2. Biology and Genetics: Life
Expectancy and Mortality Rates
ī 35-65 years
ī Examples of general body changes
ī Thinning, graying hair
ī Skin drier, wrinkles, coarsening facial features
ī Fat disposition, decreased muscle mass/bone density,
osteoarthritis
ī Hormonal changes
ī Mortality
ī Leading causes: heart disease and cancer
ī Morbidity and mortality: influenced by lifestyle behaviors
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3. Common Health Problems
Middle-Aged Adult
ī Kyphosis: angulation of posterior spine
ī Osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease
ī Osteopenia: subnormal bone mineralization
ī Osteoporosis: abnormal loss of bone density
ī Constipation: decreased stool frequency
ī Menopause: cessation of menses
ī Erectile dysfunction in males
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4. Biology and Genetics: Gender,
Race and Genetics
ī Gender and marital status
ī Men: higher mortality rate
ī Heart disease: number 1 cause of death
ī Life expectanciesâfemale: 80.4; male: 75.2
ī Married people generally have better health
ī Race
ī Black Americans and Latino/Hispanic Americans
âĸ Disproportionally low SES, less access to health care, more likely
not to have health insurance
âĸ Higher probability of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, HIV
ī Genetics
ī Middle adult at higher risk for genetics-associated conditions
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5. Gordonâs Functional Health
Patterns
ī Health perceptionâhealth management pattern
ī Nutritional-metabolic pattern
ī Elimination pattern
ī Activity-exercise pattern
ī Sleep-rest pattern
ī Cognitive-perceptual pattern
ī Self-perceptionâself-concept pattern
ī Roles-relationships pattern
ī Sexuality-reproductive pattern
ī Copingâstress tolerance pattern
ī Values-beliefs pattern
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6. Health Perceptionâ
Health Management Pattern
ī Habits: self-destructive
ī Smoking, alcohol, overeating
ī Visible consequences
ī Risk factors: behavioral/environmental
ī Age, gender, race, personal risks
ī Health-promotion needs
âĸ Health screening of diseases/behaviors
âĸ Stop self-destructive behaviors
âĸ Exercise
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7. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern
ī Obesity (BMI >30; overweight: BMI 26-29)
ī Substantially increased risk of chronic cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, cancer
ī Risk increases with less education, low incomes, ethnicity
ī Prevention/management
âĸ Fewer calories
âĸ Exercise 30 min/day; 3-5 days a week
âĸ Social support groups
ī High saturated fat diet
ī Effect on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular morbidity/mortality
ī Recommend total cholesterol is <200mg/dL
ī Lifestyle modifications, medications if needed
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8. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern
(Cont.)
ī Calcium
ī Recommendations: nonpregnant adults: 1000 mg;
postmenopausal women without hormones: 1500 mg
ī Absorption enhanced by vitamin D
ī Caffeine
ī Readily accessible
ī Stimulant; be aware of addiction potential
ī Controversy over health effects of moderate consumption
ī High-sodium diet
ī Role in hypertension; increases fluids, increases vascular
resistance
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9. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern
(Cont.)
ī Alcohol abuse
ī Depressant, chronic use produces tolerance
ī Moderate drinking: â¤1 drink/day for women, â¤2 drinks/day men
ī Increases risk of MVA, liver disease, cancer, heart disease,
pancreatitis
ī Early detection/intervention can decrease long-term sequelae
ī Laboratories indicative but not sensitive/specific for ETOH abuse
ī Treatment complex
ī Oral health
ī Gingivitis: teeth brushing/flossing needed
ī Dental hygiene/decay: checkups, water fluoridation, sealants
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10. Elimination Pattern
ī Constipation
ī Risk: age, sedentary lifestyle, lack of dietary bulk
ī Dietary fiber preferable to laxatives and fiber products
ī Stress incontinence
ī Risk: women with multiple births, little exercise
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11. Activity-Exercise Pattern
ī Exercise benefits
ī Prevent/manage chronic illness (heart, diabetes, osteoporosis,
depression, cancer)
ī Significant increase in life expectancy/quality of life
ī Exercise recommendations
ī 30 minutes, 5 or more days/week
ī Continuous, rhythmic exercise (e.g., walking, jogging, swimming,
bicycling)
ī Initiating exercise program
ī Choose activities enjoyed in past (if appropriate)
ī Consider potential for injury, proper equipment
ī Exercise testing if high risk
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12. Sleep-Rest Pattern
ī Compared to young adults
ī Less time in deep sleep
ī Less sleep overall
ī Healthful guidelines
ī Regularly scheduled
ī Quality sleep
ī Occasional napping
ī Cognitive-behavioral therapy for sleep problems
ī Sleep apnea common disorder adults
ī Disordered breathing during sleep
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13. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern
ī Intellectual abilityâlearning continues thru life
ī Adult continues to accumulate âlearningâ intelligence
ī Piagetâs stage of formal operations
ī Can process complex problems of reasoning
ī Bloomâs hierarchy of cognitive levels of the adult learner
ī (1) knowledge, (2) comprehension, (3) application, (4)
analysis, (5) synthesis and evaluation
ī Schaieâs factors that maintain cognitive function
ī Focus on involvement, absence of chronic disease,
flexibility, family, complexity, favorable SES, personal
satisfaction, spouse with high cognitive function
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14. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern
Perceptual Changes
ī Presbyopia (farsightedness)
ī Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure
ī Decreased visual sensitivity and peripheral
vision
ī Cataracts: opacity of lens
ī Diabetic retinopathy
ī Presbycusis: loss of higher frequency hearing
ī Diminished sense of taste
ī Macular degeneration: deterioration of retina
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15. Self-PerceptionâSelf-Concept
Pattern
ī Levinsonâs theoryââindividual life structuresâ
ī Age-associated seasonsâmidlife transition
ī Reappraisal lie, integrate polarities, modify/move to goals
ī Struggles with meaning, value, direction of lives
ī Eriksonâs theoryâgenerativity vs stagnation
ī Generativity: sense of productivity, creativity, caring for others
ī Stagnation: lack of accomplishment, self-absorption
ī Physiological changes
ī Affects on self-esteem: graying hair, wrinkles, body shape
ī Perimenopause and menopause:
âĸ Mood swings, nervousness, fatigue, depression
âĸ Hormonal therapy: indications and controversy
âĸ Alternative products: little scientific data on benefit
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16. Roles-Relationships Pattern
ī âMidlife crisisâ
ī Time of reassessment, turmoil, change
ī Family
ī Family life cycle
âĸ Families with children (ages 13-20)
âĸ Families launching young adults
âĸ Families from empty nest to retirement
ī Multiple responsibilities and stresses
âĸ Children, aging parents, job, and civic responsibilities
âĸ Single parent families, adult children at home
âĸ âEmpty-nest syndromeâ
âĸ Over-involvement with childrenâs activities
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17. Roles-Relationships Pattern (Cont.)
