Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System

Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System
A. Introduction CE 1.1.1 I joined Grameenphone Ltd. on 25th October 2007 in the Position,
"System Engineer" in Regional Operation & Maintenance Unit under Operations Department of
Technology Division. As a field engineer, I had to move Rangpur, a major city in Bangladesh where
my main objective was to do Preventive Maintenance and Operation of BTS Power System. I
worked there till 30th June 2011. CE 1.1.2 Grameenphone Ltd. is countrywide GSM Network
operator in Bangladesh. Started in 1997, they have the succeeded to have highest number of market
and revenue share. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor (55.8%), the largest
telecommunications service provider in Norway with mobile phone operations in 12 other countries,
and Grameen Telecom Corporation (34.2%), a non–profit organization of Bangladesh. The other
10% shares belong to general retail and institutional investors. B. Background Knowledge base CE
1.2.1 From my child hood my surrounding makes me interested on different kind of tools, uses of
electricity and their basic theorem, different mechanical combination. From my high school, I have
an enthusiasm for science and mathematics. I used to read different science magazine, from which I
always tried to acquire as much knowledge as possible. After finishing my college education with
good result I set my aim to be an engineer and admitted in to Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(EEE) in Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Bangladesh
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Research Paper On Home Battery
Home Backup Generators Vs. Home Battery What are the most common reasons why homeowners
invest in home backup generators? Heating and air conditioning are top concerns, along with
running water and hot water. All of these items are high–load appliances and require a high capacity
to start. These actions consume significant power and could quickly drain a battery. There a number
of ways homeowners can prepare for a power outage. How would any product help me live "off
grid"?––. Homeowners who wish to operate the appliances and features of their home without being
connected to their community's standard power grid explore a number of options to provide constant
energy to their home. Often these options still require a fuel source. In the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How much power output can a generator produce? The most popular Generac generator model
produces 22kW, which is commonly installed to power the entire home, including all the most
common appliances in a home, such as high–load central air conditioners, electric heaters, kitchen
appliances, etc . Currently, the whole–house battery is a fledgling product with no full–scale
distribution network or availability. Home backup generators by Generac, however, are supported by
more than 5,200 certified dealers and an expansive network of trained installers. All back–up
systems are different and their effectiveness depends on how much power your home requires.
According to a recent article in Wired, a 7kWh battery system would power an average home for 5.6
hours, assuming it is fully charged when the power outage occurs. The practical runtime of the
battery system was estimated at 3 hours. The prime difference is that a battery is meant to store
power and a generator creates power. In a power outage, a generator can continuously produce
power; a battery can only distribute what has been

Disadvantages Of Synchronous Transverter
Another advantage of the synchronous converter is that it is bi–directional, which lends itself to
applications requiring regenerative braking. When power is transferred in the "reverse" direction, it
acts much like a boost converter.
The upsides of the synchronous buck converter don't come without cost. To start with, the lower
switch normally costs more than the freewheeling diode. Second, the multifaceted nature of the
converter is unfathomably expanded because of the requirement for a reciprocal yield switch driver.
Such a driver must keep both changes from being turned on in the meantime, a blame known as
"shootthrough". The most straightforward procedure for dodging shootthrough is a period delay
between the kill of S1 to the turn–on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9: Schematic of a generic synchronous n–phase buck converter. Fig. 10: Closeup picture of a
multiphase CPU power supply for an AMD Socket 939 processor. The three periods of this supply
can be perceived by the three dark toroidal inductors in the closer view. The littler inductor
underneath the warmth sink is a piece of an info channel.
The multiphase buck converter is a circuit topology where fundamental buck converter circuits are
put in parallel between the information and load. Each of the n "phases" is turned on at equally
spaced intervals over the switching period. This circuit is typically used with the synchronous buck
topology, described above.
This kind of converter can react to load changes as fast as though it exchanged n times speedier,
without the expansion in exchanging misfortunes that would bring about. Subsequently, it can react
to quickly evolving burdens, for example, present day chip.
There is additionally a noteworthy diminishing in exchanging swell. Not exclusively is there the
reduction due to the expanded viable frequency,[4] but any time that n times the duty cycle is an
integer, the changing swell goes to 0; the rate at which the inductor current is expanding in the
stages which are exchanged on precisely coordinates the rate at which it is diminishing in the stages
which are turned

Case Study Of Schneider Electric
Schneider Electric India Pvt. Ltd is a 100% subsidiary of Schneider Electric industries, a globally
known company whose energy efficient solutions are benefitting major population of the world and
also (( is a global specialist in energy management. )) The company's dynamic performance has
already set a standard in the global market and in India its plan to meet the energy standards as well
as corporate social responsibility is ambitious. Schneider has been in India for more than 50 years
and since inception its focus on sustainability and CSR has been aligned to its business process. In
India the company stepped into its first project with a joint venture between Merlin and Gerin with
Tata sons and Voltas in 1963 and in 1995 it became a 100% ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of this policy is to ensure total satisfaction for all of our customers, shareholders and
employees through the continuous development and improvement of products, services and the
skills of our employees. Our policy of dynamic quality is built on seven principals Constantly
listening to our customers to ensure the sustainable improvement of their satisfaction. Commitment
from all levels of management and employees. Openness of communication. Systematic
measurement and communication of performance. Control and improvement of processes, products
and services. Recognition of exemplary actions. Sharing our quality policy with our internal and
external partners. Dynamic quality is planned Specific plans are deployed through our Annual
Quality Assessment and the progress is measured

Design A Functional Prototype Of Monitoring System
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this project is to design a functional prototype of monitoring system for a security
purpose and the system use WIFI as a transmission medium.
Standard monitoring systems such as CCTV use cable to connect from a camera to the monitoring
station. This project is intended to use a wireless transmission to transmit video from camera to
monitoring station. This project also to overcome the power supply issues of main power supply to
operate the device. The uninterruptible power supply is use as a main power supply to prevent
disturbance that may cut off the power supply.
It is important to get high quality video display on monitor and the video can be transmitting to the
monitoring station via WIFI.
1.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
These days, most devices and applications for remote monitoring purposes are suffering with power
supply disruption and limited access of monitoring place. This is due to the place where device is
installed that far from power grid and also due to the limited control room for monitoring stations. In
that case, if there is a sudden failure in power supply, the devices will not functioning. This remote
monitoring system use a solar panel as a power input because this application base on green
technology. Green technology mean that this device not use plug n play concept but use solar panel
as a source to operate the system. The failure of the device to function will give impact to the
devices that has to recorded,

