Climate Plays An Important Environmental Influence On...

Climate Plays an Important Environmental Influence on...
Climate plays an important environmental influence on our ecosystems, and climate changes and the influences of it affect ecosystems in many
ways. Ecosystems are already showing negative impacts under current levels of climate change. One of the biggest issues that we are facing
nowadays is global warming. With the global warming and the rising of the temperature of sea water, it has great impact on the species in the ocean.
More species is facing extinction and with the rising of temperature, it could force species in the ocean to migrate to higher latitudes where
temperatures are lower and easier to survive. In this research, I would like to know if global warming would force fish migrate to north or not. I will
test the sea water temperature and the survivability of zooplankton with different water temperature. By doing this research, it enables us to
understand the habit of species in the ocean and to avoid the extinction of certain species. This research will also prove that global warming influences
the whole ocean ecosystem and we should recognize this issue and think what we can do to reduce and slow down the damage to the ocean.
As the temperature of water is rising, warm water fish are expanding into areas where was previously inhabited by coldwater species and cause
coldwater species losing their habitats. When waters turning warmer due to global warming, the area that allow coldwater species to migrate is
reduced, and this might cause some species extinct.
Some
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Literature Review : The Small Hydropower ( Shp )
CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1SMALL HYDROPOWER (SHP) AAAAAAA 1.Powers et al (1985) did an assessment study on the
fishway development and design. Method of water control and the degree and type of water control were formed the basis to classify fish passes.
Swimming speed of the fishes was related to their lengths for designing the fish passes. Energy required by the fishes upstream was determined for
three scenarios: (i) passing through the pools in fishways (ii) ascending a sloping channel like waterfall or spillway (iii) jumping over a weir or
waterfall. [23] 2.Kamula et al (2000) studied the effects of modifications on the hydraulics of Denil fishways. The location of the highest velocities in
the cross section of Denil fish passes was determined to be on the sides and not in the center. Since there is a non– uniform flow in the fish passes
hence the velocities are not symmetrically distributed along the mid–axis. The plots for dimensionless discharge for the studied designs and for the
standard Denil pass were found to be almost parallel to each other. The topmost portion of the Denil fishpass is subjected to higher velocities so must
be designed accordingly. [24] 3.BoubГ©e et al (2003) studied the downstream migration and passage technologies for diadromous fishes in the United
States and New Zealand. Intake screens in the form of rotating drums have been the most

Development And Sustainability Of A Sustainable Development
Development and sustainability
Borgese (1995) defined the basic meaning of the term sustainable development as that of
"Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
The UN development goals were set out on 25th of September 2015 to be achieved by 2030, originally 17 goals were set out to cover a wide range of
issues such as environmental, political, social that were aimed to make changing sustainability internationally achievable.
Out of the 17 goals, I believe that goal 14 is one goal that will become ever more important and the issues raised will need to be resolved in the
coming years. Goal 14 'Life below water' set out to conserve & sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources for sustainable development. The
goal set out to achieve reduced pollution of human land based activities such as oil spills. Also, to protect marine and coastal ecosystems this will
strengthen the resilience and making healthy productive oceans. Also, to minimise the impacts of ocean acidification. Effectively regulate harvesting
of the oceans, to end overfishing and illegal and unregulated fishing. To restore thefish stocks in the shortest time possible. Also, to increase scientific
knowledge, and implement international laws to increase the economic benefits to small developing island communities.
Another problem that countries will have to deal with in the near future will be the pollution that is caused by human

Unique And Sizable Facts About Sharks Essay
You Will Enjoy The Unique and Sizable Facts about Sharks
Shark may seem dangerous. But just like any other animals. Sharks have unique features that other animals failed to possess. Some of those unique
facts about sharks are the following.
The list of The Unique and Sizable Facts about Sharks:
Sharks have Seven Senses
Every animal has unique features in hunting for prey to survive, and sharks seem to have seven sharp sense in hunting for its preys. Researchers said
that sharks can see under the dark waters with their night vision similar to cats and they have an excellent sense of smell which is 10,000 greater than
humans have. Sharks are also excellent in hearing in detecting wounded preys and hunt them with their great sense of smell that can decipher whether
it is their mate or predator by analyzing smells in the shark's brain. The shark also has other features which are pressure–sensitive teeth, sense of feeling
vibrations as signals and detecting changes in temperature and currents of the water.
Alzheimer
According to the study from the University of Miami, Sharks make cause different diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson's and Gehrig's disease when
eaten. In 2013, over a hundred million sharks were killed for different recipes like the shark fin soup which was ... Show more content on
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Velvet belly lantern sharks are sexy sharks that give a blue light to confuse its predators. According to study, the velvet belly lantern sharks are the first
fish to ward off hungry predators with light. The bioluminescent creature is said to have scary spines that glow to protect themselves. In 2015,
researchers stated that velvet belly lantern shark's sex organ light up when they have the desire to mate. One time, the scientist witness a lantern shark
couple circling around each other and lighting up, it's either confusing their predator or a special way of attracting a

Tern Research Paper
The California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni), a subspecies of least tern, breeds primarily on the Pacific Coast of California from San
Francisco southward to Baja California, with a limited range in Southern California. The California least tern is a migratory bird and its full range
includes coastal areas of western North and Central America. California least terns typically arrive in California in late April and stay until their fall
migration in late July to early August. The tern generally prefers to nest in colonies on open sandy beaches, where natural tidal action keeps the area
relatively free of vegetation (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2006). The California least tern has been on the federal endangered species list since
1970, and the state endangered species list ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Alameda Point least tern colony is located in the northern part of South San Francisco Bay in Alameda. The breeding site is located on the
runway complex of the former Naval Air Station. The breeding site is enclosed by a 1.2–m high chain link fence and the asphalt in the enclosed area is
covered with substances added to improve the breeding habitat, including soil, pea gravel, sand, and oyster shells. Wooden structures and clay tiles
are placed within the site to provide shelter and protection for terns. The site is outlined by grid cells that are twenty meters apart and marked by
cinder blocks (Figure 1) (Elliott, Hurt & Sydeman, 2007). Least terns initially attempted to nest in Bair Island, Bay Farm Island, and Oakland Airport
but failed to breed sucessfully in these locations. In 1976, a colony of 20 pairs was discovered at the Alameda Naval Air Station. With the Navy
providing aid for protection for terns nesting on the site, as well as intensive management by non–profit groups, the colony continued to increase in size
and reproductive success. By 2009, 318 pairs occupied the site. In 2014, the property was transferred from the Navy to the U.S. Department of Veterans

