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Chapter 1
Self, Family, and Community
1
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Dimensions of Wellness
2
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Health and Wellness
3
• Health: state of complete physical, mental,
social, and spiritual well-being
• Wellness: process of adopting patterns of
behavior that can lead to improved health
and heightened life satisfaction
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Wellness Continuum
4
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Ecological Model of
Health and Wellness
• Addresses interrelationship between
individual and environment
– Individual has unique set of characteristics,
including genetics, age, and knowledge
– Environment is your relationships with people,
and community affiliations
• Many social determinants of health influence
the options you have and the choices you
make
5
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Ecological Model of
Health and Wellness
6
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
DNA and Genes:
The Basis of Heredity
• The nucleus of every human cell contains an
entire set of genetic instructions stored in our
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA has four building blocks that can be
arranged to form a distinct message (gene)
that acts as the body’s instruction booklet
• A person’s genome is his/her complete set
of DNA
• Within the cell’s nucleus, DNA is divided into
23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each
pair comes from each parent)
7
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
DNA and Genes:
The Basis of Heredity
• Most cells become specialized, taking on
characteristic shapes or functions
• Skin, bone, nerve, muscle
• Process is called differentiation
• Stem cells are unspecialized cells
• Stem cells present in an embryo
• Adult stem cells retained within tissues
8
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chromosomes, Genes,
and DNA
9
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Genetic Inheritance
• A change in a gene is called a mutation
• Alternate forms of the same gene are called
alleles
• Some mutations are harmful, some
mutations can be beneficial, and some have
no effect
• Mutations allow for human diversity
10
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Genetic Inheritance
• The alternate forms of genes called alleles
are responsible for traits such as eye color
• Alleles can be dominant or recessive
• Most characteristics (such as height or skin
color) are determined by the interaction of
multiple genes at multiple sites on different
chromosomes
11
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Dominant and Recessive
Alleles
12
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Genetic Inheritance
• Conditions caused by interactions among
one or more genes and the environment are
called multifactorial disorders
– Account for the majority of illnesses and death in
the developed world
– Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial
disease
13
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Creating a
Family Health Tree
• Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree
• Visual representation of your family’s
genetic history
• Illustrates the patterns of health and illness
within a family
• Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk
for you
14
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Contributions of the
Environment and Genetics
15
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
A Family Health Tree
16
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Can You Learn From
Your Health Tree?
• An early onset of disease is more likely to
have a genetic component
• The appearance of a disease in multiple
individuals on the same side of the family
is more likely to have a genetic correlation
17
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Health-Related Behavior
Choices
• Health-related behavior choices are the
actions you take and decisions you make that
affect your health
– Physical choices
– Mental choices
– Emotional choices
– Spiritual choices
– Social well-being choices
• Psychologists have proposed the “Stages of
Change” model for why people don’t make
choices that enhance their health
18
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Health Belief Model
• Health behaviors are influenced by:
– Perceived susceptibility (risk of a problem)
– Perceived seriousness of consequences
– Perceived benefits of specific action
– Perceived barriers to taking action
• All these considerations enter into your
decision-making process when making
health-related behavior change decisions
19
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Stages of Change
Model
• The Stages of Change Model takes into
account thinking, feelings, behaviors,
relationships, and many other factors
• Change is a process that includes:
– Precontemplation
– Contemplation
– Preparation
– Action
– Maintenance
– Termination
20
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Stages of Change
Model
21
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Creating a Behavior
Change Plan
• Accept responsibility for your own health
and make a commitment to change
• To do this:
– Set goals
– Develop action steps
– Identify benefits
– Identify positive enablers
– Sign a behavior change contract
– Create benchmarks
– Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary
22
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Being an Informed Consumer
of Health Information
• Developing health literacy
– Ability to read, understand, and act on health
information
– As many as eighty million American adults have
limited health literacy skills
– Health risk: probability of exposure to a hazard
that can result in negative consequences
23
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Being an Informed Consumer
of Health Information
• Understanding medical research studies
– Formal studies include basic medical research,
clinical studies, and epidemiological studies
– Careful consideration of health recommendations
involves asking a series of critical questions
24
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Self and Community
• Public health is a discipline that focuses on
the health of populations of people, rather
than individuals
– Health promotion
– Disease prevention
• Community health aims to improve the
health of those people within a defined
community
– Public health officials need to understand
demographics
25
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Healthy People
Initiative
• Leading health indicators: priority public health
issues to be targeted
– Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
– Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
– Tobacco
– Substance Abuse
– Reproductive and Sexual Health
– Mental Health
– Injury and Violence
– Environmental Quality
– Clinical Preventative Services
– Access to Health Care
– Oral Health
– Social Determinants of Health
26
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Individual Choice Versus
Societal Responsibility
• When choosing a personal behavior or
supporting or opposing a public policy:
– What is the risk to the individual and/or the
community?
– How strong is the opposition to restrictions?
– What is the evidence that restriction will impact
behavior?
• Use these questions to make reasoned,
responsible decisions
27
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Culture, Ethnicity,
and Race
• Three primary dimensions of diversity
impact groups of people
– Culture: shared pattern of values, beliefs,
language, and customs within a group
– Ethnicity: sense of identity individuals draw from a
common ancestry, national, religious, tribal,
language, or cultural origin
– Race: describes ethnic groups based on personal
characteristics, such as skin color or facial
features
28
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Health Inequities
• Health inequities: differences in health
outcomes from unjust social and economic
practices that create barriers to opportunity
• Why is this occurring?
