Codifying Conventions and Royal Prerogatives in Britain

Codifying Conventions and Royal Prerogatives Essay
Dicey named 'conventions' the non–legal rules that regulate the way legal rules are applied .
Prerogative powers are legal powers held by the crown but exercised by government without the
authority from parliament. There is no doubt about their importance to the British constitution but
their unwritten nature has caused disputes regarding their extent. Therefore some believe that
conventions and prerogative powers should be codified. This could be in legal or non–legal form.
Codification might clarify their existence and extent; neither form however will generate a more
effective constitution.
There are no legal consequences if a convention is breached. Courts may only recognize their
existence but cannot enforce their principles. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parliament can however override and replace the prerogative by statute e.g. The Fixed–term
Parliaments Act 2011. The Courts are capable of judicial review of these powers as was held
unanimously in the GCHQ case. Only prerogative acts, which don't involve high policy best
determined by the executives will be reviewed.
Since these implementations are in place it is unnecessary to codify prerogative powers. Any form
of codification would only capture the situation at that fixed moment. The British constitution is
constantly evolving and by nature does not allow for rigidity.
If they were codified in statutory form, they would no longer exist. Not only is it difficult to
determine their exact extent but the flexibility they provide would be lost. Flexibility would also be
lost if codifications were in a non–legal form.
The codification of conventions or prerogative powers is not only in paradox with their own
definition and nature but is also unnecessary since "obedience of the rules would not become any
more enforceable"
The British constitution is flexible in nature, which has allowed for the development of this country
over centuries without the need for a fully codified constitution. I
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the...
Wordsworth, Social Reform Literature, and Politics of the 1790s
The historical mix of social fictions in England and France at the end of the 1780s greatly impacted
the literature of the period. Tom Paine's The Rights of Man (1791) and Edmund Burke's Reflections
on the Revolution in France (1791) were the two most widely read works that spurred a decade long
debate on how the nation of England was to be governed and by whom. As a young man during this
period, William Wordsworth formed part of the circle of writers who fought for the Republican
cause of democracy and its ideals. Similar to the poet William Cowper, Wordsworth's early poetry
contributed to a larger framework of social reform literature that the publisher Joseph Johnson ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In countering the politically conservative ideals sweeping the nation in the early 1790s reaction to
the French Revolution, reform publishers like Johnson, and his coterie of writers, actively
confronted writers like Edmund Burke and his proponents. Burke's criticism of radicalism in his
Reflections on the Revolution in France is salient to the debates, warning of the spread of French–
Jacobin ideals to British soil. He criticized heavily the reform works like those Joseph Johnson and
his circle of writers published. Burke's attack (in part a reaction to the reformer Dr. Price, a leading
advocate of social reform[3]) set off a storm of political controversy concerning the most
fundamentally esteemed principles that many saw as the basis of English civilized life in the 1790s:
Reason, Truth, Liberty, Virtue, Justice, and God. In order to persuade his readers, Burke attempts to
justify the historical abuses that France's monarchy perpetrated toward its citizens. He constructs a
history that constituted the same "leading principles on which the commonwealth and the laws are
consecrated" in Britain, one that he felt all patriotic British citizens implicitly agreed with.[4] His
aim was to sanitize the French aristocracy's complicity as political agents of an abused monarchy,
and to

Human Cloning Debate: The Fate of Frankenstein
Background When Frankenstein was adapted for stage in 1823 the production's title was
Presumption; or, The Fate of Frankenstein. A Victorian audience was concerned with the theme of a
man's ambition to replace God by creating a new species. Equal emphasis was placed on this aspect
of the novel in the 1831 introduction of Frankenstein, "It is Mary Shelly's critique of where such
highly abstracted creative powers can lead when put in a 'realizing' scientific context and then driven
along by 'lofty ambition' and 'high destiny' (Shelley, 2004, 204) that we see in the pages of
Frankenstein" The novel was controversial in that it went against the traditional religious ideas of
the time; Victorian morality held that God was the Almighty Creator. However, modern readers,
with less restricted moral boundaries to those of the Victorians, likely see Victor's main crime within
the novel more the perverse way in which the creation is carried out and more importantly Victor's
failure to nurture the offspring; his crime is against the traditional framework of the family (Feldman
and Scott–Kilvert, 1987).
Position Statement– At the very essence of the Frankenstein myth is the idea that humans have the
technology and wisdom to create or duplicate life. This idea, cloning, is neither new, nor mysterious
it is simply the biological process of producing replicas of organisms through other means than
sexual reproduction. In the United States, consumption of meat and other products derived from

The Influence of The History of Rasselas on A Vindication...
The Influence of The History of Rasselas on A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
A surprising commonality found between Johnson's The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia and
Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is their shared views on women's issues.
This commonality is surprising since the two authors had different political viewpoints. While
Johnson was a conservative Tory, Wollstonecraft was a social nonconformist and feminist. Although
Wollstonecraft and Johnson adhered to different political agendas, Wollstonecraft revered many of
Johnson's literary works.
One example of Wollstonecraft's admiration of Johnson is found in her uncompleted short story
"Cave of Fancy". Wollstonecraft began ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In her argument for the merging of reason and sensibility she writes: "And what is sensibility?
'Quickness of sensation; quickness of perception; delicacy.' Thus is it defined by Dr. Johnson" (63).
She further states that Johnson's definition of sensibility found in his Dictionary of 1755 is
inadequate. She complains that "the definition gives me no other idea than of the most exquisitely
polished instinct" (63). Although Wollstonecraft admires Johnson, his works are subject to the same
scrutiny as Rousseau's.
Wollstonecraft also refers to Johnson's Rambler essay "The Mischiefs of Total Idleness" when she
comments on the vanities of the rich. She writes:
What can be a more melancholy sight to a thinking mind, than to look into the numerous carriages
that drive helter–skelter about this metropolis in a morning full of pale–faced creatures who are
flying from themselves. I have often wished, with Dr. Johnson, to place some of them in a little shop
with half a dozen children looking up to their languid countenances for support. (146)
In this instance, Wollstonecraft states her agreement with Johnson's belief that the company of
children "would give health and spirit" to the idle women.
While Wollstonecraft refers to Johnson's Dictionary and Rambler essays to strengthen her argument
in Vindication, many of her thoughts on women's issues are similar to those found in Rasselas. One
such similarity is found in Johnson and Wollstonecraft's

Loyalists Vs. Patriots
A Government, according to the Merriam Webster Dictionary is system used to make decisions for a
country. Idealy a country's inhabitants and decision makers would come to a general consensus and
"happy compromise" regarding the national government's limits and intended purpose. However, in
World History there is long pattern of abuse of power, disagreement, a division between people.
Politics doesn't lend itself well to compromise. During the time period from 1765–1800 there were
many differing, outspoken views on the role of government, and like many ideas they evolved
throughout time. In the beginning of said eon, the main division in governmental ideology was
between Loyalists and Patriots. After the 1765 Stamp Act was enacted, a major ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Except now instead of Loyalists vs. Patriots there were Democratic Republicans vs. Federalists.
Upon legal recognition of the United States as an entity separate from Britain, a document was
created to establish distinct rules and values of the government. This document, called The
Constitution of the United States (1787), would "establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves...". The Constitution has been successful and has served the test of time, but everything it
states allows for various interpretations. A major divide in popular opinion was created and would
remain past Thomas Jefferson's 1800 inauguration. People who based their views strictly upon the
Constitution were known as Anti–Federalists or Democratic Republicans. They believed in a small
national government with strong individual state governments. Antifederalists were often common
people who wanted fair representation. In 1787 a document was written called Letters from a
Federal Farmer. The line "I can consent to no government, which, in my opinion, is not calculated
equally to preserve the rights of all orders of men in the community.", really emphasizes the fear of
an overpowering government. Federalists supported a strong national government with smaller less
powerful state governments. James Madison, in Federalist 10 (one of the Federalist Papers), refuted
the anonymous Anti–Federalist author by writing that "statesmen will be able to adjust these
clashing interests and render them all subservient to the public good..". James Madison thought that
by enabling statesmen to have power they could undermine things established for the public