The Ability To Test Welds Has Progressed Rapidly Over The
The ability to test welds has progressed rapidly over the years. After the discovery of the short
pulsed electric arc in 1800 by Humphry Davy[3][4] and the continuous electric arc by Vasily Petrov
in 1802, there was little development in electrical welding until 1881.Around that time there was
little to be done as far as the rigidity of inspection goes. As long as man has been on earth, we have
been visually testing things to see if it passes our persona critique of standard perfection. With weld
quality assurance Visual Testing (VT) is where it welding inspection all starts. Before the first
welding arc is struck, materials should be examined to see if they meet specifications for quality,
type, size, cleanliness and freedom from defects. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Floyd Firestone. With the general principle of my device consists of sending high frequency
vibrations into the part to be inspected, ultrasonic testing is applied to many fields of metallurgy
withing many occupations. Ultrasonic testing becomes less suitable when determining porosity in
welds, because round gas pores respond as a series of single point reflectors to ultrasonic tests. UT
inspection system consists of several functional units, such as the pulser/receiver, transducer, and
display device. How Ultrasonic Testing (UT) works is by having an ultrasound transducer connected
to a diagnostic machine is passed over the object being inspected.The pulser/receiver is an electronic
device that produces high voltage electrical pulses, while the transducer, which is driven by the
pulser generates high frequency ultrasonic energy. Separated by test object is a couplant. As sound is
introduced, it spreads through the materials in the form of sound waves. When there is a
discontinuity (such as a crack) in the wave path, part of the energy will be reflected back from the
flaw surface. With a few advantages ranging from: High penetrating power, which allows the
detection of flaws deep in the part, great accuracy, non–hazardous operation, portability, and
immediate results. A few advantages of UT are :
It is sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
The depth of penetration for flaw detection or measurement is superior to other NDT methods.
It is highly

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Hvc And DVC Power...
HVDC power transmission line can be constructed in many configurations like monopolar, bi–polar,
tri–polar, back to back and many more. Their advantages and disadvantages has been discussed in
[28] among them multi–terminal, multi–infeed or mesh type configuration is the better choice for
aplications because of higher flexibility and efficiency. In a AC power grid several DC lines can be
connected with existing AC line in this configuration with additional converters & inverters
connected with grid as shown in Fig. 7. Fig.7 Mesh type combine AC–DC network In a multi–
terminal high voltage grid, some HVAC & HVDC network is connected though converter and
inverter respectively. Parallel or simultaneous AC–DC long distance power transmission is possible
by using this configuration. The system operator can automatically select the optimal set of ac/dc
transmission lines parameter for satisfying TEP criteria i.e. supplying load forecasts, minimizing
investment costs, and optimizing market operations that becomes suitable for practical application.
VII. MODELING OF A 12 PULSE CONVERTER Fig.8 shows the configuration of a 12–pulse
unidirectional power converter. It can be operated with or without filter ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In [34] authors has designed a new types of transformer less three–phase three–level NPC based
power converter which performance has been analyzed in 2.64–4.16 kV DC, 5.1–12.8 kW. It's
performance like DC link voltage, efficiency & THD profile was acceptable. The authors assumed
that this converter will be suitable for 15kV grid voltage. Converter switching circuit has been
designed in SiC (Silicon Carbide) IGBT & Diodes as shown in Fig.18. So, this converter can be re–
designed for medium or high voltage with SiC

Building A Computer That Can Handle Any Game
Computers consist of many different parts that, in order to perform a specific task, have to work in
unison. It's becoming more and more popular to build a PC rather than buying a pre–assembled one
because many companies just rip people off. My fascination with building computers peaked when I
tried to play a game called Minecraft, but instead of the game loading up as it did on my friend's
computer, on mine it kept crashing. Minecraft is a game where players are all united in one world
where they have to work in order to survive. Unfortunately, my antique computer couldn't handle
this simple game; therefore, I never had the opportunity to play it. So I decided to build a super–
computer that can handle any game. From that day on my passion for computers extended towards a
whole new level. Since I had little understanding about computers I needed to find a way to
jumpstart my knowledge. Even before determining what type of computer I wanted to build, I had to
first study computers, how they work and the different functions of all the components. Researching
online and watching numerous "How–to" videos provided many answers to my questions. Having a
stronger foundation in computer assembly, I decided to finally step foot into the realm of building. I
switched on my computer and proceeded to the Newegg website, which is a trusted computer
equipment manufacturer. Pictures and descriptions filled the page as it was done loading, and I
proceeded to scroll through the

Automatic Street Light System
Automatic Street Light Control System Using LDR and IC555 Timer
Hafiz Saad Khaliq(11TC03)1, Mohammad Hunain Khan(11TC41)2, Syed Zulfiqar Haider
Bukhari(11TC51)3, Syed Noor–ul–Hassan Bukhari(11TC63)4, Ahmad Faheem
Alam(11TC10)5,Javed Iqbal(11TC20)6
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, University College of Engineering & Technology,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. engr.sadi03@gmail.com1,
engr.hunain@gmail.com2 , szhb92@gmail.com3, syednoorulhassanbukhari@gmail.com4,
Faheemalam2012@gmail.com5, engr.shahid333@gmail.com6
Abstract– This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing and executing the
advanced development in embedded systems for energy saving of street lights by using light
dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, we will implement this project by using 555 timers IC. Other basic components which we
used are power supply, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Relay and Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
which we are using in place of a light bulb. A. 555 Timer IC The 555 timer IC is an integrated
circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be
used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip–flop element. Derivatives provide up to
four timing circuits in one package. The IC was designed in 1971 by Hans R. Camenzind under
contract to Signetics, which was later acquired by Philips. Depending on the manufacturer, the
standard 555 package includes 25 transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in
an 8–pin mini dual–inline package. Variants available include the 556 (a 14–pin DIP
I. INTRODUCTION treet lighting provides a safe night time environment for all road users
including pedestrians. Research indicates that night–time vehicular accidents are significantly
reduced by provision of street lighting. It also helps to reduce the fear of crime, and encourages
social inclusion by providing an environment in which people feel they can walk in hours of
S
combining two 555s on one chip), and the two 558 & 559s (both a 16–pin DIP combining four
slightly modified 555s with Discharge & Threshold connected

Power Systems Of Electric Vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION Since the industrial revolution started, the acceleration of technology
development never stopped. However, with the development of new technologies, environment is
suffering the consequences. The rate of Carbon dioxide is increasing rapidly. To mitigate this
pollution, the concept of electric vehicle arose. The electric vehicles contribute in reducing the
carbon dioxide emissions[1]. Thus, the use of electric vehicles is getting more popular as time goes
by. As a result of that, electric vehicles must be integrated to the electric grid. They will be treated as
electric loads, which means that all concepts of power system will be applied on them. Therefore,
when electric vehicles are charged, they will cause voltage drop on the distribution feeders. Hence,
the presence of voltage regulators might change the voltage response of the system. II. VOLTAGE
REGULATION OVERVIEW. In power Systems Distribution, voltage regulation is an important
concept. It deals with ways to maintain a good voltage profile delivered to the customers. The
voltage level at the customer node has to be maintained within a specified range. There are many
standards that determine customer's voltage range. Some standards assume a variation of +10% or –
10%. However, it is determined by the utility based on their circumstances. III. VOLTAGE
REGULATION METHODS The concept of voltage regulation associated with the electrical
distribution system is caused by the radial

