The Physics Of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

The Physics Of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is an applied form of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Utilizing the naturally occurring
magnetic properties of water and hydrogen nuclei, composing between seventy to ninety percent of human tissue, to create detailed images of the
human body. With recent technological advances, MRI has become widespread in the medical imaging community, with its function extending past
radiology, into the realm of probing body chemistry in vivo, and analyzing brain function. (MRI textbook).
A Brief History of Medical Imagining and MRI:
The field of functional medical imaging, or radiology, first began to unravel after Roentgen discovered the existence of x–rays in 1895. Almost
simultaneously, famous scientists, Becquerel and the Curies, discovered radioactivity and the radioactive properties of radium (1896). The coupling of
these landmark eureka moments lead to the conception of nuclear medicine, and the initiation of a medical imaging revolution. Beginning with the most
rudimentary imaging techniques, fluorescent screens and contrast media, radiology and related technology developments picked up momentum,
yielding notable methods like computed tomography (CT), single photon emission tomography (SPET), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans
within a short time span. However, it wasn't until 1959, when Singer, a faculty at the University of California–Berkeley, proposed a novel concept
implying that NMR can be applied to create a
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Nuclear Medicine Research Paper
Nuclear medicine examinations involve the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, by giving a patient a small
amount of radioactive medication, called a radiopharmaceutical. (A radiopharmaceutical is a medication used in nuclear medicine that has a radioactive
part and a pharmaceutical radiation, CT (Computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography) and PET (Positron emission tomography).
Nuclear medicine is being used to treat certain diseases or conditions. Only a very small amount of radiopharmaceutical is given to keep the radiation
dose to a minimum. The radioactive substance accumulates in the target area of interest. To find out how the inside of the body is working, we examine
under a gamma ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an example: patient can be given a dye injection to detect arthritis or other conditions. Depending on the chemical substance used, the
radiopharmaceutical concentrates in the part of the body being investigated, for example the skeleton, lungs, heart or liver, and gives off gamma rays.
Bone scanning technique is being used to detect radiation from a radioactive substance (technetium–pp methyldiphosphate). When injected into the
body, it collects in the bone tissue, as the bone tissue is good at accumulating phosphorus compounds. The substance accumulates in areas of high
metabolic activity, and so the image produced shows "bright spots" of high activity and "dark spots" of low activity. Bone scanning with nuclear
medicine can be an important step in diagnosing and assessing treatment of various kinds of cancer, including breast cancer. On an x–ray, one might see
that the bone is not broken, but on a bone scan, physicians can see metabolic changes caused by fine fractures, small tumors, or degenerative diseases
such as

The Impact Of Datscan On Diagnosis And Management Of...
The Impact of DaTscan on the Diagnosis and Management of Movement Disorders: A Retrospective Study. New and evolving diagnostic tests are
always exciting. Especially if these tests could possibly lead us to a cure for those diseases that currently have only treatment, but no cures. Parkinson 's
is a progressively degenerative disease, which affects millions of people every year. Patients suffering from Parkinson 's incur high costs from drug
therapy, fall–related injuries, and hospitalizations. By diagnosing this disease earlier, treatment can be started earlier and hopefully the symptoms can be
delayed and less severe for a longer period of time giving the patient a better quality of life. However, with any new test we must use statistical
measures to determine if these tests are truly making a difference. This search was performed using articles in Pubmed and PMC from the US National
Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health using the key terms Parkinson 's disease, parkinsons diagnosis, and DaTscan. No print sources were
used during this research. In the current times of change and technology, by the time an article or book is written, edited, sent to press, and distributed
to stores, libraries, etc it is already old news. For the most up to date information, the Internet is usually where the most relevant information can be
found. However, with any media source, it is important to use information from reputable sources. Parkinson 's disease is one of

PET Scans Essay example
Positron Emission Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography is a scanning technique that allows us to measure in detail the functioning of distinct areas of the human brain while the
patient is comfortable, conscious and alert. PET represents a type of functional imaging, unlike X–rays or CT scans, which show only structural details
within the brain. The differences between these types of imaging don't end there.
In both X–rays and CT scans, a form of radiation is emitted and travels through the body, and a detector receives the unabsorbed rays and transmits
them to a computer. The physics behind PET scanning is quite different. Basically, a person is injected with a radioactive substance. This substance
begins the process of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A line of response (LOR) indicates what two crystals detected the event. A unique line of response is identified by the angle and the radius of a
perpendicular back to the center of the field of view. As additional events are detected, the lines of response are recorded. Each LOR is plotted using
polar coordinates (angle vs. radius). The composite results in a sinusoidal plot of LORs through a single point and is referred to as a sinogram. The
sinogram is comprised of numerous, overlapping single point plots. The matrix size of the sinogram is related to the size of the transverse field of view.
Following acquisition, filtered back projection algorithms are applied to the data to produce the image.
The brain function being studied during a PET scan determines which positron–emitting radiopharmaceutical is used. Oxygen–15 can be used to label
oxygen gas for the study of oxygen metabolism, carbon monoxide for the study of blood volume, or water for the study of blood flow in the brain.
Similarly, fluorine–18 can be attached to a glucose molecule to produce 2–fluoro–2–deoxy–D–glucose (FDG) for use in the observation of the brain's
sugar metabolism.
PET is the only method that can detect and display metabolic changes in tissue, distinguish normal tissue from those that are diseased, such as in
cancer, differentiate viable from dead or dying tissue, show regional blood flow, and determine the distribution and

Stem Cells And Its Effects On Society
Stem cells are unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under appropriate conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one
or more types. (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A. Urry, 2011.) The term "stem cells" were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst
Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism. On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells
appear, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conducted experiments on the bone marrow of mine and observed that different blood cells come from a
special class of cells. In 1981, pluripotent stem cells are obtained from embryos of mice and are the first embryonic stem cells ever to be isolated. In
1989, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies created mice which are missing specific genes. They created the mice using embryonic stem
cells and homologous recombination. In 2007, they were recognized by the Nobel Assembly because their experiment proved to be an irreplaceable
piece of evidence to understand how various human disease such as diabetes and cancer develop. On November 6, 1998 the first batch of embryonic
stem cells that originated from early embryos. Then eleven years later, President Obama signed an executive order to repeal some restrictions on human
embryonic stem cells research funds. On July 4, 2009, the National Institutes of Health had to create new guidelines on federal funding for stem
research.

