпјЊnamed how did China take offпјЊdiscussing on economic growth mechanism, mainly come to China's economic
reform had the process of financial liberalization. Furthermore, he pointed out that political reform, financial liberalization and the development of
township enterprises are the key focus on China's development.
Huang argues that the results of China 's economic development are mainly due to internal reforms which are the reforms of China's rural industry. On
the contrary, external reforms which made the contribution in the political sense, such as the establishment of special economic zones and foreign direct
investment(FDI) , is not a general function as township and village enterprises(TVEs) did in China's economic development.
Huang's paper analyzed the phenomena and causes of the take off in China's economy through four aspects.
The first part is the beginning of China's economic reform from rural areas, the initial conditions of China's rural areas are more likely to produce both
private entrepreneurship and market economy than the urban industrialization. Rural reforms also concerned about macroeconomic reform, especially
for the public confidence in the credibility and stability of the government. This reform is a reform and even a revolution, not what they characterized
as "modest" by some scholars. (Huang)
The second part is to clarify the definition of township and village enterprises, which include the enterprises sponsored by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of CPEC
A few numbers of Pakistanis consider CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) will prove as East India Company for Pakistan. Moreover, the
others have a few reservations as the poor strategies and interest rate of the lease for CPEC are not in the favour of national interests. Here, we will
scrutinize multi–facet aspects of China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Firstly, I will suggest that you visit the website of CPEC. After that, you will
realize that CPEC is the part of OBOR (One belt one road). 64 countries will be connected by OBOR –A dream of China– with each other. Reality is
that OBOR consists of 6 corridors and CPEC is one of its Corridors. Length of CPEC is almost 2400Km. This 2400Km long CPEC has various other
projects namely highways, Railways, and Energy Projects. These CPEC projects will bring prosperity in Pakistan. CPEC –A multi–billion project–
will be a game changer for the South Asia region. Kashgar will be joined by CPEC with Gwadar by 2030. Firstly, we will discuss all the viable routes
of CPEC. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, three suggested routes are given below;
i)Central Route:
Length of this rout is 2,756Km
It passes through Indus Highway.
It will touch different cities of Punjab province. ii) Eastern Route:
Length of this rout is 2781
It passes through Motorway.
This lengthy route is in favour of Punjab Province. iii) Western Route:
The shortest route and length is about 2474Km.
This route passes through Quetta.
It is in favour of a less privileged province of Pakistan,

Economic Liberalization Of The United Arab Emirates
Mona Darwish
Research Paper
Research Question: Has economic liberalization been occurring in the UAE?
Economic Liberalization in the United Arab Emirates
The economy in the United Arab Emirates has experienced substantial increases in the last 40 years. The UAE's capabilities with the pearling and oil
industries have given the region its necessary budgets to expand so rapidly. The economic policies in the UAE have gone through stages, since the
birth of the region in 1971. Changes in economic welfare of the markets, and privatization policies are also key aspects in understanding the UAE's
economic liberalization and growth. In order to understand the UAE's economic standard, economic liberalization must be analyzed. The argument of
this paper will discuss how economic liberalization has occurred in the United Arab Emirates and is continuing to grow. Economic liberalization is the
openness of free trade, privatization of public services, and minimal regulations over markets. Economic growth is the increase in GDP from the
markets. The two terms connect together for the UAE due to the economic growth allowing economic liberalization to flourish in the region to keep up
with the modernity occurring. With economic growth increasing rapidly, the UAE has felt it necessary to liberalize itseconomy in order to diversify its
region and allow for more opportunities domestically and internationally. In the United Arab Emirates, economic liberalization would mean that

Chapter 10 : Shenzhen Economy Today
Chapter 10: Shenzhen Economy Today
Many believe that the city of Shenzhen will become one of the most important cities in the world in the coming decades. It's geographic, social,
financial, and political position within the Chinese ecosystem makes Shenzhen the potential city of the future. Over the past decades China witnessed
enviable Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth year over year, taking into account the economic collapse of 2008. The engine behind that growth was
the city of Shenzhen. A city comprised of fishing villages and a population of around 30,000 in the 1970's is now a city with over 10 million
residents and has experienced growth like the world has never seen before. In less than half a century, the city is a far cry from what it used to be, and
is often referred to as the "instant city."
Shenzhen has seen rapid economic development and is among the top 5 most successful cities in all of the Pearl River Delta and mainland China.
Considered one of the most competitive cities in China due to its rapid growth, in 2015, Shenzhen saw an 8.9% GDP expansion, totaling
approximately 1.75 trillion yuan or US$270 billion. The city brought in 723.8 billion yuan in 2015 fiscal revenue, compared to the city's debt of just
15.9 billion yuan, which is a far cry from the country's government debts which run into the trillions.
Considered the "starting point of China's transformation," in 1979, the city of Shenzhen was the first city chosen by Paramount Leader

