Motor Recovery After Stroke Essay

Motor Recovery After Stroke Essay
Stroke is the third most frequent cause of death and the most common cause of acquired adult
disability in developed countries (WHO 2003). The ability to predict early an accurate prognosis for
motor recovery after stroke is important as it could provide useful information for specific
rehabilitation strategies and final motor outcomes. In fact, decisions on the type, duration, and goals
of rehabilitation are based on several factors, including estimates of the patient's potential for
recovery of motor function, and have far–reaching consequences. The ability to evaluate the
expected level of motor and functional recovery after stroke may help in early decision–making on
medical and rehabilitation treatments as well as in research trials for assessment of intervention
effects. Improvements in the accuracy of prognosis for the recovery of independence in daily
activities would enable realistic goal–setting and efficient resource allocation by clinicians and
patients. Therefore, many of previous studies have attempted to predict motor outcomes in stroke
patients using various methods, including clinical findings (Hendricks et al., 2002), MRI (DeVetten
et al., 2010; Schiemanck et al., 2006), functional MRI (Marshall et al. 2009), diffusion tensor
tractography (DTT) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subjects with a MMSE score < 21, that precluded active cooperation in the study, and subjects with
severe aphasia were excluded. All subjects agreed to participate in the study by signing a consent
form approved by the internal ethics
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Essay
A 54 year old patient named Rod suffered from severe depression since the age of 17. He tried many
combinations of therapy and medications for over 2 decades with no success, however, at the age of
53, Rod went to the Calabasa TMS Center for a three week TMS treatment, and his depression was
greatly improved. Now, he still attends therapy and a routine TMS treatment, and his depression is
cured. He spoke of the treatment in an interview with the center, "TMS has eliminated the
depression and allowed me to be awake and alive" (Success Story). Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (TMS) is an alternative treatment to medication for severely depressed persons that uses
magnetic currents to simulate the brain, thus treating depression symptoms (Fawcett). It has been a
successful alternative for many patients when they do not respond to medication, and in 2008, the
FDA approved TMS for those with major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are very few patients who discontinue treatment because of side effects, and side effects are
rare (Mennitto). Unlike other alternative treatments, TMS is very targeted, and is unlikely to cause
seizures (Fawcett).A TMS study conducted at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois,
showed a positive success rate for a majority of the patients, with a small relapse rate (Achieve). The
Calabasas TMS Center, and many other TMS centers, provide many stories of patients who
responded well to treatment, like Rob (Success Story). Overall, TMS is a successful treatment
option for the majorly depressed who have not responded to prior treatment. It works by simulating
the brain through electromagnetic pulses, thus resetting the system. TMS alters neuronal activity in
regions of the brain specializing in mood regulation. As seen in Rob's story, this resetting of the
system relieves depressive symptoms, and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a safe, FDA
approved alternative to

I Am Employed By Emerald Coast Behavioral Hospital
I am employed by Emerald Coast Behavioral Hospital, which is under management by a national
corporation, Universal Health Services. My work environment consists of an 86–bed psychiatric
facility that provides specialized inpatient and outpatient services to adults, children, elderly, active–
duty service members and veterans. I work the nightshift on the resiliency unit which provides post–
traumatic stress disorder and chemical dependency treatment to active–duty military members and
veterans. I, as a registered nurse, work with psychiatrists, therapists, social workers, nurse
practitioners, mental health technicians, other registered nurses and upper management of the
facility. Together, we form an interdisciplinary team that works ... Show more content on
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5). Some unique resources we have at Emerald Coast Behavioral are specialized inpatient programs
that are tailored to treat patients with PTSD, chemical dependency and even adolescents. We also
use transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, which is an advanced therapy option for the
treatment of depression. Soon, electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, will be available at our facility.
When others look at our facility, they see safe, competent and experienced staff that provide care
with a nurturing attitude.
Every facility has its weaknesses and the SWOT analysis asks to openly and honestly consider some
areas that need improvement. My facility suffers from poor implementation and continuity of
workplace policies. I've noticed many of my coworkers saying "well, everyone does it differently,
but here's how I do it..." when attempting to explain a policy or procedure to a new hire. This shows
a lack of unity on many rules in the workplace. A specific example would be patient privileges such
as smoke breaks. Nursing staff and physicians often allow patients to have extra smoke breaks other
than those scheduled. A solution to this problem could be a clear statement from management to
enforce scheduled smoke breaks and punish those who

Conversion Disorder Research Paper
Conversion Somatoform Disorders Definition: According to the Mayo Clinic, conversion disorder is
also called functional neurological symptom disorder. "It is a condition in which you show
psychological stress in physical ways. It also describes a health problem that starts as a mental or
emotional crisis and converts to a physical problem. Possible Causes: UNKNOWN Risk Factors:
Recent stress or emotional trauma Being female Having mental health condition, like a mood or
anxiety disorder, dissociative disorder, or personality disorder Having a neurological disease Having
family member with conversion disorder History of physical or sexual abuse and neglect as a child
Contributing Factors: Stressful event Emotional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Counseling, or psychotherapy, is recommended to help cope with anxiety, depression, and treat
symptoms of conversion disorder. Treating the underlying conditions can be apart of the treatment
plan. Transcranial magnetic stimulation involves exciting brain activity by using weak electrical
currents that alter the brain's biochemisty, this treatment is still in its early stages of managing
conversion disorder. Nursing Interventions: 1. Administer Paxil R: to relieve depression I. Monitor
for signs and symptoms of suicide or mood change II. Not approved for use in children III. Avoid
alcohol 2. Administer Ativan R: to relieve anxiety i. Take as prescribed ii. Report severe dizziness,
weakness, drowsiness that persists, rash or skin lesions, palpitations, edema of the extremities;
visual changes; difficulty voiding iii. Avoid alcohol 3. Physical therapy R: to prevent muscle
weakness and

