The Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime

The Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime
INTRODCTION Part I of this essay examines the nature and organisation of corporate
environmental crime. Part II explores the offenders of corporate environmental crime. Part III
determines the risk factors for corporate offending. Finally, Part IV analyses environmental
regulations.
I. NATURE AND ORGANISATION
Corporate environmental crime constitutes an important part of white–collar crime. The notion
'white collar crime' was introduced by Edwin Sutherland and refers to a crime 'committed by a
person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation'. The delinquent
activity specific to this term includes environmental pollution. Sutherland opines that people of high
status are able to commit crimes because of the opportunities presented by the affluent positions
they hold. However, as his empirical argument derives from data about the violations of law by the
70 largest American corporations, the differences between individual and corporate white–collar
crime is not clear. As a result, this led to the widely accepted distinction between occupational and
corporate white–collar crime. Occupational crime refers to personal violations that take place for
self–benefit during work in a legitimate occupation, whereas corporate crime is committed by
employees on the job, not principally for personal gain but on behalf of their corporation on
business. In other words, corporate crimes are 'actions by corporate persons that create avoidable
harms to
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Corporate Financial Crime And Its Effects On Our Economy...
When you get paid, where is your payroll check deposited or cashed? If you need to pay a bill, what
is your usual method of paying? If you need to send money to a relative, how do you typically send
it? If you purchase an item, how do you typically pay? What is the common factor in these
scenarios? In most circumstances the answer would be your bank. Paychecks are usually direct
deposited or cashed in your bank account. You generally pay bills using your bank's bill pay system.
You can transfer or wire money from your bank account to another account using your bank's
system. You typically purchase items with your debit card or credit card. You utilize your bank daily
for many of your needs. Now what happens when the bank that you trusted and have been loyal to is
involved in a corporate financial crime? Corporate financial crime can have devastating effects on
our economy, businesses and consumers. December 2007–June 2009 was one of the worst economic
recessions our country faced since the Great Depression. One of the major factors the led to this
recession was the implementation of subprime mortgage lending. Mortgage lenders offered loans to
borrowers with unfavorable credit; payment delinquencies charge offs/judgements/bankruptcies,
high DTI and were considered a higher credit risk (ComE–IN Background Definitions, 2015).
Subprime loans steadily increased from 8% to about 20% in 2006 (Simkovic, 2011) Over 90% of
these loans in 2006 were adjustable rate

Essay on Control Theory Corporate Crime
Conflict theory primarily argues that it is the economic system of capitalism itself that produces
crime however, in order to understand the causes of corporate crime, the neoliberal framework and
its utilization must be examined. Neoliberalism accords the state not to intervene or regulate the
market, and in effect produces inequality but most importantly crime. Criminal acts are committed
by the elites that are following the core of the neoliberal doctrine which is maximizing profits while
minimizing costs. Corporate crimes are committed by executives or executive officers on behalf of
corporations to further their own interests or the interest of the organizations'. These crimes can
result in harming the working class which may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This result in a conflict between the culture of competition and ethical standards however,
corporations are not like humans they are artificial legal entities with perpetual life chartered by the
government for their existence (Nadar, 2004; pg 8). Corporations have achieved a status where they
have all constitutional rights that people have except the right against self–incrimination.
Corporations engage in criminal activites on a number of different levels that harm and affect the
general public however, the public for the most part remains unaware of these activites because
these elites invest in hiding the truth which thereby renders their actions invisible.
THE INVISBALITY OF COPRORATE CRIME Secondly, Marxists argue that is it the connected
ability of the powerful to manipulate values of society which is why corporate crimes are rendered
invisible. Academics find it difficult to analyze corporate crime because large scale survey data is
not available so researchers have to rely on non–objective crime statistics collected by 'impartial'
government agencies such as StatsCan or the Home Office which usually yield tiny samples (Snider,
2005; pg 186). Corporations do not want sociologist investigating their business practises, unlike
traditional offenders they have the ability to resist such incursions. On the other hand, the justice
department for the most part

White Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of...
What Kinds of Problems do White Collar and Corporate Crime Pose for Explanations of Criminality
Until relatively recently, the concept of the criminal was that of a person who, somehow
disadvantaged and disenfranchised from society, decided to ignore societal laws and concentrate on
increasing his personal worth at the expense of society. The idea of the criminal as the outsider
became an accepted part of criminological theory, so much so that almost all modern theories of
criminology focus on some aspect of how the person is disenfranchised to explain why that person
would engage in criminal behavior. However, for white collar criminals, these explanations are
generally inapplicable. Most white collar criminals are, well, white, or, if minorities, otherwise
linked to the dominant groups in society in a way that argues against disenfranchisement. In order to
be able to commit the types of crimes that are considered white collar or corporate crimes, people
have to be in a position of power and privilege that argues against them having an outsider status.
Unfortunately, this robs the criminologist of ready explanations for white collar crime. Examining a
few prominent components of major criminological theories, one sees how these components are not
readily applied to the corporate criminal. One theory behind criminality is social control theory,
which suggests that those in power create laws as a means of controlling those who lack power.
Therefore, laws, which

To What Extent Can White-Collar And Corporate Crime Be...
1. How can white–collar and corporate crime be controlled?
White–collar crimes are referred to as crimes that are financially motivated crimes and are usually
committed by business and government professionals. As for corporate crimes they are crimes that
are usually committed by a corporation or by an individual working for a corporation. Some people
have argued that to many regulations can actually cause and increase in corporate misconduct.
Regulations that are to complex, extensive, or outdated can actually lead an organization to
disregard them there for it leads to intentionally breaking the law. It is important to be able to detect
white–collar crimes and corporate crimes. Lack of understanding the economic and business stand
point

Corporate Crime Vs White Collar Crime
Corporate crime is considered a form of white–collar crime that is committed by persons of
respectability and high social status, white collars crimes are believed to be committed by business
people. Some people believe that this is a crime that is committed by the very rich, people that are of
high social status corporate crime are by far the worst, because corporate crimes are considered
white collars crimes, and what is believed is that white collars crimes are committed by business
people (Cavender & Cullen (2006). These crimes can be infractions such as crimes by politicians;
crimes by professionals, like accountants, physicians, and attorneys; cheating on taxes; corporation
theft or embezzlement; and crimes committed by corporate organizations themselves (Cavender &
Cullen, 2006). They are deemed the greatest threat to civil society corporations, because they have a
much greater ability to do severe harm, their actions do damage to society as a whole. ... Show more
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Corporate crimes can lead to murder; people have died from finding out about corporate crimes and
threatened to divulge that information, corporation crimes can lead to many other crimes. The
standard of proof in most civil cases requires that there be more evidence for than against, or that the
winning argument is more probable than not. This entails some sense of weighing the evidence
based on the relative importance of the various pieces of evidence presented in a case. There has to
be a Preponderance of the Evidence, also a standard of proof in most civil cases, there must be more
evidence for than against, or that the winning argument is more probable than not. This entails some
sense of weighing the evidence based on the relative importance of the various pieces of evidence
presented in a case (Taylor v. Kentucky,

