Detecting Facial Cues And Body Language

Detecting Facial Cues and Body Language
Expressions are very valuable, as they can prompt us regarding opportunities and threats in
individuals and scenarios that we encounter. Happiness indicates an approachable person while
anger signifies someone to stay away from. These two decisions are the most basic and simplest
behavioral decisions.
But sometimes, this decision does go wrong, since humans are after all humans. And along with the
mistake, some circumstances are riskier than others. Such as going up to a vicious person might be
an inherently costly mistake than avoiding a person who is actually safe to approach ( Haselton &
Buss, 2000).
A highly adapted system of perception might be more attuned to locating cues that would signify
danger, such as the facial intensity in locating hints of anger, in individuals who seem to possess the
capability in dealing out more harm as distinguished by their built, carrying armaments and other
details. Some might not even present any immediate risk, but overlooking an identifying cue that
could indicate the stranger being harmful is a costly mistake due to bodily harm being a possibility
than when seeing such cues where there are none.
Approach, on the other hand, is a tricky matter. And as such, people afford opportunities that are
positive. Failing in getting into contact with a person who presents a favorable opportunity, whether
it is related to providing social support or willing to share resources, may be costly as well but not
overly damaging. And as such, a tuned
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Psychology, Risk and Safety: Factors Influencing Risk...
Summary of Articles
Psychology, Risk & Safety
In his article, Mr. Dominic Cooper highlights four important factors that influence the perception of
risk. Risk perceptions are determined by people's personality, behavior, attitude, and situations
(Cooper, 2003). However, a person's personality and the situation encountered directly influence
risk perceptions while the other factors have a contributing role.
Personality, for instance, is considered by the author as one of the main factors influencing the way
people perceive risk. There are several types of personalities and each has a way of dealing with
situations. Personality types, in part, dictate people's behavior and attitude. Risk perception is
therefore heavily influenced by the way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of behavior is triggered by a combination of a worker's personality and his attitude
towards safety. Some examples of this unwanted behavior are irresponsible underestimation of risk,
acceptance of unnecessary risk, acceptance of the risk homeostasis theory (cost minimization
theory), zero–risk theory, and poor attitude towards safe practices. According to Irizarry and
Abraham (2006), the best approach for this safety system failure is to develop safety–training
programs that enhance risk perception.
Worker experience is also a factor that influences risk perception according to the study. It was
determined that workers injured during an accident at work have, indeed, a higher risk perception.
However, risk perception is diminished when workers are involved in accidents without suffering
any injuries (Irizarry & Abraham, 2006). Another finding shows that risk perception is higher among
those workers that do not conduct a particular task as opposed to those that do. Generally, the more
experience a worker has, the more likely he will be involved in an accident and consequently,
injured.
Finally, the authors expose the importance of a robust safety management system in order to
augment risk perception in the work place. According to them risk perception is reduced by a poor
safety

Evaluation Of A Project Report On Perception Error
A project report
ON
PERCEPTION ERROR IN RECRUITMENT PROCESS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR
THE DEGREE OF B. COM (HONS)
Under Guidance of: SUBMITTED BY:
MS.SABEEHA FATMA PANKHURI SRIVASTAVA BCOM(H.) I SEM Roll No–A7004614080
Amity University, Malhaur Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow Acknowledgement
This project report would not have been possible without the support and guidance of my teacher. I
would express my heart–felt gratitude towards and, without whose guidance and support, I would
not have been able to understand the objective of the project and this project would not have been
complete. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perception is shaped by learning, memorizing, expectation and attention.
Perception involves these "top–down" effects as well as the "bottom–up" process of processing
sensory input. The bottom–up processing transfers the low level information to higher level
information (extracts shapes for object recognition) the top–down processing refers to a person's
concept and expectations (knowledge) and selective mechanisms that influence perception.
Perception includes all those process by which an individual receive information about his
environment like seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, and smelling etc.
Perception is the process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to
the environment. Among the most important perceptions that influence organizational behavior are
the perceptions that organizational members have of each other.
COMPONENTS OF PERCEPTION
Perception has three components – a perceiver, a target that is being perceived, and some situational
context in which the perception is occurring.
A. The Perceiver
The perceiver 's experience, motives, and emotions can affect his or her perceptions.
1. Experience. One of the most important influences on perception is experience – our past
experiences lead us to

The Health Belief Model Is Used For Health Promotion And...
The Health Belief Model is commonly used for health promotion and health education. Its'
underlying concept is that health behavior is explained by perception of the disease and the
strategies available to lower its occurrence. There are four perceptions of the HBM, which are
perceived seriousness, perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers. In addition
to that, more constructs are added to health belief model that includes motivating factor, cues to
action and self–efficacy. Each of these constructs in combination or individually, could be used to
determine health behavior. The HBM also provides guidelines for the program development
allowing planners to address reasons for non–compliance with recommended health action. The
health belief model is a process used to promote healthy behavior among individuals who may be at
risk of developing adverse health outcomes. A person must gauge their perceptions of severity and
susceptibility of developing a disease. Then it is essential to feel vulnerable by these perceptions.
Environmental factors can play a role as well as cues to action such as media, and close friends. In
order to determine that taking action will be meaningful, the benefits to change must be weighed,
against the barriers to change behavior (Green & Murphy, 2014).
Reisi, M., Javadzade, S., Shahnazi, H., Sharifirad, G., Charkazi, A., & Moodi, M. (2014). Factors
affecting cigarette smoking based on health–belief model

Case Study Hy Dairies, Ltd Essay
Case Study Hy Dairies, Ltd. 1. What symptoms exist to suggest that something has gone wrong?
The sales volume and market share of Hy Dairies' gourmet ice cream brand had picked up
significantly over the past two quarters compared with the previous year. As the vice president of
marketing at Hy Dairies, Syd Gilman credited this achievement to Rochelle Beauport, the assistant
brand manager at the time, and decided to reward her with a newly vacated post of marketing
research coordinator. Based on his own career experience, Gilman was very much convinced that
the marketing research coordinator job would provide Beauport with greater career potential with
Hy Dairies. However Rochelle Beauport, being one of the top women and few visible ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Beauport, whose previous employer clearly discriminated against women in work and tended
to place women in technical support positions after a brief term in lower brand management jobs,
misperceived that Hy Dairies or even the whole industry would be just the same. In this case both
Gilman and Beauport made similar mistakes by narrowly categorizing, homogenizing, and
perceiving others into a certain group which is either similar or opposite to their own social identity.
Besides the above mentioned social identity and stereotyping problem, we may also see some other
perceptual errors given in the case, such as false–consensus effect. It is the tendency for people to
project their way of thinking onto other people, or assume that everyone else thinks the same way
they do. Gilman apparently overestimated the extent to which Beauport had beliefs and
characteristics similar to his own. 3. What actions should the organization take to correct these
problems?
Although we can't bypass the perceptual process, but we should make every attempt and find ways
to minimize perceptual biases and distortions. This case suggests that education and awareness
about how stereotyping works as well as meaningful interaction can effectively decrease the
negative impact of perceptual errors. Actions that