Descriptive Essay On Hippie Fishing
Crappie fishing; to most, bring visions of cool spring mornings with fog lingering over the surface of the lake and burning off shortly after rigging
a bobber and a minnow to cast to a brush pile and wait for the Crappie to find your bait. Classic Crappie fishing to be sure and very effective to say the
least, as many of you, like myself, grew up fishing this way almost exclusively. Crappie angling has changed and progressed into a very technical
endeavor and crankbaits is one of those techniques that works great when crappie begin the fall migration to shallow water following the shad.
When the leaves begin to turn each season, shad begin swimming the shorelines in large schools providing slab crappie some opportunities to
fatten up for the winter. It is during this time that small crankbaits resembling these shad work great at luring those slabs from shallow cover. Rip
rap and chunk rock banks attract shad as well as big crappie chasing those shad. A single tree along that rock bank can create an ambush point for
big crappie and will replenish so returning to that cover throughout the day can prove rewarding. My favorite crankbait is any that resembles a shad.
Smaller crankbaits seem to work best but I have switched to a larger crankbait with good results when the shad is big; however, small crankbaits is
your best choice for consistent bites. Color always comes up in conversations pertaining to crappie. Personally, I use shad colors, but crawfish patterns
and bright

Great White Sharks Research Paper
How do great white sharks survive in the ocean? Peter Benchley the author of Jaws said, "Without sharks , you take away the apex predator of the
ocean, and you destroy the entire food chain". My paper's main idea is how Great White Sharks survive in the ocean. Like how they hunt and how their
features help it hunt,hide,and survive.
The features of a Great White Sharks are really interesting like their skin patterns. Their skin patterns help them camouflage in the water. The top of
their body is blue to blend in the water. The bottom of the body is grey to blend in with the black color on the bottom of the ocean. The teeth of Great
White Sharks are interesting. They have multiple rows of teeth. Their teeth are triangled shaped and have

Essay On Dolphins
There are different living places for dolphins in the world. Do you think the ocean is the only place for dolphins to live? However, actually dolphin
habitats are divided into two major parts which are the wild places and the sea world though they can be found in ports, bays, gulfs and estuaries. The
environments and lifestyles between the dolphins are quite different while this could possibly be because of the pollution made by human–beings.
The dolphins that live at Sea World are more likely to have a larger and better environment of living space than those which live in the wild.
Dolphins which live at Sea World are actually known as living in the places that are called aquariums. Aquariums are the manmade places with no
pollution, which means dolphins are able to have a cleaner environment to survive. In other words, they will be less likely to die because of pollution
problems. In aquariums, the workers here will clean up the water in the pool every day ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to some research, dolphins living at Sea World are usually fed by highly trained staffs. So it seems they do have a better life, at least they
don't even need to worry about looking for food. But think about it in this way, those dolphins just receive food without effortlessly, is it really good
for them? As an old saying goes ' Gives the human by the fish to be inferior gives the human by the fishing. 'So if the dolphins cannot practice
looking for food by themselves, they may lose the ability one day. In addition, dolphins that are at Sea World tend to be fed by visitors, which may
pose a threat to their health. So as I have mentioned that dolphins in those two places can have different lifestyle. For example, those in the ocean
usually leap over the water surface. What's more, dolphins usually have a migration as the seasons change while for those in the aquariums they may
not have such habit. (Glenza,

Ap Human Geography Chapter 2 Study Guide
Use a dictionary to define each of the following terms: archaeologist– Its a scientist who studies human history by digging up human remains and
artifacts.
Canoe–a narrow boat with pointed ends, propelled by a paddle or paddles.
Nomad–a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.
Chinook Jargon–an extinct pidgin composed of elements from Chinook, Nootka, English, French, and other languages, formerly used in the Pacific
Northwest.
Migration–movement from one part to another.
Salmon– large popular game fish, liked for their pink flesh, live in sea but come to freshwater to spawn.
Longhouse– a large house for all members of village to go to.
Moccasins– a soft leather shoe without a separated heal. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pemmican– a paste of dried meat mixed with other things, common in Indian community.
Coastal Indians– live in western of cascades, were "rich" in food and secure shelter.
Reservation– a place where natives were placed to live at.
Shaman–a ritual person, a person that has access to the spiritual world.
Cedar bark–coniferous trees of the genus Cedrus.
Pit house–a house underground level, that was dug up and just roofed over top.
Plateau Indians– plateau Indians live by the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Range and Canadian Coast Ranges on the west. In high
plateau lands. Compare and contrast the coastal and plateau Indians way of life, especially their diet, shelter, transportation, class system, and clothing.
coastal indians lived west of cascades mountains, lived in permenant vilages near the rivers along the coasts of the pacific ocean and puget

European Influence On American Animals In 1491
By 1491, Europeans already were growing grains such as rye, wheat, barley. They used wind and water as power sources, and had a lot of
domesticated animals. Horses in Europe were plowing soil, and pigs were used as a source of protein and leather was made from their skin. Also,
they had sheep and cows, so they could drink milk and make butter. In contrast, on American continent, natives were only growing corn, and in South
America only potato was growing at that time. In America only lamas were present who could not pull a plow nor give milk. In North America Ice age
and hunting put animals at levels of extinction.
In Europe, hunting animals was just for sport and prestige. Fish were abundant and were eaten by all classes. Demand for fish