Spratly And Paracel Islands: A Comparative Analysis
When it comes to the political profile, seven different countries have competing maritime claims (mostly over the Spratly and Paracel Islands), some of
which become even more complicated as some overlap with other nations' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Despite the "intraregional distrust, deeply
rooted historical issues, and rapidly increasing military spending" in the region surrounding the South China Sea, one expert argues that "not only has
the conflict not escalated into a serious military conflict; it has, in fact, been mitigated... in fact, a more stable peace has developed." (Costlow, 2012,
p.6).
In the economic aspect, the SCS acts as the world's largest economies and it is expected to gain more influence as each nation's economy grows in the
future. According to Costlow (2012) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Straits of Malacca channels two–thirds of the world's entire freighted oil and half of its liquid natural gas tankers. Apart from energy supply vessel
transit, the strait funnels about a third of the world's annual freighted tonnage between the Indian and Pacific Oceans." To put it in more concrete terms,
the "oil transported through the Strait of Malacca from the Indian Ocean, en route to East Asia through the South China Sea, is more than six times the
amount that passes through the Suez Canal, and 17 times the amount that transits the 8 Panama Canal. Roughly two–thirds of South Korea's energy
supplies, nearly 60 percent of Japan and Taiwan's energy supplies, and about 80 percent of China's crude oil imports come through the South China
Sea."

2. Concept and Meaning of SEZ India was one of the first...
2. Concept and Meaning of SEZ India was one of the first in Asia to recognize the effectiveness of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) model in
promoting exports, with Asia's first EPZ set up in Kandla in 1965. With a view to overcome the shortcomings experienced on account of the
multiplicity of controls and clearances; absence of world–class infrastructure, and an unstable fiscal regime and with a view to attract larger foreign
investments in India, the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Policy was announced in April 2000 SEZ in India
3. Definition of SEZ Special Economic Zone means an area that has been specified as an enclave that is duty free and is treated as a foreign territory
for various purposes such as tariffs, trade operations, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Benefits from SEZs Investment of the order of Rs.100,000 crore including FDI of US $ 5–6 billion by the end of December 2007, and 500,000 direct
jobs by December 2007. At present, 1016 units are in operation in the SEZs, providing direct employment to over 1.79 lakh persons; about 40 per cent
of whom are women. Exports from the SEZs during the 10–year period could touch 352 billion dollars, nearly half of India's total annual exports, with
IT and ITeS SEZs contributing 30 per cent at 105 billion dollars SEZ in India
7. Facilities of SEZ in India Exemption on duties on Indian capital goods and inputs are offered as per the requirements of the approved business
activity Taxes are either exempted or waived and even reimbursed in case they are paid in advanced to the concerned authority Duty–free imports of
spares, raw materials, capital goods, and consumables are offered as per the requirements of the approved business activity Preferential treatment of
these units to the Indian market for easy dissemination of their products and / or service Rejected commodities (specifically barred commodities
cannot be sold) within an overall limit of 50% may be sold in the domestic tariff area (DTA) on payment of respective duties as applicable after proper
notification to the Indian customs authorities. And such sales of commodities in the domestic tariff area shall be