How Nurses Can Best Support Patients With Patients
Estimates are that 20–50% of patients do not adhere to prescribed medication regimens and that this
nonadherence may be responsible for up to 10 percent of all hospitalizations.1 Preparing patients to
manage their medications upon returning home from the hospital is a critical component to illness
management and preventing readmission to the hospital. Patients who report they are unprepared to
care for themselves after discharge from the hospital are likely to be readmitted.2 Readmission to
the hospital is associated with increased cost,3 and increased risk for mortality4. Thus,
understanding how nurses can best support patients to self–manage their medications is imperative.
To prepare patients for self–management requires nurses to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, collaborative communication that emphasizes shared decision making between
provider and patient is associated with patient activation and medication adherence.7,8 The purpose
of this research is to examine the relationships of hospital inpatients ' perceptions of nurse
communication and patients' understanding of their prescribed medications to begin to build a
framework for interventions to support patients' medication self–management.
Background
Medication adherence is simply defined as the extent to which patients follow prescribed medication
recommendations.9 Adherence includes taking medication the way it is prescribed (right dose, right
time, right route, right person), whereas medication management requires patients to understand
their medication (purpose, dose, frequency, how to take it, side effects) as well as developing habits
to remember to take the medications within the context of their daily lives. Actually managing
medications is a relatively more complex process and can be influenced by patient activation, beliefs
about medications, side effects,10 multiple daily dosing, complex regimens,10 polypharmacy,10 and
communication with the healthcare team. Self–care management includes treatment adherence
(following instructions) as well as symptom management and daily life management,11 Therefore,
patients' understanding of their home self–care involves being able to integrate hospital

The Perception Of Risk And Its Effects On The Individual...
Risk is a situation involving exposure to danger or the possibility that something unpleasant or
unwelcome will happen; while perception refers to awareness of something through senses (Oxford
dictionary, 2015). The perception of risk is the judgment that people make to characterise and
evaluate hazardous activities and technologies (Slovic, 1987). It is very subjective that everyone has
different assessment and valuation towards the likelihood of an event happening and its
consequences.
This normally influenced by the risk tolerance of the individual and there are several determinants
of risk tolerance such as gender, age and level of education. The risk perception goes beyond the
individual and it is a social and cultural construct reflecting values, symbols, history and ideology
(Weinstein, 1989). The perception of risk follows from the specificity and variability of human
social existence that it should not simply be presumed that scores and ratings on identical
instruments have the same meanings in different context (Boholm, 1998).
Inaccuracy in perceptions of risk is very much caused by self–deception. It is the concept where
individuals convincing themselves to deny in something that is supported by relevant, significant
and important evidence and argument. Self–deception includes the followings:
Overconfidence
According to Simon et al. (1999), human beings who are overconfident tend to take risky actions
that are highly likely to give disappointing outcomes due to

Aging And Negative Stereotypes Of Aging
Generally, modern society reinforces negative perceptions of the process of aging, and it is often
portrayed in society as being a lonely and depressing experience. These perceptions are important
because elderly individuals that have a positive outlook on aging have been linked to better health
and psychological well–being. This study explores the impact of negative and positive perceptions
of aging, held by society, and how they influence aging individuals. Although, some positive
stereotypes exist that are associated with the process of aging they are outweighed by negative
stereotypes. "Labeling Theory" suggests that when older individuals are presented with negative
stereotypes they themselves will assimilate these ideas, and will preform worse in age related tasks
(Kotter–Grühn & Hess, 2012). In fact studies have shown that when presented with negative
reinforcers of aging, individuals show more age related concerns and memory is impacted
negatively (Kotter–Grühn & Hess, 2012). In contrast "Resilience Theory" suggests that conflict
between negative aspects of aging and negative stereotypes can be a pathway to a more positive self
perception (Kotter–Grühn & Hess, 2012). The idea of the theory being when individuals feel
threatened by societal views they will compare themselves to those that are worse off than they are,
and this will in turn lead to a more positive self perception. Resilience theory is supported by a study
that found improvement in competence in

Health Belief Model Prostate Cancer
Introduction According to Anderson and Marshall–Lucette (2016), prostate cancer is the second
leading cause of deaths in developed countires with the highest incidence in diagnoses for males
worldwide. (p1046) "African American men have the highest incidence of prostate cancer, with a 1
in 5 probability of getting prostate cancer with the lowest rate of participation in prostate cancer
screening. (Sandiford & D'Errico, 2015, p.86) The Health Belief Model was constructed to help
understand behavior and reasons for noncompliance with medical care and actions. Nurses and
healthcare professionals can use the information to help develop a model regarding prostate cancer
screening that will educate patients, promote health, help prevent disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Educating males on the severity of prostate cancer in their culture and the importance in screening
for the condition can save many lives. It is our job, as healthcare professionals, to provide this
patient population with a means and strategy capable of reducing the prevalence of prostate cancer.
Many men are not aware but routine screening should start when one reaches his 50's or 40's if he is
from a high–risk group or has a family history of the disease. (Sandiford, L., & D'Errico, E. 2016,
p86) According to Anderson & Mashall–Lucette (2016), African American men are disinclined to
participate in screening programs due to fear that the digital rectal exam can lead to homosexuality
or changes in masculinity, a diagnosis may be discovered, lack of knowledge surrounding the
diagnosis and family history, socioeconomic status, changes in one's sex life, and developing sexual
or urinary dysfunction.