Parkinson's Disease: A Genetic Analysis
In 2009, he was still a cheerful person with a big smile on his face. In 2010, he could no longer put up that smiley face, but he could still walk with his
feet. In 2011, he was not able to walk without the walking aid, but he could still open his mouth to eat. Later in that year, he was already incapable of
feeding himself because the food would have been flung away before he could put it into his month, due to the 'tremor' in his hand. In 2012, my friend's
grandpa died. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease in his late 60's, and his body progressively deteriorated until he passed away.
This is just one of the many Parkinson's disease cases reported each year; although medications and treatments are given out, they can only relieve
related ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, medications and surgeries can be used to slow down the progress of the illness. There are different levels of drug therapies to treat the illness
by relieving motor and non–motor symptoms. The most common, effective drug prescribed to patients is levodopa, which is a natural chemical that
passes through the blood–brain barrier and turns into dopamine ("Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson's Dementia"). Other drugs, such as dopamine
agonists, are also used to due with the lost of nerve cells in the brain. Instead of converting into dopamine, such medicine resemble the function of
neurons, and thus, helping the communication between the brain and muscles. When medication is not sufficient and no longer effective, surgeries can
also be performed to improve patients' condition. The most common surgical procedure used is Deep Brain Stimulation, where a wire to connected
from the electrode implanted at the brain to a pacemaker device implanted near the chest to send controlled electrical pulse to the brain, and help to
reduce motor symptoms of the

Single Computed Tomography
In long years later, mortality from acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) has decreased as increasingly safety, methods of researches have become more
widely available in globally (Lucignani & Pitsoletsi, 2009), but the problem is whether radiologist or nuclear medicine physician really knows how to
investigate and interpretation patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). In other word level of interpretation of physician. Clinicians in the United
Kingdom are assessed by using a clinical questionnaire based on British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines (McQueen et al., 2008). However, the
majority of the doctors disagrees that a negative Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) or lung scintigraphy excluded Pulmonary
Embolism (PE), as a result, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is almost no contradictions exist while performing these exams is well borne by patients. Since a lot of patients who done Computed
Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) do not cause a pulmonary embolism, lung Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography with low dose
Computed Tomography (SPECT–CT) as an alternate to Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) imaging modality with lower exposure
and less of the side–effect and more

Radiotracers Pros And Cons
The use of radioactive materials seems dangerous at first, especially when you are injecting them into the human body. But the type of radioactive
materials that are used in this kind of medicine are almost harmless. The radioactive material used in this type of medicine are called radiotracers, they
are never overdosed to prevent sickness and health problems. Radiotracers are harmless, when they get into your body by either being injected, inhaled,
or swallowed they do their job and when it's complete they get eliminated by urine, stool, or breath. Almost all protists that have used this type of
medicine walk away without any problems, usually the worst that will ever happen is very small and tolerable amounts of pain in the area worked on or
a bit of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It offers the potential to identify disease in its earliest stage often before symptoms occur or abnormalities can be detected with other diagnostic tests. It
helps determine most useful and beneficial treatments needed. And nuclear medicine is less expensive and may yield more precise information than
exploratory surgery. There are almost no risks and the risks that are there are pretty much harmless. In simple terms the patient is being exposed to
radiation, but its very small amounts which make it virtually harmless. Nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures have been used for more than five
decades and there are no known long term adverse effects from such low dose exposure. Injection of the radiotracers may can cause swelling, redness
and slight pain which will rapidly dissolve. Nuclear medicine has little to no limitations and that's why it should be put out there more and be more
understandable, it can benefit so many people but it's just not as big as some other procedures that are out

A Research Study : 2.3 ?í -particle Emission Radionuclides
2.3 β–particle emission radionuclides
Β–particles are high energy electrons which are ejected from the nucleus with a range of energies up to a maximal value.12 β–emitters are heavily
researched and are a widely accessible form of radionuclide therapy. The LET of β–emitting particles is high enough to kill cancerous cells, but is
considered low compared to α–emitters which have a lot more particles in the higher energy levels. Β–particle emitters deposit their energy over a
much larger range (1mm, dependent on energies) compared to that of α–particles and Auger electrons.17 One benefit to this is that less work is needed
on carrier molecules, as the distribution of the β– emitter is not as critical for the radionuclide therapy to be successful. β–emitters are the widest used
and researched radionuclides as they offer a large range of energies, tissue penetration, half–lives and production methods.18 This means, depending on
the type and size of the tumour, the radionuclide can be varied. For example for a large tumour, a β–emitter would be more effective than an α–emitter,
as although it has a lower LET, the whole tumour can be targeted rather than a small area. Nuclear reactors are the most common mode of producing β–
emitting radionuclides, however charged particle accelerators can also be used. The wide range of radionuclides has in itself become a problem as it
often becomes hard to select the most appropriate. Some of the primary β–emitting radionuclides that are

Social Emotional And Executive Function Defects Essay
Through the decades, researchers have tried to solve the mystery of the enigmatic prefrontal cortex. Along with the famous case of Phineas Gage
(Harlow,1848), many studies have attempted to answer the burning question of either or not lesions to the prefrontal cortex lead to an antisocial
behavior. The PFC, which is found in the frontal lobe and has an executive function, helps us have an appropriate response to social situations. Why is
it important to study this matter? Because we are social creatures and knowing how to act in society is one of our basic needs. The studies which will be
presented show that there is an obvious link between dysfunction of the PFC and an antisocial way of acting.
In the developmental neuropsychology literature, it has been proved that social–emotional and executive function defects are associated with early
damage to the PFC. Piaget (1968) claimed that children learn from experience and this is the way in which they obtain adaptive characteristics.
Therefore, studying patients such as children can give a lot of information about the effect of brain maturation and social development.
The study conducted by Eslinger(2004) reveals 10 cases of patients suffering from early prefrontal cortex damage highlighting "one of the most
informative cases available in the literature on human prefrontal lobe damage", the case of Acherly and Benton(1948). JP, the person who was being
studied, is particularly important because he was observed for a long

