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Santrock 16e ch15_accessible
1.
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Sixteenth Edition Chapter
15 Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter Outline • The nature of middle adulthood • Physical development • Cognitive development • Careers, work, and leisure • Religion, spirituality, and meaning in life
3.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Middle Adulthood (1 of 4) • Changing midlife • Defining middle adulthood
4.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Middle Adulthood (2 of 4) • Changing midlife – As adults become older, their age identity is younger than their chronological age – An increasing percentage of the population is made up of middle-aged and older adults “Rectangularization” of the age distribution
5.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Middle Adulthood (3 of 4) • Defining middle adulthood – Middle adulthood: 40-45 years of age to about 60-65 years of age – Declining physical skills and increasing responsibility – Awareness of the young-old polarity – Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation – Reaching and maintaining career satisfaction
6.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Middle Adulthood (4 of 4) • Defining middle adulthood – Gains and losses and biological and sociocultural factors balance each other – Late midlife (55 to 65) is likely to be characterized by: Death of a parent Last child leaving the parental home Becoming a grandparent Preparation for and actual retirement
7.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (1 of 11) • Physical changes • Health, disease, stress, and control • Mortality rates • Sexuality
8.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (2 of 11) • Physical changes – Visible signs Wrinkling and sagging of skin Appearance of aging spots Hair becomes thinner and grayer Nails become thicker and more brittle Yellowing of teeth – Height and weight Individuals lose height and gain weight Being overweight is a critical health problem
9.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (3 of 11) – Strength, joints, and bones Sarcopenia - Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength Cushions for bone movement become less efficient o Leading to joint stiffness and more difficulty in movement Progressive bone loss
10.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (4 of 11) – Vision and hearing Accommodation of the eye - Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina o Experiences sharp declines between 40-59 years Difficulty viewing close objects Reduced blood supply decreases visual field Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40 High-pitched sounds are typically lost first
11.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (5 of 11) – Cardiovascular system High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cardiovascular disease Metabolic syndrome: Hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance Exercise, weight control, and a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can often help
12.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (6 of 11) – Lungs Lung tissue becomes less elastic at about age 55, decreasing the lung’s capacity – Sleep Wakeful periods become more frequent in the 40’s Sleep-disordered breathing and restless legs syndrome
13.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (7 of 11) • Health, disease, stress, and control – Chronic disorders: Slow onset and a long duration Rare in early adulthood but increase in middle age – Stress and disease The immune system and stress Stress and the cardiovascular system Culture and health – Control Peaks in midlife then declines in late adulthood
14.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (8 of 11) • Mortality rates – Chronic diseases are the main cause of death during middle adulthood Heart disease Cancer
15.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (9 of 11) • Sexuality – Climacteric: Midlife transition in which fertility declines – Menopause: Cessation of a woman’s menstrual periods During the late forties or early fifties May cause hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat – Perimenopause - Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all
16.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (10 of 11) – Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Treatment for unpleasant side effects of menopause Augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ovaries Consists of various forms of estrogen, usually in combination with a progestin – Hormonal changes in middle-aged men Decline in sexual hormone level and activity Erectile dysfunction: Inability to achieve and maintain an erection
17.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Development (11 of 11) – Sexual attitudes and behavior Sexual activity occurs less frequently than in early adulthood Middle-aged men are more interested in sex than middle-aged women Living with a spouse or partner makes all the difference in terms of engaging in sexual activity
18.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Sex in America Survey: Frequency of Sex at Different Points in Adult Development Percentage Engaging in Sex Age Groups Not at all A few times per year A few times per month 2-3 times a week 4 or more times a week Men 18-24 15 21 24 28 12 25-29 7 15 31 36 11 30-39 8 15 37 23 6 40-49 9 18 40 27 6 50-59 11 22 43 20 3 Women 18-24 11 16 2 9 12 25-29 5 10 38 37 10 30-39 9 16 6 33 6 40-49 15 16 44 20 5 50-59 30 22 35 12 2
19.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (1 of 6) • Intelligence • Information processing
20.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (2 of 6) • Intelligence – Crystallized intelligence: Accumulated information and verbal skills Continues to increase in middle adulthood – Fluid intelligence: Ability to reason abstractly May begin to decline in middle adulthood
21.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (3 of 6) – The Seattle Longitudinal Study - Involves extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood – Classified participants as: Decliners, stable and gainers for: o Number ability, delayed recall, and word fluency
22.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (4 of 6) • Information processing – Speed of information processing Reaction-time task Causes for the decline in speed o Levels of analysis o Cognitive o Neuroanatomical o Neurochemical
23.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (5 of 6) – Memory Verbal memory declines during middle adulthood Linked to changes in working memory and ineffective memory strategies
24.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cognitive Development (6 of 6) – Expertise Rely on accumulated experience Process information automatically and analyze it more efficiently Have better strategies and shortcuts to solving problems Are more creative and flexible in solving problems – Practical problem solving
25.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Fluid and Crystallized Intellectual Development Across the Life Span
26.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Longitudinal Changes in Six Intellectual Abilities from Age 25 to Age 95
27.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Comparisons of Intellectual Change in Middle Adulthood
28.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Careers, Work, and Leisure (1 of 4) • Work in midlife • Career challenges and changes • Leisure
29.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Careers, Work, and Leisure (2 of 4) • Work in midlife – The role of work is central during middle age – In the U.S., about 80% of people aged 40-59 years of age are employed – A time of evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work
30.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Careers, Work, and Leisure (3 of 4) • Career challenges and changes – Challenges Globalization of work Rapid developments in information technologies Downsizing organizations Early retirement Pensions and health care – Changes Self-motivated Consequence of losing one’s job
31.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Careers, Work, and Leisure (4 of 4) • Leisure: Pleasant times after work – When individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing • Changes may produce expanded opportunities for leisure
32.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion, Spirituality, and Meaning in Life (1 of 2) • Religion, spirituality, and adult lives • Religion, spirituality, and health • Meaning in life
33.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion, Spirituality, and Meaning in Life (2 of 2) • Religion, spirituality, and adult lives – Religion: Organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other – Religiousness: Degree to which an individual is affiliated with an organized religion Participates in prescribed rituals and practices Feels a sense of connection with its beliefs Involved in a community of believers – Spirituality: Experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner Living in a way that benefits others and society
34.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Level of Spirituality in Four Adult Age Periods
35.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Meaning in Life (1 of 3) • Religion, spirituality and health – Religion is positively linked to health – Religious commitment helps to moderate blood pressure and hypertension
36.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Meaning in Life (2 of 3) • Meaning in life – Emphasized each person’s uniqueness and the finiteness of life – According to Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are: Spirituality Freedom Responsibility
37.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Religion and Meaning in Life (3 of 3) – According to Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs, the four main needs are: Need for purpose Need for values Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth
Editor's Notes
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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