Patriotism: Use with Caution Essay
Patriotism: Use with Caution
Patriotism has a different face for everyone. Some follow it blindly, some reject and oppose it, some
stand indifferent, and others choose to follow it cautiously. Patriotism is also now a challenge for
multi–cultural societies because the back bone of social unity can no longer be merely similarities in
ethnicity, culture, or religion. In this essay, I shall state the risks of following patriotism blindly and
the risks involved in rejecting patriotism completely. I will also show the practicality and correct
motives for following moderate patriotism.
Patriotism is the love, commitment, and loyalty an individual feels for his or her country. In the U.S.
, patriotism started after English, Scottish, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a recent interview with CNN, Britney Spears, a pop star, called on people to "trust the president in
every decision he makes... and we should just support that and be faithful in what happens" (Alter).
In other words, blind patriotism calls for people to stop thinking autonomously and instead adopt
actions and ideas that please the rest of the national public, for the unity and good of the rest of the
country.
However, according to some anti–patriotic thinkers, blind patriotism is a destructive idea that erodes
the world. The flaw in blind and unconditional commitment to one community is the belief that a
community is superior to other communities (Nathanson 4). Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)
declared blind patriotism, "our country right or wrong," as a form of "monarchical patriotism," or
repeating the historical mistake of abiding by the English throne without representation (Alter). Leo
Tolstoy went even further and declared patriotism "very stupid and immoral" (Nathanson 4). He
supported this statement by adding, "The sentiment (of patriotism), in its simplest definition is
merely the preference of one's country or nation above the country or nation of any one else... (H)ow
can patriotism be a virtue... when it requires of men an ideal...not of the equality and fraternity of all
men, but of the dominance of one country or nation over all others?" (4).
However, the commitment, love, and loyalty

The United States, the United Nations, and Global Human...
The United States Positioning as a World Superpower: Its Subsequent Influence in the United
Nations and Views Regarding Human Rights
"America stands at this moment at the summit of the world."
–Winston Churchill, 1945
As World War II came to a close, a new need for an international peacekeeping organization became
apparent in order to maintain peaceful relations among nations in the post–World War II era. The
United Nations (UN) came into effect on October 24, 1945 for this very purpose and also "to
reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the
equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small". One of the leading organs of the
UN, the Security Council (UNSC), was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ironically, even though the UN aided the U.S. into its position as a world leader post–WWII, the
U.S. tends to believe that the UN is holding them back from further developing as a prevailing
Nation. This conflict between the U.S. and the UN can be seen specifically in the events leading up
to America's war on Iraq, where the U.S. demonstrated the use of force to promote democracy as
their method of improving human rights.
The conclusion of World War II not only ended four years of bitter global warfare, but also marked
the creation of a new era for the United States. The United States emerged out of World War II not
only victorious but newly strengthened. The other Ally powers had proven victorious as well, but
were faced with much greater losses than the United States. The United States exited the war
relatively physically unharmed, economically revived, and diplomatically reinforced. The period of
the Great Depression that had lingered over the American people for twelve years was over. The
country was stimulated by economic growth and rising prosperity. The policies of American
isolationism that had governed foreign policy for a century and a half were coming to a close. The
American people were feeling invigorated and possessed much national self–confidence. The United
States came out of WWII a leading nation, which

Rule of Law in Bangladesh
Question:–Asses the status and function of the rule of law in the operation of the current Bangladesh
constitution
INTRODUCTION Every country is based on some kind of law. Some of those are arbitrary powers,
however over the years the only rule that seems to dictate the terms is the rule of law. One of the
basic principles of the any constitution is the rule of law. This doctrine is accepted in the constitution
of U.S.A. and in the constitution of Bangladesh. Now a day's rule of law is one of the most
discussed subjects of developing countries. Developed countries and donor agencies always instruct
the developing countries for sustainable development and good governance. [1]Actually sustainable
development and good governance mostly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some aspects of the rule of law in our society and polity should be mentioned as under: First, access
to law as well as equality before it, are reserved for only those who are privileged. For the rest of the
population, more or less the Hobbsian law of nature prevails. They are the helpless victims of as
unjust society that sets great story by privileges. Second, all government in this country since the
falls of Ershad have claimed that there is independence of judiciary. The claim is only partially true,
while the higher courts enjoy a certain measure of independence; the lower courts are under the
direct control of the law ministry. The judges look up to the Ministry for everything infect they are
obliged to. The principle of separation of judiciary from executive is being violated in two ways – 1.
Magistrates are performing dual function of both executive and judiciary, which is not desirable in
the interest of justice.
2. The service of district and session judges, their transfer, promotion etc. are controlled not by the
Supreme Court but by the law ministry.
Third, The government of Bangladesh continued to use the Special Power Act of 1974 and section
54 of the criminal code, which allow for arbitrary arrest and preventive detention, to harass political
opponents and other citizens by detaining them without formal charges. Fourth, The very principle
that law should take its own course requires

Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution Essay
Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution In order to investigate the claim that 'Napoleon betrayed the
revolution', it has to be determined what is the French revolution? And what are the revolutionary
ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed? If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the
ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he
consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated
or betrayed the revolution is to explore his actions such as his military success, Dictatorship and
social reforms. The difficulty of this analysis is that Napoleons motives for his actions determine
whether he consolidated or betrayed the Revolution. If ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Napoleon continued in the Revolutionary tradition of liberating and introducing revolutionary ideals
to the territories he claimed for France. In the areas he conquered Napoleon granted constitutions,
introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered education,
science, literature and the arts. However these reforms always failed as Napoleon was always
attempting the politically impossible. This did not stop Napoleon from continuing his conquests.
Napoleons battles were fought in order to consolidate his dictatorship. His Military success initially
consolidated the revolution, but once he turned France into a military dictatorship he betrayed the
revolution. Although Napoleon's military conquests started off based on the ideals of the French
Revolution, Napoleons relentless quest for personal glory lead to a dictatorship. "In Napoleons
hands the state had become the instrument of dictatorship." The Ultimate betrayal was the institution
of a hereditary monarchy. This hereditary monarchy began in Napoleons action of crowing himself
Emperor and Culminated in his marriage to an Austrian Hapsburg princess "the moment his power
became hereditary it cut itself off