– Residential segregation
– Community poverty
– Income disparity
– Discrimination
– Limited access to health information and
resources
29
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Leading Causes of Death
30
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Looking Ahead
• While reading each chapter of this text:
– Reflect on your current level of health in that area
– Know your predispositions based upon family
history
– Assess your readiness to change any harmful
behaviors, and develop a behavior change plan
– Think about the influences that shape your
decisions
– Share health information with family members
and friends
31
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

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HealthyLiving_Teague

  • 1. Chapter 1 Self, Family, and Community 1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 2. Dimensions of Wellness 2 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 3. Health and Wellness 3 • Health: state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being • Wellness: process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 4. The Wellness Continuum 4 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 5. The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness • Addresses interrelationship between individual and environment – Individual has unique set of characteristics, including genetics, age, and knowledge – Environment is your relationships with people, and community affiliations • Many social determinants of health influence the options you have and the choices you make 5 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 6. The Ecological Model of Health and Wellness 6 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 7. DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity • The nucleus of every human cell contains an entire set of genetic instructions stored in our DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • DNA has four building blocks that can be arranged to form a distinct message (gene) that acts as the body’s instruction booklet • A person’s genome is his/her complete set of DNA • Within the cell’s nucleus, DNA is divided into 23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each pair comes from each parent) 7 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 8. DNA and Genes: The Basis of Heredity • Most cells become specialized, taking on characteristic shapes or functions • Skin, bone, nerve, muscle • Process is called differentiation • Stem cells are unspecialized cells • Stem cells present in an embryo • Adult stem cells retained within tissues 8 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 9. Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 9 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 10. Genetic Inheritance • A change in a gene is called a mutation • Alternate forms of the same gene are called alleles • Some mutations are harmful, some mutations can be beneficial, and some have no effect • Mutations allow for human diversity 10 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 11. Genetic Inheritance • The alternate forms of genes called alleles are responsible for traits such as eye color • Alleles can be dominant or recessive • Most characteristics (such as height or skin color) are determined by the interaction of multiple genes at multiple sites on different chromosomes 11 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 12. Dominant and Recessive Alleles 12 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 13. Genetic Inheritance • Conditions caused by interactions among one or more genes and the environment are called multifactorial disorders – Account for the majority of illnesses and death in the developed world – Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial disease 13 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 14. Creating a Family Health Tree • Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree • Visual representation of your family’s genetic history • Illustrates the patterns of health and illness within a family • Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk for you 14 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 15. Contributions of the Environment and Genetics 15 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 16. A Family Health Tree 16 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 17. What Can You Learn From Your Health Tree? • An early onset of disease is more likely to have a genetic component • The appearance of a disease in multiple individuals on the same side of the family is more likely to have a genetic correlation 17 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 18. Health-Related Behavior Choices • Health-related behavior choices are the actions you take and decisions you make that affect your health – Physical choices – Mental choices – Emotional choices – Spiritual choices – Social well-being choices • Psychologists have proposed the “Stages of Change” model for why people don’t make choices that enhance their health 18 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 19. The Health Belief Model • Health behaviors are influenced by: – Perceived susceptibility (risk of a problem) – Perceived seriousness of consequences – Perceived benefits of specific action – Perceived barriers to taking action • All these considerations enter into your decision-making process when making health-related behavior change decisions 19 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 20. The Stages of Change Model • The Stages of Change Model takes into account thinking, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and many other factors • Change is a process that includes: – Precontemplation – Contemplation – Preparation – Action – Maintenance – Termination 20 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 21. The Stages of Change Model 21 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 22. Creating a Behavior Change Plan • Accept responsibility for your own health and make a commitment to change • To do this: – Set goals – Develop action steps – Identify benefits – Identify positive enablers – Sign a behavior change contract – Create benchmarks – Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary 22 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 23. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information • Developing health literacy – Ability to read, understand, and act on health information – As many as eighty million American adults have limited health literacy skills – Health risk: probability of exposure to a hazard that can result in negative consequences 23 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 24. Being an Informed Consumer of Health Information • Understanding medical research studies – Formal studies include basic medical research, clinical studies, and epidemiological studies – Careful consideration of health recommendations involves asking a series of critical questions 24 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 25. Self and Community • Public health is a discipline that focuses on the health of populations of people, rather than individuals – Health promotion – Disease prevention • Community health aims to improve the health of those people within a defined community – Public health officials need to understand demographics 25 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 26. The Healthy People Initiative • Leading health indicators: priority public health issues to be targeted – Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity – Maternal, Infant, and Child Health – Tobacco – Substance Abuse – Reproductive and Sexual Health – Mental Health – Injury and Violence – Environmental Quality – Clinical Preventative Services – Access to Health Care – Oral Health – Social Determinants of Health 26 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 27. Individual Choice Versus Societal Responsibility • When choosing a personal behavior or supporting or opposing a public policy: – What is the risk to the individual and/or the community? – How strong is the opposition to restrictions? – What is the evidence that restriction will impact behavior? • Use these questions to make reasoned, responsible decisions 27 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 28. Culture, Ethnicity, and Race • Three primary dimensions of diversity impact groups of people – Culture: shared pattern of values, beliefs, language, and customs within a group – Ethnicity: sense of identity individuals draw from a common ancestry, national, religious, tribal, language, or cultural origin – Race: describes ethnic groups based on personal characteristics, such as skin color or facial features 28 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 29. Health Inequities • Health inequities: differences in health outcomes from unjust social and economic practices that create barriers to opportunity • Why is this occurring? – Residential segregation – Community poverty – Income disparity – Discrimination – Limited access to health information and resources 29 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 30. Leading Causes of Death 30 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 31. Looking Ahead • While reading each chapter of this text: – Reflect on your current level of health in that area – Know your predispositions based upon family history – Assess your readiness to change any harmful behaviors, and develop a behavior change plan – Think about the influences that shape your decisions – Share health information with family members and friends 31 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.