Statutory Rape Essay

Statutory Rape Essay
The perspective offered by such longitudinal data sheds remarkable light on the "problem" of
statutory rape, identifying for us key markers, as well as key actors, in the history of the law's
enforcement and helping us to understand their roles in constructing the meaning of this crime over
successive generations. ... The statutory rape codes have been used at various times to reinforce
fathers' interests in their daughters' marriageability, to protect young women's chastity from
seductive men, to control promiscuous or disease–laden adolescent females, to enhance child
support collection efforts, to reduce teenage pregnancy, and to identify and punish sexual
exploitation of teenagers. ... Given the constant state of jockeying, compromise and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perpetrators of statutory rape were not being pursued vigorously, as the concept of rape based on
presumed inability to consent to sex had fallen out of favor. ... As conservative commentators
decried the harmful public and financial consequences of the rising teen birth rate, a handful of
social scientists devoted their efforts to learning more about the relationships and behaviors that led
to births among teenagers: they studied the youth population and their sexual partners looking for
clues to explain changing patterns of behavior. ... Pursuant to changes in the SRVPP Guidelines,
California's statutory rape enforcement policy grew to encompass all forms of non–pregnancy–
inducing sex between adults and minors (including sexual behavior short of intercourse, acts
between adult women and teen boys, and acts between same sex partners), as well as crimes
involving multiple victims, pimping/prostitution, the provision of alcohol or drugs to minors,
acquaintance rape, and rape of disabled minors. ... These same themes emerged in the early 1990s,
when a new set of fiscally and morally conservative policymakers became concerned about rising
welfare costs and the demographics of the populations receiving welfare; like their predecessors,
they constructed statutory rape as antithetical to the social norms of financial and sexual
responsibility and dangerous to society's welfare
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Status Quo: Women's Oppression
In today's society, oppression, in its many structures, exists and has a tendency to be described by
areas that both characterize and legitimize social observation and how it identifies with the setting of
the establishments that characterize them. The Larger part of these foundations, while essentially
having a centre capacity, are by and large, firmly connected with and can be characterized as they
relate to different areas. In the section titled Defining challenged ideas, the areas, foundations, and
levels of mistreatment are tended to in more detail. Of the three fundamental spaces – the
ideological serves the subjective part of society, spoke to by foundations, such as expressions,
religion, training and so forth and forming an open ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She touched on the statistics that 1–10 husbands beat their wives, they have no safe house to escape
too and there weren't many faculties for abused women to go to, to seek help. She started the
movement on 'violence against women' in BC. At some point in the video they mentioned as a
female we are told we should not there we are free to walk around the streets thinking we have the
freedom/choice to be treated equally in our career and dear to speak out on an issue. But as women,
it is important not to be blinded and to take a stand not only for us to for the equality of other
women of our

Materialism Through The Mind : Materialism
The Reducibility of Materialism Through The Mind Materialism can be described as, "the
metaphysical view that holds that only physical entities are real or exist (Mulvaney 531)."
Materialism is a topic that shapes how people look at the world and others. It has been a contested
topic throughout all of history. As a result this concept has attracted the attention of many great
philosophers like Rene Descartes and the Churchlands. Many philosophers attempt to understand
this topic by attempting to reduce materialism to its very essence. The conclusions often vary from
philosopher to philosopher, and that is no different between Descartes and Churchland. However,
materialism is the more favorable stance as the ability to reduce it can easily done through many
means as science. When attempting to understand whether one should favor materialism or not, one
must be able to understand what type of materialism he or she believes in. In this particular essay,
the framework of the Churchlands will be used to help better explain materialism. In this particular
sense of materialism, people can reduce materialism by realizing that the general notions of the
mind do not exist. Such general beliefs like beliefs and desire do not exist. This viewpoint of
materialism is the accurate waypoint, but definitely differs from previous viewpoints. The most
notable conflict is the great philosopher, Descartes. Descartes concluded that, for the most part,
humanity can be confident about the content

Security Is A Threat Of Security
Introduction:
Security is a central concern in the study of international relations (IR). Yet despite being the focus
of considerable scrutiny, few agreed conceptions of security exist (Buzan, 1991; Huysmans, 2006;
Terriff et al., 1991; McSweeney, 1999; Morgan, 1992; Croft 2012; Smith 2000). Buzan even goes as
far to posit that the very conception of security is "essentially contested" and thus poses an
unsolvable debate (Buzan, People, states and fear; Little, ideology and change, p35). These
disagreements have created rifts in the security community over what can be threatened and indeed
what can even be considered a threat. Part of the complexity to the subject is derived from the
numerous opposing and often contradicting theoretical perspectives within international relations
itself, of which security is a sub–field (Terrif et al. 1991 – Security studies today). This paper
thereby seeks to trace the various theoretical strands of security studies with the hope of elucidating
how and why Islam, and Muslims immigrants have been increasingly portrayed as a threat and
'Otherised' in Britain.
The 'Golden Age' of Security Studies:
For the latter half of the Twentieth Century, the dominant school of thought related to security was
neo–realism. Stemming from works produced by Hobbes, Thucydides, and Machiavelli, followers
of the neo–realists paradigm sought to see the world for what it was, rather than what they wished
(Crawford 1991; Terrif et al., 1991). Established in 1979

Thomas Paine 's Common Sense
Thomas Paine's Common Sense, on the surface, is a call for the dissolution of British monarchial
hold on American society. Upon closer inspection of his rhetoric, historical references, and his
concept of independence, his audience witnesses more than just an incitement to revolution. Paine is
redeveloping the American concept of rights and, thus, redefining its roots. By eliminating British
ties in this pamphlet, he creates a "rights foundation" that relies on discourse and national
institutions. Common Sense opens with a statement asserting the purpose of government which is to
exist in opposition to society's tendency to fall to corruption through the vices of individuals.
Whereas society gives into pleasures, government acts as a set of regulations to ensure the well–
being of all (Paine 74). This government, which comes from the people and serves the people, must
fill the role that "moral virtue" cannot. According to Paine, this is precisely where England's
constitution proves to be lacking. The English constitution depends on the moral proclivity of one
individual, and this leaves the well–being of inhabitants in jeopardy. Paine abhors the concept or
belief in moral authority flowing down from and passing down from a king and his progeny (Paine
84). Contesting the established American governmental dependence on the British, Thomas Paine
exclaimed that the rights of man cannot be allowed to be dependent upon the mercy of a king, a
single man. Therefore, where does the