Aristotle on Justice
In this paper, I shall address two central contemporary criticisms of Aristotle's conception of justice.
These criticisms of Aristotle's account of specific justice have focused on two central problems.
First, Aristotle's insistence that all specifically unjust actions are motivated by pleonexia Pleonexia
can be understood as the desire to have more of some socially availablegood, and is usually
translated as greed or acquisitiveness.
Close . Second, Aristotle does not identify a deficient vice with respect to justice. This violates his
"golden mean" doctrine with respect to virtue. Without the identification of the deficient vice with
respect to justice, then justice must not be a virtue of character. Due to considerations of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defending one's home, fighting against invaders, when they are attacking the state to preserve one's
family and friends is an example of the application of these qualifications on the virtue of courage.
Considering how this action affects the overall well being of others, we are considering how the
action is generally just. In sum, the distinction being made here is that the same virtue can be seen
all by itself, as a part of the character of an individual only, and where the virtue is in relation to
another person in a particular political community, and its effects on the well being of others in that
political community. We have the same state considered from different perspectives. Aristotle says
that justice is spoken of in two ways: as lawful and as fair. I will discuss general justice first in order
to distinguish it from specific justice. Generally speaking, general justice is concerned with the
common good of the community. In the Politics, Aristotle refers to justice as being a communal
virtue. "Similarly, then, we shall say that virtue has a just claim in the dispute, since [general]
justice, we say, is a communal (koinoniken) virtue, which all the other virtues necessarily
accompany" (Pol.1283a36–39 trans. Reeve [modified]). This communal or relational aspect of
justice shows up both in general and specific justice. I shall discuss the communal or

Ain t No Making It Chapter Summaries Essay
Chapter 1 Our achievement ideology is based on the idea that the U.S. is full of opportunity and
anyone can accomplish success in our society if they work hard enough. Many grow up thinking
education is the ladder that will allow for this social mobility and all you have to do is be willing to
work hard enough to earn it. But what about children who grow up thinking differently? Why do
some strive for high paying careers while others refuse school and are seemingly ok with staying
working class? MacLeod challenges the notion that America is the land of opportunity with research
he conducted while in college. He uses the research of several reproduction theorists to show that
schools not only are not great equalizers, as most think, but ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Despite they criminal activity, most of the Hallway Hangers desire to make enough money to move
their families out of the projects. The Brothers are a group of mostly black boys (with the exception
of one) who so not smoke, drink regularly, and value education as they all attend high school.
Though they are merely a peer group and not their own subculture as they value academics and
athletics and are not as bothered by the stigma of living in the projects. Describing the differences in
the Hallway Hangers and the Brothers, the MacLeod points out that the Hallway Hangers rarely
have parental supervision, many have lived in public housing for several years, many have absent
fathers, and the educational attainment of their families is very low. The Brothers on the other hand
have more parents and siblings who graduated high school and attended at least some college, more
have father figures living in the house, and their average time living in Clarendon Heights is less
than the Hallway Hangers. The Hallway Hangers view their own job experiences and those of their
family members as foreshadowing for their own future jobs and contribute to an entrenched
cynicism. They believe their preferences will have no bearing on the work they

Jury System Of Ancient Greece Essay
Jury System in Ancient Greece
Su Chenguang
ELS Language Centers/Juneau
When all the tribunals were present, two ballot boxes were placed in the first courtroom, as well as
some copper dice in the same color as the court, and the other dice with the name of the presiding
officer. Two by the lottery to the judicial council, respectively, to vote two groups of the child. One
will be colored into the ballot box, and the other into the name of another executive box. That one
officer in the first sign, the other will announce that this person will use the first court assigned to
him, the next one assigned to the second court, more than analogy. The purpose of such an approach
is to avoid his court being known, and each person can only preside over the court designated by lot.
When the jurors have entered and have been assigned to their respective tribunals, the presiding
judge of each court draws out one from each box (a total of ten, one for each tribe) and throws them
in Another empty box. Then he pulled out five of them, designated one to manage water timepieces,
and the remaining four to report the number of votes. This is to prevent any pre–bribery of the
timepiece manager or voting reporter, and to ensure that there is no misconduct in these areas. The
five persons who are not elected to these posts are notified by them, including the order in which the
jurors receive their rewards and the places where the tribunals are assembled in the tribunals when
the jurors

Essay on Biography of St Thomas Becket
St Thomas Becket (December 21, 1118 – December 29, 1170) was Archbishop of Canterbury from
1162 to 1170. He engaged in a conflict with King Henry II over the rights and privileges of the
Church and was assassinated by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral.
Life before his consecration
Thomas Becket (also known as Thomas à Becket, although many people consider this incorrect)[1]
was born in London sometime between 1115 and 1120, though most authorities agree that he was
born December 21, 1118, at Cheapside, to Gilbert of Thierceville, Normandy, and Rosea or Matilda
of Caen. His parents were of the upper–middle class near Rouen, and Thomas never knew hardship
as a child.
One of Thomas's father's rich friends, Richer de ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This created both a hardship and a resentment of Becket among the English Churchmen. To further
implicate Becket as a secular man, he became an accomplished and extravagant courtier and a
cheerful companion to the king's pleasures. Young Thomas was devoted to his master's interests
with such a firm and yet diplomatic thoroughness that scarcely anyone, except perhaps John of
Salisbury, doubted his allegiance to English royalty.
King Henry even sent his son Henry, later the "Young King", to live in Becket's household, it being
the custom then for noble children to be fostered out to other noble houses. Later that would be one
of the reasons his son would turn against him, having formed an emotional attachment to Becket as
a foster–father. Henry the Young King was reported to have said Becket showed him more fatherly
love in a day than his father did his entire life.
Archbishop Theobald died April 18, 1161, and the chapter learned with some indignation that the
king expected them to choose Thomas his successor. That election took place in May, and Thomas
was consecrated on June 3, 1162, in accordance with the king's wishes.
Archbishop, 1162
At once there took place before the eyes of the astonished king and country an unexpected
transformation in the character of the new archbishop. Having previously

The Importance of John Adams 1763-1776
The Importance of John Adams 1763–1776 "Fear is the foundation of most governments," (1)
quoted by the fearless leader John Adams. John Adams played significant roles during the years of
1763 through 1776. He was in support of self–governing and independence which caused him to
become the leader of the Boston Massacre. Between 1765 and 1776, Adams's involvement in radical
politics ran apace with the escalation of events. In 1770, he was elected to the Massachusetts House
of Representatives, and he later served as chief legal counsel to the Patriot faction and wrote several
important resolutions for the lower house in its running battle with Governor Thomas Hutchinson.
He also wrote a penetrating essay on the need for an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His work was first published in the Boston Gazette and was published on January 23, 1775. In
America, John Adams works were published as pamphlets, but in London they were published in
abridged form. His essays were signed Novanglus, and they were a reply to other essays signed,
Massachusettensis. John Adams did not know who the artist of Massachusettensis was but he had a
very strong feeling that it was Jonathan Sewell, later he discovered that his antagonist was Daniel
Leonard. Many believe that John Adams played a role in the Boston Tea Party, but in actuality he
had nothing to do with the Boston Tea Party, only thing Adams did was approve it. He felt it had
reasonable motives, was very bold, and should be marked as a big moment in history. Adams
believed British wouldn't respect the colonist rights unless someone forced them. That's how John
Adams became one of the four most important Patriot leaders in Boston. After the Boston Tea Party,
King George III grew highly furious because so much tea was destroyed and he closed the whole
Boston port. Not only did King George III close the port of Boston but he was so extremely upset
that he suspended all town meetings in Massachusetts' colonies and instead of having Boston listed
as the capital of Massachusetts, he made Salem the capital. King George III wanted these new rules
to stay enforced until Boston could find a way to pay back all the tea that they decided