Essay On Shovelnose Sturgeon
The shovelnose sturgeon, or Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, is the smallest species of freshwater sturgeon. The sturgeon go by many names. One name
for this fish is the "switchtail", which refers to the long filament on the upper lobe of the caudal fin. Another popular name for this fish is the
"hackleback, which refers to the bony
The shovelnose is the most abundant of the sturgeon species and is found in the Mississippi River and Missouri River throughout the United States. The
Missouri River and the Mississippi River systems tend to carry large amounts of sediment. Here the sturgeon inhabits the open channel or main channel
areas of the large rivers. It lives on the bottom, often in areas with swift currents and sand or gravel bottoms. As with many fish species that live in
rivers, the shovelnose sturgeon does not have a restricted home range and may travel long distances throughout its' life.
The shovelnose sturgeon feeds on the bottom, using its protractible mouth to suck up its food. The diet is mainly aquatic insect larvae, consisting of
mayflies and caddisflies. The sturgeon will also feed on worms, crustacean, and small fish. Because it's a bottom feeding fish, ... Show more content on
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During the spawning season, the behavior of the sturgeon changes and they start to swim near the surface and splash to attract the attention of mates.
However, females do not spawn every year and therefore the population of this species struggles to thrive. When spawning does happen, it takes place
in slower moving water where there is a sand or gravel at the bottom. After 3–5 days, the eggs will hatch and the larvae, being about 1 cm long, will
drift downstream to rearing areas in the river where there are few predators, plenty of shelter, and available food. The growth of the shovelnose
sturgeon is relatively slow, taking about 5 years just to reach 20

Killer Whales Research Paper
What can have 48–52 teeth or no teeth at all? It is the gorgeous creature we call the whale? From Belugas, to Humpbacks, to Killer Whales, there is
much to learn about these lovely gentle giants.
Did you know that Beluga whales are the smallest species of whale? Belugas can reach weights of 3,000 pounds, adults are reported to be 14 feet
long. Even though they may be small–scale , they are the most vocal whale you can find. Their vocalization patterns include clicks, whistles, chirps
and bleats. These beautiful creatures are known to inhabit the arctic and subarctic waters of Russia or Alaska. Even though Belugas are known for
their white color, they are actually born grey. The transformation to the white color they are known for can take years. Belugas tend to prey on
animals dwelling at the bottom of oceans; their diet consists of octopus, squid, crab, snail, and sandworm. They also enjoy a large variety of fish such as
capelin, cod, herring, smelt, and flounder. These porpoises tend to be slow swimmers; however, they do possess the wonderful ability to swim
backwards! ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Killer whales, also known as Orcas, are very vocal animals and spend their time partaking in clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls. These giants can be
found in nearly all oceans due to their migration patterns. Orcas have an unmistakable black and white patterning, making them easier to identify.
The Orca is an apex predator, meaning that they are at the top of their food chain. They have been known to feast upon sea birds, squid, octopus, sea
turtles, sharks, rays, and fish. The diet of an orca can change depending on its group population and habitat. Some Orcas eat mainly marine mammals,
such as seals and dugongs. The orca is actually a toothed whale; they usually have a range of 48–52

Case Study: Sturgeon
1)Sturgeon
a)Sturgeon have a similar life cycle to that of pacific salmon with spawning occurring when the female sturgeon releases eggs and the male sturgeon
fertilizes them. Incubation happens for a week until the eggs hatch and the new fish rely on nourishment from a yolk sac until they are further grown.
The yolk sac provides complete nourishment for the small sturgeon for its first 12–14 days of life. Similar to salmon entering ocean, sturgeon fish can
enter areas with higher salt content to look for food. The fish can spawn once they are mature, with the males reaching it first when they are about 12
to 18 years old. Female sturgeons can only reproduce when they are older at 25 to 30 years of age. Unlike salmon, sturgeon can reproduce several
times throughout their lifetime and can reproduce every year or every several years, depending on the age of the female. http://hsbc.frasersturgeon.com
/rhspsec/Lesson1/Articles/Article1.pdf
An old sturgeon fish
2)Bonneville Dam
a) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bonneville Dam has an energy block with gates and locks used for shipping and transportation. The primary functions of Bonneville Lock and
Dam are electrical power generation and river navigation. The first power generated at the Bonneville Powerhouse was produced in March 1938.
Since the dam poses a negative impact on the migration of sturgeon and salmon, a fish elevator was created to assist fish in returning to streams to
reproduce. In 1986, the dam along with the fish hatchery become historic sights.

What Is The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
The great pacific garbage patch has been known to have a great effect on the oceanic wildlife. They tend to think that the pieces of trash floating
through the ocean is food so they eat it. Not only would them eating all the plastics and trash that is thrown into the ocean affecting them but it also
affects us. We are the ones who tend to eatfish and many animals from the ocean which means that in some way we end up with the trash in our
bodies. I want to understand how a fish and a turtle are still able to survive after consuming the trash and how it is affecting their body as time passes
by. In order to test this I am going to have to collect a great amount of turtles and fishes to put into groups either in contaminated water or in a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to The Clean Our Oceans Refuge Coalition's website, "Large amounts of plastic debris have been found in the habitat of endangered
Hawaiian monk seals, including in areas that serve as pup nurseries."
The present study plans to examine the effects the great pacific garbage patch has on the oceanic wildlife deals with gathering up to 4 aquariums
filled with either contaminated water or clean salt water. I will be needing 2 aquariums that are suitable for the logger turtle and 2 more for average
size fishes. We will need about 15 pounds of contaminated water and another for the water that has not yet been exposed to the

Damn Dams In The United States
Damn Dams The United States has led the world in dam building for the past 100 years. The dams are used for a variety of purposes, including
hydropower, irrigation, flood control, and water storage. Even though dams can be a benefit to society, they can also cause a lot for harm to the
rivers. Dams degraded river ecosystems, depleted fisheries, and diminished the recreational use of nearly all of the nation's rivers. Many of the dams
are unsafe, old or no longer serve their intended purposes.
Reduce River Levels Dams by nature are used to divert water from going down river freely. This causes the areas below the dams to become
dewatered and takes away the water needed for a heathy ecosystem. Taking away the water makes native plant live close ... Show more content on
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Dams are used to generate hydropower by releasing the water to move the turbine that generates the power. Hydropower is a big industry in the
United State it is responsible for most of the United States renewable energy resources. Dams are made for the water storage in areas where water
is not easily accessible. The storing of water allows communities to have a reserve water supply in case of a drought or water shortage. In places like
California that have been in a drought for years would not be able to survive without the Dams and reservoirs to keep a water supply. Without this
water, the cities would have to move to a climate with more available