Human Rights During The War On Terror Essay
INTP 245 – Research Essay
What role do Human Rights play in the war on terror? How has this affected the foreign policy of
the United States of America when combating this war?
When looking internationally over the past decade there has been an emergence of vague definable
terms that act as holistic guidelines for how international order should be constructed. One of these
terms is "human rights" which acts as a set of overarching guidelines that all States should aim for
and achieve. States have incorporated the ideals of human rights into their foreign policies in various
ways especially in the area of war and conflict. This essay will focus on what role human rights play
in the war on terror and how the human rights discourse has affected the United States of America's
(USA) foreign policy on the war on terror. This ultimately illustrates that the Western construct of
human rights is an invaluable policy tool as a mandate to interfere in other states affairs and USA
have continually utilised it as such a tool.
The concept of human rights has become ambiguous, with very little agreement regarding its
meaning and application internationally. The concept of human rights could be deemed as what
Gallie termed as "an essentially contested concept." This argues that when it comes to certain
concepts there is just simply no one clearly definable general use that is widely agreed on. There are
a variety of elements and words that can be used to describe the concepts of human

Theories And Theories Of The Social Analysis Of Max Weber,...
Concepts are a general idea about something commonly delivered as a single word or a phrase such
as 'Power' 'Freedom' and 'Revolution'. Whereas, theories are an explanation of observed data which
is conveyed as reliable. As it is difficult to give one singular, finite and definitive definition to both
terms, the definitions offered above are the perspective through which the two will be looked at in
this essay. Concepts and theories influence political analysis through marginalising important
aspects to be considered within them, stretching definitions to allow concepts to reach beyond their
limits and by displaying biases through underlying assumptions. Nonetheless, this is not problematic
as they allow us to think critically and widen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As reality is in fact quite complex these concepts allow us to shrink reality which reduces
complexity making it easier for us to analyse that which is being observed. This betters our
understanding of politics through allowing us to simplify the political world. This is done through
creating categories which make politics seem simpler to engage with and understand which shows
us that concepts are in fact not problematic but helpful when analysing.
However, this is not the case as when looking further it becomes clear that are a result of simplifying
there are certain implications. This is evident in Weber's concept of the "ideal type" which states that
concepts are created by putting forward the central feature of the phenomenon. This in turn
marginalises other features that play a part. It becomes problematic as politics is complicated and
intricate in its nature and requires every aspect to be explored. Concepts simply ignore the parts of
the political world which make politics 'political'. Ultimately leading us to fail to investigate and
explore that which defines the political world. Wedeen explores this further when analysing
'Democracy' in the minimalist sense which constrains ourselves to simply a state level definition.
Nevertheless, when looking at 'Democracy' further in the interpretive way it is found in places like
Yemen in the Arab world

Essay on Why is ‘security’ such a contested concept?
Why is 'security' such a contested concept?
The foreign, military and economic policies of states, the intersections of these policies in areas of
change or dispute, and the general structure of relations which they create, are all analysed in terms
of aspirations to achieve national and/or international security. Security is most commonly
associated with the alleviation of threats to cherished values (Williams; 2008). However this is a
definition that is undesirably vague and a reflection of the inherent nature of security as an
'essentially contested concept' (Gallie; 1962). Security in the modern day context has many key
concepts associated with it: uncertainty, war, terrorism, genocide and mass killing, ethnic conflict,
coercion, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leonard Beaton similarly argued for the need to expand conceptions of security outward from the
limits of parochial national security to include a range of systemic considerations. Likewise, Stanley
Hoffman argued for the need to begin 'turning national security into an aspect of world order policy'.
Hedley Bull argued against excessive self–interest in approaches to national security, and for a
broader view in which common interest and linkage among securities receive greater attention.
More generally, Krause and Nye observed that 'neither economists nor political scientists have paid
enough attention to the complexity of the concept of security, including its instrumental role in the
enhancement of different values'. The Brandt Commission called for a new concept of security that
would transcend the narrow notions of military defence and look more towards the logic of a
broader interdependence. The common theme underlying these voices was that a notion of security
bound to the level of individual states and military issues is inherently inadequate.
Barry Buzan offers five explanations for what he terms as 'the persistent underdevelopment of
thinking about security'. The first possible explanation is that the idea has proved too complex to
attract analysts, and has therefore been neglected in favour of more tractable concepts. The domain
and contradictions of security have not been adequately explored. A second explanation lies in the
real

Respectivism In Sociology
PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
Theoretical approaches in the social sciences – for example, behaviorism, functionalism,
hermeneutics – have a perspectival nature. Perspectives have their own way of describing social
sciences and may be dangerous for any social institution (Blinov, 2010:21). Philosophy's aim is to
question beliefs and opinions in the social science disciplines but also these disciplines can be
politically innocent and neutral institutions by not favouring any particular practices or results in
group or individual perspectives (Blinov, 2010:6). In sociology, many different points of
view/theories exist (Sargent, 1996:xiv). Theories begin with efforts to resolve unresolved
experiences by leading towards a commitment of self ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sociologically, Marxists claim the individuals are related by the different ways economically for
production. A conservative functionalist theoretical perspective entails the individual fault
philosophy but is rejected by critical and feminist sociologist in their frameworks. Social Institutions
are social practices that are regularly and continuously repeated, legitimised and maintained by
social norms.
Perspectivism in social science is the process of applying social scientific results to modify certain
aspects of the society in question and/or of the individual's life. Perspectives in the social science
can inflict harm on the search for truth by the social science practitioners, audiences and non
participants. The possible harm that can be caused can be classified into varieties on the basis of the
harm. There are three varieties possible harm. The first variety is harm for the internal goods of
social science as a practice. Harm of this sort can be done in the process of doing social science, and
harm done to the third party in the process of social science. The second variety is harm for the