Assignment 1
ASSIGNMENT 1 – CORPORATE CRIME
"Greed can be defined as the desire to acquire wealth or possessions beyond the needs of the
individual, especially when this accumulation of possession denies others legitimate needs or access
to those or other resources It is an extreme or excessive desire for resources and symbols of wealth."
(Taflinger, 1996) The key word to consider is "excessive" which can be denoted as "going beyond
the usual, necessary, or proper limit or degree." The real problem to consider is the fact that "wealth
in this world is limited as population increases. If one person possesses an extensive amount of
wealth, this results in the reduction of another's wealth." (Taflinger, 1996) This leads to conflict
within human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite an internet boom in 2006–2007, causing Telstra to receive a substantial amount of profit, the
share price remained well below the internet boom. In 2007, Trujillo's remuneration was $11.8
million and he collected 88.6 per cent of his possible short–term bonuses. Finally, when Sol
departed the company in 2009 the Telstra board gave him a $3 million 'termination payment' which
was not legally required.' Trujillo had been obtaining a large amount of assets, while diminishing the
value of shares owned by Australians, which is a pure act of greed. This has provided a negative
impact on the shares of Telstra. In addition, while Trujillo was attaining massive lump sums of
payments, "regional call centres were closing down and many Australians had lost their jobs.
Meanwhile, it was discovered that many basic phone services were lacking. Hundreds of suburban
towns do not have underground phone lines, with their phone lines hovered across burnt trees and
stock fence lines." (Schwab, 2010) Despite all of these circumstances, Trujillo was still focusing on
his hunger for money and most importantly his "greed."
Another example of a company's corporate collapse which was due to corporate greed was ABC
learning centres, which was founded by Eddy Groves. ABC learning centres was once the world's
largest publicly listed childcare company, and Groves was classified as the richest Australian

The United Fruit Company As A Position For Commit...
The United Fruit Company was founded 1899, after the takeover of the Boston Fruit Company, thus
forming the largest banana company in the world (Landmeier, 1997). Through strategic business
moves, immediately developed a monopoly over the rapidly expanding banana trade in Latin
America. This new company had 112 miles of railroad, 212,394 acres of land, and a capital of
$11,230,00 and proceeded to buy lands in Santo Domingo, Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, and
Cuba, and increase additional acreage in Nicaragua, Jamaica, and Colombia (May and Plaza 1958,
p.7) as well as exporting 16 million bunches of bananas per year. As a result of all these factors,
from wealth to mass ownership of land, it is clear to see how the United Fruit Company were ...
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Primarily, the first issue that arises is the fact that a company that was founded in the United States
dealing with military dictatorships in less advanced politically as well as economically countries
than themselves is undoubtedly a form of exploitation, but also manipulation as citizens of the
United States would not have been aware such a relationship existed between the United Fruit
company and Latin American military dictatorships. In addition to this, Frank Pearce (1976) argues
that corporations with the connivance of the American state act systematically to control the markets
in which they operate. Using the example of the United Fruit Company in Guatemala from 1899 to
1944, we can see this to be accurate as by doing business with dictators, United Fruit grew into 'el
pulpo' (the octopus) with a vast enterprise extending far beyond were it extracted bananas (Dosal
2005, p.3).Linking in with this, it is often the case that whilst exploiting a foreign populace the
corporation is not acting on its own. The state can act as a facilitator for the process of exploitation
and profit over people. For example, the U.S Government bears responsibility for United Fruit's
enterprises as it encouraged the government of Guatemala to adopt policies that would benefit
American enterprise and the United Fruit Company (Dosal 2005, p.3). Corporations and the state
participate in criminality as a direct result of the nature and ethos of capitalism. Despite the

White Collar Crime And Corporate Crime
White–Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers
to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with
"respectable" social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer
crime and expense–account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white–collar crimes but
these non–violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA,
for example recorded white collar crimes amounting $300 billion every year (Cornell University,
2010). White–collar crime is relatively a new idea. It has many aspects that are practical for study
and further interpretation to clear some of its dark areas. White–Collar Crime was once introduced
by Edwin Sutherland in 1939 during his speech in American Sociological Society. The following
crimes actually performed are Bribery, Extortion, Insurance, Fraud, Embezzlement, Cybercrime etc.
People who participate in these criminal activities are highly powerful and respectful among the
society. The following activities include description about White–collar Crime, Investigation of
White Collar Crime and The Consequences of committing a White–collar Crime.
White–collar crime was defined by Edwin Sutherland as a "crime committed by a person of
respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation." Since this term was invented
by Sutherland in 1939 during his speech for American

White Collar Crime, Organ Deviance, Corporate Crime And...
OUTLINE: In society we constantly encounter countless illicit acts and crime organizations. There
is White Collar Crime, Organization Deviance, Corporate Crime and Organized crime. Several
activities overlap one another but all of them eventually lead to an erosion of quality of life in
society as it affects basic rights to peace, order and good government. Organized crime consists of a
group of criminals who tend to participate in illicit activities usually in the purpose of making profit.
There are different groups that fall under this category, such as human trafficking, money
laundering, blackmailing, kidnapping, smuggling and drug trafficking amongst others. Drug
trafficking is known worldwide due to the large amount of people involved, all the violence,
corruption, deaths and victims who suffer the consequences. Numerous laws and regulations have
been created within each country to better protect its citizens. Thankfully this has helped to better
control groups who are involved in this crime, but these systems in many ways has failed as well.
The question is to what extent does law enforcement actually control organized crime? There are
various successful stories and vast accomplishments in history that led to a decrease in drug
trafficking and all other crimes associated with it such as kidnapping, assassinations or simply death
because of drug use. However, some of these laws have actually strengthen some groups as they hire
more professional workforce, and find