Hildegard: Scotomas And Phosphenes: A Case Study
The Visions of Hildegard: Scotomas and Phosphenes
Oliver Sacks (2007) discussed a case study concerning Hildegard of Bingen, a nun who lived from
1098 to 1180 A.D. Hildegard experienced visual auras caused by scintillating scotomas which
inspired her to write the book Scivias documenting her visual experiences (Sacks, 2007). From these
illustrations and written descriptions, Sacks (2007) was able to theorize that Hildegard was actually
experiencing an array of scotomas and phosphenes. Sacks (2007) proposed that Hildegard's visions
were her interpretations of scintillating and central scotomas, occurring both individually and back–
to–back within the same migraine (Sacks, 2007). For instance, Sacks (2007) believed the bright
falling stars in one of her visions were the result of phosphenes, followed by a negative scotoma
which was a blindspot in her visual field. The vibrant colors within the illustrations were also
influenced by her scotomas (Sacks, 2007). This paper provides an understanding of what Hildegard
may have perceived with her scotomas and phosphenes through the use of two research articles.
First Article
In the first article, Knight, Mazzi and Savazzi (2015) made 3 hypotheses. The first hypothesis was
that the Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) threshold would change when the background
changed from uniform to pattern (Knight et al., 2015). The second hypothesis was that the
likelihood of the participant sensing light versus dark percepts would change when global luminance
of the background changed (Knight et al., 2015). The third hypothesis was that the likelihood of
light versus dark percepts would stay the same at different TMS intensities (Knight et al., 2015). The
study had 16 participants who all wore corrective lens (Knight et al., 2015). To test the threshold of
phosophenes, a Method of Constant Stimuli (MOCS) was used (Knight et al., 2015). The
participants received 120 randomly administered trials with pulses from TMS under two different
background conditions (Knight et al., 2015). A paired t–test was used to analyze the difference in
stimulator intensity threshold for inducing percepts between background conditions (Knight et al.,
2015). A repeated–measures analysis of variance

Philosophy Of Psychology
I am applying to the Masters of Philosophy of Psychology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong,
because the program, in more than one area, coincides with many of my interests in psychology. I
hope that the program would give me the tools to pursue my education further and get a PhD or go
directly into working with underserved groups, for which there is great need. These groups are often
overlooked, and it is only now that researchers and the public are weighing the options to aid in
improving their overall well–being. These groups include people with personality disorders, people
on the autism spectrum, people with other, nebulous health problems and minorities. I am interested
in the mind–body connection related to social systems, in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A simple example, studies on yoga and stress reduction are often done to see its rate of efficacy in
reducing stress–– versus an alternative, such as, a gym membership or physical fitness class in
students. It seems to me that findings of these studies are not only related to stress, but they are also
related to other diseases, with which stress is correlated. In improving the person's overall well–
being, it is possible to avert disease and to have a more contented person, overall. Therefore, such
psychological studies are also potentially useful in other fields, because general well–being is
related to overall good health. In the west, many of these correlations are acknowledged in different
fields, but are hardly ever applied and related to one's own field in research or in practice. I think
that we are now seeing the 'split' between studying the mind and body begin to converge. We are
beginning to look more at the whole to get to the crux of the problem. They are beginning to
acknowledge the fact that different fields, with their different aims, can aid one another in
accomplishing different goals to their mutual benefit. In short, research results from one field can
inspire research and inquiry in another field. New technologies and methods such as transcranial
magnetic stimulation have only begun to be used clinically. This raises a lot of new

Tinnitus Treatment
Tinnitus treatment varies depending of the type and severity of your tinnitus. If you have too much
wax in your ears, for example, then simply removing the earwax should stop the sounds. Thus, the
secret to choose an effective treatment lies in establishing the correct diagnosis for your condition.
Available Tinnitus treatments: 1.Conventional treatments Medications Prescription medications are
being used as possible relief agents for tinnitus. They include antidepressants, anti–convulsants,
anti–histamines even anesthetics such as Lidocaine and more. Some of these drugs can help patients
to ease the symptoms of their tinnitus. Unfortunately, in most of the cases, the benefits are
temporary. Surgery One of the treatments for tinnitus is surgery. Although it can be effective, ...
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Tinnitus maskers and sound generators come in multiple forms. For example, they can look like
small hearing aids you can wear right at your ear. There are also table top models like a CD player.
In any case, the aim is to produce some background sound, be a white–noise sound or any other soft
sound, to mask tinnitus. The attention of the brain is drawn towards this background sound in such a
way that the ear ringing is still there but can barely be heard because of the background noise.
Neuromonic treatment This is a new sophisticated system. This treatment makes use of a small
device with headphones. The device creates a sound which is unique to each patient. The sound
contains pleasant music. According to this method, your brain learns a new way of interpreting
sound. Some patients experience some relief almost immediately, but the whole program takes at
least a 6–month period to complete. 3.Other stimulation therapies: Electrical nerve stimulation This
treatment involves transmitting a very small charge of electricity to the auditory

The Benefits Of Electroconvulsive Therapy ( Ect )
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Question 1: The electroconvulsive therapy is considered one of
the most reliable treatments for depressions. This therapy use electrodes that deliver a very tiny
electric current to the patient's scalp. Due to the fact that this electrical current causes a seizure in
the grain, the patient is under general anesthesia. Doctors recommended this therapy only when a
people suffers from severe depression and is not responsive to pills and psychotherapy. It is also
considered, the best treatment when the patient is a threat for himself or others. Sometimes, it is also
use when the symptoms are too severe that the doctor cannot take the risk of waiting for the
medication take effect. Furthermore, according to the website, the Electroconvulsive Therapy is only
one of several brain stimulation therapies. ECT uses electrical current, but other use magnets or
implants to cure depressions. The advantages are as follows: It is the fastest way to relieve
symptoms in severely depressed or suicidal patients. It is also very effective to control mania.
Moreover, when a patient is not responding to medications, ECT is one of the safest therapies to
control clinical depression and other several mental problems. The first disadvantage is that it can
cause more damage than relief, if something goes wrong. It may also cause memory loss, serious
headaches, muscle aches, and severe stomachache. Question 2: Based on what I read, and even
knowing that

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research Paper
About TMS Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation also commonly known as rTMS is a
neurostimulation technique which uses electromagnetic energy to stimulate portions of the brain.
The existence of Transcranial magnetic stimulation, which is based on the science of bioelectricity,
is relatively unknown to the wider masses. The health benefits it can offer covers a wide spectrum of
people requiring mental wellness. The use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been
approved by Health Canada since 2002. FAQ What are the side effects and risks of rTMS?
Compared to traditional anti–depressant medications, rTMS is safe and well–tolerated. Side effects
can include: Headaches, usually mild and dull, which respond to simple analgesics ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients are usually seated in a comfortable chair for the duration of a session and can drive home or
even return to work right after a session. Why does a medical doctor need to refer me to MediCare?
It is necessary to have a general physician refer you as the consultation would be covered by Alberta
PHN. Also, the general physician (GP) would oversee your mental and physical health during the
course of rTMS treatment. What is the likelihood that my condition will respond to rTMS? The
statistics derived from the treatment for Major Depression suggests that 66% to 75% of those who
undergo rTMS will see significant improvements in their conditions. Why do I need to stay on my
medications during the rTMS course? Stopping medication(s) or reducing dosages may confound
the effects of rTMS. Studies in which patients had rTMS along with medications seemed to overall
show higher effectiveness, compared to patients in studies which involved "washing out" (i.e.
stopping) their medications prior to the rTMS course. Your TMS psychiatrist will advise you if there
are any medications that do need to be changed, stopped or not taken just before each treatment