Focus on Risk Perceptions in Risk Society: Towards a New...
Book Review: "Risk Society–Towards a New Modernity"
This book review focuses upon one of the major projects of Ulrich Beck, which is about risk
perception issues. This was originally written in the German language, titled Risikogesellshaft, Auf
dem weg in eine andere Moderne. In English, it translates into "The Society of Risk, Towards a New
Modernity".
Brutal attacks by terrorist outfits, fast disseminations of viruses and SARS, naturally occurring
disasters causing widespread deaths, and other tragedies will put into jeopardy the development of
tourism the world over, in decades to come. Recently carried out field research regarding tourism
has therefore given much consideration to risk perception theory. It has also focused on what
importance risk perception theory holds in the decision–making process whilst improving the image
of any given tourist destination. But studies like these ones have oftentimes proved to be shallow,
incongruous and problematic. Planners, scholars and experts nevertheless agree that with regard to
tourist safety, sustainable policy mechanisms are required. It is of utmost importance to shed light
on Ulrich Beck's contributions for acquiring increased understanding of risk perception issues.
Although Beck's epic book was initially published in 1986, yet he is considered an authority on
contemporary concerns over the intertwined link between hazards and modernity. "Risk Society"
puts forth a chronological comparison for the revaluation of

Environmental Risk Perception Paper Psy 460
Environmental Risk Perception Paper
PSY 460
Environmental Risk Perception Paper
The following paper will base on my chosen articles on our climate. I will provide a summary of
each article. I will also compare and contrast the risk perceptions that are presented in each article I
will identify any environmental stressors that are related to the environmental risk. It will be
concluded with a discussion of my own risk perception of the issue. By the end of the paper you will
be familiar with different affects that the environment has on us and risks that we take every day just
breathing.
Environmental Risk Factors Climate Change
Climate change is it dangerous? This is a question many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Article Two Climate Change
The second article is about another issue that is causing our climate to change that can be of higher
risk that would be the ozone layer. Our ozone layer seems to be dimensioning it's been said that
pollution gases. Scientist have found evidence that increased pollutants in the air this study shows
this comes from cars factories and these are some examples. Some of the sicknesses that occur
because of this and our ozone layer not being protected could be bronchial asthma as we know this
is a syndrome which can cause shortness of breath and make it difficult for one to breath, the air
pollutants on health have been the focus of attention on this factor. During the years they have
conducted many experimental studies these studies have shown that even the gas from diesel
exhaust have been causing the upper respiratory disease and is able to control the immune system
response by increasing bad side effects with animals and humans. There have been studies and
during these studies that have been done they have found evidence that air pollutants can work with
in the atmosphere or on human airways, this is a very strong effect on the human body. In fact, if the
airways start the inflammation some pollutants start to overcome the chest making it hard to breath
which would lead to allergen–induced responses. But, air pollution and with the changes in the
climate would cause a human to have an effect this would be an allergic

Principles And Tactics Of Negotiation
Being genuine and sincere in the communication with others is one of the most important strategies
available for resolving a conflict. As the article entitled Principles and Tactics of Negotiation (2007)
mentions, "most of the basic principles of negotiation were learned before kindergarten. Be polite.
Be honest. Be considerate" (p. 102). The same goes for all interactions involving a conflict.
Collectively, both sincerity and honesty are common expectations in nearly all forms of negotiation,
but is especially important in relationships of business. For example, the most people wouldn't be
interested in negotiating contracts that involves financial goals or money if a negotiator has a poor
reputation in doing business. Alternatively, if a negotiator has a good reputation and the perception
of them is sincere, their business is likely to benefit from the influx of new client. A really good
reference for this is the business of veterinarian medicine.
Although every animal clinic relies on money to keep their doors open in order to continue to treat
animals in distress, veterinarians still have a responsibility to treat pets with sincerity and
compassion, in addition to providing appropriate medical care. When a client brings their pet in for
euthanasia, for instance, many veterinarians and supporting staff demonstrate a cold demeanor since
they do not want to show express their emotions while at work. However, this behavior can be
perceived as uncaring or insincere,

Conjoint Method: Evaluating Changes In Risk Perceptions
2.2. Survey Following steps 4 to 6 as stated earlier, a conjoint method conducts a survey in order to
evaluate changes in risk perceptions according to changes in nuclear plant conditions. Before
conducting a survey, understandable and reliable questionnaires were created. The survey was
pretested in order to ensure whether questions are understandable and reliable. The questionnaire
consists largely of four parts. The first part evaluates the general recognition of the power generation
source of the responder. This information understands the awareness of the public about the
generation sources and can be a useful reference in policy–making related to the choice of
generation methods to meet the national sentiment. The degree of interest

Literature Review : Risk Perception
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Risk Perception In behavioral and cognitive psychology, it is widely recognized that humans are not
always rational decision makers. Even when humans learn of new, relevant information, it is
difficult to predict how that information will in turn affect decisions and behaviors. Previous studies
have concluded that there is no significant relationship between sexual knowledge and safe sex. One
notion that is an antecedent to adopting protective behavior is risk perception. Risk perception is a
subjective judgment, and in situations where the risk is high enough, an individual will perhaps
change his or her behavior. Thus, in terms of condom use, people will use condoms if the costs of
potential illness ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To assess the optimistic bias in risk perception, the researchers asked participants to estimate their
own risk, in addition to the risk of others, and consistent with the theory, the results showed that
participants judged their own risk lower than the average risk. Implications for this in terms of
HIV/AIDS would be that this cognitive bias could cloud people's judgment and make it difficult to
recognize that a future infection can be avoided entirely if appropriate preventative measures are
taken in the present. Additionally, the literature offers two more potential factors underlying
underestimation of risk. The first is the idea of adolescent invulnerability, in that adolescents
inherently understate their own risk in comparison to not only adults, but also their peers in their
communities. – Second, the authors explore the idea that admitting to being at risk of HIV means
admitting to place oneself in the category of a stigmatized person. – In South Africa, HIV/AIDS
carries a huge stigma and is often associated with homosexuality and prostitution. Adolescents are at
an age where they are uncertain about their identities, and having to come to terms with the fact that
they are high–risk individuals may lead adolescents to assume that others perceive them and
associate them with a stigmatized person. This could potentially be problematic, as risk perception is
often