Public Health Association Of Australia
I would like to suggest further options that can be adopted by the present Government. Nationwide
free information sessions (communicative intervention) targeting pregnant women in antenatal
clinics and parents in schools should be organised about 2–3 times per year. These sessions would
stress on explaining the expected benefits and importance of vaccinations, with "question–time"
periods to enable parents to clear out any doubts. Take–home informative brochures would also be
designed and distributed.
Improving access (facilitative intervention) to parents from remote and rural areas is also another
good way to ensure immunisation uptake. Another good idea would be to distribute food vouchers
(distributive approach) to parents coming from the distant rural areas.
We could also focus on monitoring the spread of vaccine–preventable diseases, via the ACIR, so as
to detect any outbreak at the earliest possible and take the necessary preventive measures
(communicative intervention).
Policy actors in favour
Probable actors in favour of resolving the issue would be the World Health Organisation, the Public
Health Association of Australia, members of the Government (in particular those working in the
Immunise Australia Program), and health professionals (in particular doctors).
These interest groups would have different objectives which could be achieved by supporting issues
that lead to the increase in childhood immunisation uptake. WHO would be expected to be in favour

Professional And Popular Claims On Journalistic Norms:...
Autonomy is not merely a preference, but a fundamental and enduring requirement of professional
journalism. However, as Jane Singer demonstrates in 'Contested Autonomy: Professional and
Popular Claims on Journalistic Norms', a new, somewhat overlooked, voice has emerged to
challenge journalistic autonomy: bloggers. For the purpose of this discussion the term blogger
denotes those who cover similar topics to mainstream journalists. The volume, prominence, and
fluidity of online blogging threatens to fundamentally restructure journalism, placing the
sustainability of conventional journalistic practices under intense doubt. The internet is significantly
more collaborative and participatory than engrained journalistic structures account for. As Singer
explains, "the boundaries between journalists and their audiences have blurred", so "journalists no
longer have much control over what citizens will see, read or hear." This allows audiences "to create
meaning which is explicitly resistant to the meaning created by news organisations." Basically, this
is a question of whether or not journalists can still exercise autonomy over their message's meaning,
if they cannot even control who is receiving it, the context in which it is being received, or how it's
being interpreted? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are: truth, autonomy, and accountability. Ultimately, I will evaluate how these issues are
impacting journalism, whether positively, negatively, or if they are merely a natural progression of
systemic social, cultural, and technological factors. I will also consider subsequent ethical issues,
before reflecting upon whether blogging and journalism can feasibly coexist and complement each

Essay on Who Wrote Shakespeare: Defining Authorship
The works of Shakespeare are some of the most respected in English literature. They have set the
standard for all the great writers who followed. Although these works have been attributed to
William Shakespeare of Stratford, they could have been written by anyone. The definite authorship
of a work is always uncertain, but these works are particularly contested. There are those who
believe someone besides Shakespeare of Stratford wrote the works, while others believe his identity,
as a whole, is a conspiracy. Clearly the author of a work is important, but some wonder if knowing
the author's identity is really worth all the fuss. The works of Shakespeare will still reign at the top
of English literature no matter who wrote them. Therefore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A will from Shakespeare of Stratford has his signature at the bottom, but this will does not leave his
plays to anybody. There are a few signatures from a Shakespeare on documentation from different
contracts for actors and such. However, all of these signatures spell their name differently than
William Shakespeare does on his will. These documents from the plays also have the signature of
two men mentioned in Shakespeare of Stratford's will. This would appear to be factual evidence
linking the plays to him, except for one slight issue. These men's names are scribbled in–between
two lines and appear to have been added after the original will was written. Did someone add these
names to give credence to William Shakespeare's authorship? Or did William Shakespeare himself
simply add them at a later date? It is questions like these that place doubt on Shakespeare of
Stratford's authorship of these works. (Bedford Companion, Chapter 1)
There are of course other sources of information that seem to support William Shakespeare of
Stratford as the true author. For instance, James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia
University, and avid supporter of Shakespeare from Stratford, has spent years trying to figure out
who really authored the Shakespearean works. He eventually came across some evidence that
helped his case. One of his main arguments was that until about two hundred years after William

International Relations And Security : Is Security The...
PPR: 221 International Relations and Security
1. What is security? Is security the ultimate value?
When an individual thinks of security, one of the first thoughts is that of warfare or the protection
from. To be secure from attack from foreign governments or non–state violent actors. However,
security is much more encompassing. One can look into Buzan's five areas of security, military,
political, economic, societal, and environmental, to begin to define what security actually
encompasses.
Military security is the most common thought when discussing this topic. Military security means
that the state has offensive and defensive capabilities to protect the state and its people from attack,
and also to protect the state's or individuals' interests abroad. Without this security, a state would be
very vulnerable, and thus this is one of the most important securities. Citizens should not live in fear
of foreign invasion due to the lack of reasonable defences. Political, societal, and economic security
are the least thought of securities. Political security meaning that the government you live under is
stable and has legitimacy to rule. It must be able to operate with the best interests of citizens put
first. Societal security is an interesting form of security. It is the security of national language,
culture, religion, etc., and also of individual and minority groups within the nation. Also, economic
security is extremely important. It is hard to define economic security in a

Humor: An Essentially Social Phenomenon
Humor is an essentially social phenomenon. Humorous jokes and funny performances and scenes in
films are a form of communication that is typically common in social interaction. These humorous
jokes and expressions are socially and ethnically made. They often relate to a particular to a specific
time and place. The subjects and issues that an individual may joke about may typically be essential
to the social and moral order of society. (Kuipers, 2007) Humor is the idea that a phenomenon can
be conceptualized as originating from juxtaposing two or more conceptualizations that do not
normatively speak or go together. Despite the social characterization in humor, sociology, this is the
idea that studies society and human behavior, has not concerned itself much with humor. Humor is
considered as a form of social deviance that can lead to positive sanctions as well as negative
sanctions. Humor allows individuals to discuss controversial or taboo subjects. Humor works as a
mechanism to address subject areas that a society regards as upsetting. These areas have been
constructed as a psychologically or socially out of norm. It also allows oppressed social groups to
undermine the ideologies of their oppressor. Humor can be born out of experiences expressing grief
and sorrow. It allows individuals to express contempt towards other individuals, social groups, and
societies and allows us to celebrate triumph over enemies. Controversial humor is humor that can be
used to expose and