Iot Essay
CHAPTER– 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. INTRODUCTION TO SMART LIGHTING INNOVATION
 Everyday people expect new device and technology to simplify their day to day life. Lighting
devices are operated by the mechanical switches. In this system necessary operator is physically
present to operator the switches and operate cannot control the switches from any other places.  So
to overcome this type of problem we can design IoT technology based system for lighting
appliances which can be control from any remote places though web based graphical user interface.
 This system is a means that allow users to control electric appliances of varying kind. The goal of
this project is to operate home appliances smartly through a web server using IoT. IoT is the
network of "things" or physical objects which includes electronics, software, sensors, actuators and
network connectivity. All these things collect and transfer data between themselves. People have
more knowledge about these technologies and are more comfortable with its use.  We have two
blocks in our system. Transmitter block client and Receiver block user respectively.  In the
transmitter block, the client is check and control appliances like bulb. Microcontroller is control the
appliances with Feedback unit. Client is operating different lights a different mode like morning,
evening and night.  In the receiver block, server is connected to Wi–Fi and receives the signal. As
well as perform to the received signal with return feedback.

Project on Dtmf Based Home Automation
DTMF BASED HOME APPLIANCE CONTROL SUBMITTED BY ABSTRACT Traditionally
electrical appliances in a home are controlled via switches that regulate the electricity to these
devices. As the world gets more and more technologically advanced, we find new technology
coming in deeper and deeper into our personal lives even at home. Home automation is becoming
more and more popular around the world and is becoming a common practice. The process of home
automation works by making everything in the house automatically controlled using technology to
control and do the jobs that we would normally do manually. Home automation takes care of a lot of
different activities in the house. this project we propose a unique System for Home automation ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non–volatile memory for
the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O
control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are
embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a
single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general block
diagram of microcontroller. AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low–power, high–performance CMOS 8–
bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in–system programmable Flash memory. The device is
manufactured using Atmel's high–density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with
the industry–standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on–chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in–system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By
combining a versatile 8–bit CPU with in–system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller, which provides a highly flexible and cost–effective
solution to many, embedded control

Designing Of Electronic Controller Smart Home With...
Career Episode 3: Designing of Electronic controller smart home with embedded technology
1. Introduction
1.1 Embedded Technology has become an important feature for commercial products and a popular
research topic within the last ten years. There are now more mobile phone subscriptions than wired–
line subscriptions. Lately, one area of commercial interest has been low–cost, low–power, and
short–distance embedded technology used for personal wireless networks." Technology
advancements are providing smaller and more cost effective devices for integrating computational
processing, embedded technology, and a host of other functionalities. These embedded
communications devices will be integrated into applications ranging from household security to
industry automation and monitoring.
2. Background
In the present project our main aim is to Control the industrial appliances by wirelessly. In this
project we are controlling the devices according to the Digital code. For Every appliance they must
have a fixed Code. The Micro controller is used to control the whole system. Power is supplied to
the micro control unit by using regulated power supply unit and the frequency of the micro
controller is maintained by the crystal oscillator. On supplying the power, the micro control unit will
be switched ON and the LCD is displayed enquiring the password.
Whenever the code is entered through the remote/keypad, the micro controller will check the
entered code if it is correct or not.

Technology Standards For The Outsourcing Of The Software
Technology Standards
The first technology standard relating to the outsourcing of the software writing would be the Base
Operating System. The two teams must decide on a base OS to be used. This will allow for easier
sharing, troubleshooting, and future support of the product. This need for this standard is because
most programing software packages offer solutions for Windows, Linux, Unix, MAC. The issue
arises if one team is using one OS platform and the other is using another, even if they are using the
same application to write the code there may be differences which could cause problems in future
bug fixes.
The idea of a standard platform goes beyond the writing suite and extends into all expects of the
work. This primary standard will be a basis for all other applications chosen by the company from
email to collaboration.
The Second concern would be the level of encryption for the SSL VPN. The level indicated by the
India group is very poor and considered unsecure by most measures. The ability to break the
encryption is much easier with the lower bit encryption used. Both teams need to agree on a
minimum encryption to use that would be both secure enough to ensure that data is not
compermised but yet not so intrusive to the data that causes lag in transmission. The outsourcing
company in India would should have a good understanding of the legal specifications of encryption
for data moving between the 2 companies. Generally there is a max encryption put in

Design Of Fpez Source Network With Reduced Switches Fed...
DESIGN OF FPEZ–SOURCE NETWORK WITH REDUCED SWITCHES FED INDUCTION
MOTOR K.Vasudevan1 and L.Parimala2 1Research scholar (PT) – Assistant Professor, Dept. of
EEE, Sriram Engineering College 2L.Parimala, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ECE, Sriram
Engineering College, Chennai kp_vasu1@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: This Project deals with a fully
parallel Embedded Z–source inverter to control the three phase induction motor. Z–Source inverter
is a single–stage converter which performs both buck–boost energy conversions using the LC
impedance network. The further advancement in the Z–Source inverter is the partially parallel
Embedded Z–Source inverter that can produce same gain as Z–Source inverter. Energy from the
solar cell is taken as input to the EZ–source inverter. The ripple content of the solar cell output
voltage is reduced using Parallel EZ–Source (PEZS) inverter. In order to overcome the drawbacks of
PPEZS, Fully parallel EZ–(FPEZS) Source inverter is proposed. The proposed inverters provide
high boost voltage inversion ability, a lower voltage stress across the active switching devices, a
continuous input current and a reduced voltage stress on the capacitors. In addition, they can
suppress the startup inrush current, which otherwise might destroy the devices. The proposed system
reduces six switch three phase inverter to four switch three phase inverter. This makes system
compact which reduces cost and switching losses, line harmonics, improves power factor, reliability