Emotions And Risks Perception Of Emotions
Emotions and risks perception The concept of affect, emotions, moods In psychology, emotions and
moods are phenomena that have been grouped under the umbrella term affect (Hosany & Gilbert,
2010). Affect is a term used to define "good" or "bad" as a feeling state initiated by a positive or
negative stimulus that is consciously or unconsciously experienced (Peters, Burraston, & Mertz,
2004; Slovic & Peters, 2006). However, moods and emotions are two distinct affective states that
differ in intensity (Cohen & Areni, 1991). Moods are mild, transient and pervasive feeling states that
can be caused by a multitude of stimuli (Gardner, 1985). For example, a person who reads an article
in the newspaper about the drop in fuel prices will start the day in a good mood as this implies
money savings next time at the gas station. However, this positive mood can easily disappear and be
replaced by a negative mood when the ride to work lengthens due to road traffic. In contrast,
emotions are intense feelings that are associated with specific stimuli that trigger specific
behavioural responses (Cohen & Areni, 1991; Hosany & Prayag, 2013). For example, a person who
receives a raise at work will experience feelings of joy and happiness leading to more dedication in
the work place. Similarly, a person who waits 45 minutes at a restaurant to dine will feel
disappointment and frustration and may decide to choose a different restaurant. Beside their
aforementioned differences, feelings

Quality And Quality: What Is Service Quality?
WHAT IS SERVICE QUALITY?
Quality is a driving force for improved competitiveness, customer satisfaction and profitability
(Edvardsson, 1992). As for service quality, e.g. American Marketing Organization defines it in two
ways: first, it is an area of study that defines and describes how services are delivered so thatthe
service recipient is satisfied; second, high quality service is a delivery of service that meets and
exceeds the expectations of the customers. Parasumaran et al. (1985) state that service quality is
defined by the customer evaluation of service outcome and service process as well as a comparison
of customer expectations with service performance. Hence, service quality can be thought as the fit
between current service level and customer expectations. Park et al. (2004) define service quality as
a consumer‟s overall impression of efficiency of an organization and its services. Thus, customer
satisfaction is a judgment made based on a specific service encounter. Chen & Chang (2005) suggest
that service quality is a process. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parasuraman et al., (1985) proposed that service quality is a function of the difference between
expectation and performance along all the quality dimensions. Customer perceptions of service
quality are influenced by five socalled

Marketing And Sustainability From The Perspective Of...
Marketing cannot be defined by a single aspect. Marketing is formulated by the approach of
satisfying customer's wants and needs, segmentation, targeting and positioning and meeting
organizations objectives. To function effective marketing is to create awareness, market research and
create a desire for a product or service to name a few. Every person in an organization is responsible
for marketing.
Drucker (1954) stated that 'Marketing is not only much broader than selling. It is the whole business
seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer's point of view. Concern
and responsibility for marketing must, therefore, permeate all areas of the enterprise.'
The aim of this report is to critically analyse 'Marketing and sustainability from the perspective of
future decision makers' by D. Pantelic, M Sakal and A Zenhetner (2016). In doing so, clearly
defining and explaining what is meant by the term 'sustainability'. Critically evaluating the results
presented within the article. Evaluating the impact the finding will have on marketers in the industry
and recommendations to marketers on how to respond to these impacts.
What is Sustainability?
According to World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Sustainability is
defined by maintaining the needs of the current generation without compromising forthcoming
generation's individual needs. Chambers, Porritt and Thomas (2007) also agree that a sustainable
development comes from

Labeling Of An Illness Or Disability From A Medical...
Labelling can occur by diagnosis of an illness or disability from a medical professional, to avoid
labels The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is used. The DSM contains
the symptoms of mental illness in order to ensure the correct diagnosis. Labels can also be applied to
individuals that are considered different from others in the community by behaviour or personal
qualities. To avoid this in psychological scientific writing The American Psychological Association
(APA) have guidelines to reduce labelling and language bias. Words must be carefully chosen when
referring to a person or persons that they are accurate, clear, specific and un–biased. We must be
sensitive to labels and avoid labelling individuals, a possible solution is to put "person with ..." It is
important to acknowledge participation therefore descriptive terms such as; students or respondents
are used and also give accurate information. (APA, 2011).
Kring, Johnson, Davidson and Neale (2012) displayed the diagram of The Four characteristics of
Stigma. Labels are applied to individuals that differentiate them from others, negative perceptions
are linked with the label which causes discrimination and leads to stigma of the label. The stigma
effectively ends with rejection of the individual from the community. It is believed that
discrimination can cause emotional harm to the individuals and their families. It was found that
stigma was associated with low self–esteem according to

Current Open Visitation Practices Within The Critical Care...
Introduction. The introduction will provide a contextual overview of the current open visitation
practices within the critical care setting. The introduction will begin by highlighting the American
Association of Critical–Care Nurses' and Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses' support for
open visitation practices and include the argument that unrestrictive family presences is indicative of
patient– and family–centered care. Next, the barriers that prevent open visitation and the
implications for practice will be acknowledged. The main barriers preventing open visitation that
will be briefly introduced (a detailed discussion will occur in the later portion of the text), and
include skewed nursing perceptions, gaps in knowledge about the beneficial effects of unrestrictive
family presence, and lack of formal visitation policies. It will be argued that the main implication for
practice is decreased patient and family satisfaction resulting from incongruent visitation practices.
Finally, the solution of educating nurses about the benefits of an open visitation policy on patients
and families will be proposed. Rationale for the solution will be provided. Purpose statement and
aims. The introduction will provide context for the following purpose statement: the purpose of this
review article is to gain a better understanding of how critical care patients and families can benefit
from open visitation policies. The review article aims to answer the following three

Evaluation Of A Project Report On Perception Error
a project report
ON
PERCEPTION ERROR IN RECRUITMENT PROCESS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR
THE DEGREE OF B. COM (HONS)
Under Guidance of: SUBMITTED BY:
MS.SABEEHA FATMA PANKHURI SRIVASTAVA BCOM(H.) I SEM Roll No–A7004614080
Amity University, Malhaur Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow Acknowledgement
This project report would not have been possible without the support and guidance of my teacher. I
would express my heart–felt gratitude towards and, without whose guidance and support, I would
not have been able to understand the objective of the project and this project would not have been
complete. She has been really understanding and supportive in explaining all the details with
patience. I would express my gratitude towards her for taking time out of her schedule to guide me
during the report.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
PERCEPTION
COMPONENTS OF PERCEPTION
NATURE AND FEATURES OF PERCEPTION
PROCESS OF PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION OUTPUT
 PERCEPTION ERROR IN RECRUITMENT PROCESS
MEANING OF PERCEPTION ERROR
TYPES OF PERCEPTION ERROR
EXAMPLES
CORRECT OR AVOID ERROR
 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

 IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH
 EXPEXTEDIMPACT ON ACADEMIC/INDUSTRY
 RESEARCH

The Pros And Cons Of Social Media
As defined by Merriam Webster, media is the system and organizations of communication through
which information is spread to a large number of people ("Media." Merriam–Webster.com.
Merriam–Webster, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2017). To attain this reach, media is no longer simply the
television, radio, newspaper or a magazine, but rather these things plus the internet. The inception of
the internet created the phenomena, social media, which is forms of electronic communication (such
as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online
communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)
(Social media. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.merriam–
webster.com/dictionary/social media).
Social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn all create pathways for
people to meet. Khosrovani cites Kreston (2013) in the presumption the recent increase of STDs is
directly linked to social media. A study by McFarlene found that young adults who engage in
meeting partners on social media are more likely to become infected with an STD compared to those
who didn't use social media to meet partners. in his study Khorovani surveys and interviews over
300 African American college students; where his findings demonstrated that more than 27% of
them had increased their sexual behaviors. In this same study, he found that one–third of the
participants found out a partner was infected by an

Self Perception
When we look at the sky the first thing we wish to see are the stars, those
amazing shinning objects everyone talks about, but not all see. Self–concept and
perception work the same way. Through interpersonal communication we relate,
communicate and evolve with other people physically and emotionally and it's affected
by one's self–concept, perception and emotion.
Self–concept is a term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives
themselves. How we think about and evaluate ourselves and how aware we are of
ourselves as a concept to be. A more stable definition is, as Baumeister provides, "the
individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes and who and
what the self is".
Every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The simpler the message, the easier the
other person will get it. You can have a simple discussion by asking straight questions
to someone and having direct and concrete responses. When you have a hard time
discussing an issue that you not know exactly how to express, your recipient might
loose himself in the conversation. Like in any type of communication, there's a chance
that the intended meaning is lost. Specially, when people try to express their feelings
the meanings get wrongly perceived. A person might want to break up a relationship but

in a nice and mature way, so they try to smooth the situation and be sensitive about not
saying something dry that can hurt its partner. But, if it is too sensitive and too nice, the
meaning could get wrongly perceived and the recipient might think its just an issue they
will get over easily, when the point totally was not that.
Perception is someone's reality, it determines how they perceive information from
another person and how the perception of others is the product of how you view
yourself. Perception can be learned, physical or cultural depending on your
environment.
They type of learned perception is formed with someone's personality, from the
thoughts, ideas and beliefs that are taught. For example, when a child communicates
and transmits information with his parents, the parent's personality traits, beliefs and
ethics of life will reflect in the kid. He

Communication: Meaning of Life and Words
KENYA INSTITUTE OF STUDIES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE
NAIROBI CAMPUS
COURSE: DIPLOMA IN CRIMINOLOGY/DLM
MODULE: COMMUNICATION
TASK 1: EXPLAIN HOW WORDS CAN DICTATE PREJUDICE AND PERCEPTION
NAME: DENNIS OKODOI OJUMA
ADMISSION NUMBER: 8034
TRAINERS NAME: JACINTA WARINGA
DATE SUBMITTED:1/02/2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.............................................. 2
How words dictate prejudice and perception........ 3,4,5,6
Conclusion................................................. 7
References..................................................8
INTRODUCTION
The words we use and the order in we use them give particular meaning to our communication.
There are certain occasions when the meaning is clear even though the words used are technically
wrong. But you cannot be certain that everyone with whom you ... Show more content on
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Our selective processes allow us to add delete or change stimuli so that we can avoid dealing with
certain information. Wrong use of words can also lead to a process called selective perception which
is the tendency to see hear and believe only what u want.
Words can help us form first impression about people thus first impressions can dramatically affect
perception about people..."you will find that people usually attribute positive qualities to persons A,
selecting a descriptive word with very positive connotations in contrast, persons B is often perceived
as possessing negative qualities and for this reason the word chosen to describe B has also negative
connotations" (gamble 2002)
Perhaps the most difficult thing with words is that they can mean two different things to two
different people, and they do not have the opportunity to query it immediately. Benjamin Disraeli,
the first English prime minister of Jewish descend and a brilliant novelist used to reply in this words
to admires who send him large manuscripts of their own in the hopes

Dual Processes: Social Psychology
The Interconnectivity of Dual Processes and How It Ties Into Almost Every Aspect of Psychology
Chapter Summary Dual process theory is an interesting concept that ties into many common aspects
of not just social psychology, but to biology and the psychology field as a whole. Dual process
theory has ties to sensation and perception, priming, and Need for Cognition, and multiple
psychologists are discussed in this chapter about how they tie all these ideas together in order to
make sense of dual processing. One of the first psychologists mentioned, Lewin, places a strong
emphasis on how needs and desires – called "quasi–needs" (Moskowitz, Skurnik, & Galinsky, 1999)
– influence a person's perception at a particular point in time. This is similar to the idea of priming, a
perception and learning process that allows the brain to "prepare" for certain information and be
more ready to receive said information than anything else in the environment. A good example is
someone's name. A person is acutely aware of their name, which ... Show more content on
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If there is something we don't know, why do people try to assume the missing information can be
attributed to something we already know? From those questions rises Festinger's concept of
cognitive dissonance. In his paper When Prophecy Fails he discusses how quickly and easily people
are willing to alter their reality so that new information will fit into the mold of how each person has
decided the world needs to be. With enough "commitment to conviction" and social support, people
will shove and twist information any way they deem necessary in order to fit information into the
neat little lines organized in someone's head (Festinger, Riecken, & Schachter, 1956). As Moskowitz
et all state at the beginning of the chapter, "People are biased by their particular views; they see what
they want to see, that which they already believe to be true" (Moskowitz, Skurnik, & Galinsky,