Essay on White-Collar Crime Vs. Street Crime
Most everyone goes home after a long day of work and watches the news. Think, what is usually
reported? The weather, local activities, headline news, or daily criminal activity. Shootings,
stabbings, homicides, etc. are all discussed by media anchors these days. This causes most everyone
in our society to become familiar with crimes that are considered street crimes. What most people
don't hear about on the news is what is considered white–collar crime, sometimes known as
corporate crime. White–collar crime not only is less reported in the media but also receives weaker
punishments than street crime. This paper will first discuss the similarities between the two types of
crime and then explain why their punishments are strongly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Organizational crime is criminal actions taken by large groups such as companies, businesses, or
organizations. White–collar criminals are responsible for more deaths per year than all murderers
combined (Barkan, 2012). Overall, white–collar criminals are less easily detected by law
enforcement than street criminals. There are, in fact, similarities between street crime and white–
collar crime. Both commit criminal acts (usually in this case it involves stealing or some type of
fraud) and they both commit these acts of violence when the opportunity presents itself (Barkan,
2012). But it is the differences that make these two types of crime so distinct.
The following case is one of the most famous white–collar crime cases known to date. Enron
Corporation was an American energy company based out of Houston, Texas. Kenneth Lay formed
Enron in 1985 after a huge merger. Over time Enron's Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and other
corporate executives misled auditors and the board of directors in major financial transactions. Thus,
$11 million dollars was lost by shareholders after Enron's stocks dramatically fell in the end of 2001.
Enron was then bankrupt. In this case, many Enron executives were sentenced to prison, a rare
punishment for white–collar crime. As a result of this incident, the Sarbanes– Oxley Act was
enacted. This act ensured that there would be

White-Collar Crime Essay
Today, worldwide, there are several thousands of crimes being committed. Some don't necessarily
require a lethal weapon but are associated with various types of sophisticated fraud, this also known
as a white–collar crime. These crimes involve a few different methods that take place within a
business setting. While ethical business practices add money to the bottom line, unethical practices
are ultimately leading to business failure and impacting the U.S. financially. The forms of bribery
and embezzlement have been around longer than dirt. The earliest white–collar crime, that was
documented, dates back to the 15th century in England. The law was forced upon society in 1473 in
response to embezzlement, or also recognized as the Carrier's ... Show more content on
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It wasn't long until nations across the world recognized this act and instituted laws as well. For
instance, Poland passed anti–money–laundering legislation among others ("The Evolution of White–
Collar Crime"). High–profile white–collar crime has a few complicated financial terms and
violations. The first is insider trading, which is referring to buying or selling a company's stock
while knowing or possessing non–public information. For instance if the employee was to tell a
friend important company information and the friend trades that corporations stock, both will be
indicted. The next is securities fraud, which involves deceit of a company's performance. This
dishonesty manipulates the market, which results in people making bad investments. The third
violation is antitrust, which is also considered as monopoly values. For example, abusing the power
of price fixing, or artificially raising prices beyond competitive market values. The last crime is
bribery; quid pro quo plays a huge role in this specific violation. For instance, where someone gives
a gift or does something to please upper management in exchange for a favorable act ("High–profile
White–Collar Crime"). While the criminal commits these crimes, they seem to forget the ripple
effect that this can cause in a business and society. They think they're cheating the business out of
money and have a worry free future lying right

The Fraud Scandal Of Glaxosmithkline
GSK Analysis This paper covers the information given from the bribery scandal that GSK paid off
the Chinese government and doctors in the country. This analysis will take a look at what happened,
what went wrong and the conclusion for the company looking in the future to do business in China.
The company's response is a key issue in how they came back from such a detrimental hit in a
growing market. There are a number of factors that will be interpreted and discussed for the future
dealings in China and how other businesses must overcome these laws to make sure they are in
compliance with international laws.
Questions Arise The first question to arise would be what kind of laws does China already have in
place and how long have they been in use? Also, one has to consider the way the laws are enforced
if any standard has been set. There are two standard laws that handle this type of incidence in the
country. The first one is the Anti–Unfair Competition Law AUCL (Rogers, 2014). The punishment
that is set forth will be determined by the severity of the crime in all of the circumstances in these
laws.
This law is in direct correlation with anti–corruption and bribery in the country of China. It goes into
detail with Article 8 of the AUCL which forbids any industry or commerce representatives from
"giving bribes in the form of property or other means for the purpose of selling and purchasing
products and services (Rogers, 2014)". Payments or stealthy charges that

Corporate Espionage
"The growing corporate espionage activities due to intense competition lead to highly controlling
security measures and intensive employee monitoring which bring about distrust in the workplace"
Part I .What I already know The reason I chose this topic is due to the fact that a class called human
resources management which by the way is my major, once we discussed the topic of ethics the
professor covered corporate espionage and determined it as a federal crime. Professor Valdivieso felt
very passionately about this topic because his thesis was based on this area. He is a professional who
I admire very much, and I was looking forward to developing a research paper on this topic. Day by
day the news portrays crimes like assault, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She also compares case studies which basically portray the fact that empowering your employees
and having a clear framework of values in the company, makes them feel important and needed and
can contribute as a countermeasure to control corporate espionage.
Some action that can be taken according to the book depends on the threat you're facing and believe
it or not the difference between regular spies and corporate spies is very small so the same so the
means to control it are alike.
There are four countermeasures that are commonly used by industrial spies: technical, operational,
physical and personnel security, these will later on be discussed in depth due to the harm that can be
caused to a company by a lack of security not only financially speaking but also the workplace
environment distrust that can only be corrected by reorganizing employees. This will represent time
and money wasted.
Clearly Dr. Marjorie Chang believe corporate espionage is everywhere today and should be
considered as a potential threat especially in big corporation when the competition rises daily and
technological access is just a click away. The question is how do we draw the line between
excessive monitoring and preventative actions to diminish distrust? In my next source one of my
concerns form part II is met, showing the most vulnerable parts in a company

Black Collar Crimes And White Collar Crime
This paper will begin by explaining what white collar crime in its introduction. The paper will then
explain the distinct types of white collar crimes, after that different case study's will be presented
from the book to give examples of the diverse types of white collar crimes. After that the paper will
talk about the diverse ways to combat white collar crimes while also going over the challenges law
enforcement face when fighting white collar crime. Finally, the author will give his conclusion on
white collar crime.
Understanding White Collar Crime White Collar criminals is not something that the average thinks
about when they think of crime. When people think of criminals they tend to think of drug lords, the
mob, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the FBI's website, they list the crimes in to three major categories. These categories are
Corporate Fraud, Money Laundering, and Securities and Commodities Fraud. Corporate fraud
"consists of activities undertaken by an individual or company that are done in a dishonest or illegal
manner, and are designed to give an advantage to the perpetrating individual or company. Corporate
fraud schemes go beyond the scope of an employee 's stated position, and are marked by their
complexity and economic impact on the business, other employees and outside parties."
(investopedia.com) This include Falsification of financial information, and Self–dealing by
corporate insiders. These give an unfair advantage to the individual or corporation to achieve their
financial gain. The FBI defins money laundering as "the process by which criminals conceal or
disguise their proceeds and Stock image of a glass globe atop a trail of money. make them appear to
have come from legitimate sources." (fbi.gov) Securities and Commodities Fraud is the broadest of
the three main types of white collar crime because it encompasses the majority of white collar
crime. An example of the is Ponzi schemes, these "involve the payment of purported returns to
existing investors from funds contributed by new investors". Pyramid schemes are companies that
give payment to people who recruit others into the business but as time passes it becomes harder to
recruit new