Alerts Visually Challenged People Research Paper

ULTRASONIC BASED WALKING STICK FOR BLIND
Shubham Rewari#1, Apurv Shaha#2, Sankaradithyan Gunasekharan#3
1, 2, 3 DEPARTMENT OF E&TC ENGINEERING, SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING S.
No. 44/1, OFF SINHGAD ROAD, VADGAON BK, PUNE – 411041
Email ID: shubham.rewari14@gmail.com, apurvshaha@gmail.com, sankar.adithya@gmail.com
Abstract–The paper here presents the model of a walking stick that alerts visually challenged people
over obstacles by use of electronic sensors and controllers. Very few of the navigation aids available
for visually challenged people can provide dynamic navigation and which work perfectly for day to
day navigation requirements (The white cane and walk dogs are not safe for today's increasing
traffic and insensitive world). This model here demonstrates a system concept to provide an
electronic aid for blind people which would benefit the challenged person for his daily travelling,
whether it be indoors or outdoors. The aim of system is to provide a sense of artificial vision by
alerting the subject about the environmental scenario of static and dynamic objects around them. In
this system, an ultrasonic sensor, an atmega16 controller, a buzzer and a vibration motor is used.
Index Terms–Ultrasonic sensor, Walking Stick, Vibration Motor, Sound Buzzer, Atmega16
I. INTRODUCTION
About 90% of the world 's visually impaired live in rural settings like that of developing countries.
According to a fact sheet by World Health Organization (WHO) it is estimated that there

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Switch Mode Power Supply
Packaging is a process to eliminate the direct contact between product and environment. In every
small and big industry, it is necessary to seal and package the product for protecting from
environment and for better life of the product. In 19th century, industries were using candles for
sealing. In last few years, many sealing machines were developed. These machines are highly
automated, which have very high cost. So, these machines are not affordable by small scale
industries. In small industries, they are using impulse heat sealer machine. But, there are losses of
plastic packaging material due to manually press. To overcome these problems, we will design a
machine, which is semi–automatic and less laborious and which will have less initial ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 4.5 Air Storage Tank
Compression of air creates heat; hence, after compression, air is warmer. Expansion removes heat;
hence it is required to give heat after compression, because after expansion, the air will be much
colder. If the heat generated after compression can be stored in the storage tank and used during
expansion, the efficiency of the storage tank can be improved Solenoid Operated Direction Control
Valve
Direction Control Valve (DCV) allows the air flow to flow in different paths from different
resources. It contains a spool inside, which is electrically controlled by solenoid. Figure 4.6 5/2
Solenoid operated direction control valve
For actuation of double acting cylinder, we can use 4/2 or 5/2 direction control valve. But in
Pneumatic system, air is exhausted to atmosphere. Hence, there is no requirement of return lines.
Also, construction of 5/2 is easier than 4/2 valve. Hence, cost of 5/2 valve is less than 4/2 valve.
Tubes For Air Delivery
There are different materials used for tubing in pneumatic systems: Polyurethane PVC Nylon
Polyethylene Teflon–PTFE (polytetrafluroethylene) Figure 4.7 Teflon

Frequency Response Characteristics of a System
In a research article [9], the frequency response characteristics of the system can be altered when the
harmonic distortion levels are not within the acceptable limits through changing sizes or locations of
the capacitor, by changing source characteristics, or by design a harmonic filter. Filters are the most
common solution as it can provide reactive power support at the fundamental frequency and a low
impedance path for one or more harmonic current components to flow. The filter elements must be
specifically designed to withstand the harmonic components along with the fundamental frequency
voltages and currents. Common method for filter design is by utilizing one single–tuned shunt filter
first, designed for the lowest generated harmonic (typically 5th) and it is advisable to use capacitors
with a higher voltage rating than the system. Determine the voltage distortion level at the bus. The
commonly applied limit of 5% (total harmonic distortion – THD) was presented in IEEE Standard
519–1981. If required, determine if the harmonic current levels meet IEEE Standard 519–1992. If
not, there may be a need for multiple filters (i.e., 5th and 7th). Vary the filter elements according to
the specified tolerances and check its effectiveness. Lastly, by checking the frequency response
characteristic to verify that the newly created parallel resonance is not close to a generated harmonic
frequency (i.e., the 7th harmonic filter may create a new 5th harmonic resonance). The article

Welding Research Paper
GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) is more economic; Springer reports that " GMAW is an economic
process because it has higher speeds and higher deposition rates than manual arc welding. There is
also no need to constantly change electrodes" ( Page 11). GMAW has a higher speed, which means
that you can get the job done faster. It also has high deposition rates which makes the weld look
clean and smooth." This method can be used for a high range of work, but it is not suited for repair
work because of it's weld quality" (Page 4). This process can be used for many variations of work
including root welds, joints, T's, butts, laps, and many more applications. Even though its used for
many practices, it is not recommended to use this method for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
110v machines are basically for starters, they don't provide a lot of working time like a 220v would.
" TIG welding produces a small arc, and this makes it perfect for welding high–heat conductivity
materials like aluminum. TIG was created to weld dissimilar metals" (Page 1). This process was
made to weld high–heat conductivity metals like aluminum and dissimilar metals like Stainless Steel
and Aluminum. TIG welding is most commonly used to weld thin sections of alloy steel, stainless
steel and non–ferrous metals such as aluminum, magnesium, and copper alloys. The process grants
the operator greater control over the weld than other welding processes, allowing for stronger,
higher quality welds. TIG welding is more complex and difficult to master than other welding types,
and is slower than other types.
GMAW( Gas Metal Arc Welding) is a process that produces high productivity.Kodi Welch indicates
that " GMAW offers high productivity; the ability to weld on thin and thick metals; to help reduce
weld defects, and the process can be used in all positions" ( Page 1). GMAW is very productive, and
thats why its used in many applications. It is also used to weld in all positions, you can weld on your
knees, or standing up etc. Doityourself believes that" MIG welding is simple to use and it is
efficient. It requires attention to safety as well as attention to the process that makes the

An Overview Of Maximum Power Point Tracking
MPPT: An overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking
Only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation converts into electrical energy by solar panel.
For improve the efficiency of the solar panel Maximum power point tracking technique is used,
which track the maximum power of solar panel.
The Maximum Power Point Tracking works on the impedance matching theory.
When the Thevenin impedance of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load impedance
maximum power output of a circuit is obtain. this is according to maximum power transfer theorem.
Boost converter is connected to a solar panel in source side which is used in order to enhance the
output voltage that can be used for different applications.
Source impedance and load impedance can match by appropriately changing the duty cycle of the
boost converter.
Different MPPT techniques:
Few of the most popular techniques used to track the maximum power point is as below:
1) Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method) 2) Incremental Conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current
4) Fractional open circuit voltage
5) Neural networks
6) Fuzzy logic
1.Perturb & Observe:
In Perturb & obserbe (P&O) only one sensor is used that is voltage sensor which is used to sense the
PV array voltage.
The cost of this method is less and it is easy to implement. Time taken by this method is very less.
On the reaching to the MPP it doesn't stop at MPP and keeps on perturbing on the both the
directions.
Rapid change of