Characteristics Of The Spinner Dolphin
The Spinner dolphin is a dolphin that is found in offshore tropical waters around the world. It is famous for its acrobatic displays in which it spins
along its longitudinal axis as it leaps through the air. That is where the name "Spinner" comes from. It is a family member of the Delphinidae of
toothed whales. There are 4 subspecies of the Spinner dolphin. But, the Gray's Spinner dolphin is most common.
Spinner dolphins are nocturnal, which means they hunt during the night. They do that so they can rest on a full stomach during the day. Also, they
hunt during the night so they can get out of the scuba divers way. They communicate by whistles and clicks. Using echolocation (calls out to the
environment) the spinners can scan the darkness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their head has a very narrow shape, even at the top of the melon. They also have 3 colors on their body, the skin on the dorsal area has a grey color
down to the sides where it has a sharp change in color to a lighter grey. The lower part of the body is so white it looks pinkish. They measure
between 1.29 and 2.35 meters in length and its weight range is between 23 and 79 kilograms. The name "Spinner" comes from their above water
actions. They can leap into the air and make as many seven complete spins before diving back into the ocean. The power of the spin comes from the
huge acceleration under the water and the torque of the tail just as the dolphin breaks the surface. Female spinner dolphins reach sexual maturity about
4–7 years, males about 7–10 years. Calves are nursed for 1–2 years. They approximately weigh around 130 to 170 lbs. Spinner dolphin inhabits most
tropical waters of the world, and can also occur in sub tropical and warm temperate waters. They are very energetic in the ocean and out of the ocean.
Head slaps acoustical messages that often are intended to get the attention of other dolphins. Head slaps in some cases are used to indicate to the pod
the direction of travel desired by the slapper.
Dolphins, and all marine mammals, are protected from harassment by federal law; under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Harassment means "any
act of pursuit or annoyance which has the potential to disturb the dolphins in the wild by causing disruption of their behavioral patterns of migration,
nursing, breeding, sheltering, or resting and

Grand Coulee Dam Essay
Background
Nearly 13,000 years ago, glaciers moved across the earth. In the Pacific Northwest they created many rivers, including the Columbia. The rock that
the Grand Coulee Dam was built on was carved out by those glaciers creating a sturdy base of the dam. It is located in the rain–shadow of the Cascade
Mountain Range in a shrub–steppe grassland, which results in very little rainfall and high temperatures. There have been many Native American tribes,
including the Spokane, Sanpoli, Nespelem, Lakes, Colville and many others that have lived along the Columbia River and have relied on it for many
of their day–to–day necessities (Columbia Basin Project 2015). On July 16, 1933 construction of the Grand Coulee Dam began, and nine years later ...
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The tribal members are against the dam because it ruins their life style. The Native Americans use the Columbia River as a source of food and a way
of life. Moreover, the damming of the Columbia River forced the Native Americans to resettle. The dam is an issue to them because theyfish for
salmon, an anadromous fish and once they're through the dam, there is no way for them to come back up it to spawn; this leads to the disappointed
commercial fishermen. The environmentalists are upset because the construction of the dam means there would be habitat loss and alteration of a
variety of wildlife, including plants. The taxpayers in the Northwest Region of the United States are the ones who paid for the majority of the irrigation
construction costs ("Columbia Basin Project" 2015). Currently, there are no efforts for removing the

How Does Climate Change Affect A Fish
Climate Change Affects The Populations of the North American Fish
The global climate change is affecting the fish populations and communities and changing the freshwater ecosystems in North America and Canada,
according to four new studies.
The studies were printed in a special issue of Fisheries magazine this week, published by the American Fisheries Society. The scientists observed
different changes in how inland fish reproduce, grow and where they can live.
Doug Austen, Executive Director of the American Fisheries Society and the publisher of Fisheries magazine gave thanks to this synthesis. He further
said that they can see the effects of climate change on inland fish and they are no longer a speculation. He added that they can now begin

Mako Shark Research Paper
Shark Essay Do you know what a mako shark is? They are curious beings and are closely related to the great white shark. Tagged by ocearch,
Lazarus and other sharks are helping the ocean's ecosystem. Mako sharks are exquisite aquatic creatures and are very rare to see. To begin with, Mako
sharks are the fastest shark in the world! Speed sometimes differs between shortfin and longfin makos. The keel a flat part right before the tail will
also help them go faster. They can swim anywhere from 23 miles per hour to 60 miles per hour! Another fact is makos eat food whole. Even if they
have 8 sharp rows of teeth. Makos need a lot of food. Once a 120 pound swordfish was found inside a 700 pound mako! Then, they can live in deep
water to

Loggerhead Turtle Essay
significantly impact loggerhead nesting by making many current or potential nesting sites unviable (Ehrhart et al.).
A decline in loggerhead populations due to temperature increases will have a large ecological effect as loggerhead turtles play important ecological
roles such as maintaining food webs, cycling nutrients, and modifying habitat (Wilson et al. 2010 and Bjorndal 2003). Loggerhead turtles physically
support many marine species. Loggerheads support the largest and most diverse amounts of epibionts of any marine turtle species. There are many
epibionic species that are endemic to sea turtles and sea turtles maintain biodiversity in epibiont communities. A period of five to ten years may have
minimal impacts on epibiont communities; however, a fifty year period may see enough loggerhead population declines that epibiont species are at risk
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loggerhead eggs and hatchlings are a large food source for a variety of terrestrial animals, nearshore predatory fish, and seabirds, providing substantial
amounts of energy and nutrients for these species (Wilson et al. 2010). A five or ten year period of loggerhead turtle declines may cause sublethal
effects such as decreased growth rates or reproductive output for these predator species and a fifty year period of loggerhead turtle decline may
potentially have more severe impacts such as significant declines for local populations that rely on eggs and hatchlings as a food source.
Some species may see increases from declines of loggerhead sea turtles. Loggerhead turtles are species generalists and compete with other
carnivorous predators whose diets overlap with theirs (Bjorndal 2003). Juvenile loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys in waters around Long Island have
substantial diet overlap and a decline in loggerhead sea turtles may reduce the amount of competition for prey, allowing the Kemps ridleys access to
more