Essay On The Pros And Cons Of A Grand Jury
A grand jury is used in the federal legal system to decide if someone should be indicted for a crime.
A selected group of sixteen to twenty–three citizens assemble and are given the task of investigating
potential criminal activity. The prosecuting attorney is the presider of a grand jury and will present
the case and the evidence. The grand jury is presented with evidence such as documents, witnesses,
and physical evidence. They can also issue subpoenas for sworn testimonies and more evidence. A
grand jury is more secretive and the rules of evidence do not apply in the same way as a trial jury.
No one is allowed to reveal anything that happened in the jury room. Grand juries are not opened to
the public or to the press. Witnesses are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A grand jury is made up of people in the community. The grand jury pool is the first group of
potential jurors. It consists of all people living in that community in the court's jurisdiction who are
eligible. In order to be considered eligible to participate in federal grand jury, the person must be a
U.S. citizen and over the age of 18. The jurors must also be able to speak fluent English and be able
to fill out a selection questionnaire. They also must have no prior or pending felony charges or
convictions on record. From there, the court will pick the grand juror candidates at random from the
grand jury pool. The clerk of courts will then identify the chosen candidates from public records.
Once the prospective jurors have been chosen, the clerk of the court will provide them with a
questionnaire that must be completed in order potential juror. This will help determine if the person
is eligible to serve. From the selection that is able and eligible, the court will randomly choose them
serve as a juror. The selected juror will receive a summons to appear for grand jury duty on
scheduled dates and times.
The chosen jurors are then able to request an exemption from serving, but only for certain reasons.
Generally, if a juror holds a public safety job, such as a doctor or policeman, or is an active member
of the armed forces, they can be excused. Also, if a juror is over a certain age

The Goals of the Declaration of Independence Essay
The Goals of the Declaration of Independence The American Revolution was not only a battle
between the British and the colonists; it was a historical movement that brought about new ways of
thinking. The ideas of liberty and equality began to be seen as essential to the growth of the new
nation. The separation of the American colonies from the British Empire occurred for a number of
reasons. These reasons are illustrated in the Declaration of Independence. Although Thomas
Jefferson wrote the document, it expressed the desire of the heart of each colonist to be free of
British rule. British rule over the colonies became unbearable in the early months of 1776, making it
clear to the colonists that it was time to either give in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is also addressing the relationship between the Englishmen in Britain and the Englishmen in
America. The colonists would still be connected to England, but they would no longer be a part
England (Pleasants 53). The colonists would form their own government, and no longer be subject
to British rule. The introduction concludes: " . . . and to assume among the powers of the earth the
separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and Nature's God entitled them, a decent
respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to
separation." This implies that there should be equality among nations, according to natural law, and
that it was time for the colonies to obtain this equal status (Pleasants 53). The colonists also felt that
it was necessary to state their reasons for the movement towards independence. They would do this
in the body of the document. Their first reason for the declaration was their desire for "life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness." This is not to say that it is the responsibility of the government to
provide every citizen with happiness, but it was believed that the British were preventing the
colonists from being happy. In this time, happiness meant property. Many of the colonists could not
own

St. Thomas Becket
My fellow clergy members and I stand accused by His Majesty's of praemunire. A law established in
1353, and later reinforced in 1393 with the purpose of protecting the rights of the English monarch
and common law in congruence with canon law. However, his Grace has generously offered the
church the option of a royal pardon upon the payment of £100,000 stipend to reimburse his Majesty
for the debts incurred while trying to secure annulment for his divorce. I implore that my fellow
clergy members accept this gracious offer, so that trust may be re–established between temporal and
spiritual once again. I know some of you may view this charge as an injustice, but we as spiritual
leaders should focus more on securing salvation for the people of England. Our main purpose on
this Earth is to interpret ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let us remember the venerated Saint, Thomas Becket, who is an everlasting symbol to not only the
Canterbury Cathedral, but also of what happens when temporal and spiritual refuse to meet at a
consensus. St. Thomas Becket, once former Chancellor under the reign of King Henry II, and close
confidant, was offered the position of Archbishop of Canterbury in hopes that he would serve his
King rather than God. St. Becket refused claiming that he could not serve two rulers simultaneously,
choosing God over man. For, if he should choose one, he would surly lose the other, and what a
tragedy it would be to lose God. When King Henry II came to St. Becket and his Bishops, he
ordered them to sign the Constitution of Clarendon, St. Becket saw that to deny his request would
result in only further enrage him. Becket advised his Bishops to sign the constitution despite it being
obvious attack on the church. Becket preformed public acts of penance, which humiliated his once
close friend, and diverting his anger towards himself rather than his fellow Bishops so that they
could escape

How Law is Made and Interpreted in France, China and...
Outline
How Law is Made and Interpreted in French Civil Law System
French Civil Code of 1804
Sources of French Civil Law
Doctrine
How Law is Made and Interpreted in China
Confucianism
Legalism
How Sharia Law is Made and Interpreted in Pluralist Indonesian System
How Law is Made and Interpreted in French Civil Law System
The civil law is a branch of private law governing relations between people, whether individuals or
legal entities (Sacco, 1991, p.25).
It comprises of:
1. The law of obligations (including contract law);
2. The right people;
3. The family law;
4. The right of property;
5. The law of succession.
In France, civil law is the set of issues and legal acts which fall within the civil courts (Cruz, ...
It happens to enjoy a de facto position owing to its two functions, both of which are complementary
to each other: all the current rules of law are explained by it, are synthesized by it, imperfections are
highlighted and solutions are presented, which imparts an improved use of these laws. Secondly, it
casts an influence on legislator in the creation of legislation and usage of laws by jurors (Bermann &
Picard, 2008, p.268).
How Law is Made and Interpreted in China
Confucianism
The fundamental assumption upon which Confucianism operates is that human beings are generally
good. Confucian influence on Chinese society is both a full range of deep–seated, at the moment the

legal aspects of the body, that is, the process of traditional Confucian law, since the Western Han
Dynasty, "deposed hundreds, Only Confucianism", "Ceremony into law "Confucianism has become
the law of the bud, after the Northern and Southern Dynasties development and improvement to the
Sui and Tang dynasties" TangLuShuYi "was promulgated, marking the completion of a
comprehensive combination of etiquette, Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of feudal law
the Chinese legal history into a phase of a landmark. Since then both followed the same dynasty, and
later had a profound legal feudal tradition and extensive influence. Today, we still find the shadow
from the real life of these effects (Chen, 2007, pp.689).
Visible

The Importance Of Constitution Day In School
On Thursday, September 15, 2016 the freshmen and sophomore class along with the Faculty & Staff
of Claflin University gathered together for "Constitution Day", in the W.V. Middleton Fine Arts
Center Moss Auditorium. The speaker of this assembly was the Honorable Cezar E. McKnight who
is a member of the South Carolina House Of Representatives, where he aids the residents of House
District 101 in both Williamsburg and Clarendon counties. Mr. McKnight is currently serving on the
House, Medical, and Municipal & Military Affairs Committee. He's an alumnus of Morris Brown
College B.A. in the year of 1996 and J.D. in 2001 from the Florida Costal School of Law. He
affiliates with numerous organizations. In October of 2007, he established his very own practice
"The Law Office of Cezar McKnight LLc" in Lake City, South Carolina. He concentrates on the
areas of Personal Injury, Wrongful Death, and Criminal Defense, both at the levels of state and
federal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The legislation authoring this Day states, "Each educational institution that receives Federal funds
for a fiscal year should hold an educational program on the United States Constitution on September
17, of such year for the students served by the educational institution." Well, what does this mean
some may say? This means each school or learning facility that receives funds from the federal
government should present an educational program for the students focusing on the US Constitution
on the 17th day of September. The US Constitution is a document underlying our rights, as citizens
of the United States. The Constitution is the supreme law of the United