Alzheimer Disease Research Paper
Alzheimer disorder is an major nervous condition that present in irreparable loss of neuron in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain. The recurrence
of the disease is 7% of people above 65 years old and 40% of individual above 80 years old. Patients commonly have issues in decision making,
remembrance, and judgment. Pathological lineaments are specified as loss of neuron, extracellular senile plaques include peptide β–amyloid. Diagnosis
is established on neurological feedback to rule out other reasons by using autopsy. Dopamine as neurotransmitter has an important part in etiology of
Alzheimer disease and it is reduced in this disease.[3] While therapies are possible that can enhance some manifestations of the disease, there is no
remedy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can imply a possible option or further investigations. Conclusions in Alzheimer disease involve both generalized and focal atrophy and white matter
injuries. The most appropriate focal conclusion in Alzheimer disease is decreased the hippocampal size or medial temporal lobe atrophy. As
hippocampal sizes decrease in average developing, age–specific patterns are required. Functional brain imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose positron
emission tomography (FDG–PET), functional MRI, perfusion magnetic reasoning imaging, or single–photon emission measured tomography (SPECT)
shows different areas of low metabolism (PET) and hypoperfusion in Alzheimer disease. Both FDG–PET and SPECT are the unique functional
neuroimaging techniques that are currently fairly generally possible for clinical practice. FDG–PET may be most helpful in differentiating Alzheimer
disease from other conditions. A 2013 agreement judgment concluded that amyloid imaging is not suitable in patients who meet the core clinical
standards for feasible Alzheimer disease and have a common age of origin, and such a study should not be practiced to discover dementia sharpness.

A Brief History Of Medical Imagining And Mri
Introduction:
Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is an applied form of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR). (1). Utilizing the naturally occurring
magnetic properties of water and its associated hydrogen nuclei, a molecule composing between seventy to ninety percent of human tissue, detailed
images of the human body are created. (1). With recent technological advances, MRI has become widespread in the medical imaging community, with
its function extending past radiology, into the realm of probing body chemistry in vivo, and analyzing brain function. (1).
A Brief History of Medical Imagining and MRI:
The field of functional medical imaging, or radiology, began to unravel after Roentgen discovered the existence of x–rays in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(1). Following this proposal, scientists worked together to research into this claim. Finally, in 1971, Damadian discovered that different tumours within
the bodies of mice displayed unique relaxation time in comparison to healthy tissues. Interpreting the results, he discovered that the presence of
tumours can be detected using this variance. (1).The development of the fundamental idea behind MRI opened the door for an imaging technology that
allowed for a higher quality image between tissue and disease than the current methods could provide. (1).In the late 1970s, MRI made its debut in the
radiology department of local hospitals, and has become a staple medical imaging community. (1).
How MRI Works:
MRI takes advantage of the magnetic and quantum properties of hydrogen nuclei within the human body to create detailed images of the area in
question. A hydrogen nucleus, sometimes called a single proton, is probed, as a result of its natural abundance in organic biomolecules and water. (2),
(3). A fundamental truth of quantum particles is the existence of spin. Similar to the spin of an electron, nuclei contain a spin. (Hopkins). Conceptually,
atomic nuclei mimic the behaviour exhibited by the spin of the Earth along its axis, generating magnetic poles. (2). It becomes clear that the hydrogen
nuclei act like mini bar magnets dispersed among the human body. (2). Figure 1.

Decay Of Decay And Decay
Introduction Isotopes are elements which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons and these elements have same atomic
number but different in atomic mass.because of their characteristic nature of producing radiation and their energies. Isotopes are used in various areas
like industries, agriculture, medical field and research centers. They are decayed by emission of energy in the form of alpha, beta (electron) beta plus
(positron) and gamma rays. (1) Types of radiation Alpha particles cannot be used for measurement from outside the body because they are such low
penetrating power. A sheet of paper stops alpha particles. Beta particles have a modest penetrating power, thus they produce useful results in the area of
their release, and they can be distinguished by sensitive counting tools. Block of wood stops beta particles. Gamma rays are highly energetic, and they
can be readily discovered by radiation counters used outside the body. A thick concrete wall stops gamma rays. Radioisotopes are unnaturally produced
unstable atoms of a chemical element which have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus, but the same number of protons and the same chemical
properties. May live for only minutes. Their existence is measured in "halflives," how long it takes for half of the isotope to disappear. (3) Radioactive
products which are used in medicine are called radiopharmaceuticals. They are different from other medically used drugs since they

MRI: A Medical Imaging Technique
MRI is a medical imaging technique used to visualize detailed internal structures of the body and makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. MRI is used over other medical imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or
X–rays, since it provides contrast between the soft tissues of the body, making it especially useful in imaging the brain. Additionally,
CT is considered to be unhelpful in cases of intractable epilepsy [29].
Conventional MRI, however, is inadequate for patients with refractory epilepsy, since
FCD are often subtle and dicult to detect. The ILAE guidelines for neuroimaging in patients with epilepsy recommends a dedicated epilepsy protocol
MRI for all patients ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This procedure is considered to be minimally invasive and is typically used for patients with clear evidence of mesial temporal lobe seizure foci without
lateral temporal neocortex
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 indications. During this procedure the patient is positioned similarly to the ATL but a smaller linear or curvilinear incision is
used [34]. Typically, the mesial resction of this procedure is performed using an ultrasonic aspirator for much of the tissue, which does not allow for
later pathologic examination, however, en bloc removal of the hippocampal structure is possible [34].
Surgical Risks and Outcomes
//This sections needs more
Surgical complications from temporal lobe resective procedures are relatively uncom– mon [34].
One–third of patients continue to have seizures following temporal lobe surgery (Engel,
1996; Foldvary et al., 2000; McIntosh et al., 2001; Spencer Huh, 2008). There are several possible explanations including incomplete resection of the
epileptogenic region or extratemporal neocortical areas becoming independently epileptogenic (Lin et al.,
2007; Bertram, 2009; Keller et al.,

Nuclear Medical Imaging (NMI)
Nuclear Medical Imaging (NMI) uses small amounts of radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers to diagnose, evaluate and treat a variety of diseases such
as cancer, heart disease, gastrointestinal, endocrine, neurological and skeletal disorders (McKinnis, 2014; RadiologyInfo.org (2014b). In comparison
with other radiographic procedures, except for intravenous injections, NMI is noninvasive and diagnoses disease based on the physiological or
functional changes of the tissue, organ, bone or system within the body rather than structural changes of anatomy (McKinnis, 2014; RadiologyInfo.org,
2014b; Smith, n.d.). These radiotracers are either injected, ingested or inhaled as a gas into the body and absorbed by the organ or area of the body to be
examined