Land Acquisition Act: Fair Compensation, and Transparency...
TA I The Right of Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 IN THE COURSE OF
JURISPRUDENCE SUBMIITED TO: NIRMA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LAW SEMESTER VI UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Ms. Rejitha
Nair Ass. Professor ILNU SUBMITTED BY: Dikshal Khatri 11BBL049 B.Com. LL.B. (Hons.) Background: The Right of Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 is an act passed by Indian Government in 2013. It was passed for the
purpose of fair compensation in case of land acquisition, as well as transparency in rehabilitation and resettlement. This act has replaced the previous
land acquisition act of 1894. This act was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second objective is to ensure and make such arrangements that the land owners whose land is to be acquired are getting just and fair compensation
taking into consideration all the economic and social circumstances. And to ensure proper process and guideline for the same. When a land is
acquired apart from land owners some other families which are directly or indirectly dependent on that land also suffer. Third major objective which
was not in old land acquisition act is rehabilitation and resettlement of the affected land owners and families. The first objective somehow
incorporates economic approach of jurisprudence. And other two objectives tend to incorporate sociological school of jurisprudence. The
jurisprudence of the act will be discussed in further part of this write up. Some important highlights of New Land Acquisition Act:7 New Land
Acquisition Act gives a wider and clearer explanation of the purpose for which land can be acquired as compared to previous act. It also elaborates
which industrial projects this act covers. (Section 1 and

Ikea
IKEA in India: An Opportunity for Success James Baskerville, Irina Damianoff, Jacquelynn Mantel, and Teressa Paulus Indiana Wesleyan University
Assignment ADM510 Team Project Paper Team Project Paper Rubric: The Team Project report was graded according to the rubric below |Criteria
|Points Possible |Point Achieved | |Spelling, grammar and mechanics – Excellent |15 | | |Description of the Organization – good detail |20 | | |... Show
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5). IKEA's values also extend to its suppliers and to social programs in the countries where it does business. Notably, the company has also committed
itself to agricultural sustainability and to social programs throughout India. IKEA has partnered with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to improve
cotton farming practices in the north. In 2009, these projects generated 150,000 tons of cotton grown in a sustainable manner–with IKEA itself
purchasing 23,000 tons of this same crop to use in its products. Other programs in Indian involve their partnerships with the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). Both programs focus on women and children in Uttar Pradesh,
where many of IKEA's textile suppliers are based. The UNDP initiative seeks to empower women by teaching them business skills and offering
micro–credit, training in functional literacy, and helping to get them involved in their local political processes. Through its partnership with UNICEF,
IKEA is helping to eliminate child labor. This involves ensuring access to quality education in roughly 5,000 villages, as well as ending partnerships
with suppliers who have been caught, during unannounced audits, using child workers (Sustainability Report, 2009). The more one learns about IKEA,
the more one can see that its vision is consistent with its values. IKEA's mission statement can be found throughout its print materials, website, and in
its Annual Report

China's Expansion Into The South China Sea Case Study
Around the year 2015 China has started building artificial islands on disputed territory in the South China Sea for the purpose of resource mining,
installment of surveillance and defensive infrastructures. Countries in the South China Sea that lay economic and territorial claims such as the
Philippines, Malaysia, and Japan have expressed security concerns regarding China's aggressive expansion unto territories such as the Spratyl Islands
and Rubi Reef as China had increased security and surveillance in this territory may lead to conflict in trade, fishing, and other activities in the South
China Sea. China's expansion into the South China Sea is an issue to U.S. Foreign policy as claiming of the territories is goes against international ...
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Thus, the area holds significant economic importance for Asia and the Pacific which is at risk with mounting tensions and aggressive territorial claims
in the South China Sea. "Additionally, in regards to the legitimacy of the conflict, The Permanent Court of Arbitration, which serves as a arbitral
tribunal to solve disputes in the international community in accordance with the UN and international law, ruled China's "nine–dash line" claims in the
South China Sea, its occupation of Mischief Reef, its denial of access to Scarborough Shoal, its island building in the Spratly's, and its harassment of
others in the Philippine exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as illegitimate actions." (Vuyling) Thus, the legality of China's expansion and claims to the
territory furthers the problem to entail U.S to intervene as under the U.S. Freedom of the Seas Program such actions goes against international law and
disrupt free naval activities in the area. One of the main reasons why the South China Sea is a highly contested area with many of the surrounding
nations laying economic or territorial claim is due to the area being rich in resources "The Spratly's, which consist of more than one–hundred small
islands or reefs, are about 600 miles from the Chinese coast, and the CIA World Factbook says they are surrounded by rich fishing grounds–– and
potentially by gas and oil deposits." (Sterling) According to