Contrast Communism And Communism
Liberalism and Communism, two ends of a spectrum, two ideologies that people have long seen as
being diametrically opposed to each other. Though these aforementioned philosophies have some
truths in them, they are not completely consistent with facts. Communism is often flagrantly
misunderstood in America; it brings up images of the communist programs in Russia, Cuba, and
China, of ruthless dictators, forced workmanship, and long ration lines, though these images are
propaganda based and misconstructions, as none of those countries were ever communist regimes.
What is most often overlooked in communism is the similarities that it shares with liberalism. Both
ideologies believe in the uniqueness of the individual, that the private person ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberals see it as their goals to bring about an open and tolerant society, one where all citizens are
free to pursue and follow their beliefs and ideals with as little interference as possible.
On the other hand Communism is an ideology that did not come about until the second half of the
19th century. It is an economic–political philosophy founded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles(2),
the main goal of communism is the destruction of class structure and the ending of capitalism. That
is the biggest difference between the two ideologies; they both disagree on the role of the market
and how the economy should be based. Liberalism actively encourages the growth of the market and
capitalism. Most liberals believe that the economy should not be regulated by the government in any
way or form. It is imperative to realize that the reason liberals believe that the economy should be
unregulated is because they have a different viewpoint of the worth and levels of equality that each
individual is born with.
First and foremost, both liberals and communists believe that all humans are equal and should be
treated as such. That there is an interconnectedness between all people. Both ideologies stress the
fact that the individual self should be satisfied first so that the society, in its sum total, can work
successfully. These sentiments are echoed in the words of John Stuart Mill, who writes that "When I
say only himself, I mean directly, for whatever affects himself, may

Contemporary Political Theory Should We Have On...
Policy–makers need a "certain measure of agreement on what is just and unjust" (Rawls, 1999: 6) to
coordinate their policies efficiently, meet expectations and grant stability in society. Answering
whether policy–makers should listen to a statement like this, we will explore what impact
contemporary political theory should have on policy–makers and examine the nature of their
relationship.
Due to its limited scope, this essay cannot elucidate whether policy–makers should listen to natural
scientists or economists, comparatively. In what follows I shall focus entirely on Rawls's A Theory
of Justice (TJ) and Nozick's Anarchy, State, and Utopia (ASU). I furthermore assume that political
theorists and policy–makers are two separate parties and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rawls convincingly illuminates that individual policy–makers can critically reflect upon their self–
interest by internally assuming impartiality (Rawls, 1999: 119–120). This intuitive "method for
understanding the role of justice" (Campbell, 1988: 82) serves as a framework for unbiased policy–
making. Despite various political attitudes, institutions rest on an underlying consent about what is
(un)just. In this sense, the OP makes individuals see policy goals from distance (Rawls, 1999: 19).
Beyond that, by listening to political theory, policy–makers learn to evaluate how we speak about
justice (see Campbell, 1988: 9). Intuitive societal debates about who deserves what should be heard
so that policy–makers are not only informed by lobbyists. Even if parliament does not discuss
political theories, they translate into culture and beliefs. Listening could make policy–makers reflect
upon their own normative grounds, becoming aware of the principles they should act

was there a Scientific Revolution In The Early Modern Era?
Was There A Scientific Revolution In The Early Modern Era?
The expression 'The Scientific revolution' is a controversial term in itself. The term is traditionally
used to describe the intellectual accomplishments made in astronomy and physical science during
the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Scholars during this age, such as Copernicus, Descartes,
Galileo and Bacon wrestled with the question about God, human propensity and the possibilities of
understanding the world. The insinuations of the innovative Scientific findings were beginning to
affect the way people thought and behaved throughout Europe. Society began to question the
authority of customary knowledge about the universe. This in doubt allowed them to question the
long–established traditional views of the state and social order. The beliefs that many people had
held for centuries had been proved false. Many Europeans began to query the authority of the
Church, and the Aristotelian system. A majority of Europeans were enlightened by this intellectual
progress, and a large quantity broke away from the church. The separation of the Aristotelian system
meant the formation of the establishment of modern science. The sixteenth and seventeenth century
is still considered as the most talked about era when regarding the history of science. 'The Scientific
Revolution' left the world with a more rational explanation of physics, in which the laws of motion
and gravity were

The Concept Of The Prokaryote Valid And Useful Or...
Is the concept of the prokaryote valid and useful or fundamentally flawed?
The term 'prokaryote' was coined in 1925 by Édouard Chatton in his 1925 paper 'Pansporella
perplex: Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.' (Chatton, 1925). Since then the
term, when paired with its dichotomous counterpart 'eukaryote', has formed the fundamental basis
for classification in biology. However in recent years the concept of the prokaryote has been wildly
contested as being inaccurate (amongst other things), and the dichotomy of eukaryote/prokaryote
based on a misleading and ultimately incorrect distinction that is phylogenetically contestable. This
essay will examine the validity and usefulness of the concept of the prokaryote, as well as evaluate
why the term or even the abolition of the term may be important in different contexts.
The definition of a 'prokaryote' is simply a single–celled organism with no nuclear membrane and
consequently no membrane–bound organelles. It is therefore logical to assume that one would find a
nucleus and membrane–bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell. Although the expression is widely
accepted by myriad biologists and microbiologists alike and has been since the 'birth' of the term,
the word has come under much scrutiny due to its 'negative' definition; as in 'prokaryote' describes
that the cell is lacking characteristic eukaryotic features rather than being defined in its own terms
(Woese, 1994; Pace, 2006). This topic is highly

Feminism And The Feminist Movement Essay
The feminist movement came to fruition during the early 20th century. Over all, the push for women
's suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams.
The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted
to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist
movement.
The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection of
feminism known as social feminism. This branch of feminism was more interested in social rights
and used suffrage as a tool to obtain these rights. The question that arises from this idea of a more
specific section of feminism becomes: does social feminism qualify as feminism in its truest form?
Does social feminism embody the same ideas and morals of the feminist movement? In general,
does social feminism count as feminism? Some people question the validity of this brand of
feminism. I believe this section of feminism qualifies as feminism nonetheless. To examine this, we
must first accurately define social feminism and feminism as a whole, before we can actively
compare them.
First, let us address the meaning of feminism as the overarching category, in which several specific
divisions of feminism fall. Feminism is an extremely simple concept to grasp, if one believes in
equal political, economic and social rights for men and women, then they can be classified as a