The Fraud Scandal Of Glaxosmithkline
GSK Analysis This paper covers the information given from the bribery scandal that GSK paid off
the Chinese government and doctors in the country. This analysis will take a look at what happened,
what went wrong and the conclusion for the company looking in the future to do business in China.
The company's response is a key issue in how they came back from such a detrimental hit in a
growing market. There are a number of factors that will be interpreted and discussed for the future
dealings in China.
Questions Arise The first question to arise would be what kind of laws does China already have in
place? Also, one has to consider the way the laws are enforced if any standard has been set. There
are two standard laws that handle this type of incidence in the country. The first one is the Anti–
Unfair competition law AUCL (Rogers, 2014). The punishment that is set forth will be determined
by the severity of the crime.
This law is in direct correlation with anti–corruption and bribery in the country of China. It goes into
detail with Article 8 of the AUCL which forbids any industry or commerce representatives from
"giving bribes in the form of property or other means for the purpose of selling and purchasing
products and services (Rogers, 2014)". Payments or stealthy charges that are improperly
acknowledged in the recordkeeping or ledgers are also prohibited. In the case of GlaxoSmithKline,
they even tried to bribe the officials that are the ones who enforce this

The Ethics Of Business Ethics
When deciding what to do in certain situations, ethics is what guides an individual to act in a way
that is good, or right. Those involved in business settings apply ethics to business situations, known
as business ethics. It is expected of businesses, small and large, to follow business ethics. There is a
particular framework businesses are to follow. However, the reoccurring news headlines of poor
business ethics prove differently. Poor business ethics include bribery, corporate accounting
scandals, and environmental issues. Business ethics does not provide a list of correct ethical
business decisions; rather, it reflects a standard of business to improve decisions. Often times
unethical situations will result from choosing the first option without further review or the option
that enhances a business in the short run (Kubasek et al. 20). In order to avoid costly, unethical
decisions, businesses strive to follow guidelines called the WPH process of ethical decisions
making. This is a set of criteria that managerial decisions must meet: decisions affect stakeholder,
decisions are made for a particular purpose, and decisions must provide achievable guidelines about
how to make ethical decisions (Kubasek et al. 22). Who the decision affects, the purpose of the
decisions, and how to make ethical decisions are the guidelines for maintaining an ethical business
environment. Businesses have full intentions to follow these guidelines for maintaining an ethical

How Does the Criminal Justice System Respond to White...
HOW DOES THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE
SYSTEM RESPOND TO WHITE COLLAR
AND CORPORATE CRIME?
White–collar crime poses a vexing problem for the criminal justice system (CJS). It is an
enormously complex global issue that is growing rapidly and is a cross–border problem.
White–collar crime is viewed differently in contrast to conventional crime as generally the public
associate crime with street crimes such as robbery, burglary or homicide. Affluent and privileged
persons who enjoy an elevated social status and who engage in crimes are rarely considered by the
public.
This paper discusses various ways in which the CJS addresses white–collar crime. Firstly, the
definition, types and characteristics of white–collar crime will be examined. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Victims can be an individual, a group of individuals, (such as customers of a bank), or an
organization and any of them may experience astronomical financial losses (Hayes & Prenzler,
2009). Some of the most notorious examples of the harmful effect of white–collar crime is the
collapse of the US company Enron, with losses of over USD$50 billion (Friedrichs, 2004) and in
Australia, the collapse of insurer HIH Insurance with losses of over A$4 billion (HIH Royal
Commission, 2003. cited in Hayes & Prenzler, 2009). Research indicates that crimes of this
magnitude play a vital role in causing or contributing
to a range of psychological disorders, including suicide, among its victims. However, it appears that
the Australian justice system concerns itself primarily with the financial losses experienced by
white–collar crime victims (ABS, 2006).
The public may not perceive white–collar crimes as criminal due to the 'respectability' or the status
of the perpetrators. To establish whether a crime has been committed can be a costly affair as the
crime may be very well hidden or involve convoluted paper–trails. The amount of time and persons
involved in this discovery makes the task onerous. Consequently, it is difficult to measure or
prosecute white–collar crime because it is expensive and is a long drawn out process.
Thirdly, the power and responsibilities of the CJS are divided into three arms that operate
autonomously from each other to

Similarities Between White Collar And Corporate Crimes
White–collar and corporate crimes happen when individuals and businesses commit fraudulent acts
within a legitimate corporation or occupation. White–collar crimes and corporate crimes are similar
in nature because employees and their management within the corporate entity commit these crimes.
However, white collar crime is committed by an individual who seeks opportunities for personal
gain; whereas, corporate crimes are affiliated with the company as a whole who benefits from the
criminal activity. According to Alder, Laufer, and Mueller (2013), people are becoming more
dependent on dealing with agents of large structures who they do not have a direct relationship with
as individuals may have had in the in the past. As corporate America ... Show more content on
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The motivation and the harm done are important considering these acts can be accidental or with
malice intent and negligence. Take, for example, Exxon was fined $5 billion dollars, and the captain
of the ship was fined $50,000 and community service when an oil tanker ran into a reef near Alaska,
determined to be human error (APUS CLE, 2016). While I understand the fine is necessary to clean
up the environmental impact from the spill and to promote safety guidelines, this was an accident
and not with malice intent on the part of the captain. According to our reading, corporations use
policies and procedures to prevent white–collar crimes within the organizations (Alder, Laufer, &
Mueller, 2013). However, on a corporate level, the government has put laws and regulations in place
to protect the public against the abuses of companies with reduced penalties for those who practice
ethical corporate compliance programs. Also, the FBI has worked with oversight committees to
prevent corporate crimes, in addition, to organizations and private industries to create public
awareness (Alder, Laufer, & Mueller, 2013,