Special Economic Zones (Sez) in India.
Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in India. Introduction A Special Economic Zone in short SEZ is a geographically bound zones where the economic
laws in matters related to export and import are more broadminded and liberal as compared to rest parts of the country. SEZs are projected as duty
free area for the purpose of trade, operations, duty and tariffs. SEZ units are self–contained and integrated having their own infrastructure and support
services. Within SEZs, a units may be set–up for the manufacture of goods and other activities including processing, assembling, trading, repairing,
reconditioning, making of gold/silver, platinum jewellery etc. As per law, SEZ units are deemed to be outside the customs territory of India. Goods...
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History of SEZ's The world first known instance of SEZ have been found in an industrial park set up in Puerto Rico in 1947. In the 1960s, Ireland
and Taiwan followed suit, but in the 1980s China made the SEZs gain global currency with its largest SEZ being the metropolis of Shenzhen.
From 1965 onwards, India experimented with the concept of such units in the form of Export Processing Zones (EPZ). But a revolution came in
2000, when Murlisone Maran, then Commerce Minister, made a tour to the southern provinces of China. After returning from the visit, he
incorporated the SEZs into the Exim Policy of India. Five year later, SEZ Act (2005) was also introduced and in 2006 SEZ Rules were formulated.
Terms and Conditions Only units approved under SEZ scheme would be permitted to be located in SEZ. 1. The SEZ units shall abide by local
laws, rules, regulations or laws in regard to area planning, sewerage disposal, pollution control and the like. They shall also comply with industrial
and labour laws as may be locally applicable. 2. Such SEZ shall make security arrangements to fulfill all the requirements of the laws, rules and
procedures applicable to such SEZ. 3. The SEZ should have a minimum area of 1000 hectares and at least 35 % of the area is to be earmarked for
developing industrial area for setting up of processing units. 4. Minimum area of 1000 hectares will not be applicable to product specific

French Republic Case Study
It is of geopolitical importance that New Caledonia and French polynesia remain under the umbrella of the French Republic. France will endeavor so
that the 2018 referendum in New Caledonia will result in a vote to remain with the French Republic – which would signal the end of a further transfer
of powers under the Noumea accord and would prolong the independence debate for the foreseeable future. It would ensure the powers of foreign
policy, military and immigration stay in the French Government's hands which is key to preventing further calls for independence – as by overseeing
an increase in the French loyalist population it would increase the anti–independence electorate and military allows the administration of the area to stay
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also provides France with an enormous maritime domain and strategic advantages regarding to military projection and preparation. France is against
New Caledonian independance and believes it should remain French. It will do its utmost to sway the 2018 referendum in its favor. Following
negotiations, it has manipulated the electoral role, adding 4000 French loyalists and newer French settlers which will vote against independence, and
preventing the addition of 22000 indigenous Kanaks requested by the pro–independence groups– adding only 7000 to the roll. The referendum
question has also been phrased as one of immediate and full sovereignty, and assures that the implications of this are well explained to the electorate,
which should dissuade many to vote for independence due to the negative economic and social impacts it will have in the territory. France is confident
New Caledonia will continue to pursue its future as a territory of the French republic as predicted by the French media. France will attempt to put the
full responsibility of the referendum question and determining the electoral role in the hands of the administering powers; France will argue that it the
only just method as they are citizens and territories under the control of the administering power – so thus it is also a referendum conducted by the
administering power on the topic of the independance of territory –

Pros And Cons Of Law On Mars
When asked about cultural unification, government, and rules of law on Mars, Elon Musk stated that Mars should have a direct democracy. A direct
democracy means that people are able to vote on policy directly. Musk reasons that a direct democracy, rather than a representative democracy, would
be better for Mars because "the potential for corruption is substantially diminished" (Grush). However, Musk also suggests an alteration of how
laws are able to stay in place. He states that on Mars, it should be easier to remove a law than to implement a new one as well as having a sunset
provision. A sunset provision is a condition that an office or program should be disbanded or ended at the end of a set amount of time unless it is
officially renewed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This administration would not have any power to make laws or alter policy, but rather would act as a facilitator to set up communication between each
colony, mediate when conflict arises, and simply physically store legal documents. It is also suggested that each colony either contributes funds or
members in order to support the administration of this Secretariat. This would also encourage participation and communication between each colony.
The purpose of an administrative body is to ensure that no Earth–based institutions are allowed to gain significant influence or authority on

