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HealthyLiving_Teague
- 1. Chapter 1
Self, Family, and Community
1
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- 2. Dimensions of Wellness
2
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- 3. Health and Wellness
3
• Health: state of complete physical, mental,
social, and spiritual well-being
• Wellness: process of adopting patterns of
behavior that can lead to improved health
and heightened life satisfaction
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- 4. The Wellness Continuum
4
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- 5. The Ecological Model of
Health and Wellness
• Addresses interrelationship between
individual and environment
– Individual has unique set of characteristics,
including genetics, age, and knowledge
– Environment is your relationships with people,
and community affiliations
• Many social determinants of health influence
the options you have and the choices you
make
5
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- 6. The Ecological Model of
Health and Wellness
6
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- 7. DNA and Genes:
The Basis of Heredity
• The nucleus of every human cell contains an
entire set of genetic instructions stored in our
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA has four building blocks that can be
arranged to form a distinct message (gene)
that acts as the body’s instruction booklet
• A person’s genome is his/her complete set
of DNA
• Within the cell’s nucleus, DNA is divided into
23 pairs of chromosomes (one set of each
pair comes from each parent)
7
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- 8. DNA and Genes:
The Basis of Heredity
• Most cells become specialized, taking on
characteristic shapes or functions
• Skin, bone, nerve, muscle
• Process is called differentiation
• Stem cells are unspecialized cells
• Stem cells present in an embryo
• Adult stem cells retained within tissues
8
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- 10. Genetic Inheritance
• A change in a gene is called a mutation
• Alternate forms of the same gene are called
alleles
• Some mutations are harmful, some
mutations can be beneficial, and some have
no effect
• Mutations allow for human diversity
10
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- 11. Genetic Inheritance
• The alternate forms of genes called alleles
are responsible for traits such as eye color
• Alleles can be dominant or recessive
• Most characteristics (such as height or skin
color) are determined by the interaction of
multiple genes at multiple sites on different
chromosomes
11
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- 13. Genetic Inheritance
• Conditions caused by interactions among
one or more genes and the environment are
called multifactorial disorders
– Account for the majority of illnesses and death in
the developed world
– Heart disease is one example of a multifactorial
disease
13
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- 14. Creating a
Family Health Tree
• Also called a genogram or genetic pedigree
• Visual representation of your family’s
genetic history
• Illustrates the patterns of health and illness
within a family
• Pinpoints areas of special concern or risk
for you
14
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- 15. Contributions of the
Environment and Genetics
15
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- 16. A Family Health Tree
16
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- 17. What Can You Learn From
Your Health Tree?
• An early onset of disease is more likely to
have a genetic component
• The appearance of a disease in multiple
individuals on the same side of the family
is more likely to have a genetic correlation
17
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- 18. Health-Related Behavior
Choices
• Health-related behavior choices are the
actions you take and decisions you make that
affect your health
– Physical choices
– Mental choices
– Emotional choices
– Spiritual choices
– Social well-being choices
• Psychologists have proposed the “Stages of
Change” model for why people don’t make
choices that enhance their health
18
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- 19. The Health Belief Model
• Health behaviors are influenced by:
– Perceived susceptibility (risk of a problem)
– Perceived seriousness of consequences
– Perceived benefits of specific action
– Perceived barriers to taking action
• All these considerations enter into your
decision-making process when making
health-related behavior change decisions
19
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- 20. The Stages of Change
Model
• The Stages of Change Model takes into
account thinking, feelings, behaviors,
relationships, and many other factors
• Change is a process that includes:
– Precontemplation
– Contemplation
– Preparation
– Action
– Maintenance
– Termination
20
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- 21. The Stages of Change
Model
21
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- 22. Creating a Behavior
Change Plan
• Accept responsibility for your own health
and make a commitment to change
• To do this:
– Set goals
– Develop action steps
– Identify benefits
– Identify positive enablers
– Sign a behavior change contract
– Create benchmarks
– Assess accomplishments and revise, if necessary
22
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- 23. Being an Informed Consumer
of Health Information
• Developing health literacy
– Ability to read, understand, and act on health
information
– As many as eighty million American adults have
limited health literacy skills
– Health risk: probability of exposure to a hazard
that can result in negative consequences
23
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- 24. Being an Informed Consumer
of Health Information
• Understanding medical research studies
– Formal studies include basic medical research,
clinical studies, and epidemiological studies
– Careful consideration of health recommendations
involves asking a series of critical questions
24
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- 25. Self and Community
• Public health is a discipline that focuses on
the health of populations of people, rather
than individuals
– Health promotion
– Disease prevention
• Community health aims to improve the
health of those people within a defined
community
– Public health officials need to understand
demographics
25
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- 26. The Healthy People
Initiative
• Leading health indicators: priority public health
issues to be targeted
– Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity
– Maternal, Infant, and Child Health
– Tobacco
– Substance Abuse
– Reproductive and Sexual Health
– Mental Health
– Injury and Violence
– Environmental Quality
– Clinical Preventative Services
– Access to Health Care
– Oral Health
– Social Determinants of Health
26
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- 27. Individual Choice Versus
Societal Responsibility
• When choosing a personal behavior or
supporting or opposing a public policy:
– What is the risk to the individual and/or the
community?
– How strong is the opposition to restrictions?
– What is the evidence that restriction will impact
behavior?
• Use these questions to make reasoned,
responsible decisions
27
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- 28. Culture, Ethnicity,
and Race
• Three primary dimensions of diversity
impact groups of people
– Culture: shared pattern of values, beliefs,
language, and customs within a group
– Ethnicity: sense of identity individuals draw from a
common ancestry, national, religious, tribal,
language, or cultural origin
– Race: describes ethnic groups based on personal
characteristics, such as skin color or facial
features
28
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- 29. Health Inequities
• Health inequities: differences in health
outcomes from unjust social and economic
practices that create barriers to opportunity
• Why is this occurring?
– Residential segregation
– Community poverty
– Income disparity
– Discrimination
– Limited access to health information and
resources
29
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- 30. Leading Causes of Death
30
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- 31. Looking Ahead
• While reading each chapter of this text:
– Reflect on your current level of health in that area
– Know your predispositions based upon family
history
– Assess your readiness to change any harmful
behaviors, and develop a behavior change plan
– Think about the influences that shape your
decisions
– Share health information with family members
and friends
31
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