Senion Project for Producing Electronics Part Essay
Senior Project
Project Proposal Table of Contents:
Executive Summary.........1
Introduction.........2
Project Operation.........7
Project Scheduling (Gannt Chart) ......11
Bill of Materials.......13
Future Use and Expansion.......14
Hardware Schematics.........15
Hardware and Software Block Diagrams..........18
Bibliography..................20
Executive Summary:
Objective:
The objective of our senior project is to develop portable lab equipment and software interface for
first year college students. The idea of our project is to allow portability and convenience for
students to perform basic electronic labs at home. It is meant as a learning tool to generate a
comprehensive, hands–on guide for students to use on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Future Expansion:
This project could also include a multimeter and curve tracer. It could also be improved by having a
higher voltage and a better regulated power supply. The function generator could also have higher
bandwidth and frequency.
Cost:
Estimated total cost is $316. Introduction:
When we visualized our senior project, we decided that engineering and electronic students in
college could make use of portable, inexpensive, simple equipment in order to demonstrate concepts
off campus. This equipment would not necessarily have all of the functionality and versatility of the
lab equipment, but it would be useful in demonstrating concepts. The current lab equipment is great
for school, but if students have a need to use the equipment at home such as to finish labs, learn
more, or just hobby use, they are left without an inexpensive alternative with the equipment
currently on the market. Our solution was to address these issues with our project which we named
"Lab In A Box." This would allow students to have a portable oscilloscope, power supply, and

function generator at a greatly reduced cost. The labs performed usually only requires low
bandwidth and low voltage equipment. The power supplies in the labs are DC with the capability of
+6V and ±25V. The function generator is a 15MHz waveform generator that is capable of sine,
square, triangle, and saw–tooth waveforms. The

Automatic Active phase selector
Abstract:
Phase absence is a very common and severe problem in any industry, home or office. Many times
one or two phases may not be live in three phase supply. Because of this, many times, some
electrical appliances will be on in one room and OFF in another room. This creates a big disturbance
to our routine work.
This project is designed to check the availability of any live phase, and the load will be connected to
the particular live phase only. Even a single phase is available, and then also, the load will be in ON
condition.
The aim of this project is to construct a single phasing monitor and prevention system using 8bit
microcontroller. Anti–single phasing relays or single phasing preventer are required for critical loads
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It deals with the block diagram of the project and explains the purpose of each block. In the same
chapter the explanation of microcontrollers, power supplies, LCD and Relays are considered.
3. Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of the project using PIC C
Compiler software.
4 . Presents the project description along with relay interfacing to microcontroller.
5. Presents the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the project.
6. Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.
Automatic Phase Selection
Page 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Introduction:
The block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent modules is considered. Block
diagram is shown in fig:
FIG1:
Block diagram of Automatic phase selector system
Page 4

The main blocks of this project are:
1. Micro controller (PIC16F72)
2. Crystal oscillator
3. Reset
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED Indicator
6. Relay
7. LCD
PIC Microcontroller:
Fig2 :PIC Microcontrollers
Page 5
Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers:
PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller given by Microchip Technology to identify its single–
chip microcontrollers. These devices have been very successful in 8–bit microcontrollers. The main
reason is that Microchip Technology has continuously upgraded the device architecture and added
needed peripherals to the microcontroller to suit customers' requirements.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Miniature Circuit Breaker
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition : Water is important resource for all the livings in the earth. In that
some people are not getting the sufficient amount of water because of unequal distribution of water.
So we implement this project. This project is used to distributing the water equally. So that everyone
gets the equal amount of water. It also used to prevent the water theft during the distribution period.
In past time person in charge will go to that place and open the valve for a particular time period.
Once the time over again the in charge person will go to the same place and close the valve. It is
wastage of time. The proposed system is fully automated. Here human work and time is reduced.
Water wastages such as leakages and operating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fast operation. High reliability. Long service life. Compact design. Disadvantages: Control signal
must stay on during operation. CHAPTER : 9 MCB INTRODUCTION MCBs or Miniature Circuit
Breakers are electromechanical devices which protect an electrical circuit from an over current as
well as overload condition. MCB is a better than Fuse since it does not require replacement once an
overload is detected. In the case of tripping because of a current overload, MCBs are very easy to
reset, which is much simpler to do that having to replace blown fuses. MCBs also trip to stop the
current from flowing much faster than fuses can operate. When the current exceeds its pre–
determined value, solenoid forces the moveable contact to open and the MCB turns off and
discontinuing the current to flow in the circuit. To resume the flow of current; the MCB needs to be
turned on manually. Fig. 9.1 MCB Advantages: MCB is quick work against short circuit. MCB is
work quickly on overloading and under voltage. MCB is reliable. Disadvantages: The cost of MCB
is greater than fuse. The cost of on MCB distribution board is greater than rewire able fuse

Short Essay On The Experience Of A Computer
up––the distinguishable beep that is heard when you push the start up button, doesn't beep. I have
tried taking the separate components and testing them on other machines, and all of them seem to
work just fine. I have switched power supplies multiple times and still nothing. "Today I am going
to fix this computer," I say to myself as if to motivate me. I tear open the machine and think about
the process of the boot. The power from the wall travels to the power supply, which the power is
distributed from the power supply into the motherboard, lastly to the various parts of the computer.
"Wait a minute, the motherboard light is not on! " I think to myself. I unmount the motherboard
from the chassis, and see that there are no standoffs. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I feel that he has the same respect that I have towards him.
The weeks fly by as summer decays. I feel that I have had a successful summer, and I am looking
forward towards next year. As school starts, my availability decreases. I'm involved in after school
activities and the store is only open for a few short hours on Saturdays. I work as many Saturdays as
I can throughout the school year. I spend my days off school there as well. I hope that my
commitment to the store shows.
Fast forward to May, the end of my eighth grade year, I'm ready to start my three month vacation on
a good foot. I am placed on the payroll with an honest $7.25 wage. Now that I'm on the payroll, my
hours are limited. I can't come in whenever I want. But I am feeling optimistic about what this
summer could bring me. I even begin a savings account for my college future.
I wake up at 8:30. My shift begins at 9. I am late. I skip breakfast and frantically bike the three
blocks to work in the brisk morning. Mark's truck is here which is weird because I rarely see him
before noon. I walk in the door and I feel like I am in the wrong place. The cluttered store I felt so
comfortable in, wasn't so cluttered. Many computers and accessories were missing. A corner
normally containing monitors were nowhere to be seen. As I look around I now see Mark outside the
window. He is loading up a trailer with multiple large brown cardboard boxes. I glance at Chris and
Ryan conferring about