Fraser River Sockeye Salmon : An Analytical Literature Review
Fraser River Sockeye Salmon in Decline: An Analytical Literature Review
Lauren M. Howell 26095133
University of British Columbia
Author Note
Lauren M. Howell, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph
Lauren M. Howell, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Lauren Howell, Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
Contact: Lauren@adbizstudio.com
Fraser River Sockeye Salmon in Decline: An Analytical Literature Review
The Fraser River, beginning at Fraser Pass in the Rocky Mountains; making its way into the Straight of Georgia in Vancouver, is considered to be the
largest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The replacement level, described as the ratio of returning progeny per adult spawner, was not reached and the industry was forced to close for a third
consecutive year. This shut out was attributed to a wide range of factors including: environmental changes along the river and in the marine
environment, as well as fisheries management practices. Incredibly, 2010 saw a profound rebound with an estimated 34 million returns, indicating
resilience of this species but also giving rise to many unanswered questions in explanation (Cohen, 2010).
Even though fish harvesting had declined, fish stocks were still plummeting; people wanted answers, and in 2009, a Canadian federal judicial inquiry
was launched to investigate fisheries management practices, as carried out by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) by means of the Cohen
Commission (Casselman, 2011; Miller et al., 2011). The focus of the mandate was to identify the causes of the decline in the Fraser River sockeye, and
to develop recommendations for improving the future sustainability of the fishery.
Since the seminal release of Dr. Pearse's 1982 study of Canada's Pacific fishery, hundreds of recommendations through mandates, as well as scientific
research, have been put forth with the goal of shedding light on this paramount issue. A study published in Science carried out by Kristina M. Miller et
al. in 2011 is no exception.
A Quick Look at the Research

A functional genomics study conducted by Miller

The Impact of Hydropower Dams on California's Populations...
Running head: IMPACT OF DAMS ON ANADROMOUS FISH The Impact of Hydropower Dams on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish:
What Can be done to mitigate the Dams Effects and Restore California's Watersheds. Russell Cole Western Governors University The Impact of
Hydropower Dams on California's Populations of Anadromous Fish: What can be done to mitigate the Dams Effects and Restore California's
Watersheds. The indigenous people of California were completely dependent on the seemingly infinite quantities of salmon and steelhead that annually
returned to their coastal rivers. Upon their arrival, European settlers soon developed a commercial fishing industry, which supported them very well.
Today, however, that never–ending... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Importantly, let's not overlook the effects of salmon population declines on the indigenous peoples of California. Tribes such as the Karuk, Yurok,
Wiyot and the Hoopa, to name just a few, have depended on salmon as their main food source for centuries. Salmon was not just food, but central
to their religion, their diet, and their overall way of life. Salmon are the cornerstone of their culture (Harling, 2006). The loss of this abundant
natural resource must be seen not only as degrading the health of the river ecosystem, but also as severely impacting the health of the tribes. Until
the early 1850's California's rivers flowed freely to the Pacific Ocean. The emergence of dams started with small earthen dams used to divert water
for mining and irrigation purposes. The diverted water used for hydraulic mining would prove to be the beginning of a long era of environmental
degradation of California's river ecosystems. With the turn of the century came a population boom and the rapid development of urban centers and
an increased demand for water. With the end of the gold rush, agriculture quickly became the main player in California's economy. This too, raised
the demand for water and dams were being built at a staggering pace. The introduction of huge hydropower dams proved to be the "nail in the coffin"
for anadromous fish because little or no heed was paid to the impact of dams on the state's watersheds. Today California has over fourteen hundred
dams responsible for

Home: The Global Issue Of Overfishing
The movie, Home, stated that overfishing was a major global issue. I believe the issue is still an issue, (though not as out of control as we think) as
species of fish are still facing overfishing. I also believe the problem is more known now than it was then, and that people are beginning to think about
the future. That's why we have regulations about what species we can and cannot catch. However, unless we make drastic changes about this situation,
the population of certain fish will decrease. Some species aren't as numerous as they were in the past, such as Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. Overfishing can
occur in parts of the oceans, and all the oceans are affected, as fish migrate throughout them. If some fish don't complete their migration due to being
caught, they are affecting the water they were headed. That means the ecosystem will be affected, as there will be less fish to carry out the normal ...
It's instinctive for people to want to conserve and protect the earth. People are beginning to care more about our earth and what our actions create.
People who live off the sea or depend on fish for survival are aware of overfishing. They can't help but be affected. They know it's becoming a
larger problem now than in the past. People want to preserve nature, and see all wildlife thrive. That's why there are some regulations about what
species can and cannot be fished. Fish hatcheries are asked to only produce a certain amount of fish. Certain parts of the ocean cannot be fished,
while some species are illegal to catch and keep. Some parts of the world even regulate which days fishing is allowed. Rules such as these protect fish,
and I believe they will get more and more common as time progresses and the world population increases. We're taking responsibility, and moving
towards correcting our error. The world is not as heartless as Home made us

Japanese Female Divers Essay
On the other hand, the history of Japanese female divers stretches back far longer than that of the Koreans. The practice originated at least two
thousand years ago, and may have a connection to the migration of Japanese. As fishermen were moving along the southwest islands of Japan and
towards the main island, women were reported to have collected shellfish and seaweed. Such catches would provide much needed salt in the diet
and some items such as abalone or turbo play a part in religious ceremonies, and also could be traded for other products. Jewelry could also be made
out of the pearls and abalone shells they collected. The Japanese have a wide variety of diving practices and even wear different types of clothing
depending on the region; such diversity is evidence of free–diving as a long standing tradition with older origins.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Underwater googles also vary by region, but all ama do carry a kaigane. The kaigane is "a metal scoop or pallet...used to remove the abalone or other
shells from the rocks, and serves as a counterweight" during descent (Rahn 29). Like the Koreans, free–diving did not start out as a female–dominated
profession. It is significant to note that the male characters for 'ama,' (diver in Japanese) have the connotation of sea warrior or more appropriately,
samurai of the sea. But the female characters for 'ama' simply mean sea–woman, and the term itself is now assumed to refer to females. The difference
in meaning is most likely due to the fact that men would use their hands or spears to grab fish, while the women collected shellfish and