Mythological Norms By Audre Lorde
The concept of mythical norm was introduced by a feminist writer, Audre Lorde, who critically
analyzed the dominant power mechanism in society that operates through a deeply ingrained idea of
a normalized and naturalized male identity. This normative identity is both an image and ideal that
stands out as a symbol of societal norms and privileges that are institutionalized in the law. More
specifically, Lorde wrote, Somewhere, on the edge of consciousness, there is what I call a mythical
norm, which each of us within our hearts knows "that is not me." ... [T]his norm is usually defined
as white, thin, male, young, heterosexual, Christian and financially secure. It is with this mythical
norm that the trappings of power reside within this society. (as cited in Perry, 2011, p. 57) Even
though Lorde positions this identity norm at the edge of consciousness, the norm seems to be at the
center of the dominant societal myths about privilege and its discourses of law. As the particular
male–centric vision of power, the mythical norm functions as a regulating and governing social site
and system of privileges through which "unearned advantages" are naturally attributed to all
members of the identity norm without their own efforts and contributions (Perry, 2011, p. 57).
Consequently, this normative category of men receives some of the main social, political and
economic benefits by the virtue of their belonging to the aforementioned identity group.
Furthermore, the

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Climate change is without a doubt an issue that affects the entire world and its population, scientific
consensus on its existence is substantial and is nearly impossible to refute. As a society we should be
working together towards the single goal of reducing our contribution to climate change and
restoring already affected parts of the environment. Developing themes of hope, urgency and action
that function at the core of this movement to invigorate and precipitate support and action for the
movement. However, this is not the case in our society today these core concepts are contested by
cognitive, cultural, emotional, communicative and political challenges that effectively divide us as a
people against these themes; making actions now holistically ineffective with divided support. The
first challenge to consider is that our views are shaped culturally. We all use "cognitive filters"
(Hoffman 3) to examine statements through our view of the world, we search through the all ideas
including those ideas of climate change with our previous experiences and formulate a view based
on them. These cognitive filters show who we are culturally: "We tend to develop worldviews that
are consistent with the values held by others within the groups that we self–identify." (Hoffman 4)
That is if a cultural group that people believe they are attached to do not believe in climate change
then everyone will be likely to accept the same belief who becomes a part of the group. A belief in

Advantages Of Judicial Activism
Judicial activism is referred to as judicial rulings that are suspected of being passed based on biased
intention of personal opinion about the existing laws. It is a means of providing justice to the
disadvantageous and aggrieved citizens. The critics of judicial activism inculpate that it increases
the power of the elected branch of authority or appointed judges to damage the ruleJudicial Activism
Judicial activism is referred to as judicial rulings that are suspected of being passed based on biased
intention of personal opinion about the existing laws. It is a means of providing justice to the
disadvantageous and aggrieved citizens. The critics of judicial activism inculpate that it increases
the power of the elected branch of authority ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These not only introduce new interpretations of the law but also guide new information to light.
Judicial activism also takes into account the Constitutional law and showcase it in a relevant way
that can be gone through by public, even if it fails. It cannot disintegrate the barriers of
communication between administrative jurisdictions nor within the bureaucratic ranking but it can
influence the interest and wisdom of the nationals on the contemplation of administrators not only to
safeguard their rights but also to guide the matters of public

Essay about Carl Gustav Jung
Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and
founder of the school of analytical psychology. He
proposed and developed the concepts of the
extroverted and introverted personality,
archetypes, and the collective unconscious. The
issues that he dealt with arose from his personal
experiences. For many years Jung felt as if he had
two separate personalities. One introverted while
the other was extroverted. This interplay results in
his study of integration and wholeness. His work
has been influential not only in psychology, but in
religion and literature as well. Jung was born on
July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, the only
son of a Protestant clergyman. At the age of four
his family moved to Basel. His childhood was a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Jung
published "Psychology and the Unconscious"
which went against some of Freud's ideas the

relationship was finished forever. In 1912
"Symbols and Transformations of the Libido" was
published. Jung wanted to understand the
symbolic meaning of the contents of the
unconscious. In order to distinguish between
individual psychology and psychoanalysis Jung
gave his discipline the name "analytical
psychology." After a break with the start of WWI,
Jung wrote the book "Psychological Types". It set
the differences between his position and that of
Freud. Jung became more interested in the study
of mythological and religious symbolism. His
studies took him across the globe observing many
different cultures. He was interested in tracing the
analogies between the contents of the unconscious
in Western man and the myths, cults, and rituals of
primitive peoples. Jungian therapy deals with
dreams and fantasies. A discussion is set up
between the conscious and the contents of the
unconscious. When the therapy works the patient
enters an individuation process. This consists of
psychological transformations ending in the
opposite tendencies working together to achieve

personal wholeness. Jung's total amount of work is
very large. It is estimated at 200 papers. An
edition of his Collected Works in English was
completed in 1972 by the Bollingen Foundation

The Implications Of Gender Divisions
The Implications of Gender Divisions:
A Critical Examination through a Postmodern Feminist Analysis
Ashourina Hanna
ID: 500495249
Dr. Amina Jamal
SOC 475
24 November 2014
Word Count: 1766
Feminism addresses and recognizes the struggles often underwent by women of the past.
Unfortunately, women's historical struggles and lived experiences in the domestic sphere and private
sectors of life have been erased from public awareness. Their realities often went unnoticed as they
were not considered as 'legitimate' in contrast to those experiences of their male counterparts. In
response to this, Gynocentric Feminists attempted to tackle these inequalities and have since then
tried to reconstitute their own knowledge tailored ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In her work, Butler examines earlier forms of feminism and their frequent use of social
constructions of binary gender ideals. Butler maintains her argument that feminists in particular
should abandon this idea of sharing this universal common gender identity (Seidman, 216). Butler is
very critical of this perspective because she finds that it undermines the experiences of all women
and generalizes them into one cohesive experience. In this sense, feminism is essentially reinforcing
binary gender ideals–by feminists identifying themselves solely as women they are only
perpetuating social productions of gender that have been constructed through a male–dominated
context. Although feminism is uniting women through this sense of sharing a common identity that
distinguishes them from their male counter–part, it also however, misinterprets and generalizes the
experiences of women while simultaneously excluding and discrediting other women. Evidently,
according to Butler's argument abiding by a unitary gender identity, rejects any other sexuality and
regards them as deviant and improper to the norm. (Seidman, 217). It is often difficult to abandon
such universal ideals especially because of how deeply and successfully they have integrated into
modern day society. This idea of perceiving men and women as two distinctive and opposite types
of