Widget Wonders Case Study
Widget Wonders is an overall pioneer in widgets and are presently assembling a best in class office
to make and circulate the up and coming era of widgets. This new office will be the primary
assembling and appropriation focus in the United States and will contain the accompanying five
offices: deals, fabricating, stock control, innovative work, and Management Information Systems
(MIS). SNHUConsulting, a pioneer in data innovation, has been held to execute data innovation on
the development and to join the system in the new office to the fundamental system that is situated
at their central command. I have been requested that make proposals on the PC equipment segments
for the development. Widget Wonders has given SNHUConsulting the relevant ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The versatility in this division will advantage more with tablets since they might be moving around
the office, alongside docking stations for charging. Since these tablets need access to the database
frameworks I would propose no less than 32 GB of capacity alongside direct access to the database
frameworks. Stock control will likewise require printers. Surge defenders and UPSs ought to be
likewise used alongside USB 3.0. The innovative work office has 20 representatives that require
illustrations and PC supported outline (CAD) programs. I would suggest tablets and desktop PCs for
the bigger stockpiling. They will likewise require specific printers to print out their plans a UPS.
They would likewise require various LCD screens keeping in mind the end goal to see the
representation and plans, surge defenders and USB 3.0. The last division is the Management
Information Systems (MIS) comprises of just 5 workers and require extra processor and memory
prerequisites to bolster organization undertakings. MIS would profit by both desktop, tablets and
notepads that are good with every one of the applications all through the office. They would require
docking stations, media screen ability for the administrating errands, UPS, USB 3.0, and surge

Advantages Of Multilevel Inverter
CHAPTER 3
MULTILEVEL INVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND CONTROL SCHEME
3.1. Multilevel Inverter
Multilevel inverters have ability to generate low switching frequency high quality output waveforms
with several high voltages and higher power applications and the general structure of multilevel
converter is synthesizes a sinusoidal voltage from several level of voltages. The multilevel inverter
has overcome the limitations of conventional two level voltage converters. The advantages of
multilevel inverter are higher power quality, lower switching losses, low electromagnetic
interference and higher voltage capability.
The voltage source inverter gives an output voltage or a current with levels either 0 or ±V_dc. They
are known as two level inverter. To ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, input node voltages and currents can be referred to the input terminal voltages of the
inverter with reference to ground point and the corresponding currents from each node of the
capacitors to the inverter respectively. As an example, input node (dc) currents by I_1,I_2 etc., and
input node (dc) voltages are designed by V_1,V_2, etc as shown in Figure 1a. V_a,V_b and V_c are
the root mean square (rms) values of line load voltages; I_a,I_b and I_c are the rms values of the
line load currents. Figure 3.1 a shows the schematic of a pole in a multilevel inverter where V_a
indicates an output phase voltage that can predicted at any voltage level depending on the selection
of node (dc) voltage V_1,V_2 etc. By connecting switch to one node at a time, one can easily obtain
the desired output. Figure 3.2 shows the typical output voltage of a five–level inverter. The structure
of multilevel inverter must (1) have less switching devices as far as possible, (2) have capability of
withstanding at very high input voltage for high–power applications, and (3) have lower switching
frequency for each switching

Propeller Display
Contents
i. Abstract 5 ii. List of figures 6
Chapter 1. Introduction 7
1.1 Literature survey 8
1.2 Block Diagram 9
1.3 Overview of Project 10
1.4 Overview of Block Diagram 11
Chapter 2. Hardware Design 12
2.1 Interrupter Module 13
2.2 Mechanical Assembly 15
2.3 Power Supply Module 18
Chapter 3. Software Design 19
3.1 Overview of software used 20
3.2 Algorithm 21
3.3 Flow Chart 22
3.4 Pseudo Code 23
Chapter 4. PCB Design 25
4.1 PCB designing steps 25
Chapter 5.Results and Conclusion 26
5.1 Interrupt module testing results 27
5.2 DC motor RPM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That's why this project is named as 'PROPELLER LED DISPLAY'
Basic principle behind this project:
POV (Persistance Of Vision):
This is the phenomenon which is related to vision capability of human eye by which an after– image
is thought to persist for approximately 1/25th of a second. So, if someone is observing the images at
a rate of 25 images per second, then they appear to be continuous. The best example of this property
is the red circle we observe when we rotate the firecracker or incense stick in circle.

1.4 OVERVIEW OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
In this section we will emphasize on detailed overview of each of the block shown in previous block
diagram. In every description of the block respective schematics and working is explained.
The propeller display consists of following blocks, as shown in the block diagram.
1. Interrupter Module
2. Microcontroller
3. LED module
4. DC motor
5. DC power supply
1. Interrupter Module
Interrupter module is our sensor module, consisting of the IR interrupt sensor MOC7811, from
Motorola Inc. This sensor was selected from a variety of other alternatives, because of its small size,
precise interrupt sensing, and sturdy casing.
One great advantage of using this module is, interfacing it with the microcontroller is just a matter
of two resistors and a general purpose transistor. Following is the complete circuit diagram of our

Power Circuits Of Electric Power
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Power electronics circuits convert electric power from one form to other using electronic devices.
By using semiconductor devices as switches power electronics circuits function, thereby controlling
or modifying a voltage or current. Power electronics application range from high–power conversion
equipment such as dc power transmission to everyday appliances, such as cell phone chargers,
cordless screwdrivers, power supplies for computers, and hybrid automobiles. Power electronics
includes applications in which circuits process miliwatts or megawatts. Power electronics include
conversion of an unregulated dc voltage to a regulated dc voltage conversion of ac to dc, conversion
of dc to ac, and conversion of an ac power source from one amplitude and frequency to another
amplitude and frequency. These power converters are classified as rectifiers, AC voltage controllers,
DC choppers and inverters, which covers wide area of residential, commercial and industrial
applications, including computers, transportation and power utilizes [1].
Power electronic converters, especially DC/AC inverters have been extending their range of use in
industrial application because they provide better system efficiency, reduced energy consumption
and improved quality of power. The output voltage of inverter could be fixed or variable at a fixed
or variable frequency and output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values, producing fast
transition