Parkinson's Diagnostics
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is not a simplistic process. Currently, there is not a precise way of diagnosing Parkinson's, rather Parkinson's
diagnostics is based on clinical presentations and ruling out all other possible explanations for the patient's symptoms. As a result a correct clinical
diagnostics for Parkinson's disease can take anywhere from two months to eighteen years, depending on the clinical presentation. Additionally many
patients are misdiagnosed with Parkinson's, leading to inappropriate treatment, management, and prognosis. Over the past decade, many neuroimaging
diagnostic techniques have been developed using PET scans or SPECT scans. SPECT scans are a cheaper and more versatile neuroimaging technique
than PET scans, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also aids in misdiagnosis of Parkinson's as some Parkinson's–diagnosed patients did not show evidence of a dopaminergic deficit in their scans,
suggesting that there may be need for an alternate diagnosis. DAT–SPECT imaging has shown to be effective in distinguishing normal patients from
Parkinson's disease patients, which supports the use of DAT–SPECT as a diagnostic tool for Parkinson's. DAT–SPECT has also been suggested for use
in prognosis of Parkinson's disease, with less success. It has been difficult to determine a correlation between tracer uptake and disease severity and low
DAT binding did not always correspond to poor prognosis. Additionally, DAT–SPECT has not been shown to aid in differentiation of patients with
diseases that all present with presynaptic dopaminergic deficiency. DAT–SPECT cannot be used to differentiate between Parkinson's disease and other
degenerative cases such as multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal degeneration. Overall, DAT–SPECT may aid in
diagnosis of Parkinson's disease in many cases but cannot definitively diagnosis or rule out

Social Emotional And Executive Function Defects
Through the decades, researchers have tried to solve the mystery of the enigmatic prefrontal cortex. Along with the famous case of Phineas Gage
(Harlow,1848), many studies have attempted to answer the burning question of either or not lesions to the prefrontal cortex lead to an antisocial
behavior. The PFC, which is found in the frontal lobe and has an executive function, helps us have an appropriate response to social situations. Why is
it important to study this matter? Because we are social creatures and knowing how to act in society is one of our basic needs. The studies which will be
presented show that there is an obvious link between dysfunction of the PFC and an antisocial way of acting.
In the developmental neuropsychology literature, it has been proved that social–emotional and executive function defects are associated with early
damage to the PFC. Piaget (1968) claimed that children learn from experience and this is the way in which they obtain adaptive characteristics.
Therefore, studying patients such as children can give a lot of information about the effect of brain maturation and social development.
The study conducted by Eslinger(2004) reveals 10 cases of patients suffering from early prefrontal cortex damage highlighting one of the most
informative cases available in the literature on human prefrontal lobe damage, the case of Acherly and Benton(1948). JP, the person who was being
studied, is particularly important because he was observed for a long

Stem Cells And Its Effects On Society
Stem cells are unspecialized cell that can both reproduce itself indefinitely and, under proper conditions, differentiate into specialized cells of one or
more types. (Reece, Jane B., and Lisa A. Urry, 2011.) The term stem cells were first seen in scientific literature in 1868, a German biologist Ernst
Haeckel used this term to describe the fertilized egg that becomes an organism. On February 2, 1963 the firs piece of evidence of blood stem cells
seem, Ernest McCulloch and James Till conducted experiments on the bone marrow of mine and observed that different blood cells come from a
special class of cells. In 1981, pluripotent stem cells are obtained from embryos of mice and are the first embryonic stem cells ever to be isolated. In
1989, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies created mice which are missing specific genes. They created the mice using embryonic stem
cells and homologous recombination. In 2007, they were recognized by the Nobel Assembly because their experiment proved to be an irreplaceable
piece of evidence to understand how various human disease such as diabetes and cancer develop. On November 6, 1998 the first batch of embryonic
stem cells that originated from early embryos. Then eleven years later, President Obama signed an executive order to repeal some restrictions on human
embryonic stem cells research funds. On July 4, 2009, the National Institutes of Health had to create new guidelines on federal funding for stem
research. (History of

The All Purpose Isotope Essay
Terbium: The All–purpose Isotope
John Patrick Lopez
Santa Fe College
Abstract
This paper will run through the potential and numerous clinical uses of terbium in nuclear medicine. Terbium is a rare metal and is still under clinical
trials in Europe and is the only element in the periodic table with four clinically relevant radioisotopes with remarkable nuclear decay characteristics
and could possibly be used in a vast array of nuclear medicine procedures, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The four forms of terbium
under clinical trials are 149Tb, 152Tb, 155Tb, and 161Tb. 149Tb is being clinically tested as an alpha particle emitting radionuclide for alpha–
immunotherapy. Due to it's relatively short half–life of 4.1 hours and low energy emittance of alpha particles, make it principally well suited for
application in unification with small–molecular–weight targeting agents, including peptides, which are quickly vacated from the body. 152Tb with a
half like of 17.5 hours emits positrons perfect for postitron emission tomography imaging. 155Tb emits gamma rays and has a half life of 5.32 days
with relatively low energies of 86.55 and 105.3 keV respectively, it is being tested for diagnostic purposes for positron emission tomography and
single–photon emission computed tomography cameras. 161Tb produces beta minus particles and is being tested for therapeutic purposes while
showing great promise with tumor visualization and remission. The

Colorimetric Analysis Essay
Methods of Assessment of LV Mass and Geometry Estimation of LV mass in epidemiological studies, the diagnostic classification of LV hypertrophy,
and studies of the effects of therapeutic intervention must depend on reliable and comparable measurement techniques. For long time, the gold standard
for estimation of the cardiac mass was autopsy. Over the last decades, and due to the advances in the different imaging modalities and the new evolving
technologies, many techniques were developed to estimate the LV mass. Notably, each technique has its pros and cons, and its own rate of accuracy in
prediction of the LV mass compared to the gold standard. Different cut off values were developed for each technique. Reporting of the method used to
evaluate LV mass is crucial to specify what cut off values were used, and to expect the change in sensitivity and specificity, and the cut off values if a
change in the method used to detect LV mass occurred during follow up periods. In general, LV mass determination by ... Show more content on
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It is widely available, inexpensive, easily analyzable, lack the use of radiation and contrast agents, and does not cause