1930 Olmsted-Bartholomew Parks Plan For The Los Angeles...
Eden by Design is a captivating read. A replica of the never–adopted 1930 Olmsted–Bartholomew
parks plan for L.A. County, Parks, Playgrounds, and Beaches for the Los Angeles Region, is the
essence of the book. Going through the introductory parts made me realize that had this plan, which
itself is extraordinary in its latitude and farsightedness, been implemented the congestive mass of
concrete that represents Los Angeles in the modern times could have been avoided. To start with, the
one element I liked the most about this plan is the parkways. It was important for Los Angeles to
have a system of continuous landscaped parkways dedicated to pleasure travel and to act as lungs
for a rather polluted city. Even though after going through the plan, I'm not quite adamant on the fact
that why was it dropped. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Or, was it because the parkways were considered to be another factor adding to the congestion in the
city? Or, the financial concerns of the project were immensely overwhelming for it be turned down
by the developers? Nonetheless, Hise and Deverell do show us the positive side of this inhumane
corrupt elite behavior of the developers and political entrepreneurs and that they did struggle to
improve the urban environment. This book explains essentially where we are today in the Los
Angeles and such cities which lack the presence of usable parks, ironically by centering on what to
avoid and what actually didn't happen. To complete it, I would say it is strange that even today,
many of the same issues that beleaguered us about a century ago, still hang

The Burden And Blessing Of Mortality
Mortality has always been a difficult subject to discuss within the public sphere. People, more often
than anything else, fear death so greatly that they avoid this topic all together. Perhaps it is the
unknown factor about the afterlife (or lack thereof) that so petrifies people, causing them to distract
themselves from a serious debate on the effects of mortality to our earth. Hans Jonas writes in The
Burden and Blessing of Mortality about the universal advantage of human mortality and the
perceived burdens of it as well. Like Jonas, I will argue that mortality is a beneficial concept in the
realm of external issues like preserving our earth's resources, and internal issues like existential
meaning and motivation. Diametrical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is one interesting consequence to the potential execution of this idea, and it deals mainly with
psychosis. When it's phrased as "immortality" people see it as a remarkable idea that would reverse
depression and emotional pain. On the contrary, this is likely to bolster elements like this. If we are
constantly, figuratively standing still it is going to lead to far greater mental disabilities and issues
than the ones we see today. Jonas believes that the concept of defeating death is wrong from the
beginning, and it comes from a palpable confusion of what life is. Living and dying are interwoven
together, he thinks. Each is a different side to the same procedure. Life reiterates itself as important,
but can only do this since it is contested. The whole nature of value enters into the world through
living and dying (Jonas, p. 36). Another point outlines how evolution would be impossible without
death. Neither component would progress in any way. The process of death plays an inventive role.
It celebrates uniqueness and variety, and the greater type of life's subjectivity. Jonas asserts that with
dying we allow room for future life. Birth exists because dying exists, and the arrival of fresh life
has significant value in itself. It permits us to "see the world for the first time, see things with new
eyes, wonder where others are dulled by habit, and start out from where they had

Hegel And Kant On The Ontological Argument Essay
Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument
ABSTRACT: I intend to present Kant's refutation of the ontological argument as confronted by
Hegel's critique of Kant's refutation. The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way:
everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can
be asserted as true of something. I perceive clearly and distinctly that existence belongs to the nature
or essence of a perfect being; therefore, existence can be stated as true of a supremely perfect being,
that is, perfect being exists. I intend to argue that Kant criticizes both the major and minor premises.
To the major premise, he objects that there is an unqualified passage from the logical to the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Premise 2 holds the central idea of the ontological argument: it implies that existence is a property
or quality, and as such should take part of the essence of a supremely perfect being. Such conception
could be expressed in the following derived argument:
1) All perfections belong clearly and distinctly to the essence of a supremely perfect being;
2) Existence is a perfection therefore, existence belongs to the essence of a supremely perfect being
II. Kant's Refutation of the Ontological Argument
Kant's criticism aims at both premises of the main argument. To the major premise, he objects that
there is an unjustified passage from the logical to the ontological level: "But the unconditioned
necessity of judgments is not the same as an absolute necessity of things. The absolute necessity of
the judgments is only a conditioned necessity of the thing, or of the predicate in the judgment" (KrV,
B621)
In other words, to conceive that S is P doesn't imply the necessary existence of S. Such proposition
requires not the absolute necessity of something but a

Competing Claims. The Disputes In The Scs Have Evolved
Competing Claims
The disputes in the SCS have evolved over decades and engage multiple regional states that have
territorial claims in the South China Sea including China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei,
Malaysia, and Taiwan. While not located directly in the region the United States, Australia, Japan,
and India all hold economic, territorial, and security concerns over the disputes. Specifically, the
United States has been involved in the territorial disputes to uphold maritime security laws and
freedom of navigation. The main contended island groups in the SCS include the Pratas, Spratlys,
Paracels Islands, and the Scarborough Shoal, all claimed by China. The Philippines claims the
Scarborough Shoal and a few of the Spratlys, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Spratly Islands are also at the geographic center of the competing claims in the SCS. Many of
the islands are uninhabited, but this has led some nations to establish settlements on islands to
strengthen their claims.
In as much as China's increasingly assertive claims in the South China Sea to various islands are a
way to bolster their reach territorially for rights related to fishing and other resource rights, but more
importantly they also extend beyond that to exhibit China's global ambitions.
China does this by using their claimed territory to build and bolster military outposts with the
creation of airfields, thereby exerting their presence of control in the region.
International Norms that Shape the Disputes
The disputes in the SCS are subjugated to set of international norms which influence the response
made by states towards competing assertions of sovereignty over territory. UNCLOS is an essential
component in determining states' claims in the SCS as it "establishes a legal framework to govern all
uses of the oceans" (Beckman, 2013, p. 1). It is also crucial in validating the claims made in the
SCS, because all states in the region have ratified the convention, including China, Vietnam,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Brunei, and Indonesia. The convention does have limitations, in that it
does not help states determine sovereignty over land territory,

