Structure and Function of Bacterial Cell Components A key objective .pdf

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Structure and Function of Bacterial Cell Components A key objective of this chapter is to identify the function of each of the structures associated with bacterial cells. This activity requires you to match the function with its appropriate cellular location. Drag the function to the appropriate cell structure. Solution Protein synthesis- ribosomes Attachment to other bacteria and to surfaces- Fimbriae Genetic information of the cell- DNA Conduit for transfer of DNA from one cell to another- Pili Protection from phagocytosis- Cell wall Location of respiratory enzymes- Plasma membrane Motility- Flagella Protection of cell from osmotic lysis- Cell wall.

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Do you agree that rich countries have systematically impoverished low-income countries, making poor nations dependent on rich ones? Why or why not? Solution Yes. Here we explains the idea of dependency to understand the above informations. Dependency theory The dependency theory explains that global poverty atleast partially be attributed the fact that the low income countries have been exploited by the higher income countries. According to dependency theorist, After the world capitalism, the rich countries are always impoverished low income countries and their people. We know that the economic growth is key to economic development. When economic development is happend the income and standered of living of the peoples are increased. When the low income countries are trapped the dependency on the richer nations then they have loss their entire economic control..

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Differentiate between physical and chemical methods used to control microbial growth; and give 5 examples of each (Chapter 7). Describe pre-translational control through an inducible operon, a repressible operon, positive regulation and epigenetic control and describe post- transcriptional control (Chapter 8). Describe the three mechanisms whereby genes are transferred from one bacterium to another (Chapter 8). Describe a typical genetic modification procedure (Chapter 9). Identify 8 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by E. coli (Chapter 9) Identify 5 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by S. cerevisiae (yeast) (Chapter 9). Identify 7 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by mammalian cell culture (Chapter 9). Solution Q.NO I Methods used to manage the growth of microbial growth could be placed into two broad categories, physical and chemical. Physical methods either exclude microbes, or reduce their numbers in a remedy, or at first glance of a fomite Examples for physical methods: heat, drying or desiccation, filtration and radiation. Chemical methods involve the application of specific chemical agents which inhibit growth or kill microbes on fomites or the outer lining of skin. The choice of a suitable technique is essential, since many physical and chemical agents can cause damage to the cells and tissues of the individual along with the microbe. Examples : detergents, solvents, oxidizing agents and heavy metals. Q.No III Positive transcriptional control requires an activator protein to stimulate transcription at the operon. In negative control, a repressor protein inhibits or turns off transcription at the operon. An inducible operon normally is not transcribed. It needs an inducer molecule to stimulate transcription either by inactivating a repressor protein in a negative inducible operon or by stimulating the activator protein in a confident inducible operon. Transcription normally occurs in a repressible operon. In a repressible operon, transcription is turned off either by the repressor becoming active in a negative repressible operon or by the activator becoming inactive in a confident repressible operon. Q.No IV Genetic transfer is the mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donar to a recipient. Once donar DNA is inside the recipient, crossing over can occur. The result is just a recombinant cell that\'s a genome different from either the donar or the recipient. In bacteria genetic transfer can happen three ways: Transformation - horizontal gene transfer\' \', where exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another. Transduction - DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another with a virus. Additionally it refers to the method whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell using a viral vector. Conjugation - is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or with a bridge-like connection between two cells. It is just a mecha.

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Describe the complexities stemming from U. S.-based companies operating in an international environment. Solution Answer: we can discuss the main complexities stemming from U. S.-based companies operating in an international environment. Company has risk associated to settle its accounts in different currency from the U. S. dollars. Such company have complexities for translation of the financial statements prepared with foreign currency. Every country has different accounting standered so these company has to face the differences in particular nation\'s accounting standards. Such U. S.-based companies operating in an international environment may have complexities for.

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An elevator starts with five passengers and stops on eight floors. If each passenger is equally likely to get off on any floor, what is the probability that no two passengers will get off on the same floor? Solution Note that P(no two passengers are same) = P(all are unique) There are 8P5 = 6720 ways for them to get off at distinct floors. Also, there are 8^5 = 32768 ways for them to get off. Thus, P(all unique) = 6720/32768 = 0.205078125 [ANSWER].

