3. We learn a lot of information from model organisms. Frequently, t.pdf
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3. We learn a lot of information from model organisms. Frequently, these model organisms have a particular “specialty” – a particular field within biology for which the organism has provided a lot of information. Name 2 model organisms and tell what the “specialty” of each is. Solution Model organism is a species or strain that has been widely studied, because of easy maintenance, easy breeding in the lab and possess experimental advantages. E. coli is Gram - ve prokaryotic model organism Drosophila melanogaster is, model organisms for Animal genetics Saccharomysis cereveciae or yeast is a model organism for Eukaryotes Arabidopsis is model organisms for plant studies All these model organisms possess simple morphology, less genome size, less breading time, mostly related to higher organisms etc.
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1 What is the study systemGeneral information. E.g. What is a .docx
1 What is the study system?
General information. E.g. What is a “cell line”? Include images.
1 Why would a researcher use this study system?
The particular features of this system that make it useful. E.g. cell lines allow the study of genetically identical cells in many labs
1 What type of research questions can this study system be used to help answer?
List a few examples of research questions or general areas of research that can be addressed using this system. Elaborate a little on each, so we understand what you mean.
1 How does a researcher typically use this system?
What are the logistics of it? E.g. basic information about how they culture and propagate cell lines.
1 What are the pros and cons of this study system?
List and briefly explain any drawbacks or caveats that we should be aware of, along with particular benefits E.g. mammalian cell lines need adequate facilities and resources to be propagated, but they also allow for the study of mammalian cellular systems in vitro instead of studying another eukaryote like yeast.
6.Are there alternatives or variations on this study system?
If you can’t use this particular study system, what are your options for alternatives? E.g. Use yeast as a representative of a eukaryotic cell.
1 What is a real example from primary literature of this study system being used?
Provide a brief summary of the research that used the study system of interest, including the main objective, basic methods used, the main results, and conclusions. Include an image of at least one figure or table, along with an explanation of what that figure/table illustrates. You must provide the complete citation of the paper and/or a link to the online paper.
8.List of sources and places where we can find more information.
Background
C. elegans: A Simple Multicellular Model Organism
Scientists worldwide conduct basic research to address gaps in our knowledge in the hopes that this information can serve humanity in the future. Basic biological research seeks to answer questions of such elementary cellular and organismal activities as how cells grow, divide, die, move, store and use energy, and communicate.
Scientists use model organisms in basic research to answer these questions because model organisms offer simplified cellular systems that reproduce quickly, are easy to maintain, and are cost efficient. For example,
if a DNA mutation is known to result in a neurological disorder, more data can be generated using a model organism such as C. elegans, which reproduces and matures every 2–3 days, rather than waiting for a human child to mature and show symptoms. Commonly used basic model organisms include S. cerevisiae (yeast), C. elegans (nematode), D. melanogaster (fruit fly), and M. musculus (mouse).
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1 What is the study systemGeneral information. E.g. What is a .docx
1 What is the study system?
General information. E.g. What is a “cell line”? Include images.
1 Why would a researcher use this study system?
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1 What type of research questions can this study system be used to help answer?
List a few examples of research questions or general areas of research that can be addressed using this system. Elaborate a little on each, so we understand what you mean.
1 How does a researcher typically use this system?
What are the logistics of it? E.g. basic information about how they culture and propagate cell lines.
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List and briefly explain any drawbacks or caveats that we should be aware of, along with particular benefits E.g. mammalian cell lines need adequate facilities and resources to be propagated, but they also allow for the study of mammalian cellular systems in vitro instead of studying another eukaryote like yeast.
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Question 6
Diatoms and Brown Algae are both ______. But are grouped in a common clade because of the
similarity of their ______ and this structure’s ____-like projections when present.
Photosynthetic – flagella – hair-
Brown or golden – photosynthetic structures – amoeba-
autotrophic – body forms -- pennate or centric-
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Euglena with a flagellum
Paramecium with cilia
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Table 1 on p. 63 outlines four Supergroups, of which one is the Alveolates. Identify two groups
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2. Formaniniferas and Radiolarians with a test shell
1.Ciliates and Dinoflagellates with alveoli sacs below the cell membrane
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The idea of evolutionary convergence among other ideas is demonstrated in this lab (and others)
by _________
Characteristics of organisms in one clade are shared with organisms in other groups or clades.