Cross-Limb Transfer Research
Cross–limb transfer refers to the phenomenon by which physical practice with one limb results in
performance gains in the trained and untrained limbs. Performance gains occur both in terms of
muscle strength (Farthing et al., 2005; Hinder et al., 2011) or skill (Wang and Sainburg, 2006),
having implications for rehabilitation scenarios in which one of the limbs is momentarily incapable
of movement following injury. This phenomenon is also of theoretical importance because it can
help to reveal the basic neural processes involved in movement control and learning (Hendy et al.,
2012; Lee and Carroll, 2007). Therefore, determining the conditions in which cross–limb transfer
may occur is of theoretical and applied interest. It is believed that cross–limb transfer involves
motor cortical areas representing the trained and untrained limbs (ipsilateral hemisphere in relation
to the training side). In an interesting study, Lee et al. (2010) showed that repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right primary motor cortex (M1) (controlling the untrained
side) led to reduced cross–limb transfer. In contrast, rTMS of the left M1 (controlling ... Show more
In this task, participants made synchronous bilateral isometric contractions with their wrists to
control the direction of two cursors on a monitor screen to reach visual targets, followed by a
unilateral wrist contraction that was expected to bias bilateral contractions in trial N+1. In different
experiments, we sought to induce use–dependent directional biases in both limbs by manipulating
the position of the unilateral target, wrist moved (right or left), and displacement of the cursor in
relation to the wrist movement. We show here that use–dependent effects are quite robust in the limb
performing the unilateral contraction, but the transfer effects are

Alzheimer's Disease: Neurodegenerative Disease
Alzheimer's is the most common form of Dementia. There is said to be 50% to 80% of Dementia
cases. Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Neurodegenerative is
"degenerative nerve diseases affect many of your body's activities, such as balance, movement,
talking, breathing, and heart function. Many of these diseases are genetic. Sometimes the cause is a
medical condition such as alcoholism, a tumor, or a stroke. Other causes may include toxins,
chemicals, and viruses. Sometimes the cause is not known." (Medline Plus, n.d.) Neurodegenerative
disease is the abnormalities or death of neurons. "In the early–stage of AD, cognition and the ability
to acquire new memories are impaired. In the later stages, symptoms include

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Case Study
Overview:
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) is part of the frontal lobe, one of the most complex
parts of the brain and among the last areas to develop. According to numerous neuroimaging studies,
it may not be fully mature until a person's mid–20s. The DLFPC has numerous connections with
other parts of the brain and helps integrate information from different systems.
The DLPFC is involved in higher–order processing and executive functions like working memory,
planning, attention, and self–regulation. These functions are crucial for everyday tasks like learning,
decision–making, and socializing.
Location:
The Prefrontal Cortex lies in the frontal lobe anterior to the motor, premotor, and limbic areas and
makes up about ⅓ of the total neocortical area of the brain. The prefrontal cortex may be further
subdivided into the dorsolateral, orbitofrontal, and (sometimes) ventrolateral cortices, though there
is some debate about these divisions. There is not a clear anatomical line where the DLPFC begins
and ends. One way of defining it is by its connection to the parvocellular subdivision of the
mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Some authors say it includes Brodmann Areas 9 and 46 only,
others may include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The whole group went through a normal daily treatment with deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
over the four weeks, then a subgroup continued with weekly maintenance sessions. This study is
based on previous findings that depression is associated with hypoactivity in the left DLPFC and
hyperactivity in the right DLPFC. All subjects showed improvement after the initial treatment, but
then declined if they did not receive weekly maintenance

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Research Paper
Drug addiction is an illness that often requires multiple treatments to cure. However, a new
treatment seems to promise a whole new world of potential for people who are suffering from
addiction: transcranial magnetic stimulation. Although this procedure hasn't yet been approved for
use in treating addiction, early studies have shown a lot of promise.
What Is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is now primarily a treatment type for people that suffer from
depression. It utilizes magnetic fields to help stimulate vitally important nerve cells in the brain,
cells that help improve mood and eliminate symptoms of depression. Typically, transcranial
magnetic stimulation is used when other treatments (such as medicine ... Show more content on
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The University of Padova Medical School in Italy treated 32 addicted patients and treated half with
traditional methods and the other half with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
The results were staggering: 11 of the 16 people treated with the magnetic therapy beat their
addiction and stayed clean. Only three of the other group reported the same results. They even found
that people who had utilized the procedure who tried cocaine later were more prone to avoid a
relapse.
It's important to understand that this procedure still needs to be tested multiple times before
confirming it's effectiveness. One promising study doesn't automatically prove its usefulness.
However, it is worth keeping an eye on this treatment, especially if it remains a potential treatment
option.
Are There Any Risks?
Like any medical procedure, there are risks associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Thankfully, it's non–invasive nature means most of these risks are fairly minimal and easily
treatable. Some of the most common of these side effects include:
A light feeling in the head
Spasms of facial muscles
Discomfort on the scalp
Headaches

Summary of the Research: Treatment of Post-stroke...
In their study titled Treatment of post–stroke dysphagia with repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation, Khedr, Abo–Elfetoh and Rothwell (2009) aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential
of rTMS over the esophageal motor cortex for treating post–stroke dysphagia. The authors rationale
for the purpose of this study is that dysphagia often follows a stroke. Due to the numerous and
potential grave effects of dysphagia, developing best practices which ameliorate the condition has
been long considered a priority.
Twenty–six patients with dysphagia resulting from stroke participated in this study. All patients
suffered monohemispheric stroke and were assigned randomly to treatment and sham treatment
groups. Fourteen patients were assigned to the treatment group and twelve patients were assigned to
the sham treatment group. Patients received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
treatment over the esophageal motor cortex to the affected motor cortex for five consecutive days
with pulses at intensity levels of 120% over their hand motor threshold for 300 pulses. Motor
disability and dysphasia were assessed "before and immediately after the last session and then again
after 1 and 2 months" (p. 155).
The group that received real rTMS treatment demonstrated significantly greater improvement over
the sham treatment group in motor disability and dysphagia symptoms. Improvements were seen in
dysphagia score, and Barthel index scores. These improvements were

