This document provides information about a group project on mirrors. The group members are listed and the document is divided into sections on the introduction, materials, properties, manufacturing process, and a Malaysian mirror manufacturing company. It discusses the layers of a mirror, the materials used including glass, silver, and copper. It also describes the manufacturing process involving silvering, coating, inspection, shaping and polishing. Finally, it profiles Kovann Mirror Sdn Bhd, a major Malaysian mirror producer.

1. Group members:
Loo Khai Ming
Nurul Hannani Abdul Hadi
Muhammad Izzat Farhan
Uwais Bin Zainal Safuan
MIRR0RMX Master

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Interesting facts about mirrors such as
concept, history, application and
future development
01
MATERIALS
Consisting of three basic layers
of glass, silver and copperPROPERTIES
Physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of the
materials.
03
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
Consists of silvering,
coating, inspection, shaping
and polishing processes.
MANUFACTURING
COMPANY
Malaysia mirror
manufacturing company
05
02
04

3. Introduction
“Mirror, mirror on the wall,
I’ll always get up after I fall.
Whether I run, walk, or have to crawl, I’ll
set my goals and achieve them all”.
Chris Butler
01
UWAIS BIN ZAINAL SAFUAN

4. Mirror
Mirror is an object that reflect light.
The reflected light went into our
eyes that make us able to see the
‘object’ inside the mirror.
A plane mirror will yield a real-looking
undistorted image, while a curved
mirror may distort, magnify, or reduce
the image in various ways.

5. History of Mirror
Present Mirror
● Clear reflection.
● Easy to manufacture.
● Materials easy to get
and easy to handle.
Mercury Mirror
● Use mercury as reflective
material.
● Took tedious amount of
effort and time to
manufacture.
● Manufacturing process
are dangerous.
Bronze Mirror
● One of earliest mirror
manufactured.
● Polished bronze are
used as mirror.
● Very expensive and
only wealthy people
can afford.

6. Mirror Application
Make our life easier
Eg: Car Mirror
Complete our daily life
Eg: Home Mirror
Application in technology
Eg: Laser Reflecting Mirror

7. Future Development
Heat Repellent Mirror
● Specialize mirror that can repel lighrt
with specific wavelength.
● Helps reflect heat from the sun.
● Can cool off building even without air
conditioning.
Interactive Mirror
● High quality mirror that come with
digital technology.
● User can interact with mirror.
● Have many unexplored potential and
room for improvement.

8. Do water puddle count
as the first mirror?

9. HOW DO THEY MAKE
A MIRROR?
What materials are used to make
a mirror?

10. MATERIAL
“ LIFE IS LIKE A MIRROR, WE
GET THE BEST RESULTS
WHEN WE SMILE “
02
MUHAMMAD IZZAT FARHAN

11. LAYERS IN A MIRROR
PROTECTIVE LAYER
PROTECT LAYERS UNDERNEATH IT
FROM CORROSION AND
CONTAMINATION
BASE LAYER
SUPPORTING LAYER
REFLECTIVE LAYER
REFLECT LIGHT

12. LAYER
MATERIALS
CONSISTING OF COPPER AND PAINT
COATING OVERLAPPING ONE ANOTHER
MADE MAINLY OF
THIN LAYER/COATING
OF SILVER
PROTECTIVE
LAYER
REFLECTIVE LAYERBASED LAYER
MADE OF A SLAB OF
GLASS PANEL

13. PROPERTIES
“ YOU HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND
THE MIRROR TO SEE
YOURSELF “
03MUHAMMAD IZZAT FARHAN

14. FACTS
“Glass is not solid, liquid
or gas. Its amorphous
solid”
100%
“In ancient Egypt, silver
was valued much more
than gold”
“Copper canister made
to keep used nuclear
fuel have to remain
effective for 100,000
years but is expected to
last 5 times longer”
GLASS SILVER COPPER

15. MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
● It is durable due to its strong bonds between the
silicon dioxide
● Not easily scratch / requires sharp object to be
scratched.
● Chemically inert with most acid and materials
● Transparent and does not deteriorate over time
-GLASS
O
Si
O

16. -SILVER
● Low surface roughness
● Best surface reflector in the visible
spectrum
● Oxidised with air in the presence of
hydrogen sulfide forming silver
sulfide (tarnish)
● Easily distributed evenly in liquid
form
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SILVER
Ag
47
Silver

17. ● Copper is reddish colored and takes a
bright metallic luster.
● Copper has high resistance to corrosion.
● Easily bond with other metal because
copper is a metal and shares and bond by
sharing of electrons with other metal in a
cloud of electrons
-COPPER
MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER
Cu
29
Copper