The fact that some protist lineages are ancestors of multicellular organisms such as plants and
animals.
Characteristics common to all Protists.
Methods of locomotion and nutritional strategies are unique to protists.1.Heterotrophic – cell
walls – hair-2.
Photosynthetic – flagella – hair-3.
Brown or golden – photosynthetic structures – amoeba-4.
autotrophic – body forms -- pennate or centric-
Solution
Question 6
2. Photosynthetic-flagella-hair
Explanation: These are some of the distinguishable characteristics of thallophyta which include
re, green and brown algae.
Question 7
4. Amoeba and slime molds (mycetozoans)-fungiand animals-phagotrophic
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1. Euglena with a flagella
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2. Ciliates and dinoflagellates with alveolar sac below the cell membrane
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2. The fact that protist lineages are ancestors of multicellular organisms such as plants and
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On this image, please label all marked structures Definedescribe t.pdf
On this image, please label all marked structures: Define/describe the following vocabulary
words pertaining to your Senses optic disc rightarrow Accommodation rightarrow Olfactory
Glomeruli rightarrow Photoreceptor Rods rightarrow Bone Deafness rightarrow Visual Acuity
rightarrow
Solution
1. Marked structures should be labeled as follows;
Left side marks (from top to bottom):
(a) Optic nerve
(b) Retina
(c) Choroid
(d) Sclera
Right side marks (from top to bottom)
(a) Lens
(b) Cornea
(c) Iris
(d) Ciliary body
2. Definitions of terminologies given;
(a) Optic Disc: Optic disc is the point of exit of ganglion cell axons from the eye. It is a blind
spot in the eye, as there are no rods and cone cells present on it. These ganglion cell axonsafter
leaving the eye form the optic nerve. Therefore, optic disc is also known as optic nerve head.
(b) Accomodation: Accomodation is considered as the reflex action of eye, i.e, the way one can
focus on nearby or distant object, thereby changing optical power frequently to maintain the
clear image of the object. In this manner, the shape of lens and and pupil size changes frequently.
(c) Olfactory glomeruli: Olfactory glomeruli is the point at which the information from the axons
of olfactory receptor neurons is received; the synapses are formed between the terminal end of
olfactory nerve with dendrites of mitral, tufted cells and periglomerular. It is a structure located
in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. Olfactory glomeruli are sperical
in shape.
(d) Photoreceptor rods: Phtotoreceptor rods are the cells in the retina of the eye that help in clear
sight in dim light. They are located towards the outer edges of the retina. They are present in
millions, and are more sensitive than cone cells.
(e) Bone deafness: Sond waves are conducted from outer ear, tympanic membrane to inner ear
through middle ear ossicles. In case of problems that lead blocking of conduction of sound waves
from outer to inner ear, leads to conductive hearing loss, also known as bone deafness. In such
cases, passage of sound across the ear drum and the inner ear is blocked.
(f) Visual Acuity: It refers to the \'clarity of vision\', which depends on both optical and neural
factors, such as focal capacity of retina, clarity of lens, interpretative functioning of the brain..
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Solution
Answer:
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Question 6Diatoms and Brown Algae are both ______. But are grouped.pdf
Question 6
Diatoms and Brown Algae are both ______. But are grouped in a common clade because of the
similarity of their ______ and this structure’s ____-like projections when present.
Photosynthetic – flagella – hair-
Brown or golden – photosynthetic structures – amoeba-
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Amoebozoans include both _________ and __________. The second group was once classified
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__________ (mechanism of nutrition) like amoeba.
Red algae and Green algae – plants autotrophic
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Question 8
The clade Euglenozoa includes organisms such as Trypanosoma and ________ a common type
of structure for locomotion.
Euglena with a flagellum
Paramecium with cilia
Plankton in fresh water or oceans
The vertebrae hosts of these organisms
Question 9
Table 1 on p. 63 outlines four Supergroups, of which one is the Alveolates. Identify two groups
within the Alveolates and their shared common characteristics.