Dr. Faustus Essay: Free Will and Personal Responsibility
Free Will and Personal Responsibility in Faustus
It can be argued that Doctor Faustus is damned from the moment of conception. His innate desire
for knowledge inevitably leads to his downfall. He represents the common human dissatisfaction
with being human and the struggle of accepting our lack of omnipotence and omniscience. Marlowe
manipulates this struggle between the aspirations of one character of his time and the implications to
Christianity in relation to its doctrine of heaven and hell. Indeed, Doctor Faustus asks for more than
what was intentionally made available to him through God's plan, yet it was God's gift to him of his
intellect, that tempted him to search beyond his appointed realm of knowledge. Faustus, through ...
In Faustus' first speech he declares his desire to enter into the underworld of scholarship outside of
the Christian realm, through experimentation with sorcery, incantations, etc.:
These metaphysics of magicians and necromantic books are heavenly;
Lines, circles, letters, characters– Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires. (I.i, lines 47–50)
He believes that all other areas of scholarship such as philosophy, law, medicine, and divinity are
ineffectual, thereby leaving black magic as the consummate learning experience since it will bestow
upon him great power:
O, what a world of profit and delight, of power, of honor, and omnipotence . . . a sound magician is
a demi–god! (I.i, lines 51–60)
"Divinity, adieu!" he says (I.i line 49). Faustus' confidence and almost cockiness in his decision
cannot be doubted. After signing his contract with the devil, his blood congeals too quickly thus
implying his natural physical hesitance to this deed. In other words, if man is made in the image of
God, despite his fall and original sin, there remains a measure of divinity in him, which is displayed
by his blood congealing too quickly and thereby impeding this unholy act. Nonetheless, Doctor
Faustus is unaware of this fact. Already he has contradicted and insulted his colleagues, family and
so forth by his contract. This is known to Faustus. However, whether he has consciously and
seriously contemplated these negative

The Charter Of Rights And Freedoms And Its Consequences
The Charter of Rights and Freedoms and its Consequences.
Ryan Lai
#54158134
POLI 101
Term Paper
Professor Edana Beauvais
August 12th/2015
Amongst the most important documents in Canadian politics, the Charter of Rights is always near
the top. The establishment of this document was spearheaded by Pierre Trudeau, it is the
embodiment of a society that Pierre Trudeau wanted in a document. The Charter of Rights had many
effects, from giving the people a list of freedoms that they continue to enjoy on a daily basis to the
ability of the government to take them away, given the right circumstances. While the list of effects
is long, what this paper is going to focus on can be split into two categories. First and probably most
critical is the change in roles of the judicial branch. Specifically, how the increase in their power as
affected Canadian politics. Second area of discussion is Section 33 and 27. They are going to be
analyzed in their influence on politics and future policies.
The first point of discussion is about the court's role. Since the Charter, countless discussions about
the court's responsibilities have occurred. Regardless of whether it is benefitting Canada or not, it is
undeniable that Canada has experienced the "judicializing" of its government . The effect of having
the some of the power of Parliament shifted into the hands of the Judiciary. Previously, the judicial
branch's duty is to deal punishments to those who break the law. It was up to

Hegel and the Russian Constitutional Tradition
Hegel and the Russian Constitutional Tradition
ABSTRACT: This paper advances the idea that Russian constitutionalism developed through a
reinterpretation of Russian history in terms of Hegel's concept of the World Spirit. Russians
implicitly viewed their nation as the embodiment of Hegel's World Spirit, which would have a
unique messianic mission for humanity. However, the specifics of Russia's historical development
diverged from Hegel's critical stage of ethical development, in which individuals would be mutually
recognized as free beings. For this reason, the rights of the individual in Russia were seen until
recently as originating exclusively in the state and valid only insofar as a given individual
constituted an organic part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on this fact, it may seem that such constitutional problems as democratic systems of
government, civil rights, liberties and justice appeared for the Russians only in the 20th century.
Nevertheless, these and other constitutional issues were factors in Russian society already in the
18th century, and by the middle of the 19th century they were at the very center of political and legal
debates there.
1) Now let me start with the first thesis: namely, that the Russian political and legal tradition from
the middle of the 19th century on is based on Hegel's understanding of history as a process of the
self–development of the World Spirit as the Absolute.
Russian national consciousness arose in the second half of the 15th century as a result of the fall of
the Byzantine Empire. After the Moslem Turks seized Constantinople, the "second Rome," in 1453,
Russians began to view themselves as the only power to represent the true faith of the world. Thus,
the messianic idea of the Muscovite kingdom as the "third Rome" appeared in Russia during the
reign of the czar Ivan III.
Ivan III was a remarkable figure in Russian history. He managed to liberate Russia from the Tartar–
Mongols in 1480 and to establish the centralized Russian state with its capital in Moscow. In 1472
he married Sophia (Zoe) Paleologue, the niece of the

Essay about Christian Influence in Italian Culture
Christian Influence in Italian Culture
Things are not always what they appear to be. When one talks about the influence of religion in a
culture, the person must carefully define what they mean by "religion". Many times when things are
done in the name of Christianity, there are other factors that shape those events. The Crusades could
be considered an object of Christian influence, but most would agree that the bloodshed that took
place does not complement the message of that religion. Regardless, despite the gray area that exists
when one talks about the influence of a religion, an influence still exists. The evidence of
Christianity's influence on a society can be seen almost anywhere. This influence can be seen in
obvious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His influence surpassed that of the political and spiritual leaders of his day. He holds a more
prominent place in history than the pope of his time does.? He inspires people living centuries after
his death. George Holmes writes, ?There are few cases in European history of individuals whose
lives have been so generally accepted as an inspiration by the people of a whole country?.[1]? The
fact that people still talk so much about Francis is a testimony to how remarkable the friar was.? He
lived a radical life.? The Assisian abandoned all that he owned to live a life of unwavering poverty.?
He lived a life of humility; quickly confessing his own sins and rejecting leadership in the order that
he had founded.[2]? He loved and gave to everyone, even the most destitute of society.? He often
worked with victims of leprosy while rebuilding churches.[3]? People were drawn to Francis
because of these remarkable aspects of his character.? Francis was such an incredible figure that his
example sparked a movement that would soon go international.?
One can discuss how remarkable the life of Francis of Assisi was, however that does not relate to
how his works shaped life in Italy.? Earlier orders of the Catholic Church were mainly sealed off
from society while members spent their time in monasteries.? Francis believed that the Order of the