ī Work
ī Plays major role in level of wellness, self-esteem
ī 10 million work-related injuries yearly
ī Two-or-more job family
ī Role changesâfamily stress factors
âĸ Reentering workforce
âĸ Job-related travel
âĸ Nontraditional female/male roles
âĸ Nature of parental work environment
âĸ Retirement planning/midcareer changes
ī Elements of work site health-promotion programs
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18. Roles-Relationships Pattern (Cont.)
ī Caring for aging parents
ī Additional demands of caring for parents and children (sandwich
generation)
âĸ Changing parental living arrangement
âĸ Guidance: discussing issues before crisis
ī Divorce
ī Multiple family member adaptations needed
ī Potential psychological effects on children
ī Death
ī Spouse: grief for loss of companionship, loss of future
ī Increased awareness of finite nature of life
ī Midlife review common
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19. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern
ī High proportion adults remain sexually active
ī Pregnancy
ī 77% pregnancies unintendedâperimenopause
ī Higher risk of maternal death, fetal complications
ī Changes in reproductive system
ī Slower arousal, orgasms less intense, long refractory
between erection and ejaculation, vaginal dryness,
decreased libido
ī American cultural value on youth and beauty is
challenging for middle-aged woman
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20. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern
Health Issues
ī Men: sexual dysfunction (impotence, premature
ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation)
ī Women: abnormal genital bleeding and
secondary amenorrhea
ī STDs
ī HPVâcauses 90% cervical cancers
ī HIV/AIDSâadults >50 âhiddenâ risk group
âĸ Less knowledgeable
âĸ Less likely to discuss sexual behavior with provider
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21. CopingâStress Tolerance Pattern
ī Factors related to coping with stress and health
outcomes
ī Stress hardinessâcontrol, commitment, challenge
ī Tranquilizer use <50
ī Maturity of defenses against stress
ī Framingham study: worry, conflict, anger, ambitiousness
affect BP
ī Coping with death of a parent
ī Preparation helps feelings of control
ī Examples: living will, advanced directive, durable power of
attorney
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22. Values-Beliefs Pattern
ī Beliefs formed early; reviewed during crisis
ī Middle-age moral transitions: valuing others,
having relationships, responsibility to others
ī Developmental theories
ī Erikson: caring as middle-age adult virtue
ī Kohlberg: conventional and postconventional phases
ī Gilligan: gender differences in moral development
âĸ Women: Selfishness vs responsibility, avoid hurting others
âĸ Men: justice, fairness, rights of individuals
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23. Environmental Processes
Physical Agents
ī Ionizing radiation
ī Cancer caused by medical test/procedures
ī Water pollution
ī Benzene, chlordane
ī Air pollution
ī Auto emissions, burning fuels, industry
ī Noise pollutionâoccupational hazard
ī Potentiates hearing loss
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24. Environmental Processes
Biological Agents
ī Transmitted through air or food/water
ī Enter respiratory or gastrointestinal tract
ī Examples
ī Hepatitis A: fecal-oral route, poor sanitation
ī Hepatitis B
âĸ Blood-borne pathogen
âĸ Occupational hazard: health professionals
ī Pneumonia: vaccine available
ī Herpes zoster (Shingles) vaccine available
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25. Environmental Processes
Chemical Agents
ī Contaminants from workplace industry
ī Pneumoconiosisâblack lung disease (coal)
ī Asbestos: mesothelioma
ī Organic carcinogens: benzene, PVC, others
ī Tobacco
ī Middle age: may have 30+ packs per year history
ī Risk of heart/lung disease/cancer increased
ī 2000 known chemicals in cigarettes
âĸ Tar, cyanide, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide
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26. Determinants of Health
Social Factors and Environment
ī Culture and ethnicity
ī Different interpretations of health/illness
ī Immigrants: poverty, poor living conditions
ī Economics
ī Net income may be at highest level; also have greater
financial responsibilities
ī Health care delivery system
ī Official agenciesâstate and federally funded
ī Voluntary agenciesâAmerican Cancer Society, American
Lung Association
ī Service organizationsâYMCA, hospice
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27. Levels of Policy Making
ī High cost of health care
ī Changes in economy result in changes in family
patterns: housing, education
ī Aging population utilizes more health resources
ī Unemployment creates stressors
ī Technology creates employment changes
ī Health organizations and delivery services
ī Affordable Care Act and political controversy
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