What Does Corporate Responsibility Mean
What Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mean?
Corporate initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company 's effects on the environment
and impact on social welfare. The term generally applies to company efforts that go beyond what
may be required by regulators or environmental protection groups.
Corporate social responsibility may also be referred to as "corporate citizenship" and can involve
incurring short–term costs that do not provide an immediate financial benefit to the company, but
instead promote positive social and environmental change.
Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corp–social–responsibility.asp#ixzz1czJWBme6
Companies have a lot of power in the community and in the national economy. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term "corporate social responsibility" came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s
after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an
organization 's activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond
shareholders as a result of an influential book by R. Edward Freeman, Strategic management: a
stakeholder approach in 1984.[2] Proponents argue that corporations make more long term profits
by operating with a perspective, while critics argue that CSR distracts from the economic role of
businesses. Others argue CSR is merely window–dressing, or an attempt to pre–empt the role of
governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations.
CSR is titled to aid an organization 's mission as well as a guide to what the company stands for and
will uphold to its consumers. Development business ethics is one of the forms of applied ethics that
examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.
ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR. Public sector organizations (the United
Nations for example) adhere to the triple bottom line (TBL). It is widely accepted that CSR adheres
to similar principles but with no formal act of legislation. The UN has developed the Principles for
Responsible Investment as guidelines for investing entities. corporate social responsibility
Definition
A company's sense of responsibility towards

The Role Of Genius In Plato's Ion
The role and knowledge of the artist has been part of the philosophical discourse on art for a very
long time. There have been several philosophers who have contributed to the discussion. Plato, in
his piece "Ion," provides an explanation of knowledge (technique) and inspiration, and how they
affect an artist. Plato does this through the dialogue of Socrates and the rhapsode Ion, whom is an
expert in the poems of Homer. Although written long ago, when art wasn't as developed/diverse as it
has come to be, the basic concept of knowledge versus inspiration is one that paved the road for
future philosophers to further the discussion of the knowledge and role of the artist. From the
beginning of the dialogue, it is inferred that Ion is a great rhapsode because he won first place in a
contest. However, Ion admits early on that his skill as a rhapsode only apply to when he is reciting
the poems of Homer and not others'. Socrates responds to Ion: "No one can fail to see that you speak
of Homer without any art of knowledge. If you were able to speak of him by rules of art, you would
have been able to speak of all other poets; for poetry is a whole."(Ion, Plato) This is the beginning of
Plato establishing technique–"when a man has acquired a knowledge of a whole art, the enquiry into
good and bad is one and the same." (Ion,Plato) It is clear through this dialogue that Socrates doesn't
see Ion as having knowledge/technique due to his inability to understand and perform anything other

The Opening Chapters Of Anita Saterlee's Organizational...
The opening chapters of Anita Saterlee's Organizational Management & Leadership: A Christian
Perspective introduce several business concepts that have been researched throughout the years. An
examination of these concepts reveal not all are similar and there is no one perfect leadership style.
Instead, the differences in leadership styles and management techniques, Satterlee argues, should be
based upon the type of work and organization in which the leader or manager is engaged (Satterlee,
2013). Despite the transition inherent in the evolution of management theories, discussed in
Chapters 1 and 2, the concepts of Followership, Transformational Leadership, and Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs are timeless. The purpose of this report is to show that an in depth study and
examination into these three concepts are beneficial to all who desire to manage and lead in any
environment, in any field, and in any era.
Followership as a Precursor to Leadership Anita Satterlee makes an obvious, but profound
observation stating, "A leader cannot lead without followers (Satterlee, pg. 6, 2013)." Essentially, a
leader without subordinates who are engaged can not lead properly. While this concept is easy to
comprehend, what is most intriguing is Satterlee's claim that "by mastering the role of followership,
a subordinate prepares for the role of leadership (Satterlee, pg. 7, 2013)." Instead of viewing leaders
as being static, it is important to view the process of leadership as more

The Argument Of Women 's Subjugation Within Society As A...
The topic that I am proposing is looking at how Foucaldian notions of power work with the feminist
ideology in molding the argument of women's subjugation within society as a body. Looking at how
women are subjugated allows the opportunity to discuss the process of subjugation in the first place
in the context of how this form of power is exercised; essentially asking: what are the tools used in
order to mold the body? The tool that I would like to discuss by using Foucault's work as my
primary reference is the idea of stereotyping, and how this eminent image of a minority is forced
upon the body to pre–render notions of thought and perception about not only oneself but how
others perceive the stereotypical image. This false perception is part of a larger picture that's related
to the notion of the production of truth and knowledge, since stereotypes essentially create a set of
'patterns' so to speak, that people rely on and use to predict circumstances and behaviors of the
subjugated body. Another important reading that is imperative to the project is Foucault's work titled
The History of Sexuality: Volume One, as his analytics are applied to the female body as the
hysterical woman, an important distinction as Foucault covers this form of body, as well as many
other types of bodies, such as the masturbating child, Malthusian couple, and perverse adult since
these are regarded as prototypical unities. Sexuality as the intersection between power and
knowledge plays a key

The Udhr And The Different World Viewpoints On Human...
The UDHR and the Different World Viewpoints on Human Rights
Accepted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (UDHR) is comprised of a preamble and thirty articles. Each article delineates a specific
right that every human, either from the sake of being human and/or being part of the collective of
humanity, is forever entitled to. On the flip side, the preamble is comprised of seven clauses that
taken together accommodate the historical evolution, context, and reasoning behind the document's
inscription. Finally, at the end of the preamble is the declaration's proclamation, whose inclusion
solidifies the documents global significance. Given the historical time period that the UDHR was
conceived in, its thirty rights are quite an astonishing list. However, in today's times, the UDHR
does not mention a series of rights that the international community has, in some places more than
others, started to accept since 1948. In general, this trend can be easily noticed in how the
declaration phrases rights pertaining to the different sexes and/or genders. In not one of the thirty
articles, do the words sexual orientation or abortion appear, nor is there any mention that humans
have the right to be gay, queer, bisexual etc. At least in the United States, it has become more and
more accepted that human beings have the right to whatever sexual orientation that they innately
possess. Therefore, they are allowed to marry whoever they