Essay on Model for Perception
Model for Perception
Most people assume everyone sees the world the same way. This can be expected because people
are not able to compare what they see to what someone else sees (using language to describe visuals
is inherently biased). This widely accepted assumption, however, is inaccurate. There is evidence
that each person's perception of the world is different– if only in minor ways. For example, a
perception discrepancy can be found when comparing how people suffering from anorexia nervosa
see their bodies and how other people see the anorexics' bodies. Even though this distortion is an
extreme perception difference that can actually be documented (most perception differences can not
even be verbalized), analyzing the distorted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biological process of perception can help explain this definition; what exactly does it mean that
the brain interprets stimuli from the environment and makes it into what we see and hear? According
to biologists, the process begins with stimuli, usually in the form of photons, vibrations or chemical
reactions from the outside world, being picked up by the sensory systems. The stimuli is detected by
a sensory neuron located on the surface of the body. This neuron converts the stimuli's light, sound,
heat, etc. into action potentials. The action potential changes the membrane permeability of the
neuron which allows it to transform into electric signs. The signs are conducted to a primary
processing area and elaborated on eventually being converted into corresponding information
regarding color, shape, shade, etc. Next, this new information is brought to the thalamus (usually)
where it is linked to older data containing similar experiences to form a complete message. The
message is carried to its specific cortical center to become perception. Therefore, perception is
actually a message constructed using outside inputs, inner–neuron processes and past, relevant
information stored in the brain.
Although it is not possible to know the conscience perception of victims of anorexia, there is a
wealth of data on these patients allowing experts to make conservative assumptions on their
perceptions. Based on this data, anorexics see a distorted image of

Essay on The Health Belief Model (HBM)
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is one of the first theories of health behavior. It was developed in
the 1950s by social psychologists in the U.S. Public Health Services to better understand the
widespread failure of tuberculosis screening programs. Today it continues to be one of the most
widely used theories. Research studies use it to explain and predict health behaviors seen in
individuals. There is a broad range of health behaviors and subject populations that it is applied in.
The concepts in the model involve perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits,
perceived barriers, cues to action, and self–efficacy. Focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of
individuals being studied create an understanding of their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The authors used all constructs of the theory through pre– and post–survey questionnaires for
subjects studied that went through the training course. Through the pre–survey they were able to
determine what realtors prior perceptions on lead and whether or not they understood its
implications and any of the background information relating to lead prior to taking the course. After
completion of the course, in six months, they were followed up with surveys and phone calls to
determine how effective the course was. The realtors enrolled in the study were volunteers and were
provided with a $200 financial incentive. The behavior researchers sought was to see if the realtors
put into action what they learned and whether or not they were able to inform potential clients about
the homes they were selling. An increase in realtor awareness is seen through the feedback they
provided therefore it reveals to have sustained a continuous behavioral change in the thought
process of selling a home to potential buyers. The authors did not clearly define the theories they
used. Instead they stated using quantitative and qualitative measures and also described their
methodology in detail. The authors made good use of the HBM theory as they were able to raise
awareness in realtors who had little knowledge or different perceptions on lead prior to training.
Researchers are working on finding solutions to keeping children's blood lead levels down. Giving

The Relation Of Specific Psychopathology With Social...
The article presented by Gray et al (2010), thoroughly examines the relations of specific
psychopathology with social perception. Autism spectrum disorder, schizotypy and psychopathy
will be further inspected and researched through a transdiagnostic approach – treating these
disorders as impairments of the underlying cognitive system instead of as a difference in entity.
Gray et al (2010), tries to define the aforementioned disorders with both an agency (cognitive
abilities and control) and an experience (primitive or animalistic behaviours) score which are
underlying aspects of mind perception. Mind perception can either be defined as overperception,
perceiving a nonexistent mind, or underperception, failing to perceive those with an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research was conducted with results from Self–Report online questionnaires designed to assess
Autism, Schizotypy Personality and Psychopathy. Every participant were asked to complete web
versions of the Autism Spectrum Quotient scale (AQ), the Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire
(SPQ–B) and the Self Report Psychopathy Scale (SPR–III). To encourage participants to be honest
with their answers, respect for participants rights and dignity was sustained through getting rid of a
subscale from SPR–III that may had confidentiality concerns. Correlations for agency and
experience were adjusted to make sure no third variable influences or confounds are included in the
final result. Any significant correlations were adjusted to maintain the transparency of the results.
These questionnaires included questions that not only concerns men and women but of other entities
such: as dogs, baby, dead women, God, robot, Superman, and trees. With assessment of these
agency and experience correlation scores, the researchers can validate the influences of these mental
disorders with social perception.
Having a selection of different choices on the questionnaire strengthens and allows an accurate
representation of how these individuals perceive the entities, especially if they can be categorized. If
one were to find an outlier, then perhaps there's a special subjective view of that entity by the

A Company Is Employing Greenwashing Tactics Essay
The participant illustrated this using the example that with the growing number of eco claims within
the market, it shows this strategy to be working. According to the research participant the most
obvious sign that a company is employing greenwashing tactics is the obvious use of environmental
images, such as pure landscapes, with no context to the image. Additionally the participant pointed
out that terms such as eco, or enviro–friendly would normally be used; however, the product will not
supply evidence of this indicating the claim in unsubstantiated. Furthermore, companies may make
broad claims giving consumers the perception that they possess an environmentally friendly
element, without there being one, just the implication of one.
According to the research participant, within New Zealand there are various forms of legal
greenwashing, the example provided being the BNZ bank investing in a Kiwi recovery program,
while at the same time investing in oil exploration. The participant also described legal
greenwashing tactics as those using ambiguous claims by advertising and terms that imply nature,
such as those which leave the consumer with the perception that it is good for the world only it is the
opposite. Within New Zealand, according to the participant, the only instance where greenwashing
is illegal is when the product implicitly claims to do something it does not. To explain this concept
the research participant provided an example using theoretical soap, "'using