A General Comparison between the Senate of Ancient Rome...
A General Comparison between the Senate of Ancient Rome and the Senate of the United States
Research Class
16th August 2012
Outline
I. Introduction
Thesis statement: It is known to most that Western countries are on the rule of parliamentary
democracy. We also know that Western countries inherited their political system from the ancient
Greeks and Romans, especially the Roman political system. It has shaped western parliamentary
system more than any others. However, different parliamentary systems have their specific
characteristics. Has shaped from what it was in Ancient Rome to that we see today. This paper will
compare and contrast the Ancient Roman Senate to today Modern ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The social connection provided the required political foundation for the Senate. The Ancient Roman
civilization started the Roman Kingdom, not the Roman Republic. This Kingdom was totally
different from the later Monarchy in the history of the Middle Ages, because the system did not have
an inherited King. The increasing powerful aristocracy, wealthy landowners and trade merchants
who dominated Rome's social and political scene had organized themselves into a council of elders
known as the Roman Senate. The senate had privilege to select who the next King would be
(Pearson 19). The King and the Senate had a cooperating relationship until 509 BC. In that year, the
last King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, also known as Tarquin the Proud, was a tyrant who was
overthrown by the city–state's nobles. He succeeded to the throne because he assassinated the
former King. So he was the King without the Senate's approval. During the same year, the city of
Rome became a republic. At the beginning of the Republic, the might of the Senate was very weak
and powerless, because of the might of the two magistrates. A magistrate was a kind of officer who
served as the leader of Ancient Rome and Greeks, and who was elected by citizens who lived in the
cities. Not only did the two magistrates share the leading position in the city–state, but they also had
powerful might over the Senators. "Since the transition from monarchy to constitutional

The Age of Enlightenment Essay
The Enlightenment was a period in the eighteenth century where change in philosophy and cultural
life took place in Europe. The movement started in France, and spread to Great Britain, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, and Germany at more or less around the same time, the ideas starting with the most
renowned thinkers and philosophers of the time and eventually being shared with the common
people. The Enlightenment was a way of thinking that focused on the betterment of humanity by
using logic and reason rather than irrationality and superstition. It was a way of thinking that
showed skepticism in the face of religion, challenged the inequality between the kings and their
people, and tried to establish a sound system of ethics. The ideas behind the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Stokstad posits that these ideas have roots in the previous scientific revolution of the century before
it, with philosophers such as Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes establishing what we now know as
the scientific method based on logical reasoning, educated guesses and controlled experiments to
prove them. The astronomer Galileo Galilei confirmed a previous theory by Nicolaus Copernicus
that the sun did not revolve around the Earth and that it was the other way around–– the planets
revolved around the sun. These theories and practices went against the Church's teachings, and
Galileo in particular was forced to take back what he said on his observations. Other scientists made
discoveries on smaller scales relating to the animal kingdom and plant life, and artists were used to
convey the new–found information by painting or drawing those findings. (p. 756) With the
different revolutions and events that took place before the eighteenth century, it could be said that
the Enlightenment was just a logical progression and the next step. Like the scientific revolution
before it, the new Enlightenment era's ideas were spread both through art and through writing, in
texts such as Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia which was printed and sold to the French middle class.
The Encyclopedia held the most current ideas concerning the arts, sciences, and the merits of human
freedom. The advances as a result of the

The Importance Of Perseverance In Personal And...
Perseverance is a recurring theme in my personal and professional lives. This steadfastness through
difficult circumstances inculcated me with the drive, ambition, resilience, resourcefulness and
mental vigor to succeed in the masters of legal studies program and the ricocheted effect of career
enhancement in my lifelong profession as a communications specialist. Raised by a single parent
mother and the oldest of five siblings between my long estranged parents, I witnessed her daily tears
and varied struggles to provide basic food, make a comfortable home out of our cramped one
bedroom dwelling, to as much as alternating when each child attended school. I was given
preference because I exhibited the most potential and eventually earned rallying support from
teachers throughout elementary and secondary schools. They pooled personal resources to help
sustain my education, filling the gaps providing books, lunch and transportation whenever my
mother fell short. Symbolically, I believe that it was my mother's tears that propelled me to complete
my high school education miraculously affording me a substantive platform from which to further
myself. The circumstances and culture which defined my very humble beginnings meant that getting
an education was not just an option but a critical necessity for me. A solid educational foundation
was my only way out of poverty and, so, I aptly developed a tenacious zeal to succeed. I learned
from very early to problem–solve

The Ethics of Sexual Orientation-Based Discrimination in...
Tangibly speaking, discrimination occurring on the basis of sexual orientation, while small in
aggregate numbers, reaches the same rates as gendered discrimination against women in the
workplace, when measured at a per capita rate, and creates a situation in which homosexual and
transgendered individuals typically earn 10 or more percent less income than their heterosexual
peers (Croteau, 1996). With this, sexual orientation–based discrimination is a significant problem in
American society. In a broad sense, the pervasiveness of this discrimination is facilitated by the
significant permeation of religious bias into America's ostensibly secular democracy and civil
society. Tangibly, large religious organizations such as the Catholic and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, throughout the civil rights struggle that began in the mid 20th century, and which led
to the drafting of significant anti–discrimination legislation in the United States, neither legislation
or judicial precedent has specifically designated the LGBT community as a protected class at the
federal level, in contrast to the protections of this type provided to ethnic and racial minorities as
well as the disabled, amongst other minorities (Wintermute, 2002, 38–39). With this, there is no
overarching federal protection for LGBT individuals suffering from discrimination in either the
public sphere or the workplace. While some states, notably California, New York, Vermont, and a
few others have adopted legislation protecting LGBT individuals from discrimination in the
workplace, all of this legislation suffers from inconsistent enforcement (Cavico et al., 2012, 3). With
this, it is apparent that the anti–LGBT sentiment that permeates the American public sphere,
buttressed by the country's intense political polarization on socio–religious issues, has led to an
inadequate protection of the LGBT minority from discrimination in the workplace.
BUSINESS DIMENSIONS OF ANTI–LGBT DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Moving to the business context of this anti–LGBT discrimination itself, the continuously changing
nature of mores, norms,

The Conflict Between The Church And Secular Authority
Through the Investiture Conflict in 1076, it can be seen that the Church had wanted to dominate the
secular authority. The Investiture Conflict had marked a change in the relationship between the
Church and secular authority in which the Church wanted to establish its right to rule over the
secular rulers. The disputes between the Church and secular authority were a continuation of an
ongoing tension over who had ultimate authority to rule over Christendom and within kingdoms.
These disputes also dealt with the rights and privileges the Church had acquired within kingdoms
especially the elevation of the clergy above the laity by putting the clergy above the law with
separate church courts. By the mid–eleventh century, it can be seen that the Church had gained
strength to challenge the secular ruler for authority in their own kingdoms and establishing special
rights and privileges for its clergy. These special rights and privileges had put clergy members on
top of the rest of the population. The two most important disputes between the Church and secular
authority over these issues were between King Henry II of England (1154 – 1189) and Thomas
Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170, and that between King Philip IV of France
(1285 – 1314) and Pope Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303). Both Henry II and Philip IV wanted to be
able to better control crime in their kingdoms due to the separate church courts for clergy that led to
issues of criminous clerks. While Becket and

Brown vs. Board of Education Essay
Brown vs. Board of Education On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered
the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas . State–sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment and
was therefore unconstitutional. The 14th Amendment states; "All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges
or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty
or property, without due process of law; nor deny to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the American Civil War began in 1861, a number of northern states also allowed or required
segregated schools. However, throughout the 19th century more than ninety five percent of all
blacks lived in the South, so segregation there affected an overwhelming majority of America's
black population. After the Civil War ended in 1865, and especially after the end of Reconstruction
in 1877, the South continued to segregate its schools and other facilities. In the influential case of
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the Supreme Court upheld the practice of segregation as long as the
separate facilities were "equal." By 1900, the South was an entirely segregated society. In 1909
blacks and whites, led by W. E. B. DuBois and Arthur and Joe Spingarn, formed the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an organization dedicated to
fighting for racial equality and ending segregation. The NAACP challenged segregation through its
Legal Defense and Education Fund. From 1936 to 1950 the organization won a number of cases
leading to the desegregation of law schools and other professional schools at segregated universities
in Mississippi, Maryland, Oklahoma, and Texas. The NAACP also had some success in forcing
states to equalize public school funding and to pay teachers in black schools at the same rate as
those in white schools. But throughout the South, public education for blacks remained terribly