2. Formaniniferas and Radiolarians with a test shell
1.Ciliates and Dinoflagellates with alveoli sacs below the cell membrane
4. Euglena with flagella for locomotion
3. Red and Brown algae with air sacks for flotation
Question 10
The idea of evolutionary convergence among other ideas is demonstrated in this lab (and others)
by _________
Characteristics of organisms in one clade are shared with organisms in other groups or clades.
The fact that some protist lineages are ancestors of multicellular organisms such as plants and
animals.
Characteristics common to all Protists.
Methods of locomotion and nutritional strategies are unique to protists.1.Heterotrophic – cell
walls – hair-2.
Photosynthetic – flagella – hair-3.
Brown or golden – photosynthetic structures – amoeba-4.
autotrophic – body forms -- pennate or centric-
Solution
Question 6
2. Photosynthetic-flagella-hair
Explanation: These are some of the distinguishable characteristics of thallophyta which include
re, green and brown algae.
Question 7
4. Amoeba and slime molds (mycetozoans)-fungiand animals-phagotrophic
Question 8
1. Euglena with a flagella
Question 9
2. Ciliates and dinoflagellates with alveolar sac below the cell membrane
Question 10
2. The fact that protist lineages are ancestors of multicellular organisms such as plants and
animals
Explanation: Protists vary in body form, nutrition and reproduction, and thus have been
classifief into three main categories- animal like , plant like and fungus like..
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1. Describe the phyla containing rare bacteria: Deinococcus/Thermus, Chlamydia & Planctomycetes.
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3. For the cultured microbes, describe major characteristics for the 13 bacterial phyla, and explain why some microbe remain uncultivated.
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On this image, please label all marked structures Definedescribe t.pdf
On this image, please label all marked structures: Define/describe the following vocabulary
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rightarrow
Solution
1. Marked structures should be labeled as follows;
Left side marks (from top to bottom):
(a) Optic nerve
(b) Retina
(c) Choroid
(d) Sclera
Right side marks (from top to bottom)
(a) Lens
(b) Cornea
(c) Iris
(d) Ciliary body
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Solution
Answer:
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Iodine will stain any organisms that lose the primary stain after rinsing with alcohol.
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Contrary to these predictions, both dominants and solitary males that study believed that coal ons
were composed of brothers show bimodal distributions of reproductive success, with n sibling
nestmates thereby providing the relatedness necessary o dominant males and n ary males not
reproducing at all. 10 so accrue indirect fitness benefits. Although this work was published When
only the presumably high-quality males that reproduce are ong before molecular techniques were
available to measure related used to calculate the average fitness of dominant and solitary males,
ness and reproductive success directly and has been questioned on the dominant males father
significantly more offspring (49) than do other grounds, the story remains a well-cited example
of kin solitary males (13) (Mann-Whitney U 4 for 0.5, P 0.026, n both groups), and the benefit
Bincreases to 9.0 offspring per male Selection Here I show that kin-selected indirect fitness
benefits do in fact rather than decreases (Table Thus kin selec.
For graph to the right Amplitude Midline Period Equation using.pdf
For graph to the right Amplitude: Midline: Period: Equation using sine: Equation using
cosine:
Solution
a) amplitude =|(1-(-7))|/2 =4
b) mid line y=[1+(-7)]/2
y=-3
c)period =3-(-1)=4
d)equation using sine :
vertical shift D=-3
period =2/B=4 =>B=/2
y =4sin((/2)x) -3
d)equation using cosine
vertical shift D=-3
period =2/B=4 =>B=/2
phase shift =-C/B=1 =>C=-B=>C =-/2
y =4cos((/2)x-(/2)) -3.
Explain what exactly is going on with this picture. SolutionIn.pdf
Explain what exactly is going on with this picture.
Solution
In this picture
Clearly shows
Prime numbers
And they are indicated circles
without any inner lines
Remaining composite numbers
Are indicated how many
Factors are indicated
in the circle
And also tables (multiplicative )
Are shown in the below circles.
Do you agree that rich countries have systematically impoverished lo.pdf
Do you agree that rich countries have systematically impoverished low-income countries,
making poor nations dependent on rich ones? Why or why not?
Solution
Yes. Here we explains the idea of dependency to understand the above informations.