Literature Review On Consumer Perception
Literature Review
In the past, the concept of consumer perception on value has been utilized to analyze the decision
making of consumers in many phases. The consumers will significance the product from many
internal and external factors comparing with what he has to sacrifice. If the perceived value of the
product exceeds what he has to give up, then he will choose to buy the product.
According to a research, the results indicate that the factors influence purchasing decision as
perceived value which is directly confident relationship to purchasing. And others factors that
indirectly influence purchasing decision via perceived value as quality, extrinsic attribute, intrinsic
attribute, perceived sacrifice, price and place so on. By the way ... Show more content on
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Perceived value is depended on extrinsic and intrinsic characteristic directly as two journals that
studied on the effects of extrinsic perceived cues consumer perception of quality, sacrifice and value
(R. Kenneth Teas, and Sanjeev Agarwal 2000). Cross– National applicability of a perceived quality
model (Sanjeev Agarwal and R. Kenneth Teas 2002) explained extrinsic attribute as Brand Name
and store Name. The two characteristic are positively direct to perceived value. The redemption
effort is likely to have a negative influence on perceptions of the value (Jeanne Lauren Munger;
Dhruv Grewal 2001), perceived quality, value perception, price acceptability are positively associate
purchase intentions. (Sanjeev Agarwal and R. Kenneth Teas 2004) investigation the generalizability
of a model that predicts consumers' perception of value based upon extrinsic cues – such as brand
name, price, retailer reputation, location and country of origin – and their perceptions of quality,
sacrifice, and

Solutions for Poor Contries in Bottom Billion by Paul Collier
The Bottom Billion by Paul Collier discusses why the poorest countries are failing and then offers
some insights and solutions to the problem. He says the four major problems in developing nations
are: conflict, natural resources, bad neighbors, and bad governments. The conflicts are usually civil
wars which have huge costs and the situation just becomes worse the longer the conflicts drag on.
Collier states that countries rich in natural resources are often worse off than countries that are not,
he attributes this problem to several different factors. One of the factors is that the resources open
the possibility for conflict over the resources. Another factor is that if a country strictly focuses it's
on a specific natural resource then the other resources and industries might get forgotten and lose
value. Being landlocked with bad neighbors can also be a large problem because it makes it almost
impossible to be a part of world trade, so these landlocked countries have to depend on their
neighbors for most of the trade and materials. A bad government can also be very destructive to a
country's economy, if they create unreasonable and restrictive policies. The smaller countries are
also at a disadvantage because it is hard for them to get any investors, because the investors would
much rather invest in well–known countries like India or China. After Collier stated all the problems
he also offered up some possible solutions. He believed that aid agencies should concentrate

Politics Of The Earth : Climate Change
We've covered a great deal of material so far dealing with environmental communication strategies,
major influencers and overall public engagement. Value charts, theories, approaches, roles and
tricky language are just a few of the topics we delved into in the first few weeks. The readings each
discuss the major influencers of people's opinions of the environment, be they political leanings,
opinion leaders, linguistic maneuvers, location, or captivating imagery. Additionally, race,
affiliations, socioeconomic status and more intersect into individuals' understanding and response to
climate change. The general consensus is that people's social and political identities, almost more
than anything else, determine what steps they take in preventing climate change.
In every major discussion of the readings we raised the subject of politics regarding climate change.
John Dryzek, professor at the University of Canberra, says in his book Politics of the Earth:
"Discourses are bound up in political power." We discussed how discourse about climate change is
increasingly discursive, and that often the controversy stems from differences in values rather than
disagreements about the science. One could argue that these opposing groups maintain their
differences of opinion because they do not understand the science and are instead resorting to
something they know how to talk about. Both Shi et al's Knowledge as a driver of public
perceptions about climate change reassessed revisits how

Literature Review Of The Development Of Adolescents And...
CHAPTER TWO
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of continual growth and change. Even though the physical changes are the
most visible, there are rapid neurological, cognitive and social changes to consider. As noted in the
previous chapter, theses dramatic transformations are a dilemma not only for parents who try to
guide their teens, but for the adolescent whose social–cognitive quandary is challenged by social
media. Before embarking into a literature review, let's briefly recapture what was stated above. In
short, according to the Gestalt perspective, the adolescent is constantly trying to balance the
integration of new and diverse experiences in relationship to their environment, their cyber world
and their inner selves.
Up to the present time, their childhood was a period of creating secure attachments. Obviously, these
secure attachments are important for healthy adolescent adjustments. Up till now, parenting was
considered somewhat easy compared to adolescences where parents encounter resistance.
Adolescents tend to argue for the sake of arguing, they jump to conclusions, they are self–centered,
constantly find fault in the adult's position and finally, can be overly dramatic (Psychiatry, 2016).
Due to such resistance, parents question themselves how to guide their adolescents from healthy
attachments to the struggles they now face: the assimilation of their new experiences within social
media. As stated in the above chapter,

Individual Risks Perception : Risk Perception
2. Literature Review
2.1. Individual risk perception
Risk perception is the person's subjective uncertainty about what she could lose or gain from a
transaction (Cox & Rich, 1964). In a similar vein, Ricciardi (2008) defines perceived risk as "[...]
the subjective decision making process that individuals employ concerning the assessment of risk
and the degree of uncertainty". Risk perception is related to the amount, possibility, and exposure to
loss (MacCrimmon & Wehrung, 1988), to confidence in individually assessed probabilistic
estimates about the degree of situational uncertainty (Sitkin & Weingart, 1995), and to lack of
information (Weber, 2004). "The practice of perception is a technique by which people categorize
and understand their sensory intuitions in order to provide an assessment of their surroundings with
the recognition of actions" (Ricciardi, 2008).
According to Ricciardi (2008), the most relevant cognitive and emotional factors that influence
individual risk perception, and in turn judgment and decision making process, are: heuristic,
overconfidence, the concepts of loss aversion and framing – which are the tenets of prospect theory
– anchoring, familiarity bias, perceived control, expert knowledge, affect feelings and worry.
In the following sections () I review two different descriptive models of decision making under risk:
Expected Utility Theory and Prospect Theory. In section (), I compare them and select the one that
suits individual risk