The Athenian And Roman Empires
John Haberstroh HIST 211 Winter 2017 Dr. Salzman
Aelius Aristides on the Athenian and Roman Empires: Μόνος and Φιλανθρωπία in the
Panathenaicus and Roman Oration
Introduction
By the first century BC, the Rome had become a Pan–Mediterranean Empire. Its imperial apparatus
spanned from Britain to Egypt and included a diverse body of peoples. The Romans inherited in
their eastern provinces a world with a long tradition of cities and urbanism.1 Cities were a major
factor in how the Roman Empire governed, and cities formed a traditional locus of social, political,
and economic organization. Thoughts on cities during the second century AD continued to be seen
as important hubs of society within the Roman Empire. By the middle of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1 (1968): 1– 223, except where noted. All references to the Panathenaicus are noted according to
Oliver's number as well as
Haberstroh 2
The Second Sophistic and Aelius Aristides
Despite being separated by over five years, Greek writers of the Second Sophistic discussed themes
of Classical Greece with a sense of immediacy. The early third century writer
Philostratus coined the term "Second Sophistic" (δεύτερα σοφιστική) to describe type of oratory
practiced by Attic orators in the fourth century BC, most notably Aeschines.3 Education, or paideia,
is seen as a defining characteristic of the Second Sophistic, and as stated above, is most associated
with oratory and rhetoric.4 Paideia was a cultural category, though one not completely detached
from ethnicity, as Adam Kemezis has argued, but it was a "shared system of reference and
expectation," according to Goldhill.5 What is most important, however, is that paideia was a pursuit
reserved for men in the elite classes, and Aristides embodies a man of such standing and cultural
training.6 Adam Kemezis defined the Second Sophistic as "a technical term generally used to refer
both to a body of writings and to a set of cultural practices of which those writings were a part."7
Simon Goldhill has pointed to the various problems with the term, namely that there existed no
uniform agenda of the writers, the lack of an agreed upon group of genres, and a

Comparative Study Of Legal Systems
Comparative Study of Legal Systems Assignment 1 Name Institution Date Comparative Law: An
Aid to Legislators Comparative law has several practical applications. This has made it a very key
subject in various aspects of law practice and study. Zweigert and Kötz identify four major areas
where it has been widely and effectively used . These include being used as an aid to legislators, as a
component of the curriculum in universities, a tool of construction and as a contributor to the
systemic unification of law. All these areas underscore the importance of the subject. This treatise
looks into cooperative law as an aid to legislators. This is done by reviewing and evaluating how it
has been used in different countries of the world for legislative purposes and in the molding of the
existing legal structures and systems. The topic of the influence of foreign and cooperative law in
the legislation process has widely been investigated by several scholars. This is basically done in
order to understand how various parliaments use the foreign and comparative law in drafting,
discussing and approving new legislations. It is not by chance that a lot of focus has been put in this
particular aspect of law but due to the importance of the practice. The application of comparative
law in legislation is something that has been in existence for a long time now . Legislators from
various regions of the world have always found it hard to come up with certain legislations without

Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberties: Essay
In the United States, legalization of same–sex marriage has a long–standing history of opposition
from religious circles. Some argue against the legalization of same–sex marriage based on their
interpretation of the Bible's stance against homosexuality (Dobson, O'Brien). Other opponents argue
against the practice based on universal tenets of moral behavior, fundamental beliefs that are said to
underpin our country's existing laws and should not be eroded (George, Finnis, Friedman).
Increasingly, however, the arguments against same–sex marriage have turned to the legal realm,
asserting that the practice threatens the right to religious freedom. Objectors use the U.S.
Constitution and governing laws to craft legal arguments, rather than ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, forcing organizations such as religious adoptive services to place children in the care
of a civilly–married, same–sex couple is viewed as contradicting the core values of that
organization. The same changes are seen as affecting individuals such as religious marriage
counselors, who would potentially risk legal penalties for denying service to same–sex couples.
Furthermore, opponents warn that legalization of same–sex marriage and changes to the civil
definition of marriage would cause an avalanche of changes in other areas. Laws regarding
employment, education, healthcare, and housing would be altered to accommodate same–sex
couples. Such sweeping changes are viewed by advocates of religious freedom as further risking
religious liberties of organizations and individuals relating to a range of businesses and industries. In
essence, the legalization of same–sex marriage is seen as compulsory sanctioning of a lifestyle that
goes against the fundamental beliefs of certain groups and individuals and, moreover, requires them
by force of law to act contrary to their religious tenets. This scenario is viewed as a direct assault on
religious liberties.
Advocates for same–sex marriage base their argument in the equal protection clause of the 14th
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. They contend that same–sex couples are denied the basic right
of marriage. Their

Brown V. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education Ronald Still Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Brown v. Board of
Education Background The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education dates back to 1954,
the case was centered on the Fourteenth Amendment and challenged the segregation of schools
solely on the basis of race. The Brown case was not the only case of its time involving school
segregation, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was
leading the push to desegregate public schools in the United States (Gold, 2005). Brown v. Board of
Education was a consolidation of four cases that had made their way through the court system. It
was 1950 and Linda brown was just seven years old, she lived in Topeka, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of the Civil War the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution were ratified.
The 14th Amendment conferred citizenship on formerly enslaved African Americans and granted
equal protection under the law (Background Overview and Summary). The Fourteenth Amendment
states; No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws. (U.S Const. amend. XIV) The question within the Fourteenth Amendment was; does the
segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race deprive the minority children of
"equal protection of the laws" under the amendment (Brown v. Board of Education, 1954). In1896
when the Plessy v. Ferguson case was argued and the opinion of the Court was written by Justice
Henry Billings Brown the "separate but equal" doctrine was established. Justice Henry Billings
wrote; We think the enforced separation of the races, as applied to the internal commerce of the
state, neither abridges the privileges or immunities of the colored man, deprives him of his property
without the due process of law, nor denies him the equal protection of the laws, within the meaning
of the Fourteenth Amendment. (Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) Courts Ruling The Court would

Comparison Of King Henry II Reforms, The Clash With...
King Henry II Reforms, the Clash with Archbishop Thomas Becket.
Henry II was educated in England and by the year 1150, he became a duke of Normandy and the
counts of Maine, Touraine, and Anjou after his father Geoffrey Plantagenet, who was a wealthy
London merchant, died in 1151. Due to his mother's entitlement to the royal family tree, he claimed
the throne and by the High Middle Age, there was a struggle for power between the State and the
Church. Moreover, an influx of royal power and crusade expeditions portrayed the seesaw power
balance between the two foundations that resulted in the conflict of King Henry II as the King of
England and the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket, as the head of the Church. The given
study brings to light the reforms King Henry II brought during his reign and the impact they had on
his rule and the conflict that arose between Thomas Becket because of the reforms the King made. ...
Thomas rose quickly through the ranks of the church due to his intellect as the Archbishop's loyal
servant. Therefore, Becket grew to gain serious attention and experience under the mentorship of
Theobald. Consequently, King Henry II was pleased thereby appointing Becket as Chancellor of
England. In addition, the position of Chancellor was the king's second in command, which means
that it came with power and Becket performed brilliantly to match the King's expectations.
Moreover, he revolutionized how England's government was ran the time and quickly grew his
reputation as Henry's trusty