Corporate or State Crime: The Hillborouh Disaster Essay...
Corporate crime (state crimes) are invisible, they are either not persecuted or not seen as crime, this
is because the state have the power to criminalize or decriminalize acts . The Hillsborough disaster
is one of the most serious crimes in the UK which was not seen as a crime but rather labelled as an
accidental death. This essay will present the facts and highlight the various legal issues with regards
to the Hillsborough disaster that took place on 15 April 1989. It will first of all state the facts of the
event, engaging the international human rights provision, domestic legislation and will further
analyse the access to justice doctrine as regards to the Hillsborough case.
In April 1989, ninety–six persons including men, women and ... Show more content on
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However, the Hillsborough disaster occurred before the formation of the Human Rights Act 1998
and there is no definitive law that states if the UK must obliged with the laws of the convention .
Nonetheless there are some legal routes concerning these issues which are laid out in cases or
statutes. The very first of such case is that of Silih v Slovenia . In Silih v Slovenia it was stated that
death which occurred before the critical date is not open–ended and can fall within the court's
temporal jurisdiction. There must also be a genuine relationship between the death and the entry of
the convention in delight of the accused for the proceeding imposed by Article 2 to become
effective. In addition, it was also stated that institution of procedural obligations determining the
cause of death and holding those responsibility to account ought to have been carried out after the
critical date .
Moving further, the case of Mckerr v United Kingdom dispute that before an investigation can be
carried out with regards to article 2 (as incorporated in domestic law by s.6 of HRA), the death in
question had to have occurred after the HRA comes into force. Lord Nichollos in is address states
that for one to be obliged to use article 2, one as to inquire that the death must have resulted due to a
violent death, and for it to be enforceable in section 6 of HRA , it must be stated in it. Lord Brown
also held that because the procedure to examine was connected to death, it

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act and how it has affected America The time frame is early 2002, and the
news breaks worldwide. The collapse of corporate giants in America amidst fraud and stock
manipulations surfaces. Enron, WorldCom, HealthSouth and later Adelphia are all suspected of the
highest level of fraud, accounting manipulation, and unethical behavior. This is a dark time in
history of Corporate America. The FBI and the CIA are doing investigations on all of these
companies as it relates to unethical account practices, and fraud emerges. Investigations found that
Enron, arguably the most well–known, had long shredding sessions of important documents and
gross manipulation of stocks and bonds. This company alone caused one of the biggest economic ...
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The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an agency created by the federal government to
protect the investors and regulate the securities markets, as well as monitoring the corporate
takeovers in the United States (Jones, 112). The SEC oversees security transactions, mutual fund
trading, and activities of financial professionals to international deception and prevents fraud. With
certain exceptions, the Commission has the authority to regulate trading and issuance of law
securities that are offered to the public, it also requires the issuers to provide the investors with
sufficient information in order to make informed

White-Collar Crime Definition
According to Langton & Piquero (2007), there has been much debate on the definition of white–
collar crime and also the types of crime that should be labeled "white–collar." Although some
scholars have argued that crime should be committed by someone in high power, others have also
argued that crime must be committed by the person during the course of that person's occupation.
Most recently, "white–collar crime" has been defined as any financial offenses committed through
the use of some combinations of fraud, dishonesty, or conspiracy. According to Sutherland (1940),
white–collar criminality is expressed in all corporations. In business, it is more frequent in the form
of manipulation such as stock exchange, misrepresentation in financial ... Show more content on
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A preliminary investigation of the relationship between strain and select white–collar offenses, "data
was collected from the "Nature and Sanctioning of White Collar Crimes" studies. The subjects of the
study were convicted white–collar offenders. There were 30 individuals in the study who were
convicted of crimes such as bribery, bank embezzlement, mail and wire fraud, tax fraud, false claims
and statements, credit and lending institutional fraud, postal theft, and postal forgery. The
researchers looked at the independent variables; strain and motivation and dependent variable:
offense type. The strain variable, the researchers looked at the "number of legal marriages and the
description of the defendant' neighborhood." In the motivation variable, researchers wanted to know
what motivated these criminal to commit such offense. In conclusion, they found that strain was
positively correlated with financial motivation for committing offense. Thus a person undergoing a
lot of strain was more susceptible in reporting financial reasons to commit white–collar crime and
also reported individuals with higher levels of strains were more likely to engage corporate crime

Crime And The Crime Rates
Many say that a person is a product of their environment and studies show that it is true. When
living in poverty, one steals to have what they physically want. Many factors contribute to those
living in poverty, such as unemployment, low or no education, race, and age median. Poverty and
crime are most related to those who reside in the slums, ghettos and hoods. Various crimes
committed in poverty areas may be organized crimes. The main focus of these organized crimes is
drugs and drug trafficking. A lot of areas remain in poverty because businesses do not want to build
in the area because of the crime rates. Children who are raised around violence and crime tend to
commit more crimes than those who do not see it growing up. Race is an issue when it comes to the
punishment and sentencing of the crime(s). When working in corporate, one embezzles and steals to
get the money that they want, but yet you do not hear too much about the white collar crimes.
Another crime that is also committed, but is rarely talked about is corporate crimes committed on us.
The media plays a big part in what we hear about because the human is fascinated by murder and
crime so that is what is shown.
Literature Review
Many authors show that there are many similar factors that constitute to the high crime rates.
Multiple articles demonstrate how living in poverty mixed with low or no education, and being
unemployed, but fails to mention the greed and those factors in the white collar and corporate

Corporate Crime Wave
The Global Economy's Corporate Crime Wave discusses world corporate crime and how the
influence of money corrupts politics and the economic markets. The power of corporations on our
culture is interesting and the depth of corruption, is in moments implausible. Jeffery D. Sachs is a
professor and a writer. Sachs writes articles for Project Syndicate, a world's opinion website and has
written books that include: The End of Poverty, Common Wealth and The Age of Sustainable
Development. Sachs background provides him with the knowledge and capability to write an
educated article on the possibility of the corporate crime wave. The purpose of this article is to
educate American Citizen's on corporation's power and influence on the government. Our figures in
power and leaders in America are aware of corruption in corporations, yet they sweep it under the
rug, fire someone to appease the people without divulging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After all corporations are considered persons. One of the examples Sachs references in the article is
regarding our former Vice President (VP) Dick Cheney; prior to his role as V.P. he was Chief
Executive Officer (CEO) of Halliburton. During Cheney's employment with Halliburton they were
engaged in bribery efforts with Nigerian officials, with hopes of gaining access to Africa's oil fields.
The Nigerian government charged Halliburton with bribery and the case was settled for thirty–five
million dollars, with no repercussions to Cheney and little to no awareness in the United States
media. This was a drop in the bucket. Sachs is educating citizens that there is a wildfire spreading
and most if not all corporate crime flies under the radar of most Americans. "Corporate corruption is
out of control for two main reasons. First, big companies are now multinational, while governments
remain national.