Consumer's Perception of a Brand Image Incredibly Relevant
CHANGE THEIR PERCEPTION
Consumer's perception of a brand image such as Microsoft is incredibly relevant in terms of a
positive perception on a brand leads on to a positive perception of a product and therefore,
Microsoft can successful market to students. Currently consumers' main perception on Windows 8
directly correlates to their perception on Microsoft, and at the moment it is not as strong as their
competitors' brand perception and culture.
Microsoft has to successfully alter their perception to not only be a positive perception, but a
perception of Microsoft that is superior to competitors such as Apple and Google. Microsoft has to
convince consumers that the switching costs, (discussed by Burnham, Frels and Mahajan (2003)) of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Students have the need to blend in and stand out at the same time, they want to be fashion forward
and knowledgeable it is up to Microsoft to persuade their target market that Microsoft is modern and
fashion forward. Engaging generation Y will increase a consumer's perception regarding Windows 8
and can make it feel personally relevant to them.
MOTIVATION IS KEY
In order to successfully market Windows 8, Microsoft has to motivate students to make the effort to
be interested in Microsoft. Lyengar and Lepper (2000) point out that a lack of motivation can cause
consumers to either defer the decision, search for alternatives, choose a default option or simply opt
not to choose. All of these options do not favour Microsoft in any way. Deferring the decision or not
making the decision at all reduces Microsoft's presence and exposure to the market because this
means that consumers are not willing to go that extra step to research Microsoft. Microsoft also does
not want consumers to opt for the default option, due to Apple's immense brand image and
popularity, especially to students Apple has become the protypical brand leader which only
diminishes Microsoft's perception with consumers. Motivation is highly affected from external
competitors such as Apple's iOS and Google's Android operating systems.
Microsoft should aim to create motivation for students and young consumers to become interested in
Windows 8 via university events. The open days are

Negotiating With The Dead By Margaret Atwood
Negotiating with the dead
We all use writing differently, some use it just to get a grade. Others use it to express themselves.
We all have a different perception on writing and how we do it. I took a look at Margaret Atwood 's
Negotiating with the dead and found out you can learn, express yourself and have fun while writing.
In Margaret Atwood 's Negotiating with the Dead, she describes writing from a personal standpoint,
we all write in our own way. It also shows we have that we have positive and negative sides to
writing. She describes writing in different ways to show how many writing styles/ideas there are.
The best examples that distinguish writing are taking risks, express yourself and amuse/please the
reader. These play hand in hand because you have to take risks in your writing, and you don 't know
if people will like it or not. In all the pieces you write, you have to express yourself in some type of
a way. To amuse/please the reader you have to try to connect the text with the reader 's personal
experience. You have to make the reader understand and appreciate your writing when he/she is
done reading your piece.
Writing is a way in which people express themselves. We write for fun, for popularity, and for
practice. Practice makes perfect, so we practice writing in school. We all have at least had practice
through grade school. Also, we practice writing for the real world when we have a job, because we
all need to learn how to write in a formal way to our

How To Write A Consumer Perception About Financial Risk
How Consumer Perceptions about Financial Risk In
Online Shopping Has Made The Transaction Process More Secure On eBay.com
Presented to:
Mark Medicoff
Lecturer
John Molson School of Business
Concordia University
Montreal, Quebec
Prepared by:
Claudio Viganó
Accounting Major
Montreal, Quebec
Section 212 – R
October 27th, 2016
October 27th 2016
Mr. Mark Medicoff
Lecturer
1450 Rue Guy, Montréal, Quebec H3H 0A1
Concordia University
Montreal, Quebec
SUBJECT: Consumer perceptions about financial risk in c2c websites report
Dear Mr. Medicoff,
Here is the assignment you requested on October 27th, 2016 for this business communications class.
In this formal report, I explain how consumer perceptions about financial risk in online shopping
have made transaction processes more secure in C2C websites like eBay.com.
Thank you in advance, Mr. Medicoff, for reading my formal report and letting me be apart of your

class this semester. I hope you find this report interesting and insightful.
Sincerely,
Claudio Viganó
7141 Rue Sherbrooke O,
Montréal, QC H4B 1R6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary.................................................................................................iii
Introduction.........................................................................................................p.1
1.1: Background................................................................................................p.1
1.2: Purpose Statement....................................................................................p.1
1.3: Research Methods.....................................................................................p.2
Evaluating consumer

Perceptions And Perceptions Of Consumer Behavior Essay
In attitude–behaviour relationships, the Theory of Reasoned Action states that consumer behaviours
are constructed by their attitudes, and the attitude itself is the result of the consumers' perception
(Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). With regards to greenwashing, research has found that this attitude–
behaviour relationship could manipulate the perception of consumer (see table 2 for perceptions and
explanations), for instance, perceived deception (Newell et al., 1998), perceived scepticism
(Albayrak et al., 2011), perceived inconsistency (Gallicano, 2011), perceived distrust, and/or
perceived risk (Chen & Chang, 2013). Consumers motivations for purchasing green products differ
and may even be contradictory (Cleveland, Kalamas, & Laroche, 2005). However, to some degree,
the motivations are thought to influence consumer purchasing behaviour and perception (Albayrak
et al., 2011).
If the consumer's negative perceptions of falsely claimed green products are correlated, it
corresponds to Oliver's (1980) Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory, as well as Fishbein's Multi–
attribute Model which also employs three components of attitude. Firstly, in Fishbein's Multi–
attribute Model are 'salient beliefs', referencing the opinions an individual may acquire during the
evaluation of goods or services. Second, are 'object–attribute linkages', these are a gauge of the
possibility of significance toward a specific attribute that is related to the object in question. The
third component is

Factors Affecting Online Shopping
Factors Affecting Customers' Satisfaction in the Environment of Online Shopping
1. Abstract
Online shopping is a process of buying and selling of products and services through the Internet.
Online shopping has become the fastest–growing industry and Internet users have reported that
online shopping is one of their primary uses of Internet. With the help of online shopping, the
consumers can purchase clothing, shoes, books, airline and events tickets, foods, computers
hardware and so on. In the present study an attempt have been made to analyze the perception of the
young people towards online shopping in Punjab. For the analysis of data descriptive statistics have
been applied. Majority of the) respondents assumed that transaction ... Show more content on
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The development of internet has created a paradigm shift of the traditional way people shop. A
consumer is no longer bound to opening times for specific locations; he can become active at
virtually any time and place and purchase of products or services. The number of internet users is
constantly increasing which also signifies that online purchasing is increasing. The previous primary
reason for shopping online was price, which has now changed to convenience.
The importance of analyzing and identifying factors that influence the consumer when consumer
decides to buy on the internet is crucial Since the internet is a new medium, there have been new
demands set by the consumer. That is why it is crucial for the online retailers to know the factors
which influence the online consumer.
Internet is changing the way consumers shop and buy goods or services and has rapidly evolved into
a global phenomenon. Many companies have started using the Internet with the aim of cutting
marketing costs, thereby, reducing the price of their products and services in order to stay ahead in
highly competitive markets. Customers use the Internet not only to buy the product online, but also
to compare prices, product features and after sale service facilities, Many experts are optimistic
about the prospect of online business (Shergill and Chen, 2005).

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