The New Yorker 's Lee C. Bollinger 's ' Brown V. Board Of...
The New Yorker's Lee C. Bollinger once wrote "Brown v. Board of Education marked a signal
moment in American history– not only constitutional history. In the turbulent years that followed,
the nation struggled to come to terms with the legacy of centuries of mistreatment of African–
Americans and other minorities." ("Sixty Years Later..." 1) Eloquently put, this quote represents the
struggle America had with the case. Brown v. Board was revolutionary, it not only changed the
students bodies of schools but also opened America 's eyes to the inherent racism they had been
living with for decades, causing the case to play a big part in America's history in the 1950's and
even to this day. It is difficult to understand how this case came to be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Every morning, she had to walk 21 blocks to her all–black elementary school. ("Making History..."
1) This was already unfair since there was a better all white elementary school only 7 blocks away.
This was because of Plessy v. Ferguson, a case from decades earlier, which made 'separate but equal'
facilities legal. This allowed white Americans to discriminate, using the better schools, restaurants
and even bathrooms. Most funding went to white people since there was very little black
representation in the government. Not only was Linda unable to go to the closer school, yet the all–
black school was much worse than the all–white school. Many school districts neglected their all–
black schools, disobeying the Plessy v. Ferguson case of 'separate but equal'. One case was
especially unfair in Clarendon, South Carolina. Joseph De Laine Jr.'s school had "...10 teachers,
almost 800 kids, and no indoor plumbing." ("Making History..."1) Oliver Brown, Linda Brown's
dad, asked if his daughter could enroll in the closer all–white school since his daughter was walking
so far to a worse school than the one near by. The principal refused and soon after, Brown ended up
suing. ("Making History..."1) The case eventually ended up in Supreme court among many other
controversial lawsuits in the country. This was a very important moment for minorities around the
country as they had endured decades of unfair education. A black man was standing up made many
people happy– and many people unhappy,

Use of Deadly force by the SAP
CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE
AZA1282
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................ 3
2. USE OF DEADLY FORCE............................................................ 3
3. THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA....................................................... 4
4. OLD SECTION 49 VERSUS NEW SECTION 49................................5
5. PRIVATE DEFENCE....................................................................5
6. PREVENTION OF CRIME.............................................................6
7. FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS.................................................6
8. CONCLUSION...........................................................................7
9. REFERENCES...........................................................................8
INTRODUCTION
The responsibilities of the South African Police Services (SAPS), as taken up in section 205 of the
Constitution Act 108 of 1996, includes to battle, prevent and the execute crimes, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The courts gave limits to the application of section 49(2) by giving that the proof lies on the person
or accused (arrester) depending on the guardians of section 49(2), to show that his or her action fell
in the that particular section. The state had to show proof the root of the offence committed goes
beyond a sensible uncertainty.
The courts specified that section 49 needed a severer test, and that, that section shouldn't be given a
open–minded meaning but rather, it should and must be interpreted and practiced but with limits
against the person that wants to depend on it (Burchell, 1997).

In Section 49, as it used to be, it was used by the law implementation agencies as a free means to
kill people. It was often seen as a discriminatory root most especially to the blacks mostly on the
receiving end. The continuation of this so called licence to kill people wasn't a surprising issue, this
was because the criminal justice system back then wasn't liable to the constitutional system that
respected the expected human rights, especially the right to bodily integrity and the right to life.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL ERA
The retaining of section 49 would be quite impossible to put back together with the elimination of
death penalties. If the state doesn't have any right to take a suspect's life in

Rebellion In Dante's Inferno And Henry II
Rebellion has always been a part of the human experience, the past is full of rebellions, and
currently there are numerous books about rebellions and rebels, also, you can turn to any news
station and hear about a rebellion that is happening somewhere in the world. But something that is
not as often thought about is what are the repercussions of those rebellions? Additionally, why
exactly did those individuals rebel? Within the Inferno as well as the chronicle of letters between
Thomas Becket and Henry II it becomes very clear that there are two causes that inspire individuals
to rebel against their authority figures; they rebel because they will do anything in order to gain
things in the present, or, because they believe it is the only way to do the right thing. Within Dante's
Inferno, there are numerous acts of rebellion described. In fact, according ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As it can be seen from both the Inferno and the chronicle of letters between Thomas Becket and
Henry II the main cause of rebellions is trouble with authority, it does not matter whether the
authorities beliefs are considered right or wrong. Consider the rebellion in Ferguson, Missouri after
multiple officer involved shootings happened. The overall cause of these rebellions is the people of
Ferguson's trouble with the decisions those in authority made. In the same way as Thomas Becket,
those in Ferguson are rebelling against something they believe in their hearts to be wrong, and
unjust. By contrast, consider also the terrorist group ISIS, similarly, like the sinners in Inferno, the
members of ISIS rebel against the Syrian government, as well as numerous other governments
(including the United States government and the Iraqi government), in order to get whatever they
want in the present moment, no matter what the consequences may

The Murder Of Thomas Becket
Alexandria Thompson
Murder of Sir Thomas Becket
3/27/2017
Dr. Kauffman
The Murder of Thomas Becket
The murder of Thomas Becket was the result of a long and bitter dispute between both Becket and
King Henry. Becket was serving as Archbishop of Canterbury, and his murder on the altar steps of
Canterbury cathedral caused a political frenzy to occur and spread throughout Europe. Becket's
death occurred because of the rash actions of four soldiers who misinterpreted an upset kings
wishes. King Henry II, was demonstrating the crowns power over the church of England by
proposing the Constitutions of Clarendon, he had divine right over the church and was in the right to
attempt to discipline ecclesiastical criminals.
King Henry, attempted to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This way the king could hold the church to a standard of justice. The church saw this as an insult
that they could not handle their own matters.
Because of Becket's opposition, King Henry saw this as a slap in the face since he was the one who
appointed Becket. Becket who was once his friend had now reformed to side with the church only.
Becket rebelled against Henry by reprimanding the King, publically by calling him a sinner and
refusing to allow the silver cross to hang while in his presence. Becket rebelled in petty manners
which invoked anger in King Henry. Henry was known for his anger towards Becket, as King he
was exerting his power and the church was in constant opposition.
This famous dispute between the two leading figures of England can be detected in the letters of
King Henry and Sir Thomas Becket, King Henry felt betrayed/angered by the actions of Becket and
his view that the church was of higher power. King Henry wrote to the French King and explained
how Becket was a "traitor" and how he was ashamed of his behavior towards the crown.
In Becket's letter to one of the bishops he says that King Henry, is "detestable and should be revoked
of dean status of the church" (Pfaff 1971). With animosity like this arising between the two men a
power struggle was bound to occur leading to the ultimate demise of Sir Thomas Beckett. Becket
desired for the church to rule in supreme without question from the monarchy.
King Henry was the ruler of

Codifying Conventions and Royal Prerogatives in Britain

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Lissette Hartman

More from Lissette Hartman (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Codifying Conventions and Royal Prerogatives in Britain