Dependency theory
The dependency theory explains that global poverty atleast partially be attributed the fact that the
low income countries have been exploited by the higher income countries. According to
dependency theorist, After the world capitalism, the rich countries are always impoverished low
income countries and their people. We know that the economic growth is key to economic
development. When economic development is happend the income and standered of living of the
peoples are increased.
When the low income countries are trapped the dependency on the richer nations then they have
loss their entire economic control..
Differentiate between physical and chemical methods used to control m.pdf
Differentiate between physical and chemical methods used to control microbial growth; and
give 5 examples of each (Chapter 7). Describe pre-translational control through an inducible
operon, a repressible operon, positive regulation and epigenetic control and describe post-
transcriptional control (Chapter 8). Describe the three mechanisms whereby genes are
transferred from one bacterium to another (Chapter 8). Describe a typical genetic modification
procedure (Chapter 9). Identify 8 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by E.
coli (Chapter 9) Identify 5 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by S. cerevisiae
(yeast) (Chapter 9). Identify 7 different pharmaceutical products of rDNA produced by
mammalian cell culture (Chapter 9).
Solution
Q.NO I
Methods used to manage the growth of microbial growth could be placed into two broad
categories, physical and chemical. Physical methods either exclude microbes, or reduce their
numbers in a remedy, or at first glance of a fomite Examples for physical methods: heat, drying
or desiccation, filtration and radiation. Chemical methods involve the application of specific
chemical agents which inhibit growth or kill microbes on fomites or the outer lining of skin. The
choice of a suitable technique is essential, since many physical and chemical agents can cause
damage to the cells and tissues of the individual along with the microbe. Examples : detergents,
solvents, oxidizing agents and heavy metals.
Q.No III
Positive transcriptional control requires an activator protein to stimulate transcription at the
operon. In negative control, a repressor protein inhibits or turns off transcription at the operon.
An inducible operon normally is not transcribed. It needs an inducer molecule to stimulate
transcription either by inactivating a repressor protein in a negative inducible operon or by
stimulating the activator protein in a confident inducible operon. Transcription normally occurs
in a repressible operon. In a repressible operon, transcription is turned off either by the repressor
becoming active in a negative repressible operon or by the activator becoming inactive in a
confident repressible operon.
Q.No IV
Genetic transfer is the mechanism by which DNA is transferred from a donar to a recipient. Once
donar DNA is inside the recipient, crossing over can occur. The result is just a recombinant cell
that\'s a genome different from either the donar or the recipient. In bacteria genetic transfer can
happen three ways:
Transformation - horizontal gene transfer\' \', where exogenous genetic material passes from
bacterium to another.
Transduction - DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another with a virus. Additionally it
refers to the method whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell using a viral vector.
Conjugation - is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell
contact or with a bridge-like connection between two cells. It is just a mecha.
Describe the complexities stemming from U. S.-based companies operat.pdf
Describe the complexities stemming from U. S.-based companies operating in an international
environment.
Solution
Answer:
we can discuss the main complexities stemming from U. S.-based companies operating in an
international environment.
Company has risk associated to settle its accounts in different currency from the U. S. dollars.
Such company have complexities for translation of the financial statements prepared with foreign
currency.
Every country has different accounting standered so these company has to face the differences in
particular nation\'s accounting standards.
Such U. S.-based companies operating in an international environment may have complexities
for.
An elevator starts with five passengers and stops on eight floors. I.pdf
An elevator starts with five passengers and stops on eight floors. If each passenger is equally
likely
to get off on any floor, what is the probability that no two passengers will get off on the same
floor?
Solution
Note that
P(no two passengers are same) = P(all are unique)
There are 8P5 = 6720 ways for them to get off at distinct floors.
Also, there are 8^5 = 32768 ways for them to get off.
Thus,
P(all unique) = 6720/32768
= 0.205078125 [ANSWER].
Write a recursive function to print portion of a linked list in r.pdf
Write a recursive function to print portion of a linked list in reverse order. The portion is to be
printed between node P and Q.
Solution
Hi, I wrote function in C++.