The Dispute Over The Diaoyu Islands
Origins of the Conflict–the US 's Policy Mistakes that BiteThe dispute over the Diaoyu Islands is an instance of imprudent United States (US)
policies coming back to bite several decades later. The Diaoyu Islands are no more than five uninhabited islands that lie close to China and Taiwan 's
coast. Today, these tiny islands are the source of intense conflict between China and Japan. The US made two bad policy decisions that led to the
stalemate today. First was the poor post–war treatment of Japanese territory in 1951, and second was to allow the problem to go unresolved when the
issue re–emerged in 1972. After Japan 's defeat in World War II, the US was given jurisdiction over Japan 's territory until settlements were made. In
1951, the US and Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty that "returned" to Japan all the islands south of the 29В°N line. The Diaoyu Islands,
which were south of that line, were partitioned to Japan. Neither China nor Taiwan was party to the negotiations that led to the treaty. The Diaoyu
Islands conflict resurfaced in the 1970s as China and Japan talked about normalizing relations. 1972 marked the first time that mass protests over the
Diaoyu Islands occurred in Taiwan, China, and among certain groups in Japan, but those protests were ignored. The short–term political concerns at the
time were to normalize relations between China and Japan, and the details did not matter as much as building an alliance between the two countries to

China and Africa Trade Relations Essay
Today's world is shrinking. Not literally of course, but the advances in technology make it easy to span thousands of miles of land and sea, so
people can immediately communicate with each other. The internet has connected the world instantly, and planes make traveling from one side of
the world to the other a piece of cake compared to the long, dangerous sea voyages of the past. People move and migrate constantly, all the while
exchanging ideas and goods. Trade has always played an important role in human history. Whether the swapping of an apple for an orange, or $12
million dollars for a new dam, the fluid movement of goods and services from one to another is how humans have been able to receive things they
might not have had... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While relations with China are not in themselves a recent phenomenon, the extensive amount of trade that the two partake in is. Actually, the affiliation
between China and Africa stretches back centuries. Some scholars try to establish the starting point based on "the discovery of ancient Chinese
ceramics on the east coast of Africa, or to the trading ties begun under the Song dynasty" (Raine 13). Trying to trace ties back this far is important in
increasing a sense of loyalty. After all, people tend to have stronger feelings of fidelity towards someone they have known for years, as compared to
someone they have just met. Another frequently cited encounter is when the Chinese explorer Zheng He "reached the east coast of Africa
where...Zheng came, saw and never conquered...[leaving only a legacy] of trade, stimulating a local market for Chinese silk and porcelain" (Raine 13).
This incident is important in further establishing solidarity between the two nations. China refers to this history to prove "it has interacted
commercially without further agenda and without detriment to Africa" (Raine 14). It uses this point to relate to Africa– they are both Third World
nations that have faced oppression from the First World, and therefore need to stick together.
In 1954, President Mao of the People's Republic of China (PRC) wanted to create diplomatic

The Sino Philippine South China Sea Conflict
Amy Ly
POL 122
30 November 2015
The Sino–Philippine South China Sea Conflict
Introduction In addressing a long–time conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled on 29 October 2015 that it will be holding
hearings over a South China Sea territorial dispute filed by the Philippines against the People's Republic of China. The South China Sea has been a
region of large dispute over both unresolved island and maritime claims by the People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan), Brunei,
Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Philippines (Buszynski and Sazlan, 2007). The most recent issues at hand is the PRC's construction efforts in the highly
contentious Spratly Islands, or Nansha (еЌ—жІ™зѕ¤еІ›) over the past year along with the Philippines' case filed with the Permanent Court of
Arbitration. In this paper, I will be discussing the historical context and situation, examining the academic and legal responses to the issue, and
analyzing the conflict within the international law framework. Because this is a relatively recent development with little to no legal scholarship
surrounding the event, my analysis will be limited to news articles and journal articles regarding previous Sino–Philippine maritime conflict.
Historical Context and The Situation
On 22 January 2013, the Philippines charged the People's Republic of China "under Annex VII to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, 'with respect to the dispute...over the maritime jurisdiction of the