Assessment of PET and SPECT Scanning Systems
Assessment of PET and SPECT Scanning Systems
Introduction
The study of positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning effectiveness in supporting
better public health outcomes has been proven with the accuracy these devices provide in diagnosing illnesses and potentially sever medial conditions.
The costs of a PET scanning system can easily surpass $1M in system costs alone however (Wagner, 1988). SPECT systems are equally expensive
which make both of these systems' availability limited to only the most prosperous and wealthy areas of the world (Lejeune, Zahouri, Woronoff–lemsi,,
et.al., 2005). One study indicated that over 95% of scans from these systems are entirely paid for by insurance programs that have specific
preconditions defined for patients as the average cost can easily exceed $20,000 per full scan (Lejeune, Zahouri, Woronoff–lemsi,, et.al., 2005). The
intent of this analysis is to evaluate the effectiveness of PET and SPECT scans in supporting better health outcomes, in addition to analyzing the
benefits of these technologies to who has access to their tests. There is also an analysis of the diseases these technologies are most adept at diagnosing.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of PET and SPECT Scanning Systems
The PET scan technology is most effective for completing advanced analysis of Alzheimer's disease by measuring the chemical concentrations of sugar
in the bran, and through a comparable

Change Your Life Book Report
Book Report: Change Your Brain, Change Your Life I read the book Change Your Brain, Change Your Life by Daniel G. Amen. Dr. Amen is a
neuroscientist who runs his own clinic called Amen Clinics. He works with people with different types of mental illnesses. These illnesses can range
from anxiety and depression, to anger and memory problems. One of the most breakthrough points Amen makes is that psychiatrists are the only people
who do not fully examine what they study and work on, the brain. Other types of doctors often have patients take MRIs or CAT scans to examine what
it is they are looking at. This led Amen to utilize a special type of brain imaging called SPECT. SPECT stands for single photon emission computed
tomography. This type of scan measures the amount of blood flow in different regions of the brain. By giving patients these scans Amen is able to gain
better insight on what might be causing their mental disorders. He can see if different regions of the brain have low activity or which different regions
have high activity. This measure of activity helps Amen determine what he needs to do to get his patient's brain healthy and functioning at a higher level
than before. Amen does not just simply rely on symptom surveys because he writes that there are different reasons behind some of the same mental ...
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He bases it off his SPECT scans. Different medications can affect various people differently so he wants to make sure he is prescribing the right
medication to the right person. Amen does not just stop at medication as he believes that a pill is not a simple fix. He also incorporates a diet and
supplement plan for his patients. This plan coupled with medication and various brain exercises can be just what a person needs to get their brain back
in order. This can promote a better sense of well–being and promote stronger, healthier

JessicaHauge1 Assignment Unit9
Unit 9 Assignment
Jessica Hauge
HS111–10 Medical Terminology
HS111 Unit 9 Assignment Template
DIRECTIONS:
There are 2 parts to this assignment.
PART 1 –Read through the medical report listed below and the follow the directions listed after the report.
PART 2 – Read through the questions and respond using layman's terminology.
Main Street Hospital and Medical Center
6000 North Tree Street – Branch, Pennsylvania 12345 – (555) 123–4567
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
PATIENT NAME: Eldon Drake MEDICAL RECORD: 8888888
DATE OF BIRTH: 12/25/19XX DATE OF ADMISSION: 08/01/2013 PROGRESS NOTE
HISTORY: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expressive (motor) Aphasia is a neurological condition that occurs when words cannot be formed, expressed, or may be absent due to an injury to the
cerebral cortex. (Brooks Brooks, 2012). During the physical exam, your father was conscious and alert but yet he was also disoriented and confused
as to what day and year it was. Eldon also had no idea as to where he was. His blood pressure level was 160/80 mm Hg, which is high, but we closely
monitored his levels. His temperature increased from 101.3° F during transport to 101.8° F during the exam. We found that there were no focal
neurologic deficits, meaning that we did not find any deficiencies or diseases of the nervous system. Chest x–rays, urinalysis, and blood cultures were
also negative as well. When the radiology technicians performed a Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI on Eldon, The MRI image showed that he had
encephalitis. Encephalitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain. The condition is characterized by headache, fever, and nausea. Neurological
disturbances can include seizures, personality change, restlessness, and disorientation. In some cases, a comatose state might occur. We also performed
an electrocephalogram or EEG to record Eldon's brain wave activity. Your father's brain wave activity was normal for his age and showed no signs of
abnormalities. The Doctor prescribed Eldon take Acyclovir, which is an antiviral agent for encephalitis. On the second

Ischaemic Stroke Essay
Ischaemic stroke is a serious neurological condition in which a blood clot stops blood flow to the brain and for which immediate action is required. It is
the fourth cause of death in Western society, causing 87% of all strokes, and also results in long–term disability among survivors (Bunevicius et al.,
2013). In the United States, about 800,000 strokes occur each year, and approximately six million Americans are living with neurological deficits
caused by ischaemic strokes (Duong, 2012). Therefore, neuroradiological imaging has become a major section in radiology departments.
Neuroradiological imaging plays an important role in the process of diagnosing ischaemic stroke. The different imaging modalities that can be used to
diagnose ischaemic stroke include computed tomography (CT), magnetic imaging resonance (MRI), and radionuclide imaging. In this article, the
different modalities that contribute to the diagnostic process are discussed, with a focus on CT scan protocols. Computed tomography Noncontrast
computed tomography Patients who are suspected of having an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three main maps can be reconstructed from CTP data: cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT).
Interpretation of the CTP maps is crucial in reversing functional damage and choosing the ideal treatment plan. Ischaemic brain tissue can be visualised
in each map as regions of hypoperfusion within the brain tissue (Birenbaum et al., 2011; El–Koussy et al., 2014). Because CTP is a dynamic
quantitative imaging technique, the percentage of brain damage can be calculated by measuring the mean values at the location of the same damaged
tissue in the three maps. Moreover, the values for the damaged tissue are compared with those for normal tissue in the other, unaffected hemisphere.
Finally, CBF is calculated by dividing CBV by MTT (Dorn et al.,