The Stock Market : A Competitive Advantage For Corporate...
Nestlé S.A is a globalized packaged–goods producer formed in 1866, during a time when
international trade began to flourish. With a portfolio of more than 200 brands such as Gerber,
Nesquik, Nestea, Poland Spring, Purina and Stouffers, Nestlé has been in business for 150 years and
operates in 189 countries (Bollinger, 2017). Today Nestlés products include milk, chocolate,
confectionery, bottled water, coffee, creamer, food seasoning and pet food (bloomberg, 2017). Today
Nestlé is one of the most hated companies in the world, whether it be for corporate crimes or general
lack of human appreciation, protest and boycotts tend to follow this company. Although this may be
the case, Nestlés stock still manages to maintain a strong dividend, a ... Show more content on
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In most places where Nestlé gathers water is affected greatly, specifically by the production of
mineral water. This abuse of vulnerable water resources is a long term environmental issue.
According to the Corporate Watch, in 2001, residents of the Serra da Mantiqueira region of Brazil
began to investigate the changes in the water and dry out of one of the springs. They discovered that
Nestlé was pumping large amounts of water from a well 150 meters deep. This water was then
demineralized and became table water for "Pure Life." Water needs hundreds of years inside the
earth to have all the minerals necessary, overpumping decreases mineral content. The "Citizens for
Water" movement turned Nestlé into the authorities of Brazil, due to demineralizing being illegal.
Although Nestlé lost, pumping is still continuing to take place as the appeal process is taking place.
Nestlé's marketing and false advertising in baby food has caused another corporate crime. According
to the World Health Organization, "an estimated 1.5 million infants die each year because of
inappropriate feeding, because children vulnerable to disease are being bottle–fed on breastmilk
substitutes rather than breastfed whenever possible." Nestlé has been a large contributor in

Essay on Corporate Crime
Between April 20th 2010 and July 15th 2010, BP's drilling rig explosion in the Gulf of Mexico was
the biggest oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. Eleven people died. # of days later and $
in fines, BP stopped the spilling of oil into the ocean. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (USFWS) reported on September 17th, "in terms of land animals, at least 3000 have died,
tens of thousands of others have been affected [including] millions of sea organisms [although] there
is no accurate count". Conversely, it is unlikely that other than those that have been directly affected
can recall the amphetamine weight loss drug scandals between the 1960's to 1990. For that matter,
likely few are motivated enough to look up the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corporate crime is not taken seriously and the regulatory agencies appear powerless as the penalties
available to them are ineffective in sufficiently punishing criminal acts and preventing future crimes.
As investigations and methods of law enforcement are incredibly time consuming and costly, the
current most effective punishments of committing a corporate crime are the use of; recalls, unilateral
orders, consent agreements, decrees, injunctions and monetary penalties are most used. The use of
deferred and non–prosecution agreements are currently by far the most popular option for
corporations. In the Encyclopaedia of White–Collar Crime, co–authors Jurg Gerber and Eric. L
Jensen define corporate crime as "violations of federal or state laws that are committed by
employees on behalf of the company rather than simply for their own gain." The definition and
classification of what falls under a corporate crime is highly problematic in that corporations can
afford defence lawyers that can find loopholes in the legislation in order to avoid charges. Even
more perplexing, is that "corporations define the laws under which they live" according to Russell
Mokhiber report's Top 100 Corporate Criminals of the Decade (1996) published in the Corporate
Crime Reporter. Mokhiber introduces the example that "the automobile industry... has worked its
will on Congress to block legislation that would impose criminal sanctions on knowing and wilful

Should Corporations Be Allowed On The Government?
Alon Schwarz
Mrs. Lui–Grossman
English 11– Period 2
26 January 2015
Should Corporations Be Allowed to Influence the Government? Democracy (n) – "a system of
government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected
representatives" (Merriam–Webster, 228). This is the textbook definition of the type of government
Americans are led to believe that they have. There is much evidence, however, that states otherwise.
To argue that the United States is a pure democracy would be totally irrational due to the ever
increasing proof that contradicts the very definition of democracy of which this country is built on.
The largest factor affecting the deterioration of democracy is corruption of government officials, and
said corruption is perpetrated on the most part by corporations. Corporations have far too much
influence on the direction of campaigns, perhaps more than that of the people. Once they put a
candidate in office, they can gently push the passage of laws that benefit them through the
legislative system. This can be viewed through many angles, such as campaign funding, donations,
or just outright bribery. This brings up another question: Should such acts be tolerated? If white–
collar crimes committed by individuals are heavily persecuted, shouldn't like crimes committed by
large corporations be persecuted in the same way, if not in a more astute fashion? The answer to
both of these questions boils down to the same fact– Corporate

White collar and corporate crime
Why does white collar and corporate crime tend to go undetected,
Or if detected not prosecuted
White collar and corporate crimes are crimes that many people do not associate with criminal
activity. Yet the cost to the country due to corporate and white collar crime far exceeds that of
"street" crime and benefit fraud. White collar and corporate crimes refer to crimes that take place
within a business or institution and include everything from Tax fraud to health and safety breaches.
Corporate crime is extremely difficult to detect for many reasons. One major reason is that many
people do not realise a crime is being committed as corporate crime is often seen as a victimless
crime. At face value this may seem to be the case but if you ... Show more content on
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Many newspaper editors would chose to run a story about a violent assault or brutal murder over a
story involving a corporate crime. This is a major factor contributing to the publics ignorance or
corporate crime.
Even if corporate crime is detected it can be very difficult to prosecute and when prosecuted is often
only very lightly punished. Many cases of corporate crime are punished with fines of only a few
million pounds which is often far less than the cost of recalling a certain product or abiding by the
correct health and safety or environmental regulations.
Many large businesses can afford the very best legal aid available and it can be very difficult for an
individual to take on a large corporation. Not only can a corporation afford the best legal aid they
can also afford to carry out their own research in an attempt to prove their case. A good example of
this was when Ford submitted false evidence in court about the amount of pressure needed to
activate the hand break on their cars when it was found that the Ford cruise control system was
faulty. This led to Ford winning their case.
The general public is not aware of the cost of corporate crime, and there are thousands of cases that
go undetected. Of the crimes that do go detected only a few are prosecuted and an extremely high
percentage of those cases are punished very leniently. The vast majority of prosecutors do not have
the

Disadvantages Of Corporate Ethics
Corporate Ethics: Principles and values that govern the decisions and actions of the business are
called corporate or business ethics. These may be written or unwritten. The basic meaning of ethics
is deciding between what is wrong or right (good or bad) and doing what is morally correct. It
govers the behavior of each individual and the organization as a whole. Most employees behave
ethically just to avoid penalty or to get some rewards, but there are only a few who do what is right
without their selfish motive. Everyone should have this kind of feeling and sensitivity towards
others. If this behaviour can be developed within all the employees then the company's reputation
will be enhanced. Ethical behaviour in an organization should be promoted as there are various
advantages of it, some of which are given below: Goodwill: When a company works ethical it
automotically attracts public attention. Nowadays customers are very particular of buying products
of companies which care for the environment, do not breach their trust by selling spurious or
contaminated products. A business which works ethically and do not indulge in unfair trade
practices, make a place for themselves in the market. Shareholders: Investors nowadays invest in
companies which are ethically right, i.e., they present their true balance sheets, care for the
environment, care for the society etc. So, to attract investors and retain them the business must do
what is ethically right. Stakeholders: There are