How China Is Achieving Its Significant Economic Growth by...
1.Introduction–The remarkable triumph of the Chinese economy
According to World Bank (2010), China's gross domestic production (GDP) reached as much as $5,930,529,470,799 in 2010, when for the first time
China ranked the second in the world following the United States and surpassed Japan, and has been maintain the ranking in the following years with
larger gap outperforming Japan. Moreover, the annual growth rate of China's GDP has averaged over 9 percent in the last 3 decades (World Bank,
2010), with no other country having achieved such rapid developmental success as China in the world (Turin, 2010). As the country with the
largest population in the world, China has lifted 300 million of its citizen out of poverty (Ramo, 2004), attributed to 67% of the total reduction of
global poverty during the last 25 years" (People's Daily, 2008; Turin, 2010), and people living at less than $1 a day has sharply declined to 13.4% in
2003 and further to 8% in 2009 from 60% in 1980 (Sahoo, Dash & Nataraj, 2010). China's dramatic rapid economic growth has been a miracle of in
the world. Reflecting the notion that as one of the most significant emerging economies, the world centre may be shifted to China, thus a couple of
research studies have turned their attention from western advanced economies' to China, trying to find out a model that can perfectly explain such
growth, Some scholars contribute China's success to the incentives of Asian Flying Geese Model. Hemphill & White (2013) claim

Difference Between Denotation And Connotation
Question 1 When it comes to the meaning of words we can view them in two levels, denotation and connotation. Denotation is basically the word's
literal meaning. It is exactly what one can expect and understand from the description out of a dictionary and is considered concrete and tangible
as it is the closest of an objective description of reality. Connotation on the other hand is much more complex and abstract as it can involved
multiple factors such as personal or cultural experiences and values in addition to basic meaning. Hence connotative meaning can varies based on
the factors surrounding it. Using detonative settings we can view Singapore Pledge as a vow to unite the residents of the country to work together to
obtain success and contentment using just and fair values and disregards our differences. With connotative settings however the meaning of the
various words can varies depending on the individual explaining it. For example the words 'justice and equality' in the pledge can be view
differentially with different priority among individuals. For the secularist these words would simply applied to all regardless of any differences or
preferences in any areas and hence everyone should be treated equally and given the same rights. People of certain religious background however
might deem freedom of religion as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of exclusive language can discriminate against people and make them feel inferior due to race, religion, gender or even disability. For
example instead of referring someone else as 'the white man' which is the generalising term for Caucasian, we can be more specific such as saying
'the gentleman from England' instead. Jargon is also a form of exclusive language that is used in a particular context such as occupation and may make
those that do not belong feels

Political Dimensions Of Us Immigration Policies
Political Dimensions of US Immigration Policies
Japanese and Chinese Immigration and Exclusionary Immigration Policies
Anti–immigrant driven exclusive immigration policies barred Japanese and Chinese immigrants from immigrating to the United States and accessing
the privileges of citizenship. Through the Immigration Acts of 1917, 1921, and 1924, the US government insured that Japanese and Chinese
immigrants could not immigrate to the United States by creating an artificial geographic area or "Asiatic Barred Zone" that denied entry to any
immigrants who migrated from this area–most likely Chinese or Japanese (Lee 2003, 39). The Immigration Acts intentionally deprived Japanese and
Chinese immigrants the privileges of US citizenship based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite their initial economic adversity, German and Italian immigrants accessed more privileges because of their increasingly perceived whiteness
among native–Born Americans. As I have mentioned, the ideas of American immigration therefore refer to immigrants who conform to the
"Crevecoeurian Myth."
Reconciling the Paradox of US Immigration
Despite the radicalized economic, social, and political dimensions of US immigration, policymakers like President Obama continue to sustain a
singular view of US immigration that I have argued is oriented around a white and European immigration experience. By revealing how Chinese,
Japanese, Italian and German immigrants have faced economic, social, and political adversities, I have disproved President Obama's claim that the
United States has been "a beacon to the world" to these immigrant groups. President Obama's claim is particularly problematic because it highlights
how the paradox of immigration has diminished the severity and scope of United States' exclusive immigration policies. As policymakers begin to
address the current issues of the American immigration system, I argue that this objective is difficult to achieve.
The Paradox of US Immigration and Its Impact on Future US Immigration Policies
Demilitarization: The US–Mexico Border
As policymakers reform the US immigration system, I advise that they consider demilitarizing the