The Effects Of Neurodegenerative Diseases On Central...
Abstract– Neurodegenerative diseases causes a wide variety of mental symptoms whose evolution is not directly related to the analysis made by
radiologists on basis of images, who can hardly quantify systematic differences. This paper presents a new automatic (Based on software program)
image analysis method that reveals different brain patterns associated to the presence of neurodegenerative diseases, finding systematic differences and
therefore grading objectively any neurological disorder. An accurate solution can be provided by using Alzheimer's diseases based on saliency map
characterization is carried out on database images. This paper gives automatic image analysis method and attempts an approach for classification of
brain images to search for pathology and normality part of brain by extracting salient features of input brain image and the region of interest is
identified using kernel k–means algorithm. A support vector machine (SVM) a supervised learning process is used for classification of AD, which is
recognized on basis of blue color is normal brain part and red color is pathology related. I. INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative diseases affect central
nervous system. Neurodegenerative is mixture of two words those are Neuro means nerve cell‟ and Degeneration means progressive losses‟. Overall
definition of Neurodegenerative diseases is progressive loss of memory that involves loss of neurons and death of neurons intern that leads to loss of
constitution of

Nuclear Medicine: Nuclear Imaging
Nuclear imaging (also known as nuclear medicine) is an imaging modality that involves injection, inhalation or injection of radioactive
radiopharmaceuticals to visualize various organs and tissues. However, not only organs and tissues can be monitored, but also particular cells that are
directly (for example with F–FDG tracer) or genetically (for example with HSV1–tk reporter gene) labeled . In order to use this nuclear imaging
modality radiopharmaceuticals (also called tracers) are given internally (i.V. or orally). The Radiopharmaceuticals emitting penetrating gamma rays are
used for imaging, where the radiation has to escape the body before being detected by special scans. The two major nuclear imaging modalities used in
pre–clinical

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging : Myocardial Obstruction And...
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging also known as MPI is an imaging modality used in nuclear medicine to demonstrate the heart muscle functions; a low
dose of radioactive agent is used for this study usually technetium –99m based radiotracer. There are two different types of techniques used for
myocardial perfusion imaging, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Myocardial
perfusion imaging is usually done for patients who experience some type of chest discomfort, recent myocardial infarction, or to access the blood flow
to the myocardium that has been restored by bypass, stent or angioplasty. And it can be used to diagnose coronary artery disease. According to
Kostkiewicz (2015) the best candidates for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging also known as (MPI) are people with poor exercise, ECG abnormalities, and
pretest likelihood of disease according to the ECS guidelines (p. 2). This modality is able to assess the severity of coronary obstruction and the extent
of it; it's also able to localize hemodynamically the importance of stenosis. According to Johns Hopkins, Myocardial Perfusion Imaging shows the
blood flow through the heart through either during exercise or pharmacologic. Doctors order these test for many reasons, some reasons include; check
to see if there is narrowing of the coronary arteries, check to see if there's any damage from a heart attack, determine how well your heart will handle
physical activity, decide if you

Sandhoff Disease
The disorders I selected were Sandhoff Disease and Niemann–Pick Disease. Sandhoff Disease onset is usually at the age of six months according to
American Academy of Neurology (2014). It is a severe form of Tay–Sachs disorder that causes a deficiency of enzyme betahexosamindase that
accumulates certain lipids in the brain including additional organs. Progressive deterioration of the nervous system, weak motor skills, appearance of a
doll–like face, earlier loss of sight, along with involuntary and sudden jerks are some irregular neurological developments of Sandhoff . There are three
categories of Niemann –Pick Disease such as Type A (most severe; onset earlier in infancy), Type B (onset in pre–teen), and Type C (early in life, teen
or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My Sunday school explained that you still go to heaven. Matthew 19:13–15 (KJV), 13. Then were there brought unto him little children, that he should
put his hands on them, and pray: and the disciples rebuked them. 14. But Jesus said, Suffer little children, and forbid them not, to come unto me: for of
such is the kingdom of heaven. 15. And he laid his hands on them, and departed thence. This basically states that children that die before accountability
go to

Mild Tbi Case Study
The medical clearance for return to play is based on current recommendations for the immediate treatment of mild TBIs, which is prolonged cognitive
rest with decreased visual and auditory stimulation. That means physical rest in the place similar to dark cool cave, i.e. diminished lights and sounds, no
screens (TV, computers , phones etc.), and limited number of visitors. The recommendations based on presumption that increased metabolic demands
on the brain tissue may interfere with the healing process and recovery. Rest also insures that the person is less prone to the subsequent trauma that may
cause additional injury to the axons. Several injuries sustained within short periods of time from each other have more deteriorating effect than ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Current diagnosis of mild TBI is based on subjectively reported symptoms. There are no scans or blood tests to objectively assess the extent of the
injury. There are guidelines, scales, and various checklist that are not specific enough for treatment or intervention. Standard brain imaging techniques,
such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) do not contribute much to the diagnosis of mild TBI (except for ruling
out intracranial bleeding or skull fracture), because the brain structure in those tests shows as normal in mild injuries. There are some advanced imaging
technologies such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET CT), single–photon
emission computed tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging that can be helpful. Those tests, unfortunately,
are not regularly administered and not covered by the health plans since they are considered not 100% accurate and have high cost.
Electroencephalography (EEG) and event–related potential procedures can measure the brain waves and detect the differences of injured versus non–
injured brain; however, they are not routinely used in mild cases.
Neuropsychological testing is a series of tests and questionnaires for assessment of cognitive functions that cannot be fully administered following the
injury since the test takes several days when the injured person requires cognitive rest. In the period of recovery, neurocognitive testing (along with
symptom assessment, clinical evaluation, etc.) may help in the diagnosis and management of

A Research Into Decision Making For Alzheimer 's Disease...
Intelligence refers to the ability to obtain information and apply skills and consists of different functions, memory, reasoning, logic; these are all
controlled by different areas of the brain. Alzheimer's Disease inhibits short term memory first, before it continually moves throughout the brain,
eventually affecting part of the brain that controls involuntary functions. With this in mind someone with MCI would not be able to make clear
judgments and recall memory stored in long term memory. The deterioration of short term and working memory will inhibit a person's ability to learn
new information and therefore use that information to form new ideas and judgments. Judgement is the ability to examine a situation and procced with
a safe and reasonable analysis. As judgement becomes impaired, risk taking is increased. Alzheimer's suffers will find it progressively harder to plan or
make decisions. There is very little research into decision making in Alzheimer's Disease, however Delazer et al. (2007) suggested that healthy controls
in decision making with clear and constant rules are virtually absent in patients with AD. Variance between AD affected participants and healthy
participants arose from a detailed analysis of participant's performance. AD patients would change between safe and risky compared to that of the
healthy controls. They showed no propensity towards safe and beneficial responses. This suggests that decision was random and no logical thought was
processed