// function to print linked list in reverse order from node P to node Q
// lets assume that structure of Node is:
struct Node{
Node *next;
int data;
};
void printRecursive(Ndoe *p, Node *q){
// if list is empty
if(p == NULL)
return;
// base case, if we have only one node
if(p == q){
cout<data<next);
// print p\'s data
cout<data<.
Why might a transposon screen for genes required for virulence in a .pdf
Why might a transposon screen for genes required for virulence in a bacterium NOT identify a
particular gene required for virulence in humans?
Solution
There is lack of transposons specific to vertebrates. Hence, the usage of transposons in
vertebrates has been limited. Transposons present and compatible inside vertebrate genomes are
inactive or \"junk\" DNA..
Why does salt dissolve in waterThe positive charges of sodium (Na.pdf
Why does salt dissolve in water?
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with water
molecules
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water molecules
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ions
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strong
None of the above
Why does salt dissolve in water?A.
The positive charges of sodium (Na) and the negative charges of chloride (Cl) interact with
water moleculesB.
The NaCl molecules form covalent bonds with the surrounding water moleculesC.
The water molecules are attracted to the nonpolar bonds of the sodium and chloride ionsD.
The ionic bond between the sodium ion and chloride ion is strongE.
None of the above
Solution
Answer from the above options is A PART
When we try to dissolve an ionic compound by stirring it in water, the positive poles of the water
molecules are attracted to the anions, while the negative poles of other water molecules are
attracted to the cations, so the polar water molecules \"pull\" the ions out of a crystal. As a result
of these interactions, the ionic bonds eventually break and ions are released into the water. When
the salt is dissolved, every ion is surrounded by water molecules, creating a kind of concentric
shells of polar water molecules centered around the ions. (They also look like petals of a daisy).
This process is called \"hydration.\"
The hydration of its ions causes a salt crystal to break apart (dissolve) in the water. Therefore,
when table salt (NaCl) is dissolved, two hydrated ions appear in the water: a positively cation
Na+ and a negative charged anion Cl-. Each is surrounded with a shell of closely attracted water
molecules that prevent the ions from reconciling into a crystal again.
These watery shells prevent the ions from getting together again into a solid. Hydrated ions
jostles around the solution, dispersing evenly in the solution and causing the particles to
disappear from view as they are spreading within the solution. The hydrated ions are so small
that we cannot see them even with a strong microscope. and therefore we see the process as a
disappearance of particles from view as the dissolving progresses.
Different ions can attract different number of water molecules into the \"watery shell\" because
they can have different strength (density) of their charge. The density of the charge depends on
the ratio of charge to surface area of an ion; the larger the ratio, the larger the hydration number
will be..
Which of the terms below is most appropriate for describing the natu.pdf
Which of the terms below is most appropriate for describing the nature of the transfer function?
Voltage gain
Transadmittance
Transimpedancea.
Voltage gainb.
Transadmittancec.
Transimpedanced.
Current gain
Solution
Ans) C Transinmpedance
because transfer function represents Vo(s)/Ii(s) = Z(Impedance) so it is a Transimpedance
Transfer function.
What was the type of donor cell if the recipient genotype changes bu.pdf
What was the type of donor cell if the recipient genotype changes but it does not become a
donor?a) Fb) F+c) Hfrd) F
Solution
Answer:
c). Hfr
F+ is the donor that donate genotype ans stay the same as F+, but the recipient cell also bocomes
F+. If Hfr is the donor, but the recipient cell does nto become Hfr cell (donor).
What is evolution What is it when we say the theory of evolution.pdf
What is evolution? What is it when we say the theory of evolution? What does the theory of
evolution say about the diversity of life on earth?
What is evolution? What is it when we say the theory of evolution? What does the theory of
evolution say about the diversity of life on earth?
Solution
Evolution is defined as the process by which different kinds of living organisms are believed to
have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth. Biological evolution refers to
cumulative changes that occur in a population over time.
Theory of evolution: The theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin, entails the evolution
by natural selection of life on earth. It states that new generations are born with different
inheritable traits, and that the traits superior for the survival will be passed on to new generation.
This means that given enough time an organism can change and evolve to create a new speices.
Using the theory of evolution, scientists predicted the ancestors of modern life forms,
paleontologists found fossils that backed up the initial predictions..
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Differentiate between physical and chemical methods used to control m.pdf
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