Role Of Export Led Growth On Shenzhen
Role of Export–led Growth in Shenzhen
The unparalleled growth of economies in China over the past thirty decades have sparked a lot of interests from economists, with many arguments and
explanations attempting to account for the actual dynamics that influenced such growths. Since the 1970s, the Chinese's economy has a tendency is
constantly increasing. The export–led growth gradually exceeded the import, with an annual growth of 17.2 percent in exports and 16.4 percent in
import in 2010 (lse.ac.uk). In fact, implement of the policy of reform and opening, export–led growth is one of the main reasons for Chinese economic
prosperity. One of typical examples is Shenzhen, located in southeastern China. Trading export leads Shenzhen's GDP to rising, which has become the
main momentum of economic growth. This success must contribute to its strategic location and geographic location.
Shenzhen has its own favourable geographic conditions. It is situated in the South of Guangdong province, belong to Pearl River Delta, where is the
center of manufacturing industry and modern service industry. For a long time, Shenzhen is an important city in the south of China. It is close to
South China Sea and owns the traffic thoroughfares, Strait of Malacca. The north of Shenzhen is Hong Kong. They are separated only a river. Across
the bridge, people can arrive Hong Kong. Shenzhen has a close relationship with Hong Kong on account of after the reunification of Hong Kong, it
plays a crucial role

The Dispute Between China And The Philippines Essay
The Dispute between China and the Philippines over the South China Sea The territorial and maritime disputes over the South China Sea (SCS) have
been ongoing for decades. The disputes have been considered to be one the fiercest–contested in Asia. The South China Sea is an enclosed sea
surrounded by several different states. China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Brunei, Taiwan, and Malaysia all surrounded theSouth China Sea. The main
cause of tension in this dispute is because China claims to have "historical sovereignty" over all of the South China Sea. Associations of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN) have come up with different discussions and suggestions on how to end the disputes with favorable conditions for all
contending states. They use the principles of the United Nation Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and form the Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC). The states surrounding the South China Sea possess 12 nautical miles territorial sea and 200 nautical miles
exclusive economic zones (EEZs). Thus, the South China Sea is not only international waters, instead, it is also overlapping exclusive economic zones.
According to UNCLOS, disputes over exclusive economic zones must be resolved through negotiations by the contending states. Many of these
contending Southeast Asian states have negotiated their maritime boundaries, however, China fails to comply. China claims that it owns all of the
South China Sea, and therefore, has no need to

Identification And Controlling The Panama Canal Zone
History Internal Assessment
Was the United States justified in its authoritative manner of obtaining and controlling the Panama canal zone?
__________________
James Chen
Mr. Hughes
Word Count: 2181
Number of Pages: 9
Section 1: Identification and Evaluation of Sources: This investigation aims to address the question: Was theUnited States justified in its authoritative
manner of obtaining and controlling the Panama canal zone? To address this question, this investigation will examine three critical points: the use of the
United States military in securing Panama's independence, the subsequent Hay–Bunau–Varilla treaty, and the economic infrastructure of the canal
zone. This investigation will analyze a book, Panama ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this source is limited in its purpose in that the sources revealing the aforementioned subtleties are likely to be inaccurate, as they have been
gathered over time, and may have been compromised or misinterpreted. The second source which will be analyzed in depth is the document "What
Roosevelt Took: The Economic Impact of the Panama Canal, 1903–1937," authored by Noel Maurer and Carlos Yu in 2006. The origin of this source is
valuable because Maurer is a Harvard Business School professor, while Yu is an economic historian, the pair have written their own book, The Big
Ditch, on this field, indicating that they are knowledgeable on this topic. In addition, the publication date, 2006, indicates that the authors have had
ample time to observe and analyze the structure of the canal zone, as well as gather any relevant statistics from government records. However, the
origin is limited in that neither author is a professional expert in politics, which plays a key factor in the economic system