Giant Otter Essay
Giant otter populations have suffered since the 1940s different anthropic pressures: hunting for skins (1940–1975), gold mining (mercury
contamination), deforestation, human population growth and increased demand for fishery resource, for consumption and sale. The latter scenario,
along with processes of loss of ancestral knowledge and cultural traditions of indigenous peoples and their entry into active participation in the market,
have blunted the ancestral coexistence between Amazonian indigenous communities and populations of giant otter.
In May this year a field trip to the Fluvial Star InГrida, transition zone between Orinoco and Colombian Amazon was conducted and recently declared a
Ramsar site and biodiversity hotspot, with the aim of starting work study trophic interactions ( direct and indirect) embedded in the fishery dynamics
and giant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
samples of skeletal remains (11 samples) of fish found in inactive latrines located in burrows identified by fishermen from each community were
also taken (only one active latrine which a fresh stool sample otter was obtained was found giant) and dorsal muscle samples of fish (9 species)
fish by fishermen. Samples of fresh faeces of giant otter and fish dorsal muscle will be used for isotope analysis and estimation of trophic positions
of each species. Samples of skeletal remains are being treated in the identification of fish species consumed by the giant otter for estimating dietary
overlap between fishermen and giant otter and thus make an assessment of the degree of competition between these two groups. So far they could be
identified to genus level Hoplias sp., And Trachycorystes sp. and specimens of the families Cichlidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae and Characidae. The
interviews revealed that while there is a negative perception towards the giant otter, describing it as thieving fish or frightens fish, most did not prove
to have

Jellyfish Population Control Of Fish
Loggerheads also help to maintain food webs. An important example of this is jellyfish population control. As a result of overfishing, jellyfish are
slowly replacing formerly abundant fish species because reduced fish populations allow for less competition for food. Jellyfish prey on fish eggs and
larvae, and increases in jellyfish are detrimental to the recovery of fish populations. Loggerheads and other sea turtle species consume jellyfish and
consequently reduce populations of jellyfish, allowing for a control of their population (Wilson et al. 2010).
Loggerhead sea turtles also have long migrations and these migrations transport nutrients and energy from one area to another. The migration of males
from foraging grounds to nesting beaches

The Missouri River Change
Reasons for Current Situation All of the 3,350 miles of riverine habitat within the pallid sturgeon's range have been affected by man. Approximately
28% has been impounded, which has created unsuitable lake–like habitat; 51% has been channelized into deep, uniform channels; the remaining 21%
is downstream of dams which have altered the river's hydrograph, temperature and turbidity. Commercial fishing and environmental contaminants may
have also played a role in the pallid sturgeon's decline. The resultant changes to the Missouri River in the upper Great Plains from channelization
prevent upstream migration. The reduced water flow rates and sediment loads have brought an end to the seasonal flooding of the flood plains in the
region. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Restoration of woody debris in native rivers may help the recovery effort. The states in which pallid sturgeon live have adopted a variety of fisheries
regulations to protect individuals of the species. North Dakota, South Dakota, and Louisiana require live release of all sturgeon, Montana and Kansas
do not allow commercial harvest of sturgeon. Given the long time to maturity and intervals between spawns, loss of any individual is detrimental. The
need to determine the most likely areas of spawning, to identify any parasite or disease that may be impacting the reproductive capabilities of pallid
sturgeon, and to examine engineering possibilities that may permit recreation of suitable habitats without reducing the USFWS's ability to protect
people from harmful and destructive flooding, and to maintain its ability to provide adequate water impoundment for irrigation and recreation purposes
is essential. In Missouri wild pallid sturgeon larvae were collected in 1998. These nonhatchery–raised larvae were the first recovered on the lower
Missouri River in the previous 50 years.
Page 3
Recovery Plan
In 1997, through the combined effort of two Fishery Assistance offices, two National Fish Hatcheries, one Ecological Services office, and two State
game and fish departments (North Dakota and Montana), two female and three male pallid sturgeons were spawned. Spawning pallid

The Eastern Mediterranean Loggerhead Sea Turtle
The following research project will focus on the Eastern Mediterranean Loggerhead Sea Turtle. Particularly, this paper will analyze why the
Loggerhead consistently returns to it its natal nesting grounds in the eastern Mediterranean as opposed to nesting in the western region. To begin,
background of the Eastern Mediterranean Loggerhead will be provided to the reader, and then the essay will proceed to discuss the process by which
Loggerheads nest and hatch. Following this explanation, this essay will discuss this turtle's transnational migration habits. After describing the
movements of the animal, the reader will be provided with an analysis of possible reasons for natal homing. These reasons include: geographic and
climate related preferences

Velddrift Case Study
2.Different marine living resources are harvested in and around velddrift. These resources include Sardines (Harvested at saldahna bay), anchovies
and tuna species which are the resources for the big fishing industries in and around velddrift and they are captured by using purse seine vessels and
trawler vessels. Another living resource includes Mullets which are the resources among the locals owning small businesses and they are captures by
gill nets, beach seine nets, ring nets and traps. Fence or maze traps, built at right–angles from shore–lines, are used to guide spawning migrations of
mullets into large retaining areas in the berg river estuary. Some other resource includes Galjoens, west coast Steen bras, Elf and Snoekfish; these are ...
Different legislations have been applied to manage this Mullets resource at velddrift. These legislations include; Marine living resource act, 18/98, and
Environment Conservation Act, 73/89. The Marine living resource act aims to provide for the conservation of the marine ecosystem, which includes
long term sustainable utilisation of resources and orderly access to exploitation, utilization protection of certain living resources. This act is being used
at the Berg river estuary where Mullets is the main living resource harvested by communities. The purpose of the act is to provide control over this
resource in a rational and unbiased manner to the benefit of all communities of velddrift. The act aims to achieve the best use and ecological sustainable
development of Mullets species at the Berg Estuary (Waternet.co.za, 2016). This legislation also states that no person has the authority to engage in
commercial fishing or any other type of fishing, or participate in Mari–culture and to operate a fish processing establishment of fishing, no person is
allowed to abolish any fauna and flora rather than to partake in fishing Mullets species. For a person to undertake or engage to operate a fish process
establishment or to undertake in any sort of commercial or subsistence fishing, one must be granted a right to do so by DAFF (Anon,

Majed Almehmadi
Overfishing
Overfishing refers to the act of overexploiting fish such that they reduce to unacceptable limits. The problem occurs if humans harvest large fish
quantities than they can be replaced via natural reproduction in a given water body. Although catching large amounts of fish appear profitable, it has
dire social and economic consequences. Overfishing interrupts balance of the marine ecosystem. Similarly, majority of the coastal population depends
on fishing as their source of livelihood. This implies that the overpopulation causes an economic crisis to both the people who rely on fishing
occupation; as well as several people who rely on fish diets. For many centuries, the oceans have been a reliable source of fish diets that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In poor countries where employment opportunities are limited, overfishing may result in a massive migration. Major cities and businesses in regions
that are affected by fishing restrictions often collapse or develop at very slow rate (Newell, 2007).
Overfishing dilemma Since there is no country that owns fish in the oceans, the developed countries with advanced technologies catch big fish
quantities than developing nations with poor or no large fishing vessels. As a result, the developing countries with limited capital to invest in thefishing
industry have resolved in selling fishing rights to international fishing services. On the same note, many countries have extensive patrols intended to
protect unlicensed international fishing vessels from catching waters in other outcries territorial waters. Fishing vessels that are caught catching fish in
restricted territorial waters are often subjected to heavy fines. Restrictive policies In various international waters, overfishing is a major problem such
that it has made countries affected by the problem to develop various policies aimed at restricting individual vessels from overexploitation of fish.
Examples of some of the latest restriction policies that countries have made to prevent overfishing include total allowable catch limits (TAC),
season–length restrictions, vessel power