Neural Remodeling Research Paper
Section three
Retinal remodeling associated with retinal degenerative diseases
Though the neural retina was believed to survive photoreceptor loss in retinal degenerative
diseases(RDD) such as RP and AMD, the reality is that when photoreceptor inputs are lost, the
neural retina undergoes remodeling, making visual data indecipherable by the visual cortex.
Neural retinal changes in response to stress:
Phase one: clinically occult changes occur to the circuitry of the neural retina in early stages.
Phase two: Early, ganglion cell responses are altered. Then outer nuclear layer changes occur:
photoreceptor cell death, death of interneurons, phagocytosis of dead neurons.
Phase three: extensive remodeling, glial hypertrophy and neuronal ... Show more content on
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Rewiring begins early during the stress phase of neurons. (Marc et al, 2003) Neurocircuitry changes
that occur in the retina
Applicatios of knowing these neurocircuitry changes:
Designing neuroprosthetic devices is then challenging due to the difficulty of dealing with a
complex structure that changes its connectivity in pathology. (Cuenca et al,2005)
The key error in transplant designs is the thought that neural retina is normal. In fact, in the
degenerating retina, there is barely a cell type that is normal.
Current implant trials are limited to patients who are legally blind. These patients already likely
exhibit profound alterations to the retinal circuitry that damage any input to the brain.
The design of prosthetic devices will depend upon where in the visual pathway intervention is
planned and at what phase of retinal degeneration the patient is in.
Brain changes in visual loss:
Blind individuals make huge adjustments to loss of sight, by changes in the brain and specially in
regions responsible for processing vision itself, to process tactile, auditory stimuli and higher
functions as verbal memory. For example, the ability to read

'Two Kinds of Commerce' by Aristotle
Clive Thompson on Why the Next Civil Rights Battle Will Be Over the Mind
By Clive Thompson 03.24.08
Illustration: Paula Scher/Pentagram START
Previous: A State–By–State Look at Where Cell Phones and Driving Don't Mix
Trolling down the street in Manhattan, I suddenly hear a woman's voice.
"Who's there? Who's there?" she whispers. I look around but can't figure out where it's coming from.
It seems to emanate from inside my skull.
Was I going nuts? Nope. I had simply encountered a new advertising medium: hypersonic sound. It
broadcasts audio in a focused beam, so that only a person standing directly in its path hears the
message. In this case, the cable channel A&E was using the technology to promote a show about, ...
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Will the Fifth Amendment protect you from self–incrimination by your own brain? Think about your
workplace, too: Your boss can already demand that you pee in a cup. Should she also be allowed to
stick your head in an MRI tube as part of your performance review?
But this isn't just about reading minds; it's also about bombarding them with messages or tweaking
their chemistry. Transcranial magnetic stimulation – now used

The Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On...
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Plasticity and Learning
Noam Katz
California State University, Long Beach
Abstract
Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain
plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about
tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc.
Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain
plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about
tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The present study examines past research that looks at the effect of tDCS on learning and memory,
specifically the differences in novice compared to experienced learning.
Researchers Coffman, Trumbo, Flores, Garcia, Merwe, Wasserman, and Clark (2012) looked at how
tDCS affects performance when placed over the right inferior frontal cortex, and at different current
strengths. Differential effects in responses to stimuli were looked at which included varying by
repetition and target presence, differences related to expectancy, and individual differences in skin
stimulation and mood. Participants received training for 1 hour in a complex virtual environment
with the task of detecting hidden objects. Anodal tDCS was applied over the right inferior frontal
cortex at either 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA for the first 30 minutes of training, and participants were tested
before, immediately after, and 1 hour after training. It was found that participants who received the
higher current of tDCS had increased performance for all of the test stimuli, but performance was
greatest for repeated test stimuli with the presence of hidden targets. This study was replicated with
a second set of participants and the findings showed that the enhancement performance with tDCS is

Narrative Transcranial Magnetic Recovery
The aim of this study was to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
can improve motor recovery in lower extremities of the patients with subacute stage spinal cord
injury (SCI). This study was conducted with 19 subjects diagnosed with paraplegia because of SCI.
The experimental group included 10 subjects who underwent active rTMS, and the control group
included 9 subjects who underwent sham rTMS. The SCI patients in the experimental group
underwent conventional rehabilitation therapy, and active rTMS was applied daily to the hotspot of
the lesional hemisphere. The SCI patients in the control group underwent sham rTMS and
conventional rehabilitation therapy. The participants in both the groups received therapy five days
per week for six weeks. Latency, amplitude, and velocity were assessed before and after the six–
week therapy period. A significant difference in post–treatment gains for the latency and velocity
was observed between the experimental and control groups (p 0.05). We conclude that rTMS may be
beneficial in improving motor recovery in lower extremities of subacute stage SCI patients.
Keywords: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; spinal cord injury; subacute stage
Introduction
Voluntary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conventional rehabilitation therapy, consisting of neurodevelopmental facilitation techniques, was
administered by the therapists blinded to the study protocol and to subjects' assignment to groups.
The objectives of conventional rehabilitation therapy were to improve patients' functional abilities
including transfer, ambulation, and balance to help patients achieve earlier and/or greater
independence in daily–life activities. The subjects in the control group received sham therapy and
conventional rehabilitation therapy for a total of 50 min (sham rTMS: 20 min, conventional
rehabilitation therapy: 30 min) per day on the same

Unipolar Depression: Review Paper
For this weeks' review assignment, I have chosen to write about the sweeping topic of unipolar
depression. Depression is such a pervasive term in today's society, and justifiably so. The textbook
states that 19% of all adults will experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in their
lifetimes (Comer, 2014). Women are twice as likely to be affected by depression as their male
counterparts. 85% of people diagnosed with the disorder recover, while an additional 40% will have
a reoccurrence at some point in their lives. The symptoms of unipolar depression are also
widespread. Many affected people described their emotional state as helpless, humiliating or
hopeless. They may experience a lack of drive to complete the daily tasks they

The Complex Variety Of Stimuli We Constantly Encounter Essay
Abstract
Our uniqueness in solving problems and forming an understanding of the complex variety of stimuli
we constantly encounter is a defining feature of human experience. A very powerful problem–
solving tool is known as the Mental Set and takes place largely at an unconscious level. Mental sets
increase the problem solving success rate for related problems by enlisting a mental framework that
recycles methods that proved successful for solving similar problems in the past. Conversely, the
mental set inhibits the success of similar problems that require a slightly different method to be
solved. Once in a mental set, it is difficult to find a solution for a novel problem. Mental sets vary in
the intensity and duration in which they inhibit an individual's creativity for solving novel problems.
The mental processes that allow for mental sets have long been viewed as static. Recent research
involving transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct–current stimulation
(tDCS) has provided support that these processes are actually quite dynamic and capable of being
influenced in a laboratory setting. Dissolving a mental set with these aforementioned procedures has
also been shown to temporarily induce savant skills. I propose that Keywords:
It is well known that individuals with savant syndrome and autistic spectrum disorder have some
degree of hemispheric imbalance. This imbalance has been shown to be an inhibition of the left
hemisphere and a