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Load Shedding
In recent years, there has been a rise in the demand of power (electricity). This is due to the
development of cities, urban, sub–urban and rural areas and robust economic growth. The increased
demand has exhausted the surplus power generation available, thus demand cannot be meet
(Eskom).
The aging of the available infrastructure and increased demand has caused the power supply voltage
to become unstable. As a result, there is a need to implement emergency control actions, to prevent
blackout (a country–wide power system trip) (Eskom).
There two ways to stabilize power supply, first approach is a Corrective approach, where new power
stations are built, existing infrastructures are upgraded and new maintenance plans are developed
and followed. This approach is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that, by applying load shedding, damage to power systems is prevented.
Load shedding restores power system stability (Feng, Ajjarapu & Maratukulam 1998).
Disadvantages of Load Shedding
If a load shedding program is poorly designed, it will be ineffective and can even worsen the stress
load exerted on the supply leading to cascading disruptions (Concordia, Fink & Poullikkas 1995).
Load shedding results in unsatisfied customers and loss of revenue for the supplier (Shah &
Shahidehpour 1989).
When power is restored after load shedding, surge occurs and this can damage apparatuses and
appliances (Eskom).
Reflections
Load shedding is an emergency control action. This control action is implemented as a result of
stress experienced on the power supply system where the required power is more that the generated
power from the power system. The stress experienced is a result of increased demand, where the
available infrastructures cannot handle. Also it might be caused by aging of available

UPS Battery Replacement: How to Do It in 8 Steps
Just as a clock needs all the parts to work, a UPS system needs to have its various elements in the
perfect working condition. Only with the little parts effectively working will the entire device
function to its highest standard of protecting equipment from power surges and allowing data to be
safely secured before power runs out.
One of the most crucial parts used in a UPS network is the battery. It's essential to ensure that this is
kept in good working condition all throughout. As soon as signs signal the need for a replacement,
this should be done immediately.
Here at Powerfirm we'll show you the eight steps in doing a UPS battery replacement.
1. Get the right battery for your UPS.
To know the right UPS battery replacement you must first know the UPS brand, model name and
number. In most UPS this is found at the bottom of the device on a small white sticker. After taking
note of these details you can then find the right battery that's compatible with the device.
In the Powerfirm website finding the right battery for a UPS is easy. You just have to key in these
details unto the search tool and the right battery will be displayed for you. Each UPS device model
has a different battery that goes with it. It's important that you get the right replacement to ensure
your UPS system will be working right.
2. Unplug the UPS device.
It's very important to unplug the UPS device before the batteries are removed and replaced. This
will ensure there are no electrical accidents

Dtmf Remote Appliance Control System Using Mobile Phone
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project "DTMF REMOTE APPLIANCE CONTROL
SYSTEM USING MOBILE PHONE" is used to control appliances which are far away from the
user using mobile phone. The aim of the proposed system is to develop a cost effective solution that
will provide controlling of home appliances remotely and enable home security against intrusion in
the absence of homeowner. The devices connected as home and office appliances consume electrical
power and they should be controlled as well as turn on /off if required. Most of the time, it was done
manually. Now it is a necessity to control devices more effectively and efficiently at anytime from
anywhere. Take an instant when we are going to office and suddenly remembered that to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a high current circuit. 1.2.8 Devices: The devices
can be micro–wave oven, bulbs, fans, air cooler, etc which are far away from the user. The micro–
controller plays the intelligent part in controlling these devices. 1.3 Working: This project is used to
control the appliances present at a distance using a mobile phone. The first step is the user should
make a call to the mobile phone, which is in auto answer mode and thus call gets connected. The
user presses the digits present over the keypad of his phone for controlling the appliances present at
home or office. Whenever a button is pressed a tone is generated and it is transferred to the mobile
phone present in the home or office, which is interfaced with the DTMF transceiver. The DTMF
receiver decodes the tone generated and it activates the controller accordingly. The controller
operates the devices according to the coding set by the user. The status of the devices whether they
are ON/OFF is indicated in the LCD. CHAPTER 2 MT8888 DTMF TRANSCEIVER Introduction:
The MT8888C is a monolithic DTMF transceiver with call progress filter. It is fabricated using
CMOS technology and it offers low power consumption and high reliability. The receiver section is
based upon the industry standard MT8870

Analyzing The Consumers Generating Inter Harmonic Frequencies
Alexander B. Nassif and Jing Yong [7] have proposed a method to identify the consumers
generating inter harmonic frequencies. The inter–harmonics can be measured by means of
Impedance based approach applied at the metering point. The main idea is that, the inter–harmonic
impedance of the system is much smaller than that of an inter–harmonic generating load. This
method can identify the source of each inter–harmonic component without having to rely solely on
the active power measurement and requires only an approximate value for the inter–harmonic
impedance measured at the metering point. As per references [2], [6], [7], [9] any device with
nonlinear characteristics which derive their input power from a sinusoidal electrical system may be
responsible for injecting harmonic currents & voltages into the electrical system [2, 6, 7, 9 ].
Francisco C. De la rossa [2] have described ,all possible nonlinear loads . Among them few are
Power converters such as Variable frequency drives, DC motor controllers, Cycloconverter, Cranes,
Elevators ,Steel mills, Power supplies, UPS,Battery chargers, Inverters & ARC devices such as
Fluorescent lighting, ARC furnaces, Welding machines. According to authors [2] ,[7] Even linear
loads like power transformers can act nonlinear under saturation conditions. This occurs beyond the
so–called saturation knee of the magnetizing curve of the transformer. [2],[7]. According to author
Joseph S. Subjak [9], Communication interference

Technology Advantages And Disadvantages
Now of days we are beginning to experience natural disasters, from the category five hurricane in
Texas to major earth quakes in New Mexico. The way that things are looking now I believe we will
experience these situations more and more throughout the years. Most people have electronic
devices but do not know the basics on how to protect their devices from power surges, power
outages and other electrical variations. In the following paragraphs I will give you tips and
information on how to protect your computers and devices from power outages. This information
will be helpful for people who are on budgets but still want something that will actually work and
others who are not on budget and want top quality ways to protect their devices from power outages
and other electronic devices. One of the ways that you could protect your computer and other
devices is to purchase a surge protector. A surge protector's is an electrical device designed to protect
a computer against the harmful effects of power surges and spikes and sudden outages, they can
contain up to 120 volts or more and they are also inexpensive. They run around to be about twenty
to forty dollars depending on which brand you buy. The most recommended brand that will last long
but is really good for its price is Belkin or tripplite. A surge protector works by transferring the
excess voltage via the devices grounding wire. It stops it from reaching the electronic device and
damaging it. When there is a tropical storm