Free Will Definition
The concept of free will fundamentally breaks down into the interpretation of its two constituent
words. The word free is a direct link to the concept of freedom, which Descartes describes as "the
ability to do or not do something". (O'Connor) Freedom is not constrained. There can be no limits
placed on it, lest it lose the fundamental nature of its definition. Hume reasoned that the sense of
freedom linked to free will was that of liberty. "that liberty is not a power of acting, but a power of
choosing. If I can do what I want, but I can't choose what I want, then perhaps I am not free"
(Lacewing 5)
I accept this is the more complete ideal of freedom, because it encompasses what free will ought to
be. It also raises interesting questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(174) These tend to be determinisms that govern individual action, on a more personal level. The
second facet of determinism is known as global determinism.(174) These include physical,
theological, and logical determinism. Each of these address the idea of determinism from a grander
scale, where actions and events, surrounding an individual, are directly impacted by larger principles
outside of the control of the agent. For example, physical determinism is when everything that exists
or occurs is simply an arrangement of physical particles that conform to the laws of physics. Our
tossing and failing to "swish" the paper ball in the waste basket was caused by a number of other
events, which includes our choosing to toss the paper, which was also determined by other factors
leading up to our decision. Theological determinism claims everything to be pre–determined by
God, which is another essay all in itself. Logical determinism was described as whatever happens
later could not have been otherwise, and can not contradict the truth value of whatever sentence or
claim we make at the moment. This form of determinism is important to the theory I will be

Narrative: a Trip to the Zoo and the Affects of Natural...
Carlton Day III A Trip to the Zoo and the Affects of Natural Creation Far more efforts have been
made to reverse my temperament imposed by surrounding circumstances than I can recollect;
however, never has this been achieved so naturally, as the unprompted excursion to the North
Carolina Zoo. My girlfriend and I decided after five years together that it was finally time to visit
her hometown of Mocksville during our long weekend break back in late July of this year. The plan
was to stay at a relative's home, but upon arrival her sister was merely in transition to this new
apartment; automatically this provoked a distressing slumber the first night. Where I barely dozed
on a couch and my significant other, Jessie, briefly snoozed in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Her name was Acacia, and she proceeded to lift her arm placing her large, rugged palm against the
glazing, which led me to reciprocate the action in kind; in this moment I felt a fluttering of my heart
along with an unceasing smile. Consequentially, because of Acacia's action made this trip one of the
purest and emotionally astounding occasions of my life. Although my newfound solace from the
plight that had regulated the overall trip was highly appreciated and ultimately efficacious it was not
without trial. This satisfaction apparently had to be well earned; as within the first hour of a four–
hour zoo outing, the discomfort of an extremely humid and terribly hot day began to set in and
rapidly elevate my body temperature. Alongside these natural forces at work, my impractical
decision to bring only my favored long–sleeved shirts simply aided in refuting a complete change of
these nasty events taking place. Contrary to all the adverse conditions of this expedition, my first
trip is classified as one of my most cherished excursions to date. Which is owed to my interactions
at each animal exhibit lifted my spirits ever so high that I still preferred to walk the entirety of a ten
mile route, spite the shuttle availability and this choice was to fully grasp the authenticity of the
environment per regional variation. Actually, the amazing wildlife encountered that day had such a
positive impression that I can still clearly recall the names of key animals,

Historical Debates Are The Most Common, And Often Most
Historical debates are the most common, and often most effective, tool for which new study and
scholarly perspectives are forged. The topic of municipalization might not seem at first glance like a
vessel for heated scholarly debate; however, once one peels back the curtain, several lines of
argument arise. Municipalization, in the classical sense, is the effective bringing–into–the–fold of
institutions and governments under the control of a larger body. This particular inquiry will focus on
the Roman Empire, and one particular source of law that has sparked a wider discussion on the
phenomena of municipalization in the entirety of the Roman sphere–of–influence, the Tabula
Heracleensis. More detail will be given to the specific aspects of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The most pertinent aspects of Scott's study to the Tabula Heracleensis are censuses, standardization
of weights and measurements, and the organization of trans–regional transportation. These things
are all mentioned in some form in the Tabula, and thus we must try and apply Scott's theory to it.
Scott essentially believes that states cannot possibly understand the intricacies of social phenomena
and any attempt at large–scale standardization (or municipalization) is carried out through the
coercive force of the state and will likely result in a negative social environment. This is shown best
through the quote, "Because local standards of measurement were tied to practical needs, because
they reflected particular cropping patterns and agricultural technology, because they varied with
climate and ecology, because they were 'an attribute of power and an instrument of asserting class
privilege,' and because they were 'at the center of bitter class struggle,' they represented a mind–
boggling problem for statecraft." In a rather long–winded way, Scott is asserting that governments
often cannot account for the social, economic, and cultural methodologies that go in to a particular
aspect of daily life. This will become key once applied to the Tabula.
As for Edward Bispham's work From Asculum to Actium: The Municipalization of Italy from the
Social War to Augustus, Bispham has a different take on Municipalization this time specifically

Analysis Of Charles Darwin 's ' The Origin Of Species...
In 1859, Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species declared that human beings
developed overtime from more simple forms. Evolution suggested that the human species originated
from ape–like creatures and gradually changed in structure. Essentially, given the changing patterns
of weather and environment, the species had to acquire new skills and adapt to survive. Those that
could not change were eliminated in a process that is known as Natural Selection (Larson 47). The
Evolution theory, since its inception, has prompted heated debate with supporters forwarding several
arguments to support this conception. Alternatively, those against the theory have enthusiastically
contested the credibility of the evolution theory. They in turn, proclaim that the theory lacks
substance and it does not satisfy the experimental demands of science. It is important to understand
the basis of arguments against evolution. Firstly, it is impossible that the universe could have
emerged from nothing. Evolution determines that man arose from a convergence of matter and that
the presence of gravity attests to the plausibility of the phenomenon. Yet in truth, as has been
proven, man is born from man and additionally, there has never been documented and verified cases
of a non–living thing such as matter giving rise to a living thing. This renders the theory of
evolution a baseless speculation. The principle of biogenesis, which is based on empirical evidence,
suggests that human

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