18. THE PURPOSE OF HAVING THOSE MATERIALS
01
The glass acts as a structural support
and allows light to pass through.
Provides a smooth surface for the silver
to lay on.
04
Since copper is a bright red color, the paint
is for color aesthetic and an extra layer of
protection
02
Silver allows light to be
reflected because it has low
surface roughness
03
Due to the thin layer of silver coating
it can be easily scrap away. Therefore
copper is used as a protective layer
and it being a metal that is corrosion
resistance
GLASS
SILVER
COPPER
PAINT

20. MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
04LOO KHAI MING

21. GENERAL
SILVERING
Chemical “wet”
deposition process
COATING
Coats are applied
for the protection.
SHAPING
& POLISHING
INSPECTION
Using the naked eye
or a microscope
01
02
03
04

22. - First, the glass sheet is sprayed
with the Tin (II) Chloride liquid.
- Then, the liquefied silver with
activator followed.
- Excess silver will be rinsed away.
SILVERING
SILVERING
- With cerium oxide powder and water.
- To remove oils and other contaminants.
CLEANING
With demineralised water
01
02
03
RINSING

23. COATING
Cleaning
- To remove any resides with
acids.
COPPER
- The excess will be rinsed.
- Dry at 160 ℉ for 75 seconds to
remove moistures.
Paint
- 2 layers applied
- The second layer usually
silver in colour.
01
02
03
Coatings protects the silver layers.

24. QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS
DIN EN 1036 (2008-03)
The standards set requirements, identify
test methods and to evaluate mirrors for
commercial indoor use.
ASTM C1503 – 08
Standards in North America and Canada
covers silvered flat glass mirrors for indoor
use.
JSA JIS R 3220:1999
Standards used in Asia.
ISO 25537:2008
ISO standard for the mirrors in
commercial buildings, with thickness
around 2 mm to 6 mm.
DIN
JSA
ISO
ASTM

25. MANUFACTURING
COMPANY IN
MALAYSIA
05
“Let us be grateful to the mirror for
revealing to us our appearance only”.
Samuel Butler
NURUL HANNANI BINTI ABDUL HADI

26. KOVANN MIRROR
SDN BHD
VOTED BEST IN MALAYSIA
Honest. Quality. Technology.

27. The company is
located at
Sungai Gandut,
Negeri Sembilan,
Malaysia.
A 100%
MALAYSIAN
OWNED
COMPANY

28. TO BE THE LEADER IN
MANUFACTURING OF
VISUAL IMAGE REFLECTION
PRODUCTS.
TO SUPPLY EXCELLENT
AND CLEAR IMAGE
REFLECTION PRODUCT
FOR CONSUMER AND
INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATION.
VISION
MISSION
MISSION & VISION

29. COMPANY BACKGROUND
Established in
15th August 2016.
A new company formed
with an objective of
venturing into the
production of mirror.
1st Production of
Aluminium Mirror was
on 10th January 2019.
Kovann is the only mirror
production facility
currently operating in
Malaysia.
Formed by individuals who are
considered prominent figures
in the glass industry.
Aim to setting up mirror
production facility to satisfy
local demand and not
depending on overseas
import.
Have the capability of
exporting its product overseas
utilising the well establish
marketing arm of EC moulding.

30. WHAT DO KOVANN MIRROR
SDN BHD PRODUCE? AND WHY?
Aluminium and Silver Mirror
are the main materials used in
Kovann’s Mirror Production.
Kovann’s Specialties
● 90% high reflection and
imaging perfect.
● Perfect corrosion resistance
and long durability.
● Silver Plating Minimum Deposit
700 mmg/m2

31. QUALITY OVER QUANTITY
All incoming materials must be
inspected to verify the quality of material.
Stringent Raw
Material
Inspection
System
Mirror
Surface
To meet the need of high quality mirrors,
mirrors must be check and reflect images
without any distortions or irregularity.
Chemical
Test for
Mirror
Chemical Test for Mirror are Silver Level
Test, Alkali Resistance Soaking Test, Acid
Resistance Soaking Test, Heat Water Test
and CASS Test.

32. The first form of mirrors
were invented in ancient
times. Believe it or not,
they were just a small
pools of water filled in a
dark coloured container.

33. APPRECIATION
Special thanks to:
● Prof Dr Andanastuti
● Dr Nabilah Afiqah
● Dr Nashrah Hani

34. Department of Mechanical &
Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

35. REFERENCES
Advameg, Inc. 2020. Mirror.
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Mirror.html
AQF Team. 2014. Mirror Inspection and Quality Control Standards.
https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/mirror-inspection-quality-control-standards
How It’s Made. 2017. How It's Made - Mirrors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOriH1fl1hA
Kenneth R. Spring. 2017. Introduction to Mirrors. Scientific Consultant, Lusby, Maryland: Author
https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/lightandcolor/mirrorsintro/
Kovann Mirror Sdn Bhd. 2019. Leader in manufacturing Mirror in Malaysia.
https://kovannmirror.com/
Mirror History. 2020. How Mirrors are Made?.
http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-making/how-mirrors-are-made/

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