Essay on Depression: Out of the Shadows
Everyone feels sad here and there, but for many people who experience depression those feelings
can linger for years. Depression is a social disorder characterized by a depressed mood or a loss of
interest or pleasure in daily activities, consistently for a 2 week period. "Depression is an under
umbrella mood disorder that can cause people to feel hopeless, not have enough energy to get up
and do things, it can affect people ability to live a day to day life , ranges from mild– severe or
manic depression," according to Valerie Labanca MFT. A 2003 National Institutes of Health study
estimates that more than 16 percent of Americans, as many as 35 million, suffer from depression
severe enough to warrant treatment.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient's responses can help the doctor make a diagnosis of depression and judge the severity of
the depression. "More Americans Seeking Help for Depression," Mary Duenwald, June, 18, 2003
There are many types of depression including Major Depression, Minor Depression , Dsythymia
Depression , Postpartum , Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder, and Seasonal Affective Disorder. In
order to have Major Depression, a person has to have at least five of the depression symptoms, and
these symptoms have to last for at least a two week period. Most people who have Major Depression
Disorder suffer from it for at least six months. Minor Depression is different from Major Depression
because you can only have two of the four symptoms. Dysythymia Depression is and extended form
of Minor Depression because it can last for years if not treated. Postpartum Depression is a
depression that only women get after having a baby. Postpartum Depression has some of the same
severe symptoms as some Major Depressive Disorder. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is also
form of depression that only women can get one week before their menstrual period. Seasonal
Affective Disorder is depression that a person tends to get during the winter time due to lack of
sunlight. The exact cause of depression is not known, but there are several factors that play a role in
depression.

The Effects Of Chronic Conditions On A Diagnosis Of Major...
The article, "Quantifying the impact of chronic conditions on a diagnosis of major depressive
disorder in adult focuses on the background on the diagnosis and how chronic illness can lead to
major depressive disorder. The researcher conduct a study at Mayo clinic with patients that were
diagnosed with a chronic illness. Researchers found that patients with specific chronic illness such
as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis may have a greater change of being diagnosis with
major depressive disorder.
Ryu, E., Chamberlain, A. M., Pendegraft, R. S., Petterson, T. M., Bobo, W. V., & Pathak, J. (2016).
Quantifying the impact of chronic conditions on a diagnosis of major depressive disorder in adults: a
cohort study using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 68(2), 110–119. doi:10.1111/pcn.12106
The article, "A descriptive analysis of quality of life using patient– reported measures in major
depressive disorder in a naturalistic outpatient setting," focuses on how major depressive disorder
affects a persons quality of life. The researcher conducted a cross– sectional study with 319 patients
that were seeking treatment for Major depressive disorder at a outpatient hospital.
The researcher concluded that, impairment of quality of life increases in a monotonic fashion with
depressive symptoms severity"(Ishak, Bresee, Greenberg, Fakhry, Christensen, & Rapaport, 2013).
IsHak, W., Balayan, K., Bresee, C., Greenberg, J., Fakhry, H., Christensen, S., & Rapaport, M.
(2013). A descriptive analysis of quality of life using patient–reported measures in major depressive
disorder in a naturalistic outpatient setting. Quality Of Life Research, 22(3), 585–596.
doi:10.1007/s11136–012–0187–6
Mental Health Interventions: Major Depressive Disorder
The article, "Cognitive–Emotional Training as an Intervention for Major Depressive Disorder,"
focuses on cognitive emotional training as an intervention tool to assist patient with Major
Depressive Disorder. The researcher utilized cognitive emotional training to enhance cognitive
control for emotional information processing and targeting components in patients with major
depressive disorder (Xiaozhen, Tianmei, Gang, Huali, Qi, Changqing, &Xin, 2016). The

Sensorimotor And Neurophysiological Basis Of Human...
1. In–depth knowledge in one or more of the following areas: Sensorimotor and Neurophysiological
Basis of Human Movement, Motor Learning and/or Adaptation, Neuromechanics, or Biomechanics.
I held a position as a lecturer in Human Movement Studies (2001–2004) – teaching motor control &
learning – before starting my PhD. I have a masters degree in motor control and my PhD work was
about sensorimotor control of interceptive actions. Since finishing my PhD (8 years ago), I have
been an active researcher in the field of sensorimotor control of movement. I consistently review
manuscripts for the major specialist journals in my area of expertise (see
https://publons.com/author/1179228/welber–marinovic#profile). I have published 35 peer–reviewed
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Evidence of clear and effective science communication.
I have presented my work in 12 conferences and was invited to be a guest speaker at an international
conference in 2012. I was a lecturer at the University of Queensland (2015) and regularly
contributed as a guest lecturer in both undergraduate and graduate levels. As the first author of most
of my papers (≈70%), I believe my communication skills are exemplary.
3. Advanced skills in collection, analysis and management of human data, particularly related to
sensorimotor and neurophysiological basis of human movement; and research methods.
I have extensive experience with data collection using: movement recording systems (Optotrak
3020), force transducers, electromyography (EMG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and eye–tracking. I am particularly experienced with
integrating these different systems to collect human data using Matlab and Labview. I also write my
own code in Matlab to process the data I collect and perform all statistical analyses in R.
4. Demonstrated ability to write scientific proposals to seek internal and external funding.
I have been awarded a very competitive ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award (DECRA
2012–2014) to study how the brain can predict the future position of objects in motion and use these
predictions to control our actions (AU$ 375K). I was the leading CI on a seeding grant awarded by

Parietal Lobe Function
There are four different lobes of the brain Frontal Lobe,Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe and Occipital
lobe. The frontal lobe is performing the executive function that coordinates other brain areas and the
parietal lobe processes auditory information and integrates vision and touch. In addition the
temporal lobe process auditory information language and autobiographical memory whereas the
occipital lobe process the visual information. Lobes differ from hemispheres because lobes smaller
parts of the brain and the hemisphere are referring to the two half of the brain ( hemispheres ). And
both hemispheres differ from one another the left hemisphere is what you use when doing math and
things of that nature and the right hemisphere being the more