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Write a recursive function to print portion of a linked list in reverse order. The portion is to be printed between node P and Q. Solution Hi, I wrote function in C++. // function to print linked list in reverse order from node P to node Q // lets assume that structure of Node is: struct Node{ Node *next; int data; }; void printRecursive(Ndoe *p, Node *q){ // if list is empty if(p == NULL) return; // base case, if we have only one node if(p == q){ cout<data<next); // print p\'s data cout<data<.

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Why does salt dissolve in water? The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water molecules The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water molecules The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ions The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strong None of the above Why does salt dissolve in water?A. The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water moleculesB. The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water moleculesC. The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ionsD. The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strongE. None of the above Solution Answer from the above options is A PART When we try to dissolve an ionic compound by stirring it in water, the positive poles of the water molecules are attracted to the anions, while the negative poles of other water molecules are attracted to the cations, so the polar water molecules \"pull\" the ions out of a crystal. As a result of these interactions, the ionic bonds eventually break and ions are released into the water. When the salt is dissolved, every ion is surrounded by water molecules, creating a kind of concentric shells of polar water molecules centered around the ions. (They also look like petals of a daisy). This process is called \"hydration.\" The hydration of its ions causes a salt crystal to break apart (dissolve) in the water. Therefore, when table salt (NaCl) is dissolved, two hydrated ions appear in the water: a positively cation Na+ and a negative charged anion Cl-. Each is surrounded with a shell of closely attracted water molecules that prevent the ions from reconciling into a crystal again. These watery shells prevent the ions from getting together again into a solid. Hydrated ions jostles around the solution, dispersing evenly in the solution and causing the particles to disappear from view as they are spreading within the solution. The hydrated ions are so small that we cannot see them even with a strong microscope. and therefore we see the process as a disappearance of particles from view as the dissolving progresses. Different ions can attract different number of water molecules into the \"watery shell\" because they can have different strength (density) of their charge. The density of the charge depends on the ratio of charge to surface area of an ion; the larger the ratio, the larger the hydration number will be..

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What is evolution? What is it when we say the theory of evolution? What does the theory of evolution say about the diversity of life on earth? What is evolution? What is it when we say the theory of evolution? What does the theory of evolution say about the diversity of life on earth? Solution Evolution is defined as the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Biological evolution refers to cumulative changes that occur in a population over time. Theory of evolution: The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, entails the evolution by natural selection of life on earth. It states that new generations are born with different inheritable traits, and that the traits superior for the survival will be passed on to new generation. This means that given enough time an organism can change and evolve to create a new speices. Using the theory of evolution, scientists predicted the ancestors of modern life forms, paleontologists found fossils that backed up the initial predictions..

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Can someone explain 9 and 10? My teacher did one problem like this and it made no sense when she tried to explain because she\'s a foreign teacher. Therefore, I honestly have. I idea how I\'m supposed to go about answering these questions. 4, cos 8. tan (105°) Given information about the angles, use sum or difference identities to find the trigonometric function value of the combination of the angles IL. 9. IfsinAs--where A is in quadrant IV, and cos B=-where B is in quadrant 1, find the exact value of sin(A + B). 10. If cos A where A is in quadrant I, and cos B where B is in quadrant II, 11. If sin A =-1 where A is in quadrant III, and sin B = 3 where B is in quadrant II, 12. If tan A =-12 where A is in quadrant ll, and tan B-where B is in quadrant l. find the exact value of sin(A -B). find the exact value of cos(A + B). find the exact value of tan(A +B). 13. If secAs v 50 where A is in quadrant I, and csc B =--where B is in quadrant V17 III, find the exact value of tan(A - B). 14. If sin A-13 where A is in quadrant IV, and cos B = s where Bis in quadrant 1, sin A=-- find the exact value of sin(A - B), cos (A -B), and the quadrant of angle (A - B). Solution 9) sinA = -5/6 where A is in QIV and cosB = 4/5 where B is in QI cosA = sqrt( 1 - sin^2A) = sqrt( 1 - 25/36) = sqrt(11)/6 (cos is +ve in QIV) sinB = sqrt( 1 - cos^2B) = sqrt( 1 - 16/25) = 3/5 (sin is +ve in Q I) sin(A +B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB plug all the values = (-5/6)(4/5) + (sqrt(11)/6)(3/5) = [3sqrt11 - 20]/30 10) cosA =2/3 where A is in QI ; cosB = -1/4 where B is in QIII sinA = sqrt( 1 - cos^2A) = sqrt( 1 -4/9) = sqrt(5)/3 ; ( sin is +ve in QI) cosB = -1/4 ; sinB = sqrt( 1 - cos^B) = - sqrt(1 - 1/16) = - sqrt(15)/4 (sin is -ve in QIII) sin(A - B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB = ( sqrt(5)/3)(-1/4) + (2/3)(-sqrt(15)/4) = [ -sqrt(5) -2sqrt(15) ]/12.

