Unit 3-the-communication-process

Language Department, Office of General Education, Faculty of Hospitality Industry
For Excellence in
Hospitality Education
Arj. Zeph Norrish
Principles of Communication
Chapter 3: The Communication Process

Principles of Communication Second Semester 2013 Slide No. 2
OBJECTIVES
Following Chapter 3, you will be able to:
• Identify key components in communication processes
• Describe common models for communication systems
• Relate common models to real communication systems
• Understand the impact of noise on communication
Chapter 3 Case Study
• Instructor Review
• Student Q&A

What is a signal?
Definition A signal is a physical quantity that varies with
time, space or any other independent variable by
which information can be conveyed.
Examples

What is a signal?
Listen to
and
look at this signal…

What is a system?
Data Information
a series of actions or steps taken in
order to achieve a particular end.
Definition
Firstly, consider a process……
Input Output
. . . - - - . . .
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
“Help!”
MORSE CODE

ASCII – American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
An Example
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ‘C’
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1
ASCII - 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
‘a’
‘t’
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 _ 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 - C a t

What is a system?
a set of connected things or parts forming a
complex whole, in particular.
Definition
Secondly, consider a system……
Input Output
process process
process
A system can comprise of one or many processes.
An adaptive system
uses feedback to
‘monitor’ and ‘control’
the output.
closed-loop

Communication Systems
Simplex
Half Duplex
Full Duplex
A signal can only be sent (one way communication)
e.g., a PA system, a megaphone, keyboard, mouse, etc.
Signals can be sent and received
BUT NOT at the same time
e.g., a walkie-talkie, an intercom, telegraph, fax, etc.
Signals can be sent and received
AT the same time
e.g., telephone, video-conference, etc.

Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bell
Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)
“Mr. Watson. Come Here. I need you.”

History of Communications Systems
The Digital Age

3.3 Models of the Communication Process
Models of communication are used to represent concepts
involved in the communication process.
This chapter presents the classic communication models…
• Shannon's model (the active model)
• A cybernetic model (the interactive model)
• An intermediary model (the gatekeeper model)
• The trans-active model (modern communications)

3.4 Shannon’s Model of the Communication Process
Information
Source
Information
Destination
MESSAGE
Transmitter
TX
Receiver
RX
MESSAGE
SIGNAL RECEIVED
SIGNAL
Channel
NOISE
Shannon's (1948) model of the communication process is,
in important ways, the beginning of the modern field.

Shannon's model breaks down into eight components:
1. Source: An information source... the person sending the
information.
2. Message: The message… the information being sent.
3. Transmitter: A transmitter… the tools used to send the
information such as the mouth (sound) and body (gesture)
create and change a message, and air (sound) and light
(gesture) enable the transmission of the message.
4. Signal: The signal… additional meaning associated with the
message such as the language of words being used, or cultural
importance of specific gestures and body language.

5. Channel: A carrier or channel… the method for delivering the
information such as words, letters, emails, radio waves, etc.
6. Noise: Noise… secondary signals that obscure or confuse the
information. Noise can be one person’s words, or even another
person’s own thoughts.
7. Receiver: A receiver… the tools used for receiving the
information. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound)
and eyes (gesture).
8. Destination: A destination… a person who receives the
message.
and
understands
it?

Exercise – Components in the Shannon Model
Information
Source
Information
Destination
Transmitter
TX
Receiver
RX
Channel
Speaker’s
Mouth
Paper Cup
Converts/Encodes
sound to physical
vibration
Paper Cup
Converts/Encodes
physical vibration
to sound
Listener’s
Ear
String
Using the sheets provided, identify the communication system and name the components
of the system described.

3.5 The Interactive Model of the Communication Process
Information
Source
Information
Destination
MESSAGE
Transmitter
TX
Receiver
RX
MESSAGE
SIGNAL RECEIVED
SIGNAL
Channel
NOISE
People adapt their messages based on the feedback they
receive, including a ‘closed loop’ provides feedback.
Return Channel (Closed Loop)

3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process
A gatekeeper is an intermediary with the ability to decide
what messages others see, the context in which they are
seen, and when they see them.
Sometimes the gatekeeper prevents the message
from reaching an audience (destination).
In extreme variations we refer
to such gatekeepers as censors.

3.5 The Gatekeeper Model of the Communication Process
Information
Source
MESSAGE
Transmitter
TX
SIGNAL
Channel
This type of control is common in the mass media such
as news reporting where ‘editors’ ‘shape’ the information
to meet the perceived needs of the ‘consumers’.
Gatekeeper /
Intermediary

But where Shannon’s interactive model shows feedback
from one source, the trans-active model allows for
feedback from both communicators.
3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication Process
Communicator
A
Communicator
B
Encode
with
language
Signal in
Channel
Receive
&
Interpret
Encode
with
language
Signal in
Channel
Receive
&
Interpret

Noise in the Communication Process
Noise can be considered as anything which reduces the
quality of the signal received, which may lead to mis-
understanding of the original intended meaning.
Noise is often considered as sound energy, but can also
originate from other physical sources.
Electrical /
Magnetic Noise
Light Noise
(refraction/reflection)
Radio Noise
(including solar)
White Noise
Thermal Noise

Noise can also be considered to include anything which
may distort our interpretation/understanding of a
message.
External Noise Internal Noise Semantic Noise
Sights
Sounds
Smells
Environment
Thoughts / Feelings
Tiredness
Daydream
Illness
Keywords (Red Flags)
Discriminatory remarks
Controversial Symbols
(provoke feelings)

Attempt to identify the noise types for the following
situations……….
External Noise
Internal Noise
Semantic Noise

3.8 The Role of Communication
The two basic rules of the communication process are…
1. Communication is a process that happens among
communicators, and acts to connect them across a
space and time.
2. Communication involves the creation, transmission,
and reception of messages.
Noise can affect the effectiveness of
every communication.
!

Summary
Today you have learned how to:
• Identify key components in communication processes
• Describe common models for communication systems
• Relate common models to real communication systems
• Understand the impact of noise on communication

HOMEWORK!
Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a copy of
Unit 4: Perception and Self.
Read Unit 4 and complete sections 4.1 Key Vocabulary and
Chapter 4 Review: Case Study.

Case Study Review
Take 15-minutes to compare your case study summaries with a
partner and create a revised idea to present.

BREAK!
Now, take a 30-minute break and then return to the class to
work on your term paper focus.
Enjoy!
Take a break!

Handout Review
You will now be given a handout with comprehension
questions.
Use the book and the notes you’ve taken to answer the
questions as best as possible.
You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and return
them to the instructor at the end of class.

Unit 3-the-communication-process

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