Deep Brain Stimulation Research Paper
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure introduced in 1987, involving the
implantation of a medical device called a neurostimulator (sometimes referred to as a 'brain
pacemaker), which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific targets in the
brain for the treatment of movement and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deep Brain Stimulation is a
brain surgery performed to improve a patient's quality of life. The procedure is not a cure, but it can
significantly improve otherwise debilitating symptoms caused by certain neurological disorders.
Deep brain stimulation is not a first–line therapy. That means before considering this surgery,
patients must have tried medications and other therapies and not responded ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It has changed 100,000's of life's drastically. Leadpoint Focus is a microelectrode recording (MER)
system for DBS procedures. The next generation technology combines performance, recording,
customizable functionality, and ease of use. Leadpoint Focus offers: Reliable performance that
increases physiological localization and improves decision–making confidence, easy–to–use
modular design with plug and play operation, and clinical research capabilities in advanced signal
recording and processing. Besides these goals, brain stimulation is already so advanced that scientist
mainly shoot for just improving the accuracy of it. Another type of brain stimulation is
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uses an electric current to treat serious mental disorders. This type
of therapy is usually considered only if a patient's illness has not improved after other treatments
(such as antidepressant medication or psychotherapy) are tried, or in cases where rapid response is
needed (as in the case of suicide risk and catatonia, for example). Transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS) is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to
improve symptoms of depression. TMS is typically used when other depression treatments haven't
been working. It works like this, during a TMS session, an electromagnetic coil is placed against
your scalp near your forehead. The electromagnet painlessly delivers a magnetic pulse that
stimulates nerve cells in the region of your brain involved in mood control and depression. And it
may activate regions of the brain that have decreased activity in people with depression. This is
another form of brain stimulation that helps change many people's lives. As I mentioned before it is
to help people that go through depression. Brain stimulation is a very useful method, but many don't
know that there is different types. There is agus

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation And Electroconvulsive...
Numerous studies have been conducted to compare the therapeutic efficacy of transcranial magnetic
stimulation (TMS) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as methods of treatment for major
depressive disorder. In general, studies demonstrate that ECT is more effective in alleviating acute
depressive symptoms. However, there are advantages and disadvantages to both procedures. ECT is
often accompanied by more adverse cognitive side effects than rTMS, while the latter usually
requires more sessions to achieve similar results. Additionally, multiple meta–analyses have
revealed that the observed differences in efficacy between the two treatments were not statistically
significant. The current body of literature suggests that ECT is more effective ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
296).
According to the World Health Organization (2017), major depression is a prevalent disorder,
affecting over 300–million people globally. It is common for depression to be comorbid with other
disorders, it is the leading cause of disability, and greatly increases risk of suicide, the second
leading cause of death among individuals ages 15–29. This increasing prevalence is making the
disorder continually pressing issue for mental health providers worldwide (World Health
Organization, 2017).
According to Mayo Clinic (2017), Major depression is often treatable, with the most effective
modalities of treatment being psychotherapy, antidepressant medications such as Selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), or a
combination of the two. Depending on the severity, residential treatment may be necessary (Mayo
Clinic, 2017). Although there are multiple routes of treatment for this disorder, there are many
severe cases in which patients are resistant to the more commonplace, aforementioned treatments. In
these cases, the patient's psychiatrist may recommend treatment through brain stimulation therapies
such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or Electro–convulsive shock therapy
(ECT), and sometimes deep brain

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Case Study
1. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): is a non–invasive technique that utilizes electrical
impulses to stimulate areas of the cerebral cortex, spinal roots, and cranial and peripheral nerves.
TMS can be used to stimulate neurons to promote measurable effects that can be useful in
examining the excitability of the cerebral cortex and its associated anatomical connections. TMS
may also be useful in accessing the pathophysiology behind the neural activity that take place within
several neurological and psychiatric disorders, and it may provide clinicians with a valuable insight
to not only diagnose, but treat these various conditions. 2. The motor threshold is the minimal TMS
impulse needed to elect a motor evoked potentials (MEPs) within its target muscle via a single
impulse stimuli. Motor threshold is believed to indicate the neuronal excitability that takes place
within the corticospinal neurons and interneurons that are associated with the neurons of the motor
cortex, spinal cord, neuromuscular junction, and target muscle. 3. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Motor evoked potentials (MEPs): measures the contralateral activity of the extremity muscles in
response to electrical stimulation. MEP is reflective of the activity between the motor cortex, spinal
cord, neuromuscular junction, and target muscle, and changes in MEP amplitude reflects a healthy
and functioning corticospinal tract, while also reflecting the "excitability of motor cortex and nerve
roots and the conduction along the peripheral motor pathway to the muscles" (Kobayashi et al. 4).
Changes in MEP latency might suggest a compromised of damaged association of the corticospinal
tract, but the "the size and latency of MEPs shows great interindividual and intraindividual
variability, leading to a broad range of normal values; therefore, results are qualitative rather than
quantitative" (Kobayashi et al.

The Importance Of Self-Awareness And Internal Beliefs, And...
Humans are created to socially interact with other beings, and without even realizing it, they analyze
others. While humans analyze their external environment, they often turn it around and examine
themselves. This can be impacted by objects in the external world and the individual may become
self–aware. Self–awareness involves analyzing one's internal beliefs and values, and deciding if the
behavior demonstrates these values. Analyzing one's self cane have a positive or negative impact on
the individual; either the person will be satisfied or dissatisfied with how their values and behavior
align. If they are satisfied, this can influence the individual to think pleasantly of themselves and
have a high self–esteem. If they are dissatisfied with what they see, it can influence or motivate
them to change something about themselves. This research paper will highlight the importance of
the self–awareness theory and how it can be used to have a positive influence on humans.
Self–Awareness Theory
The self–awareness theory is defined as, "the idea that when people focus their attention on
themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values"
(Aronson, Wilson, Akert, & Sommers, 2016). Humans often analyze the world around them. They
can analyze the environment or other people, but individuals are constantly taking in information
around them. Sometimes, this analyzes it turned inward. Individuals begin to become aware about

Treatment for Depression
Treatment of Depression
Abstract
Depression affects many people around the world. Depression can be described as feeling sad, lost,
angry, and frustrated. Today, antidepressants are the main way to treat depression. Researchers are
working on a new treatment to better help people with depression. This treatment is called
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Researchers want to know how TMS can be used, and
what type of depression patients they want to use it on. Studies have helped narrow down the facts
of depression and the effect of TMS. The future of TMS is still unclear but one day it will provide a
new era of treatment for depression.
According to the center for disease control , one in ten adults has depression (Centers ... Show more
Although this study did not give out great data it did help pave the way for other experiments. This
experiment helped Janicak and his team design a study using the durability of TMS. Philip Janicak
and his team tested the durability of TMS on patients with major depression. They found that the
majority of patients benefited from active TMS over a 24–week period. Only 10% of that group
relapsed. Whereas 13.6% relapsed for the sham group (Janicak, Nahas, Lisanby, Solvason, Sampson
& McDonald, 2010). Janicak concluded that the effects of TMS were durable. He also
concluded that TMS may be successfully used as a strategy to deter further relapse. One major
imitation to this study was the lack of controlled comparison. It is hard to determine if a study
supported if there is not enough to base the results on.
Later studies focused more on where in the brain depression effected. Researchers wanted to see the
effect TMS has on patients with depression. These studies tested the durability and the overall
effects of TMS on specific lobes of the brain. One study that wanted to test the effect of TMS was
done by Yechiel Levkovits and his team. They wanted to focus the effect of TMS on the prefrontal
cortex in patients with depression and apathy. Levkovits found that TMS over the prefrontal cortex
improved both apathy and depression but this did not lead to remission (Levkovitz, Sheer, Harel,
Katz, Most, Zangen & Isserles,