Briefing Paper
Briefing Paper – South China Sea
Policy Analysis:
Topic:
The South China Sea has become a significant source of tension in the Indo–Pacific region mostly regarding competing legal claims of territorial
sovereignty . China is at the forefront of this dispute and bases their claim on the 'nine–dash line' map. In May 2014, tensions dramatically increased
when China began drilling for oil near the Paracel Islands located 120 nautical miles away from the Vietnamese coast. Additionally, sovereignty claims
between China and the Philippines over the Spratly Islands has made this conflict a global issue. China has already built multiple artificial islands in the
Spratlys that have three completed airstrips already that could either be used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States also play a significant role in the dispute because they are defending the Philippines' borders because their own economic ties with
the state. Because the South China Sea also contains rich fishing grounds and is reported to hold significant reserves of undiscovered oil and gas, the
issue also involves each states economic agenda. The conflict in the region has become more critical within international debate because China
recently (May 2014) began drilling too close to the Vietnamese coast (120 nautical miles) which is a direct breach of the Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ), a 200 nautical mile area that extends from the baseline of the coastal nation that gives the nation (Vietnam in this context) sole natural resource
exploitation rights within the zone. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was concluded in 1982 entails such
guidelines for states and establishes a series of legal measures and laws on the economic rights of nations based on their territorial waters and
continental baselines . In December 2015, China rejected a UN's tribunal arbitration with Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei stating,
'China's territorial sovereignty should be decided by all the Chinese

Arctic Oil Controversy
2.6.Oil and gas companies operating in the Arctic
There has been much controversy when it comes to oil companies in the Arctic over the past few years. The oil industry has invested heavily in the
development of Alaska's Arctic natural resources and Shell has invested $3 billion to purchase leases and prepare for exploratory drilling in the
Beaufort and Chuckchi seas (WWF, 2010). Between 2008 and 2010 Imperial Oil Ltd., BritishPetroleum, Chevron and Exxon Mobil purchased offshore
exploration leases in the Canadian Beaufort Sea and the Canadian government continues to sell offshore exploration licenses for Arctic energy
exploration (Noble et al., 2012).
British companies which are active in the Arctic are BP and Cairn Energy. BP has projects... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Arctic Council formed in 1996 is comprised of the eight Arctic states, permanent participants and observers and is the only major
intergovernmental initiative for the Arctic involving all eight states (Bloom, 1999). The Arctic Ocean is a semi–enclosed sea surrounded by five
coastal states: Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Norway, Russia and US. The other three states: Sweden, Finland and Iceland have land within the
Arctic Circle. The Council has two objectives: addressing both environmental protection and sustainable development challenges (Koivrova and
VanderZwaag, 2007). Ownership of the Arctic is determined by ownership of land in the region, by scientific data, by the international law of the
sea (UNCLOS) and by the domestic law of the Arctic states (Byers, 2010). The US is the only state that has not ratified the UNCLOS. Under
UNCLOS all states exercise an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 370km from their coastline, giving them rights over the water and seabed resources up
to that point (UNCLOS, 1982). Potential offshore oil and gas developments are within this limit. Land borders are not disputed, however adjacent
states may disagree over their maritime borders. Canada and the US disagree over their maritime border in the potentially hydrocarbon–rich Beaufort
Sea (Lloyd's, 2012). Fig.18. shows the various under treaty agreed upon boundaries as well as each state's

Counter Piracy In Australia
On 23 February 2009, the Australian government announced the Inspector of Transport Security would 'assess the current security arrangements
covering Australian crews and ships' and 'investigate the impact, or potential impact, of piracy on Australian registered and international trading ships
including their crews and passengers.
A report was released on 22 April 2010. It provided a detailed overview ofpiracy at the global level and then by region, actions taken by the
international community including the despatch of naval forces to counter piracy, and the impact of attacks on the global shipping industry and
impacts on Australian shipping and trade. Importantly, on this last point the report noted that the impact on Australian–flagged ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Might they be handed over to an international tribunal? Might they be handled over to a third party country for prosecution? Or might they be released?
Article 101 of UNCLOS should be read in conjunction with article 58(2), which provides that "articles 88 to 115 and other pertinent rules of
international law apply to the exclusive economic zone in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part."
Thus, the geographic scope of article 101(a) should be read to include the exclusive economic zone of any State.15 Accordingly, when the acts set
forth in article 101(a) are committed beyond the territorial sea of any State, they are considered acts of piracy under the Convention. Article 105 of
1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea provides that law enforcement agencies and the courts of the seizing state have responsibility for dealing with

Territorial Disputes Within The South China Sea

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