Open Cancer Essay
Research Article Open Access
Cancer
Science Therapy
Dogra and Patterh, J Cancer Sci Ther 2014, 6.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948–5956.1000243 Volume 6(1) 018–026 (2014) – 018 J Cancer Sci Ther
ISSN: 1948–5956 JCST, an open access journal
Keywords: Ridges; Registration; Gaussian; Butterworth; Cross– correlate Nomenclature: CT: Computed Tomography; MRI: Magnetic
Resonance Imaging; PET: Positron Emission Tomography; SPECT:
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography; Prophylactic cranial radiotherapy (PCR)
Introduction
Image registration is a vital problem in medical imaging. Image registration is the process of geometrically aligning two or more images acquired from
different viewpoints that is multiview registration, at
different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MR and CT scanners both produce images of anatomical structure, but the images they generate look quite different. The striking difference between
the two is that, bone structure
(cortical) appears bright in CT, so is black in MR. MR images tend to have much higher contrast between grey matters. There are many instances in
which it would be desirable to integrate the information obtained from two or more studies of the same patient. Application areas of multimodality
matching include radio therapy and nuclear medicine [2]. In radiation therapy planning, a CT scan is needed fordose distribution calculations while the
contours of the target lesion are often best outlined on MRI [3,4]. In nuclear medicine, determination of the anatomical location of dysfunctional areas
and studies in functional– structural relationships are facilitated by integration of functional and morphological information, and anatomical
information may be used to improve PET or SPECT reconstructions. Since information gained from two images acquired in the clinical track of events
is usually of a complementary nature, proper integration of useful data obtained from the separate images is often desired. The first step in the
integration process is to bring the modalities involved into spatial alignment, a procedure referred to as registration/matching as shown in Figure 1.
After registration, a fusion step is

The Risks And Hazards Associated With Risk Reduction And...
Introduction
Extreme caution is exercised when examining pregnant patients, as the health of both the mother and foetus is considered. The ALARA ( As Low As
Reasonably Practicable) principle applies across all imaging modalities. This essay looks at Computed Tomography(CT), Magnetic Resonance Imagine
(MRI) and Ultrasound (US), modalities used disease and pathology diagnosis. It will look at the scientific principles. Comparing the risks and hazards
associated with each modality when examining pregnant patients. Risk reduction and safety will be discussed.
Scientific Principles
Computed Tomography
CT is cross–sectional image acquisition using the x–ray beam transmission measurements. Unlike MRI and Ultrasound, CT produces ionizing ... Show
Compton Scattering is when an electron causes an x–ray photon to change direction (Ball, Moore Turner, 2008). The change in direction causes
energy loss, resulting in longer wavelengths. The energy lost by the photon is gained by the electron, this electron is ejected from the electron shell.
CT can be described as an x–ray tube and detectors, located in the gantry, parallel to each other, able to rotate 360° in a continuous motion, illustrated in
Appendix 1.4. The continuous motion allows for the collection of an ongoing stream of information. The development of slip rings eliminated the use
of cables, allowing the continuous rotation, increasing scan time (Kalender, 2011)
The patient table moves the patient through the gantry, allowing for patient positioning without moving the body. The detectors convert and amplify the
x–ray beams into electric signals. The computer knows the exact position of the tube and detectors, along with the number of pixels the beam went
through and the dose measurement. Each pixel corresponds to a Hounsfield unit; this is the attenuation value of a corresponding voxel (Opplet, 2005).
The attenuation value is compared to that of water. Hounsfield units represent shades of grey; this quantifies beam attenuation. These units are
interpreted using computer algorithms, producing an image.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI is the acquisition of cross–sectional images using

Hung Do's Narrative
Hung Do's Narrative
I am writing to apply for the Travel Award from the USC Graduate School. This generous funding would allow me to attend the 102nd Scientific
Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the world's largest meeting in the field of biomedical imaging.
At RSNA, the latest science, technologies and clinical applications from all imaging modalities will be showcased that includes computed tomography
(CT), nuclear medicine (i.e. single–photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)), magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), ultrasonography, optical imaging, and etc. My research focuses on cardiovascular MRI, which is a sub–branch of biomedical imaging.
Therefore,

Hodgkin Lymphoma Essay
Lymphoma is made of a histologically heterogeneous group of cancers, arise from the cells of the immune system with enlargement of lymph nodes.
Lymphoma is classified into two main types according to its pathology classification which are Hodgkin lymphoma and non–Hodgkin
lymphoma[1].The most common signs and symptoms to this disease are painless swellings of lymph nodes in neck and underarm, fever, night sweats,
fatigue, weight loss, itching of the skin, recurring infections swelling in the abdomen and face, cough and shortness of breath[2]. The non–Hodgkin
lymphoma can be diagnosed by many modalities ,such as ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography(CT), single
photon emission computed tomography (SPECT ) and positron emission tomography (PET ). Ultrasonography has a specific role in initial evaluation,
follow–up of inclusion of superficial lymphatics nodes and it also has the best method to detect testicular infiltration. The ultrasonography also gives
information about the possible envolement of bowel loops, parenchymatous organs and abdominal nodes. However, ultrasonography can be affected by
the patient's obesity or bowel tympania and cannot replace a cross–sectional study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The assessment depended on the contrast–enhanced image captured by computed tomography. Though, the contrast–enhanced computed tomography
image has a limited sensitivity in detecting the involvement of lymphoma in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and extra nodal tissues. CT Scan is
also helpful in staging and re–staging of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma. It also has high sensitivity and specificity for the assessment of disease before
treatment. The major disadvantage of CT scan is that its sensitivity extremely decreases in post–therapy assessment of disease and it cannot
differentiate between masses, viable tumor, necrotic and scar