America Vs. Corporations : Corporate Crime
Sarah Maynard
Dr. Osborn
English 191
4 March 2016
America vs. Corporations Committing a corporate crime seems tempting at times, and the culprits
usually feel as if their crime is justified. They justify their choice to steal from the company by
assuming that the only person who would be affected is the CEO, or somebody that would not
notice a dent in their hefty salary. However, it is naive to think of these types of crimes in a way that
doesn't adequately explain the ripple affect each crime has on society. The main goal of this proposal
is to explain how corporate crimes affect not only those directly related to the company, but also
how it affects families, friends, other companies, schools, and many others. In short, this research
will lead into thinking about how corporate crimes affect people on a personal level, but also how to
stop the crimes from happening in the first place. This study is important to note because many
people who have never been directly affected by these crimes may not see how it ties into their own
lives. It is a practical research study that will aid in educating the general public on these white
collar crimes, which will in turn, lower the rate at which these crimes occur. Corporate crime is
defined as a crime committed by a cooperation or by an individual person who is acting on behalf on
an organization. There are many type of these crimes such as fraud, bribery, insider trading, tax
evasion and one of the most popular forms,

Week 2 Essay
Business Research Ethics William Holloway
January 8, 2014
Rosa Osuoha, Ph.D
Business Research Ethics
Consumers in today's society are careful about how and when to invest his or her money in today's
ever changing economy. Organizations around the world are penalized for failing to follow the new
laws or sanctioned by the security exchange commission. The precautions are put in place to help
protect the organizations shareholders and investors. One of the largest known corporation's entities
years ago was known as Enron. The downfall of Enron occurred because the organization failed to
train his or her business executive's how to investigate company information and operations. If
Enron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Security Exchange Commission found that The Enron corporations CEO's and executives
hindered the company's research methods by using information to reveal how the top leaders of the
organization assisted and supported the unethical behaviors in the accounting and finance
departments. These acts deteriorated the integrity of excellence professionals, associates, and
employees who were associated with the Enron Corporation. On behalf of the entire organization,
the Enron Corporation's poor business practices gross standards that pertain to unethical behavior.
The unethical acts concluded into a large display of unethical business behaviors that in returned
injured the financial lives of many people. Corporate shareholders, investors, business suppliers,
banks, and his or her family members lives were changed either directly or indirectly because of the
a lack of inaccurate business ethics. Publicly traded accounting firms were also parties indirectly
affected by the company's unethical business research ethnics. These parties main focus were to
maintain an outline of ethical research and the proper conduct behaviors. By not performing his or
her responsibilities properly they, are compelled to abide by the strict regulatory standards set by the
Security Exchange Commission. The main reason for the Enron Corporation collapsing was because
unethical

Elite Deviance And Elite Deviance
Elite deviance has been a criminality that has been largely ignored by mainstream criminology and
the media, even though the harm it has cost is much more than any other type of criminality
(Mokhiber, 2007). Hence, the purpose of this essay is to focus on these elite players, or more
precisely, corporations that have been engaged in corporate deviance causing severe harm such as
Imperial Metals, and to demonstrate how the history of a corporation can relate to elite deviance. In
order to accomplish the task at hand, I shall; firstly, define white–collar crime, secondly, describe
corporate deviance. Thirdly, I will provide an explanation as to why corporate deviance goes
unpunished, fourthly, discuss state–corporate crime, fifthly, depict an overview of Imperial Metals,
and lastly, demonstrate how the history of a corporation relates to elite deviance. In the end, it will
be clear that the history of a corporation is a major factor in revealing how corporate deviancy
comes to fruition.
To begin with, white–collar crime was first termed by Edwin Sutherland, whom "defined it as '...a
crime committed by person of respectability and high social status in the course of his [or her]
occupation'" (1942:2 in Shichor, 1989, pg. 67). Furthermore, as one can tell, the definition that
Sutherland has presented is quite broad as it includes anything from "embezzlement to bribery"
(Shichor, 1989, pg. 67). Likewise, Sutherland's definition is somewhat problematic as well since,
according to

Corporate Crime Is A Victimless Crime
Corporate Crime The question before our society is not whether corporate crime is a victimless
crime, rather the question is what should be done about it? Corporate crime doesn't just do harm to
the investors that can be unknowingly damaged by these crimes, it has a much more insidious nature
to it as it has done harm on global scales. Corporate crime is almost a misnomer because many of
these criminal wrongdoings are for the most part legal, when not taken to their ultimate conclusion.
Society within the United States has been taught that the man in the brief case, yelling at other men
in dark coats on the flow of the stock exchange are the smartest guys in the room. This paper will
attack that idea on many levels, the first salvo will be

Similarities Between Organized Crime And Corporate Crime
This research paper will discuss the differences and similarities of organized crime and corporate
crime. Both organized crime and corporate crime are present in the United States. Corporate crime
involves a corporation taking advantage of the general public. However, organized crime involves a
group of criminals coming together and forming a structurally organized group who takes
advantages of individuals, organizations and the government (Vadera, 2013). In many instances,
corporate criminals have government agencies in their back pockets so the government do not go
after of the companies who are involved in corporate crime. (Mokhiber, 2007). Both corporate crime
and organized have different scopes, however there effects are similar. Both of these ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A lot more people are killed, more cash is stolen, more violence is involved in corporate crime then
normal crimes. The cost that comes from the gain of corporate crime is usually in the billions. Most
people think that corporate crime is not violent. However corporate crime are very violent.
Corporate crime are violent indirectly. In most violent crime the violence e occurs directly, for
example a person shut a person in the head. However, if a person take a medication made by a
specific company that makes the person kill people, the act of violence has still occurred. The
medication creator would have been a participant of cooperate crime because they would have
provided an individual with a substance that caused someone else violent death that was supposed to
be safe. The medication supposed to be tested by people with in that company for negative Sid
effect before it was pass produced to general public. Even though, the cooperation itself did not have
its employees to violently kill people but violence occurred through their product. Hundreds of
thousands of people every year die horrible deaths from the effects of corporate