Biomagnetic Therapy Essay
Biomagnetic Therapy
Biomagnetic therapy is an alternative form of healing that has been in existence for over 100,000
years (1). The "AncientGreeks discovered the very first natural magnet in the form of the lodestone,
and Hippocrates, the father of medicine, noted it's healing powers" (2).
Unlike the United States, Japan, China, India, Austria, and Germany all are advanced in the field of
magnetic therapy. (2). The United States does, though, use magnets in complex machines to help
better understand the body and brain, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which uses
magnetic fields to formulate 3–D images of the brain, and electroncephalogreaphs (EEG), which
look at the electrical activity of the brain. But, as for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The explanation: All cells that are alive are electrical; that is the outside of a cell has a negative
charge and the inside, a positive charge. This combination of opposite charges allows the cell to
function normally. When a part of the body becomes damaged, such as the body's tissue, the
damaged area responds with inflammation, which is caused by a lack of blood flow. This lack of
blood flow blocks the body's natural ability to provide oxygen and nutrients to the injured cells.
Thus, the polarity of the cells gets out of whack. The role biomagnets play in aiding damaged tissue
is based upon the belief that magnets can realign the cell's polarity, which helps the cell get back to
functioning normally. They claim that an increase in the diameter of the body's blood vessels is also
an affect of using a biomagnet on damaged tissue. This enlargement allows more blood, carrying
rich nutrients and oxygen, to flow to the injured area and leave with tissue's toxins. (1)
They also say that the magnet's energy has been described as a catalyst, which speeds up biological
processes and enables the body to heal itself and ease pain. This catalyst stimulates blood
circulation, allowing more oxygen to be distributed all over the body. (3)
THE CLAIMS MADE ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOMAGNETIC THERAPY AND
ITS EVIDENCE
No

Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other...
Non Pharmacological Approach for Depression and Other Disorders
Brain stimulation therapies:
Brain stimulation therapies are non pharmacological method which involves activating or touching
the brain directly with electricity, magnets, or implants to treat depression and other disorders.
Among many techniques, electroconvulsive therapy is the most researched stimulation therapy.
Other stimulation therapies discussed here includes
 Vagus nerve stimulation
 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
 magnetic seizure therapy
 Deep brain stimulation.
The latter methods are newer and more theoretical.
1. Electroconvulsive therapy
Introduction:
It is a non pharmacological standard psychiatric treatment in which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Amnesia following the procedure.
Clinical guidelines/Pearls
It is used about three times a week until the patient's depression wears away (usually within six to
12 treatments) which is followed by the maintenance treatment in case of recurrence which range
from one session per week to one session every few months.
It is found that antidepressant medication or a mood stabilizing medication are also consumed by
patient undergoing ECT.
In the past, a "sine wave" was used to administer electricity in a constant, high dose. However,
studies have found that a "brief pulse" of electricity applied at frequent interval is less likely to cause
memory loss.
The patient wakes up after few minutes of the procedure with some dizziness (anesthetic effects)
and becomes alert after few hours and can resume normal activities.
Vagus nerve stimulation

Introduction
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy
and treatment–resistant depression .
Despite FDA approval, VNS remains a controversial treatment for depression because the studies
have not shown the promising outcome.
Source: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/brain–stimulation–therapies/brain–stimulation–
therapies.shtml
Uses
It is used for following cases.
Eplilepsy,intractable
Treatment resistant

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) might be an appropriate alternative treatment Because of
its simplicity, Single TMS pulses have been used as the noninvasive and painless method for
stimulating the brain of intact conscious human subjects through the scalp [4]. Repeated applications
of single TMS pulses (rTMS) can sometimes elicit long–lasting changes in the excitability of the
corticospinal tract, M1, and spinal cord structures, significantly improving the sensory and motor
function in the patients with motor disorders [5].
Applications of rTMS to the motor cortex at appropriate stimulation intensity can enable recording
of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the muscles of the contralateral extremity. MEP amplitude
can be affected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the results of this study, latency and MNCV were more enhanced in the experimental
group than the control group after the intervention. Active rTMS was more effective than sham
rTMS in improving motor recovery.
According to another study, rTMS could reduce motor improvement in SCI. It is possible that motor
score improvement and amelioration of spasticity with rTMS in SCI can be induced through
enhancement of descending corticospinal projection and reduction in corticospinal inhibition [11].
Using a sample of 17 SCI AIS D level patients, Benito et al. [12] applied 20 Hz high–frequency
rTMS to an experimental group consisting of seven patients, and applied sham rTMS to the control
group consisting of ten patients, for 15 days each and reported that the experimental group showed
significant improvement in modified Ashworth scale (MAS), 10 m walking test (MWT), cadence,
step length, and timed up and go test (TUG) compared to the control group.
Belci et al. [6] reported improvement in the motor score and upper extremity function in four
patients with chronic incomplete cervical SCI after the application of rTMS over the motor cortex
for five

Electroconvulsive Therapy
An emerging area of experimental research in MDD treatment relates to the use of electromagnetic
devices and stimulators in a therapeutic context. The approach builds on historical treatment
methods like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which though exceptionally effective in the short
term, often sees a return of depressive symptoms. Compounding the problem with ECT was the
increased tolerance some patients showed, thus requiring higher and higher voltage dosages to
achieve the same results, not unlike drug tolerance, and side–effects like generalized mental
confusion in the immediate aftermath of the therapy. As Ren et al. (21014) describe in
electromagnetic treatments have advanced considerably since their inception and sophisticated new

Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Case Study
As a psychiatrist I, Dr. Anna Morgan, feel that the best methods for treating mood and anxiety
disorders follow the biological approach. There are several different forms of medications that I
recommend to my patients that are suffering from a wide variety of disorders. Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used for depressive symptoms and also work well for
anxiety disorders. SSRIs have fewer side effects that lead to patients discontinuing their use. They
are also safer in the case of an overdose. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms,
tremors, nervousness, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and decreased sex drive. Some familiar trade
names include Paxil, Zoloft and Prozac. SSRIs could be recommended for disorders including
PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, General Anxiety Disorder, Separation Anxiety
Disorder, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, and Bipolar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Side effects are similar to those of SSRIs. Some familiar trade names are Effexor and Cymbalta.
SNRIs are used in treating Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder,
and Bipolar Disorder. Benzodiazepines are typically used for phobias and General Anxiety
Disorders. It has shown some benefits, although to a lesser extent, for PTSD. Some forms of
Benzodiazepines have been used for treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Side effects can include
drowsiness, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, confusion, grogginess, change in heart rate and
nightmares. Some common trade names are Valium and Xanax. Some additional medications used
for the treatment of mood disorders include anticonvulsants, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
(MOAIs), and Lithium. Each type of medications has their own side effects that need to be

Neuroplasticality And Rehabilitation Essay
Neuroplasticity and rehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation is the process of attempting to restore the cognitive or motor function for
patients with disorders of the nervous system. This process involves approaches intended to reduce
impairments and disabilities, and ultimately improving quality of life. Neuroplasticity is the brain 's
ability to remodel or reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. This allows the neurons
to compensate for injury and disease, and to adjust their activities in response to new stimulations or
changes in their environment. It encompasses alterations in neural pathways and synapses, in
response to changes in behavior, thinking and emotions, as well as remapping due to injury.
Examples are memory, learning new skills, and recovery.
For a long time, the common consensus among neuroscientists was that neurons were relatively
immutable after a certain age in early childhood. It is now believed that the brain remains plastic
throughout adulthood as well, and that neurogenesis may persist well into old age. Research
indicates that experience can actually change both the brain 's physical structure and functional
organization. For example, if one hemisphere of the brain is damaged, the intact hemisphere may
take over some of the impaired side's functions. The brain compensates for damage by reorganizing
and forming new connections between intact neurons. To reconnect again, the neurons need to be
stimulated through activity.2
Brain

Experiential-Humanistic Psychotherapy
Building upon the philosophy of cognitive–behavioral therapy is a relatively recent form of
psychotherapy known as experiential–humanistic psychotherapy (Hollon 901). Experiential–
humanistic psychotherapy adds to cognitive–behavioral therapy the fundamental principle of
humanistic psychology, that is, self–actualization (Hollon 901). Self–actualization is defined as the
expression of one's creativity and the realization of their capabilities (Hollon 901). Given the limited
amount of time that the scientific and medical communities have had to study this type of
psychotherapy, it is not surprising that there is precious little data in regards to its efficacy in treating
anxiety and mood disorders (Hollon 901). Having stated that, experiential–humanistic ... Show more
Even though most of these nonpharmacological treatments, like deep–brain stimulation (DBS),
psychosurgery, and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), are experimental and off–label in nature, there
does exist two nonpharmacological treatments for psychiatric illnesses that have been documented
as effective (Li 41). The older of the two is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly referred to
disparagingly as shock treatment (Li 41). This form of therapy involves the production of
generalized seizures due to large–scale neuronal discharges via the application of short electrical
impulses through the scalp (Li 41). Data shows that modern electroconvulsive therapy is successful
at managing treatment–resistant depression in roughly half of patients (Li 41). However, given the
level of side effects (such as memory loss and decreased cognition) associated with this type of
treatment, electroconvulsive therapy is used exclusively as a last resort (Li 41). It was for this reason
that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a form of therapy in which electromagnetic
induction is utilized in order to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain, was developed (Li
41). In repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic induction is attained by
attaching a pulse generator to a magnetic field generator, which is then placed near the head of the
patient (Li

Neuroplasticity In The Brain
This editorial concerns an interesting paper, recently published in Acta Physiologica, showing
evidence that the focus of attention – internal or external – during execution of a motor task can
cause transient neuroplastic–like responses in motor areas of the brain (Khun et al., 2016).
Neuroplasticity refers to the capacity of the brain to reorganise itself in response to our experiences
throughout life. Typically, changes to the organization of the brain come about to support brain
function. For instance, after a spinal cord injury or stroke, the brain must adapt to allow functional
recovery (Rao et al., 2016). The recognition that the brain must change to improve function has led
to several attempts to boost neuroplasticity. Cutting–edge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For instance, loud acoustic stimulation delivered during movement preparation (Marinovic et al.,
2014) and contraction (Chen et al., 2016) can cause intracortical modulation. While the transient
effects of loud sounds on movement facilitation (e.g. faster reaction times and increased response
vigour) are now well established (for a review see Marinovic and Tresilian, 2016), no studies have
examined whether loud sounds can aid motor function beyond the stimulation period. The new
findings reported by Khun and colleagues (2016) demonstrate that we can now add the manipulation
of the focus of attention to the list of neuromodulatory techniques with the potential to boost motor

Electroconvulsive Therapy Vs Interpersonal Therapy
Subsequently, as there are several forms of depressive disorder there are also several forms of
treatment. The most common forms of treatment are psychotherapy and medication. Psychotherapy
is a type of talk therapy. Psychotherapy can be used to look into someone's relationships in life and
search for a meaning the person may have missed. It can also attempt to give someone a new
perspective or way of looking at things, and try to change their current behavior into a more
appropriate behavior. There are two main types of psychotherapy cognitive–behavioral therapy and
interpersonal therapy. Interpersonal therapy helps people work through situations or relationships
that may be causing them depression. Cognitive–behavioral therapy helps ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although it is a common disorder, there is much about it still a mystery. Major depressive disorder
not only has an effect on the person suffering with it but it has an impact on the economy. Over the
course of a year, between 13.1 and 14.1 million people will experience MDD (AHRQ, 2011). Sadly
only half of those people will attempt to get treatment and only half of those who seek treatment will
respond adequately to treatment. After two or more failed treatments those people have now moved
into treatment resistant–depression (TRD). People who suffer with treatment resistant–depression
have the highest medical costs of people who suffer with major depressive disorder. They also are
two times more likely to get hospitalized and their hospitalization costs are more than six times
higher than people who suffer with depression that are hospitalized and are not resistant to
treatment. Employers of people with treatment resistant–depression also bare a higher financial
burden than with employees who do not suffer with the mood disorder. Keeping in mind that
depression is the world's leading cause of disability, one has to think about who bares the cost
associated with this disability. After considering both medical and disability claims from an
employer's perspective, one study found that TRD employees cost $14, 490 per employee per year,
whereas the cost for non TRD employees was $6,665 per employee per

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