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI)
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging is also known as (MPI). It is an imaging modality used in nuclear medicine to demonstrate the heart muscle functions; a
low dose of radioactive agent is used for this study called a radiotracer. There are two different types of techniques used for myocardial perfusion
imaging. The first is, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and the second, positron emission tomography (PET). Myocardial
perfusion imaging is commonly done for patients whose experience some type of chest discomfort, a recent myocardial infarction, or it may be used to
access the blood flow to the myocardium that has been restored by bypass, stent or angioplasty. It can also be used to diagnose coronary artery disease.
According to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coronary artery disease also known as CAD, is the narrowing of the arteries, that's caused by expansion of plaque. When compared to other forms of
modality for diagnosing coronary artery disease it may be the method of choice. When myocardial perfusion imaging is directly compared to exercise
echocardiography, comparable sensitivities were revealed. When compared to myocardial contrast echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging similar comparison was seen. Myocardial perfusion imaging may be used if a different test was vague just as if myocardial perfusion imaging
was inconclusive a different modality may be used. For women ECG (electrocardiogram) is usually the diagnostic of choice. There have been several
studies that have concluded that ECG maintain a high number of false positive in women. With using MPI it's more sensitive in diagnosing coronary
artery disease in women. According to Loong (2004) A recent study was performed where out of 1140 women 86% of women were diagnosed with
coronary artery disease by MPI (p.4). Some physicians suggest that women who have an intermediate probability of coronary artery disease,
myocardial perfusion imaging is the non–invasive

Other uses of nuclear power included Military: The US Navy...
Other uses of nuclear power included Military: The US Navy has all submarines and aircraft carriers moving by nuclear propulsion this lowers
petroleum oil use (ships and aircrafts) by 15%. The US Military has several Nuclear Weapons Types: Warheads:The term warhead refers to the
explosive and/or toxic material that is delivered by a missile, rocket, or torpedo;Bombs, Atomic Demolition Munition(ADM) ,Artillery Shell,ASW
(anti–submarine warfare),ASW warhead,ASW warhead / Bomb, Torpedoes,Inter–continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), I know what you thinking,
death,death,destruction.... based on the Nuclear Non–Proliferation Act of 1978 which seeks to limit the spread of nuclear weapons by, among other
things, establishing criteria governing U.S. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Metal manufacturers, to obtain the proper thickness of tin and aluminum Highly sensitive gauges to measure the thickness and density of many
materials use radioisotopes quality of steel is also checked by guages. Construction crews also use it, to gauge the density of road surfaces and
subsurface. Pipeline companies, to look for defects in welds and use as tracers to pinpoint leaks in piping. Several countries have implemented nuclear
water desalination, including India, Japan and Kazakhstan. Nuclear–energy–powered water desalination is a well–understood technology, with
thousands of man–hours behind it.Science Studies Carbon–14, a naturally occurring, long–lived radioactive substance, allows archaeologists to
determine when artifacts containing plant or animal material were alive, created or used.Radioactive carbon dating allows us to observe data of
earth.Agriculture aspect of it all is that radiation can Increase shelf life and preserves food, 40 plus Countries have approved of using radiation to help
preserve foods, also uses irradiation (exposing object to radiation) it kills bacteria, More than 10 species of insects have been eliminated by radiation
insects, and parasites which these could have caused food borne illnesses. NEI states Food irradiation does not make the food radioactive, and it does
not change the food any more than canning or freezing. also radiation Develops more disease resistant

Unit 14 P3 M1
For the pass this assignment will describe the investigations that are carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders. For the merit
this assignment will assess possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis from their signs and symptoms. P3 There are a range of tests and diagnostic
procedures is needed to diagnose dementia, but there are several that are fairly commonly used to diagnose dementia. A GP might refer a person to a
specialist to help with the diagnosis. For example, they may be referred to a clinical psychologist which is a healthcare professional who specialises in
the assessment and treatment of mental health conditions. Another specialist who the GP might refer someone to is a psychiatrist and they ... Show
To diagnose osteoarthritis, the doctor will collect information on personal and family medical history, perform a physical examination and order
diagnostic tests. Further tests such as X–rays or blood tests are not usually necessary to confirm a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, although they may be used
to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms, such as rheumatoid arthritis or a fractured bone. X–rays can also allow doctors to assess the level of
damage to the joints but this is rarely helpful as the extent of damage visible on an X–ray isn't a good indicator of how severe the symptoms really are.
During the physical examination the doctor will examine the joints and test their range of motion. He will be looking for areas that are tender, painful or
swollen as well as signs of joint damage. The doctor will examine the position and alignment of the neck and spine. A diagnosis of osteoarthritis may be
suspected after a medical history and physical examination is done. Blood tests are usually not helpful in making a diagnosis. However, the following
tests may help confirm it, a joint aspiration which is where the doctor will numb the affected area and insert a needle into the joint to withdraw fluid.
The fluid will be examined for evidence of crystals or joint deterioration. This test can help rule out other medical conditions or other forms of arthritis.
The doctor might also get and X–ray

How Do Imaging Modalities And Detection Of Stem Cells...
This paper attempts to analyze different imaging modalities as they pertain to the targeting and tracking of stem cells within the body. Nuclear medicine
modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), are utilized to image the physiological
changes within the body and the migration of stem cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to target and track stem cells while
maintaining their viability. Although these modalities are effective, their high cost can be somewhat prohibitive. Ultrasound could be a possible
technique for targeting the final location of stem cells. Optical imaging modalities– bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and fluorescence imaging (FLI)
can be used as a low–cost way of imaging cells in the long term. A combination of any of these modalities can be used to compensate for their
disadvantages. In order to produce an effective stem cell therapy, more research should be done in this field.
Keywords: Positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, bioluminescent,
fluorescence
Utilizing Imaging Modalities to Target and Track Stem Cells Research on stem cells has indicated new possible therapies and treatment for people with
conditions that were once considered terminal. Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer 's disease, and multiple sclerosis are a few of the many diseases that stem
cells might be able to treat. Stem cells have the

Ptsd In Law Enforcement
Individuals in public safety, and specifically those employed in the field of law enforcement face a higher risk of experiencing traumatic events or
critical incidents than the average citizen (Lansing, Amen, Hanks, Rudy, 2005). The exposure to these traumatic events sometimes results in the
development of post–traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); onset of PTSD is sometimes delayed and only manifests after exposure to multiple traumatic
events (Lansing et al., 2005). Post–traumatic stress disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder, development of which is generally in response to
exceptionally terrifying events that often are life threatening to the person or other people, or entail the risk of serious bodily injury (McNally, 2006;
Ramage

The Physics Of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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