Role of Criminology in Determining the Emerging Patterns...
How Criminology has sought to explain Corporate Crime?
Abstract
Throughout the past years, there has been a growing propensity in criminology to explain emerging
patterns of corporate crime within the United States by referring solely to different things like
dysfunctional families or dysfunctional persons. Other criminologists have really interrogated these
latter methods as separating individuals and crime from the social organizations that cover them.
This paper will discuss how criminology has pursued to explain exactly what corporate crime has
become. How Criminology has sought to explain Corporate Crime?
Introduction
In criminology, corporate crime denotes to crimes that are done either by a corporation (a business
unit having a separate legal character from the natural persons that achieve its actions), or by
individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity. White Collar crime is a quickly
arising topic in the field of criminal justice. Recently, it has just been dubbed very popular with
cases that are high–profile like the companies of Enron and Martha Stewart. In the book,
Controversies in White Collar Crime by Gary W. Potter, author of the book thinking about Crime
Professor James Q. Wilson, "discharges the significance of white collar crime". He makes the point
that four different views of why white collar crime is not considered "real" corruption or should be
taken as life–threatening as the so called conventional crime that goes on

Walmart : An Dominant End Multinational Corporation
Multination corporations are the business whose primary goal is to maximize profit within a
competitive environment (Preston). Virtually all of the activities of a multinational corporation can
be explained as more or less logical attempts to achieve this dominant end. In process of achieving
this dominant end Multinational Corporation put a side their moral and ethical standards. For
example, Walmart is a multination corporation they have more than 11,098 retail units in 27
countries (Walmart Corporation). But when Walmart was expending to Mexico, their primary focus
was to maximize profit and beat its competition (Barstow). Their Walmart de Mexico was the most
profitable unite for Walmart Corporation. But when they were planning to set up Walmart in
Mexico, to get the permits they bribed mayors and city council members, obscure urban planners,
and bureaucrats who issued permits – basically anyone with the power to thwart Walmart's growth.
Walmart's statement of ethics says, "We do not tolerate, permit, or engage in bribery, corruption, or
ethical practice of any kind (Walmart Corporation)." In their relentless pursuit of growth, some of
Walmart's chief executives, publicized commitment to the highest moral and ethical standards
(Barstow).
Walmart's bribery allegations were made by a former executive at Walmart de Mexico named Sergio
Cicero Zapata. Cicero was following order of Eduardo Castro–Wright (Barstow). Cicero kept all the
information about the bribery payments ($

White Collar Crime
White Collar Crime
White collar crime is prevalent and brought to our attention more and more by the media since the
mid to late 1990s. With the downfall of companies such as Enron, Tyco Toys and WorldCom MCI
white collar criminals are facing lengthy prison sentences. Greed and personal vendettas are what
have led our country to understand and gain more knowledge about these corporations and the
corrupt CEOs that have brought them to their demise.
"White collar crime is defined as various crimes, as embezzlement, fraud, or stealing office
equipment, committed by business or professional people while working. Generally the person
accused of a white collar crime is someone of high prestige. White–collar crime is a broad term that
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rigas. (Cho)
Most notably was the Tyco International scandal which happened in 2002, during which the SEC
filed fraud charges against the CEO of Tyco, Dennis Kozslowski.
Andrew Fastow, former chief financial officer and Jeffery Skilling former chief executive officer of
Enron both received lengthy sentences. Andrew Fastow worked as chief financial officer from 1998
through 2001 and was indicted on 98 charges of conspiracy, fraud, money laundering and other
counts. Fastow plead guilty in 2004 to two conspiracy counts and cooperated fully with prosecutors.
Fastow is currently serving six years in prison and will serve two years of full–time community
service once released. Jeffery Skilling, worked as chief executive officer in 2001, was convicted of
18 counts of fraud and conspiracy and one count of insider trading. Skilling is serving twenty–four
years in federal prison. (Fraud)
Bernie Ebbers, former chief executive officer of WorldCom/MCI, was convicted on nine counts of
fraud, relating to the accounting functions of the company. Ebbers is currently serving twenty–five
years in federal prison.
John Rigas chief executive officer and founder of Adelphia Communications and his son Timothy J.
Rigas, served as the chief financial officer. John Rigas was convicted in 2004 of looting hundreds of
millions of dollars

Implementing An International Code Of Ethics Essay
Implementing an International Code of Ethics could bring about positive change in the business
world by providing a common set of principles and rules that would be followed by all those
involved. This might ease some business tensions and would hopefully reduce confusion or offense
that may come from business without. Both companies and employees are more comfortable when
there is a uniform code to follow (Jennings, 2015, pg. 389) and it can help unify an organization
under one set of ethical conduct. Having an International Code of Ethics would provide little chance
of offending someone from another business in another country and would everyone on the same
page to ensure smooth business operations by not allowing some companies to get an upper hand by
doing something that a majority of the world considers unethical.
However, many countries have varying customs and varying definitions of what is ethical depending
on their culture, so it would likely be very difficult to come up with a code that met the needs of all
business worldwide and some of the codes may not be appealing to all companies, depending on
their location. Some countries may not operate in a similar way and the code of ethics may prohibit
taking an action that in the country's eyes would be normal and they may find the behavior rude.
This attempt at forming an International Code of Ethics that suits all countries may actually end up
causing a lot of arguing which could lead to companies refusing to do

An Explanation Of Corporate Crime
An Explanation of Corporate Crime
This analytical source review will analyse and detail the views and opinions of four different sources
including: The sociology of corporate crime: an obituary, Corporate Crime, Corporate Crime at the
tip of the iceberg and White Collar and Corporate Crime.
The topic this review will be primarily concerned with is corporate crime, the topic will be
examined and the notion of ignorance towards the subject will be addressed. However in order to
research and provide a review on the subject in hand a brief definition of corporate crime is
required. White collar crime and corporate crime are referred to as the same subject however, Gary
and Slapper argue that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author is Laureen Snider from Queen' University in Canada. This source makes three main
arguments; firstly that the brand of state regulation known as corporate crime has disappeared,
secondly it has been argued into obsolescence through specialised knowledge claims advanced
through particular discourses by powerful elites, an thirdly that the acceptance of these knowledge
claims cannot be understood without examining the relationship to the corporate counter–revolution
that has legitimised practically every acquisitive, profit generating act of the corporate sector. The
article argues that criminal law does not work in areas that concern crimes of the powerful; for
example marketing unsafe products, maintaining unsafe workplaces, defrauding workers, dumping
waste and misrepresenting or not disclosing the risks of products.
Source Two
Citizen Works is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax–exempt organization founded by Ralph Nader in April
2001 set up to advance justice by strengthening citizen participation in power. The organization
claims to "give people the tools and opportunities to build democracy". The article from Citizen

The Nature And Organization Of Corporate Environmental Crime

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