Data Centers Are Virtual Or Physical Infrastructure Used...
Data centers are virtual or physical infrastructure used by organizations to host server, computer and
networking systems and components for the company 's information technology (IT) needs, which
typically include storage, processing and serving large amounts of critical data to clients in a
client/server architecture.
A data center, often requires redundant or backup power supply systems, redundant networking
connections, cooling systems and policy–based security systems for running the organization 's core
applications.
Data centers are one of the world's largest consumer of electricity, servers are running 24*7 tightly
controlled conditions of environment and mostly not at full load. With the high growth rate of social
networking, electronic banking, internet usage, paperless work and modern IT services such as
cloud computing and virtualization, the requirements for resilient, safe and energy–efficient data
centers are increasing.
Image
Along with the other effects of compliance and globalization with local regulations and codes,
organizations usually face many challenges in data centers, for ensuring that they remain efficient,
competitive and highly productive. There are many other issues that impact infrastructure design of
data centers; having upper levels of security, safe and more secure operation, increasing power
availability and also limiting energy usage along with environmental impact.
Although the design of a data center is

Light Fidelity (Li-Fi)
INTRODUCTION For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around
corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has
evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now
being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared
with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars
are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation. One of the most
interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to
carry information over large distances. It has been proved in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
RECEIVER SECTION:– This section is worked as a Flip–flop (Bistable). IC–3 is decade counter,
its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a
flip–flop, to switch 'ON' or switch 'OFF' a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR–
signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and
switched LED. IC–3 is worked on clock pulse which receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its
output at Pin No 2 throughes high. The output of IC–2 is also used for lighting LED–1 indicating
presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor
LED is switched 'OFF'. When another signal arrives, LED is switched 'ON' and through clock pulse
at Pin No. 14 of IC–3. This makes the LED to switch 'ON' the appliance at first pulse and 'OFF' the
appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6–
9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides
full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band–split filter and digital decoder functions
into a single 18–pin DIP, SOIC,or 20–pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using
state–of–the–art CMOS process technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise
data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group
filters and dial tone rejection. The

Automatic Punching Machine
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Synopsis
3. Block Diagram
4. Block Diagram Description
5. Circuit diagram
6. Circuit description
7. Component details
8. Working of project
9. Fabrication of PCB
10. Application
11. Future development
12. Cost estimation
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
The automation is now carried on not only industries but also houses. The automation of a particular
system avoids the total care about the system. Nowadays lot of components and techniques are
available to automate the particular field. Here we are going to automate the necessary things in
houses. To carry on the automation process PLC based technique is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Regulator 5. Indicator
The ordinary low power E & I core transformer is used to get required voltage. It is basically step
down transformer, which reduce the voltage from mains supply depending upon the output voltage.
The rectifier sections convert AC into DC. The rectifier is designed using four 1N 4007 diode. It is a
bridge type rectifier, which give full cycle conduction output. The capacitor based filter section
smooth the rippled DC and make it as pure DC. The smoothing level is increased by increasing filter

capacitor value. The regulator block is designed using 78 XX series.
The regulator is selected to get constant voltage at output side. We can give input voltage up to 30V.
The LED indicates circuit is on live. This circuit arrangement gives constant voltage output.
Power Supply Design Concept:
Transformer Selection:
Voltage Rating = DC output voltage +5V Current Rating = required current +1/2 required current.
Type: Ordinary Transformer = Half wave & Bridge rectifier
Control Tape Transformer = Full wave rectifier.
Example:
For +5v @ 1A RPS Transformer Voltage Rating
Voltage = 5V + 5V = 10V
Transformer Current Rating
Current = 1A + 0.5A = 1.5A
Type:
Ordinary Transformer = 0–10v @ 1.5A Center Tapped Transformer = 10 – 0 – 10V@ 1.5A
Practical Selection of Transformer:
0 –9V @ 2A (Or) 9V–0–9V @ 2A
Diode Selection for Rectifier (Based on Load Current):
1N 4007 – 1A 1N 5408 – 2A 6A 4 Mic – 3A

Sample Database For Rfid Automatic Vehicle Identification
1.4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS fOR RFID
Automatic Vehicle identification
Inventory Management
Work–in–Process
Container/ Yard Management
Document/ Jewellery tracking
Patient Monitoring
1.5 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
AUTOMATIC TALL TAX
NAME Capacity Quantity Code
Regulator 7805 1 U1
Regulator 7812 1 U3
Capacitor 1000μf 1 C1
Capacitor 10μf 1 C2
Ceramic Capacitor 22pf 2 C3,C4
Diode 4 D1,D2,D3,D4
AUTOMATIC TALL TAX
NAME Capacity Quantity Code
Push Button 1
RFID READER 1
RFID Cards 2
LCD 16X2 1
40 Pin Base 1 U2
16 Pin Base 1 U4
DC Motor 100 rpm 1
8051(AT89S52) 1
L293D 1
Oscillator 11.0592mhz 1 X1
LED 2 D5,D6
Resistance 220Ω 1 R1,R4,R6
Resistance 1k 2 R3
Resistance 10k 2 R2,R5
Buzzer 1 BUZ1

BC547 1 Q1
1.6 POWER SUPPLY:
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit
or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical
ones, and rarely to others. Here in our application we need a 5v DC power supply for all electronics
involved in the project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage regulator, and filter
circuit for generation of 5v DC power. Here a brief description of all the components are given as
follows:
TRANSFORMER: A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors

Design and Construction of a 500 Watt Power Invereter
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 500 WATT POWER INVERETER
BY
NAME HERE
REGISTRATION NUMBERE HERE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CROSS RIVER UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
CALABAR CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
The urgent need for an alternative source of power supply to meet the power requirement of the
Average home in Nigerian, particularly during times of total blackout, forms the basis for which the
development of this cost–effective, reliable and tropicalised Power Inverters was undertaken. The
developed Inverter is required to provide a 500VA of an alternating current (AC) output power at a
frequency of 50Hz from a 12V direct current (DC) battery source. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During this warning period, one can save the data and switch off the computer safely. But during the
low–battery indication, if the computer or load is not switched off, it remains on back–up mode.
After the end of back–up time, system switches off automatically, due to activation of battery's deep
discharge cut–out circuit, which reduces the power consumption from the battery to a negligible
value of about 90mA.
Fig1.0 block diagram for the propose 500VA power inverter
1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK
The scope of this project is to Designed and constructs a prototype that can be used in powering any
electrical appliance that required mains voltage from 220v to 240v. The project is limited to a
500VA power inverter, how it work, and its applications. The inverter will incorporate a battery
charger an automatic change over that will enable auto back up within 1ms on the event or
occurrence of power cut.

1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objective of the study is to develop a realizable inverter design that would be reliable, cost
effective, efficient, and maintainable. The inverter is to be powered from a 12Vdc/40Ah battery
source and it is to generate a 220VAC/50Hz with a power rating 500VA. Other objectives of the
study include:
i) The Development of an inverter with the desired frequency and voltage rating capable of
providing the power requirement needed to

Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System

Similar to Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System (12)

More from Lorie Harris

More from Lorie Harris (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Logistics And Operation Of Bts Power System