The document discusses conditions related to the endocrine system. It explains that suffixes like "-uria" and "-emia" indicate conditions related to urine or blood, respectively. For example, glycosuria means high sugar in urine and can be caused by problems with pancreatic hormones like insulin and glucagon. Polyuria means excessive urine and is also associated with diabetes. The document also discusses hypercalcemia and hyponatremia, which mean high or low calcium/sodium in blood and can be caused by issues with parathyroid/adrenal gland hormones. In summary, it relates endocrine disorders to imbalances in specific hormones and the glands that produce them.

1. Chapter 11: The
Endocrine System
Suffixes -uria & -emia

2. -uria = urine condition
-Urinalysis testing gives medical personnel information
regarding a patient’s health, and measures on several
different factors
-Normal urine does not contain amounts of glucose or
sugar
-Normal urine output within a 24-hour period lies within
1,000-2,000 mL
When there is a disorder with the
endocrine system, a urinalysis will
detect abnormal findings..

3. -uria = urine condition
Glycosuria
glycos/o = sugar, -uria = urine condition
“Having a high level of sugar excreted in the urine.”
-Can result from various causes, but may also be in
association with raised blood glucose levels within the
endocrine system
-The pancreas’ endocrine functions release insulin and
glucagon to control the body’s blood sugar level. Insulin,
produced by beta islet cells, reduces blood sugar, typically
after eating a meal. Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells,
raises this level when the body needs more sugar.
-When these systems malfunction, the body needs to excrete
excessive glucose amounts, therefore resulting in glycosuria

4. -uria = urine condition
Polyuria
poly- = many, -uria = urine condition
“Condition of producing an excessive amount of urine.”
-Can also result from various causes, but within the endocrine
system it may also be caused by excessive glucose
-Both conditions are associated with diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic patients are advised to monitor their glucose levels
by controlling sugar and carbohydrate intake, when their
bodies are not able to.
-Patients with polyuria secrete 2.5 mL and above, leading to
fatigue and dehydration

5. -emia = blood condition
-Blood tests can reveal disorders with many of our body’s
different systems
-They measure the level of many different substances in the
blood, including calcium and sodium
When calcium and sodium are found to be at
abnormal levels, the endocrine system is to
blame..

6. -emia = blood condition
Hypercalcemia
hyper- = excessive, calc/o = calcium, -emia = blood condition
“Condition of having a high level of calcium in the blood.”
-There are four parathyroid glands on the thyroid gland. This
secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH) that controls the level of
calcium in the blood.
-A blood serum test is used to measure this
-Hypercalcemia is the hypersecretion, excessive hormone
production by an endocrine gland, of the PTH

7. -emia = blood condition
Hyponatremia
hypo- = insufficient, natr/o = sodium, -emia = blood condition
“Condition of having a low level of sodium in the blood.”
-The outer adrenal cortex of the adrenal glands produce a family
of hormones called the corticosteroids. The mineralocorticoid
hormone, aldosterone, regulates sodium (and potassium).
-Clinical laboratory blood tests can also measure this.
-Hyponatremia is the hyposecretion, deficient hormone production
of an endocrine gland, of the aldosterone hormone.

8. Review
-uria = urine condition:
Tests & Symptoms: urinalysis, glycosuria, polyuria
Glands & Hormones: pancreas, insulin, glucagon
-emia = blood condition:
Tests & Symptoms: blood test, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia
Glands & Hormones: parathyroid gland, PTH, adrenal gland, aldosterone