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tier 2 railroad retirement benefits are treated as social security. true or false Solution False Tier 2 railroad benifits are not treated like social security.Tier 2 benifits are treated like private pension The Non social security equivalent benifit portion of tier I, tier II benefits, vested dual benefits, and supplemental annuities are all treated like private pensions for Federal income tax purposes. This is because social security benefits based on age and service are not payable before age 62, social security disability benefit entitlement requires total disability, and the Social Security Tier 2 benifits primarily include those in which early retirement benefits are payable to retired employees and spouses between ages 60 and 62, disability benefits, and other categories of unique RRB entitlements, the entire annuity may be treated like a private pension. Tier 1 Railroad Retirement benefits that are designated as Social Security Equivalent Benefits, listed on Form RRB-1099, sent by the government to recipients, is taxed like Social Security. Other Tier 1 benefits and all Tier 2 benefits are treated as pension income under tax law..

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3. We learn a lot of information from model organisms. Frequently, these model organisms have a particular “specialty” – a particular field within biology for which the organism has provided a lot of information. Name 2 model organisms and tell what the “specialty” of each is. Solution Model organism is a species or strain that has been widely studied, because of easy maintenance, easy breeding in the lab and possess experimental advantages. E. coli is Gram - ve prokaryotic model organism Drosophila melanogaster is, model organisms for Animal genetics Saccharomysis cereveciae or yeast is a model organism for Eukaryotes Arabidopsis is model organisms for plant studies All these model organisms possess simple morphology, less genome size, less breading time, mostly related to higher organisms etc.

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1. How is the recipient cell different from before the two cells mated? Phenotypically as well as genetically. 2. What do F+ cells do? 3. What are all properties of a recipient cell (which receives the F plasmid)? Solution 1. Recipient cell (F- cell) is different after it mates with the F+ cell. Conjugation/mating is equivalent to sex (however no new individuals are produced in this case) in that it combines genetic material from two different individuals into a single genome.It occurs through F pili which originate from cell membrane and project outward beyond the cell wall. Thus, like sexual reproduction conjugation produces new genetic combinations. The pilus is essential for recognition of recipient cell. The sex plasmid passes from the donor F+ to the recipient F– cell through the conjugation tube, and seperates after the event is over and now called as exconjugates. F- cell after matinh with F+ cell, now becomes F+ and can act as donor during next conjugation event. After conjugation event, recipient cell now contains the F factor. Genetic changes takes place in the recipient cell. Once inside the F cell, the linear single-stranded DNA molecule acts as a polymerization template and is converted into a DNA double helix. This linear donor fragment is termed as the exogenote, and the resident F chromosome is termed as the endogenote. Crossover events take place which integrate a part of the donor genome into the recipient. It is in this way that recombination takes place. 2. F+ cells are the bacterial cells which possess F factor as a plasmid independent of the bacterial genome. The F cell plasmid contains F factor as the only DNA and no DNA from the bacterial genome. Mating or conjugation of an F+ cell with an F cell, result in two F+ cells, both of which are capable of transmitting the plasmid to other F cells by conjugation. Thus F+ bacterial cells act as donor. The F+ cells also contain surface exclusion proteins; TraS and TraT on the bacterial surface. These proteins have the capability to prevent secondary mating events involving plasmids belonging to the same incompatibility group. Thus, each F+ bacterium can host only a single plasmid type of any given incompatibility group. 3. Properties of Recipient cells (receiving the F plasmid) Recipients are basically F bacteria that do not contain F factor (F plasmid), and are considered as female. The F-plasmid is a class of conjugative plasmids that control sexual functions of bacteria with a fertility inhibition (Fin) system. In this system, FinO, which is a trans-acting factor and Fin P, an antisense RNAs, combine to repress the expression of the activator gene TraJ. TraJ is a transcription factor that upregulates the tra operon, which contains the genes required for conjugation and plasmid transfer. The F- plasmid can exist in two alternative states, viz. it can either remain free in the cell or it can be integrated into the E. coli chromosome.called as episomes. The F-plasmid also carr.

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