Fishing For White Bass Research Paper
Catch a Bass Every Time – Fishing for White Bass
September 14, 2012 0 Comments
Fishing white bass has become extremely popular among the novices of the fishing world because they are just so easy to catch. White bass are
smaller than the other members of the bass family and their weight is rarely in excess of four pounds. The white bass is also known as a 'Sand Bass'.
It is found across America but is more concentrated around the mid west. They have not become as popular as smallmouth and largemouth bass
however. Competitions have been created for this beautiful white bass and happen all over the United States, with anglers travelling from all parts,
Oregon and Michigan, New York and Canada tofish this special type of bass.
Fishing for

Over The Past Year, 12 Percent Of The Oceans Reefs Have
Over the past year, 12 percent of the oceans reefs have become bleached due to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification and in turn coral bleaching,
is due to carbon pollution causing global warming, this makes the oceans warmer, thus making them more acidic. Coral reefs and shellfish cannot
survive these levels of acid in the water. In particular the Great Barrier Reef, one of the seven natural wonders of the world, is suffering from this
bleaching. The Great Barrier Reef has been declining in recent years due to this acidification, however, as of recently it has come knocking on death 's
door. Carbon levels started rising about 200 years ago during the industrial revolution, because the machines invented started pumping carbon dioxide...
An economic shortage would also occur because both the fishing industry and the shellfish industry will simply have less products to sell. The
consequences of ocean acidification don't just affect the ocean, it directly affects humans too. "Researchers documented the extent of the damage the
reef off the coast of Australia sustained during the 2016 bleaching event, and found that only 8.9 percent of more than 1,000 reefs escaped with no
bleaching along a stretch more than 2,300 kilometers long"(Kennedy). There have been 4 major bleaching events in the previous 20 years that have
affected the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia. One happened on 1998, another in 2002, and then one in 2016 and one in 2017. This is the
first ever documented occurrence of major coral bleaching happening two years in a row. The dying of the Great Barrier Reef will hurt the
Australian tourism economy. The Great Barrier Reef tourism generates at least 5 billion Australian dollars a year or 3,297,000,000 USD, and
employs nearly 70,000 Australians. The Great Barrier Reef is a huge source of income for Australia, and if it is destroyed the Australian economy
takes a huge hit and in turn thousands of people will be affected. If the Reef doesn 't do enough already, it also provides protection and a food source.
The Reefs dampen the waves that roll it, these waves can cause shoreline

A Study On Fish Pass
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 General
Fish pass [2] is a hydraulic structure which is generally built on or around on obstructions like dams, barrages, weirs, or navigation locks in order to
facilitate the natural migration of the fishes. Generally fishways consists of a series of small steps on which the water flows so that the fishes can
swim and pass around the obstruction. The working principle of a fishway is attraction of the migrating species to a particular location in the river
which is on the downstream side of the obstruction and then enables them to pass upstream. In order to achieve it, either a waterway is opened or the
migrating species are entrapped in a tank and then lifted upstream. Figure 3.1: Schematic diagram of a rock ramp fishway [11]
The effectiveness of fish pass is the ease with which the entrance to it can be located and how easily the migrating species can cross it without stress
or injury in minimum time. The behaviour of the migrating species plays an important role in the design of the fishways. The performance of the fish
passes is dependent on the water velocities and the pattern of flow through it. The water velocity in fish passes must be compatible with the swimming
capabilities of the species for which it is designed.
2.2 Types of fish pass
1.Close to nature fish passes
2.Technical fish passes
2.2.1 Close to nature fish passes
The basic idea

Paragraph On Clown Loach Fish
Clown loach or people may say the Tiger Loach is a tropical freshwater fish that usually become the favorite fish. It has become the lovely freshwater
fish in your aquarium. The color of the fish becomes the beautiful character of the fish. The combinations of these body colors make this clown loach
fish look so cute.
If you like this tiger loach, you can take them into your fish tank. But, before you do, you should know about the right clown loach care. Such as other
fish, clown loach need takes good care. You can make them feel happy in the tank if you consider about the place, the food, and the right tank mates.
The fish has a large size. You can find these fish grow until 20 cm for the length. These fish need to have the proper place that will allow them to
swim freely. The fish becomes active in the day.
Habitat of Clown Loach Fish
This loach fish comes from Malaysia, Kalimantan, Borneo, and the other island rivers. In the wild, it usually makes the migration from the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water that combined with the drugs will make the fish get sick. The fish in the wild can reach the maximal size for the growth, but in the tank,
the fish will get difficult to grow maximally. They may grow slowly because the place will be different with the river. You can only see the maximum
size clown loach fish only 20 cm in length. The fish with the right care will life for the long time until 20 years. You can see the fish growth while you
see your growth.
You can put the sand on the bottom of the tank, and you also can put pebbles. The Botia macracantha can covers the bottom. The lighting for the tank
will help the flora or the plants grow well. Some plants will be proper for the loach fish such as the Microsorum Pteropus, Anubias or the taxyphyllum.
The plants of the aquarium will give them enough shadow for the fish. The condition of the river with the right shadow will make the fish feel comfort
and life

Arctic Tern Research Papers
The Arctic Tern The Arctic tern is a seabird that belongs to the tern family, Sternidae. The species spends the northern summers in the colder regions of
Eurasia and North America. It migrates to the southern hemisphere during the northern winter. The Arctic tern breeds between May and July in the
Arctic and subarctic regions of Asia, North America and Europe, as far south as Massachusetts. The Arctic tern has the K reproductive strategy
because it only lays two eggs a year, each with a high probability of survival into adulthood. The population size generally stays the same and equal
throughout the age demographics, a common characteristic of K reproductive strategists. The community of the Arctic tern contains a wide range of
species, as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's all about survival. When the Arctic tern enters the southern hemisphere, summer starts over and temperatures stay mild and within the tern's
range of tolerance. Most Arctic terns spend the first month of their migration in the north Atlantic ocean eating and collecting energy for the long
trip ahead. Some migrations have been over 44,000 miles long round trip, with the birds rarely stopping for rest and food. The specific reason
these animals migrate so far is widely unknown, although it is assumed for survival or breeding purposes. Some scientists suggest "that it's
because of the rich [polar] feeding grounds that they travel so far." If the migrations performed by this organism were to stop, the population
would decrease rapidly because the temperatures in either one of their habitats will drop so low that they will be outside the Arctic tern's limits of
tolerance and the birds would freeze to death. Arctic terns also provide a great source of pest control when they eat insects and worms during their
migrations. This would then be lost if the Arctic tern stopped migrating. The Arctic tern has an annual mortality rate of 18%, according to a study in
the Farne Islands. Over 50% of the species will live past their 30th birthday, with an average lifespan of 20 years, an anomaly for birds, who normally
live between 2 and 5

The Population Of Bluefin Tuna
The population of Bluefin Tuna has been dramatically declining over the past few decades with no expectation of slowing down. Bluefin Tuna are a
very important species of fish because they are one of the top predators in the ocean and if they become extinct the balance of the ocean's ecosystem
would be off. The classification of Bluefin Tuna includes a few different types, all of which are endangered and it is estimated that they will soon
become extinct. The categorization of each type of Bluefin Tuna species is based on geographical location although the exact number varies from 3–8.
Although there are still significant number of Bluefin tuna in the ocean, the demand for the fish has increased dramatically with no sign of decreasing.
This demand has caused new and harmful fishing methods to be created. They have become incredibly popular in sushi as well as other food and for
this reason the population has declined; however, there are methods that could be used in order to prevent the species from becoming extinct.
Analyzing the change in fishing practices and a change in the fish that are caught might explain this change. Due to the fact that the spawning process
causes fish to stay in shallow waters and closer to land, they are more likely to be caught at this time. For this reason the age that they are at during the
spawning period would indicate what age they usually are when they are caught. "The estimated age structure of fish caught by the Indonesian fleet

Obstacles Affecting Anadromous Fish Populations
Anadromous fishes reproduce in freshwater then their progeny migrate to the ocean where they grow and mature then return to freshwater to
reproduce. These fishes encounter numerous barriers during their freshwater migration. Migration barriers (e.g. dams, water storage projects, irrigation
diversions, impassable culverts, etc.) are significant factors affecting most anadromous fish populations. The primary effects of barriers on anadromous
fishes are the reduction of their population abundance and productivity through excessive mortality, and reduction in habitat quantity and quality
(NMFS, 2008).
Towler et al. (2015) defines a fishway as hydraulic structures and devices that provide continuous pathways for fish to move over or around otherwise
impassable barriers. Many existing fishways were designed for adult fish, and where present, adult salmonids. Designing fishways for a multiple
species is of growing interest in the United States, Canada, and other countries. However, rivers with greater biodiversity require fish passage solutions
that accommodate a wide range of fish sizes, swimming abilities, and migration strategies (Bunt, et al., 2012).
Additionally, current fishway designs have been shown to possess attributes that hinder their ability to attract ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This new hybrid design is intended to promote passage not only for adult anadromous salmonids but also juvenile salmonids and non–salmonid species.
The end product of this analysis will be quantifying the hydraulic performance characteristics in terms of velocity, turbulence, depth, flow type
(plunging or streaming), and energy dissipation over a range of passage flows, and determining where passage is potentially possible for adult
salmonids. This analysis will then be used to develop and calibrate design models for full–scale

Environmental Effects Of Overfishing
The ocean is one of the largest sources of food and income for countries all across the globe. As the fishing industry and human population grow,
more and more resources are being taken out of the ocean every year. If this process continues without any type of new regulation, our oceans' supply
of resources will quickly start depleting. Without a sustainable output from our oceans, millions of people will be losing income that they thought
they could rely on forever. While most people are not aware of this problem, over the past fifty years overfishing has developed into a huge
environmental issue that could have catastrophic global effects on us in the future if left untreated. According to WorldWildlife.org, "More than 85
percent of the world's fisheries have been pushed to or beyond their biological limits and are in need of strict management plans to restore
them"(WWL.org). This statistic shows that most of our oceans' resources are being overused and depleted. Some of the the most important fish
species, for example, the bluefin tuna, have been exploited to the point that their population's survival is at risk. The overfishing of top predators
disrupts marine ecosystems and food chains, leaving a large quantity of smaller populations. This type of imbalance can be very dangerous to the
oceans ecosystems by throwing off the natural order of predators. In the past fishing was more sustainable because the technology that is used today did
not exist. They did not

Overfishing Research Paper
Millions of people rely on the ocean for basic nutrition in their diet as well as financially, but the majority of those people do not know what effects of
catching that fish might have on the ecosystem. Overfishing has been done for century's and continues to this day with the first group of fishermen
hauling in nearly 500 pounds of fish per fishermen on an eighteen to thirty man vessel in the 11th century. Lack of government also contributes to the
problem of life in the ocean to ensure there is an equal balance. Although enforcing laws can ensure the survivability of the oceans ecosystem; cretin
fishing companies damage the balance due to the dragging of nets across reefs furthermore removing predatory fish. With fishing companies using ...
A way to do this is limit the number of fish a vessel can catch, but that vassal secures a share of the catch for the members to do as they please.
Meghan Marrero, an author for National Geographic, stated "The goal of fisheries management is to develop regulations based on scientific data.
These regulations may be based on knowledge of species' life histories, migration patterns, or other information" (Marrero, paragraph 24). A
preferred method by cretin smaller fishermen is the traditional hood and reel which limits the number of fish one can haul in a single day due to the
size of their boat along with the number of people on board or farm fish to ensure the health of the wild population. Still, the reefs are in danger due
to the decline of fish populations, some companies along with the U.S. Navy, sink ships to create artificial reefs or create reefs on shore to later sink,
but establishing laws would greatly enhance the life of a reef along with ensuring the balance it is responsible

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